


                             IV. 


                       13.   PC MS-DOS


              騥 ४樨  ᮢ⨬
              뢠 MS-DOS
              맮 㭪権
               訡
              ଠ ᪮
              ࠢ 䠩
              樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
              ᮭ   ""  IBM  PC    ᮭ
                "" IBM PS/2
              ⨬  㣨 樮묨  ⥬
              祭



               ६    ࢮ  ᨨ  樮  ⥬
         MS-DOS  1981  ࠧࠡ⪠ 樮 ⥬  த 
         ஭  ७  ⥩  祭  -
          ।,  襭 ஡ ࠢ 訡  饣  襭
          ࠡ.
              ᬮ  ,     襭 ਢ  -
         襭 ந⥫쭮 ᫨⥫ ।,  ६
          稭 ᪮쪨 ᫮,  ᪮   
         㭪樨  뫨 ᮢ⨬  묨 ﬨ 樮 ⥬
         MS-DOS.   ⮣,  ⮡ ࠭  饥   襭,  
         ⮩   ᮡ࠭ ଠ,  ਧ   ।
         ᮢ⨬ ࠧ ᨩ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  -
         .  ᮡ  ଠ, ᮤঠ  ⮩ , 
         ,   ࠧࠡ⪮ ᮡ⢥ ணࠬ  몥 -
         ᥬ.
               ᪫祭  ,   ᢮ த 
         㬥⠬ ணࠬ⮢ (⠪ ,   ⫠稪
         DEBUG   । 痢 LINK),    ७  -
          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ࠢ⥫쭮 । ᯮ
         ணࠬ⠬. , ।⠢騥 ᮡ ᮡ 
          ணࠬ⮢,   ᥡ 뢠 MS-DOS, 맮 㭪-
         権,   訡,  ଠ   ⪨ ᪮   ࠢ
         䠩.   㪠  쭮 , ᪮
         饭  㭪     ॠ    
         ᨩ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.
               ᠥ  㣨 ⮢ (⠪,   ࠢ-
           ),   饩 奬 ࠡ     ,  -
                 ᨬ    ।  
         ।,  ன ।祭   ॠ -
          ⥬ MS-DOS.   砩    ᮭ-
          ஬  "" IBM PC  ᮢ⨬묨   -
         ࠬ.  ⥬,  騥 ७ ࠧ ⫨    㪠
         ⥪   ।,    㣨 奬 ࠢ
         ,  祬  ॠ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.    
         ⠪,  , "⠭" 堭,  뢠, -
          ७ ࠧ   ࠡ.

                                      - 13-2 -
              ⥫쭮,   ࠧࠡ⪥  ਪ ணࠬ ணࠬ-
          室    ᮡﬨ ᯮ㥬  -
         ᨨ.    ࠧ稩  ࠧ묨 ﬨ ᮭ -
         ஢  ᮡ          ,      ணࠬ
         ࠧࠡ뢠  ணࠬ  楫  ப ਬ  ࠧ
         ᫨⥫ ।⢠.   ,   ࠧ
         ᨨ  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  騥  ⭮ -
         ᫨⥫쭮 設,    ⢮ ᫨⥫ -
         設  ࠧ묨 ⥪ࠬ  ।  ࠧ묨 ॠ-
         ﬨ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.  ⮥ ᫥  㪠
         孨᪮  㪮⢠    樮  ⥬ MS-DOS 
          ਥ騬,  ᫨    ࠧࠡ뢠  ணࠬ,
         ।祭   ࠡ    ᥬ ॠﬨ 樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS.
                  ।祭  孨᪮ 㪮⢮
          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.     ।⠢-
           ᮡ   ࠧ稩   樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         , ᫥⥫쭮,    孨᪨ 㪮⢠
          ᥬ  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.
                ⮩     ⥬,    
         ।⠢  ࠧ  ᥬ ﬨ (稭  ᨨ 1.0
           ᨥ 4.0).  ,   竨 㦭,   
         祭  ᯥ樠쭠 孨᪠ ଠ  ᮢ, 騥
         ।  楤  ⥫ ⢨,    
         ࠪ ࠧࠡ뢠  ਪ ணࠬ.

                        騥 ४樨  ᮢ⨬

               ஢  ᮢ⨬  ணࠬ ।  
         ।⠢ ணࠬ.   設⢥ 砥  -
         ⥫쭮    ᮢ⨬.   ᪮ 筮  
         ࠧࠡ뢠 "騥" ணࠬ,    ᯮ㥬 "-
         訥  襭" 㭪樨,  騥  襩 ॠ樨 -
          ⥬ MS-DOS ( - ᫮  㭪樨  ࠭
           뢠 ᯥ樠쭮 祭),  뢠  ᫥⢨
          ᮢ⨬  㣨 ﬨ. 롮 ஢ ᮢ⨬
           ।⠢  ᮡ ஬ ਠ.    ,
           ॢ   ᮢ⨬,  㦭 ᫥-
          ।  ࠢ.
              1.    ⥫⢠  ᫥  짮  
                      뢠 ( INT) ᥬ⢠ -
                 ய஢ 8086,  ᪫祭 ,  ᯥ樠-
                  ।祭  믮 뢠  樮
                 ⥬ MS-DOS.
              2.    ᫥ 뢠   ᮫ 
                 ,  ᯮ  । 襩 ணࠬ. -
                 ⠢  樮  ⥬  MS-DOS  ᠬ ࠢ
                 ᮬ ᯮ짮 .
              3.     ᫥ 짮  INT  OUT -
                 ⢠ ய஢ 8086.
              4.    ᯮ짮 ⠪ , 믮塞
                 ⮫쪮 யࠬ  80188,  80186,  80286  
                 80386,  :
                 PUSH ।⢥ (।⢥ ⠫)
                 PUSHA  (⠫    ॣ஢)
                 POPA (⠫  ॣ஢)
                 SHR>1 (ᤢ ࠢ  ।⢥ 祭 -

                                      - 13-3 -
                        襬 1)
                 SHL>1 (ᤢ   ।⢥  祭 襬
                        1)
                 IMUL ॣ 祭,  筨, ।⢥ -
                      祭 (㬭 ।⢥ 楫 祭 
                      )
                 INS    室 ப,  ( ப)
                 OUTS   , ப 祭 ( ப)
                 ENTER  (楤 )
                 LEAVE  (楤 室)
                 BOUND (㦥 祭,  室  । -
                        )

                      ᯮ짮   POP  CS,  -
                     ࠡ⠥ ࠢ쭮 ⮫쪮  ய
                  8088  8086.   ᫥ ⠪   ⢮-
                     㣨  ࠧ稩  ࠡ ࠧ ஢
                 ᥬ⢠ 8086.
                        ᯮ짮   ய-
                 ஢ 80286/80386:
                  LGDT,LIDT,  LLDT (㧪 ⠡ ਯ஢)
                  INSB ( १ ,  ࠡ騩  ⠬)
                  OUTSB (뢮 ப   ,  ࠡ騩    ⠬)
                  ARPL (ன ॡ㥬 ਢ஢ ஢
                        ० )
                  CLTS (  䫠 ४祭  - ० )
                  LAR (㧪 ࠢ 㯠 -  ०  )
                  LMSW  (㧪 ᫮ ﭨ 設 - ० )
                  LSL (㧪 ࠭ ᥣ - ० )
                  LTR (㧪 ॣ  - ० )
                  SGDT, SIDT,  SLDT ( ࠭ ⠡ ਯ஢ -
                        ० )
                 SMSW (࠭ ᫮ ﭨ 設 - ० )
                 STR (࠭  ॣ    - ० ) VERR 
                 VERW (஢ઠ 뢠   - ०
                        )

                         ᯮ짮  ,  ࠡ
                 ⮫쪮  ய 80386:
                 MOV ᯥ樠 ॣ (३ / ᯥ樠 ॣ-
                     ஢)
                 MOVSX   (室  ७  )
                 MOVZX   (室  ७  )
                 OUTSW (뢮 ப  ,  ࠡ騩  ᫮)
                 BSF  BSR (᪠஢ ⮢)
                 BT,  BTC,  BTR,   BTS (஢ન ⮢)
                 CWDE (८ࠧ ᫮  ७ )
                 INSW (  ,  ࠡ饣  ᫮)
                 LFS, LGS,  LSS (㧪  㪠⥫)
                 POPAD (⠫ ᥣ ᮤন  32-⮢
                         ॣ)
                 POPFD (⠫ 䫠  32-⮢ ॣ-䫠)
                 PUSHAD (⠫    32-⮢ ॣ஢)
                 PUSHFD (⠫ 32-⮢ ॣ 䫠)
                 SET  ᫮ (⠭    ᫮)
                 SHLD   SHRD (ᤢ  㤢 筮)


                                      - 13-4 -
              5. ᫨ ᫨⥫쭠 設,     ᯮ  
                 ࠧࠡ⪨ ᢮ ணࠬ,  ࠭騥   
                 ⨭,    頩  .    ⠩
                  뢠.
              6.  ᯥ祭  ᮢ⨬    -
                   ⥬ 맮 㭪権,  ন ﬨ
                 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ⮫쪮  ᨨ  1.0. 
                 ᪮      ࠭  ᨨ  樮  ⥬
                 MS-DOS,  祬  2.0 㦥  ন ணࠬ
                 ᯥ祭    ""  "",   ᨨ
                 2.0 ,   쭮-⨬,  ।⠢  
                   㤮.
              7.  ६ ࠡ ᥣ 㡥  ⮬,  ଠ,
                 뢥  ࠭, ⮨ ⮫쪮  ⠭ ᨬ-
                  ASCII* (⭠ 祭  00  7F).  -
                  ᯮ짮  㣨 ᨬ, ⠪,  ,
                 ਬ,  ᮤঠ  ७   ᨬ  
                 ᮭ  ஢  ""  ᮢ⨬  -
                 .

              ᫨   ६  ࠡ  ,   㦤 
             ࠢ,      ⮥ ࠢ-
         , ..  訬 ⢨ 㤥 ᠭ ࠩ ன-
         ⢠,  ।祭  ࠡ  - 設,    
         ⨢ 砥  ᮢ⨬.  ᪮ ⠭-
          ࠩ ன ন ⮫쪮 ﬨ 樮-
          ⥬ MS-DOS ,  稭  2.0  ,   ਤ ᯮ-
          饭    㭪,    ন   樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS ᨩ 1.0  1.1. ᫨  室 ( ᫨ 
         )  ࠢ 7,   ࠩ ன⢠  -
          設  "㭨ᠫ" ணࠬ ⠭,  
          ᯮ짮  ன ਪ ணࠬ   ࠡ 
         ࠧ묨 ନ  ࠬ.  ணࠬ ⠭, -
         ,  ᫥   ࠢ 7.
              ᪮   襭    ᮢ⨬  
          ᠭ ࠩ ன⢠,   㦨,  㦥 -
         蠥 ࠢ 6,  ஥ । ⨥ 㣮 ஢ ᮢ-
         ⨬,  ⮦ ॡ饣 ᬮ७.     
           ࠢ 6 ७,  ⮬    ᨨ
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ।⠢  짮-
           ⥬ 饭ﬨ  㭪,      -
             㦭  ᯮ짮.  ਬ,  ᫨  ਪ
         ணࠬ ப  ⠫,  騬    -
         ॢ쥢, ⭮   짮 맮 㭪権, -
         騬   39  3B.  ⮬ 砥 ஢ ᮢ⨬ 㤥
         ࠭稢  ﬨ ᨩ 2.0   樮 -
         ⥬ MS-DOS  㤥 ᪫    ᯮ짮  ᨩ
         1.0   1.1.   ࠧ,  ᫨  ணࠬ  -
         짮 ⥢ 㭪樨,  ন 樮 ⥬
         MS-DOS  ᨨ 3.1,   ணࠬ  㤥 ᮢ⨬  ﬨ
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, 稭  1.0  2.1.
                 뢠 ⪮ 㪠뢠 ࠭祭  ᮢ-
         ⨬  襩 ணࠬ   室   ணࠬ, 
           㬥樨      (⥫쭮   ).  ᫨ 
         ணࠬ ।砥  ᪮ ॠ樨, 㡥,
           ࠭祭  ᮢ⨬ ( ⢨ ⠪ ࠭-
         )  㪠   ணࠬ , ⠪   ४ -

                                      - 13-5 -
         .
              ᫨  ࠧࠡ뢠 ணࠬ,  ।祭  ࠡ
           ⠪ ᨥ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,   -
         ন  ⠭ ணࠬ,      -
         ⥫쭮 믮  ᯮ짮  ᨩ 樮-
          ⥬ MS-DOS, ᫥ ਬ 㭪 30h ( 
         ᨨ  DOS)   ஫  ⥬ 믮    ।-
          ⠭ ணࠬ.  ᬮ  ,      㭪
         ᯥ稢 ⮫쪮 ﬨ 2.0   樮 ⥬ MS
         -DOS,     믮   ﬨ  1.0  
         1.1     ,    ᮡ ।।⥫ 蠣,
         ᠭ  ࠧ "맮  DOS-㭪権"  襣  㪮⢠  
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.
               ᯮ ⮩ 㭪樨 ᫥ 㧨 祭 30h 
         ॣ H.   믮 뢠 "int 21h"  ᭮  
         ᨨ 樮 ⥬ 頥  ॣ AL,    -
         䨪樨 ᭮ ᨨ 樮 ⥬ 頥    -
           AH.  ᫨ ॣ L ᮤন 00,    ।,
           ࠡ⠥  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  ᨩ 1.0  
         1.1.    㣮  ᫮  ॣ AL  㪠뢠  -
         㥬 ᨨ.
              ᫨ ਬ,   ᯮ 樮  ⥬  MS-DOS
         ᨨ 2.00  ॣ Al 㤥 ᮤঠ ᫮ 02,   ॣ-
          An 㤥 ᮤঠ ᫮ 00.  ᫨  ᯮ 樮-
           ⥬  MS-DOS  ᨨ 3.10, ॣ AL 㤥 ᮤঠ
         ᫮ 03,   ॣ An 㤥 ᮤঠ ᫮ 10.  ⮣,
              ஫஢ 믮  ⠭-
          ணࠬ,  㭪   ࠢ ⮡ࠦ 
         ࠭ ᯫ "㦥⢥" ᮮ饭,  짮⥫ -
         ⠥  ணࠬ  ᮢ⨬ ᨥ 樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS.  ணࠬ,  ।⠢ ⨭ 13-1, 
         ᯮ짮  襩 ணࠬ  믮 ⮩ 㭪樨.


              ⨭  13-1. ⠭⭠ ணࠬ  । -
                          ᨨ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         
         ;     ⠭⭠  ணࠬ  । ᨨ 樮-
         ;   ⥬ MS-DOS),  ࠢ  ன  ᪠
         ;  ணࠬ, ᮤঠ  ⠭ ணࠬ.
         ;
         ;      ਬ砭:  ,  ᫥  
         ;     ᥣ ,      ᥣ-
         ;     襩 ணࠬ.
         ;
         ;     majver  db ?  ; ᭮  ᨨ 樮
         ;                   ; ⥬ ( ⭠筮  )
         ;     minver  db ?  ;  䨪樨 ᭮ ᨨ
         ;                   ; 樮 ⥬ ( ⭠-
                             ;  )

              getdosver     proc   near   ; ᫨ 㦭,  
         ;
                  push   ax         ; ࠭ ॣ஢
                  push   bx
                  push   cx
              ;

                                      - 13-6 -
                  mov    ah,30h     ; ⮢  㭪樨
                  int    21h        ; 믮 맮 㭪樨 MS-DOS
              ;
                  cmp    al,0       ; ஢, ᯮ  
                                    ;  2.0
                  jnz    dos2plus   ; ᫨ ,  ᯮ
                                    ;  2.00  
                  mov    al,1       ; ᭮    1.00
                  mov    ah,0       ; (᪮  ,    -
                                    ;   AH, -०, ᮦ-
                                    ;   㭪樨 (30h),  
                                    ; ᬮ ᭨  -
                                    ; 樨 ᭮ ᨨ -
                                    ;   ⥬.   ⮬   
                                    ; ।  訩 砩
                                    ; -  1.00)
         ;
              dos2plus:
                  mov majver,al     ; ࠭ ᭮ 
                                    ; ᨨ 樮 ⥬
                  mov minver,ah     ; ࠭  䨪樨
                                    ; ᭮ ᨨ 樮
                                    ; ⥬
              ;
                  pop    cx         ; c⠭ ॣ஢
                  pop    bx
                  pop    ax
              ;
                  ret               ; 
              ;
              getdosver endp
         

               ।⠢    ⠭⭮  ணࠬ   
         ந ᪮쪮 権  ஬ ᨨ,  ࠭騬  
          ६: majver  minver.     ॢ-
         饭  筮 祭  ASCII    뢮      ࠭
           - ᮮ饭,     ᯮ짮 
         ६  ஫  믮 । ⥩  ண-
         ࠬ.

              ᮮࠦ ⭮⥫쭮 몮 ᮪ ஢

              ᫨   ணࠬ  몥 ᮪ ஢,  
          ᢥ  ࠪ⨪ ᯮ㥬  ⭮
           . ᫨  ᯥ䨪樨   -
         ன⢮ ,      ࠡ⠥
         ⮫쪮   ।  ᨥ  樮  ⥬  MS-DOS,
         ᪮஢   ந஢   ணࠬ,
         ⭥ ᥣ  㤥 ࠡ   ࠭ ﬨ -
         樮 ⥬.  ᮡ  ᠥ ⠪ ஢ 
         몠 ᨪ,   "Microsoft/IBM BASIC"  "GWBASIC",  ⮬ 
          ᨨ   ஢  ᪠ ஥묨
          믮 ⮫쪮  ᨩ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.



                                      - 13-7 -
                                 뢠 MS-DOS

              ணࠬ 뢠,    ᯮ짮 -
          ⥬ MS-DOS, ᮢ⨬   ᨩ. ᪫祭 -
         ⠢  뢠  2Fl,  ஥ 뫮  ⮫쪮  
         3.0.  ⠡ 13-1 ਢ 祭 뢠.
                                                         13-1
                            뢠 MS-DOS
         
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         
           ᠭ                                 
         - -    1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0
                                               
         
         20    襭 
               ணࠬ  
         Ĵ
         21        
               㭪樨    
         Ĵ
         22          
               襭 
         Ĵ
         23          
               室   
               Ctrl/Break 
         Ĵ
         24         
               ࠩ   
               ᪮
               訡     
         Ĵ
         25    ⥭                             
               ᪠ (   
               ᮫ 
               )   
         Ĵ
         26       
                (    
               ᮫ 
               )   
         Ĵ
         27    襭 
                ࠭- 
                १- 
               ⭮  
         
         28    १ࢨ- 
               ஢       ७ ᯮ짮 樮
                                       ⥬ MS-DOS
         
         29               
         Ĵ(१ࢨ-               (१ࢨ஢)
         2E      ஢   

                                      - 13-8 -
         
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         
           ᠭ                                 
         - -    1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0
                                               
         
         2F    -                      
               ᭮                             
               뢠                   
         
         30-   १ࢨ-                 १ࢨ஢
         66    ஢     
         
         67    䥩                                       
               ⥬               (. ਬ砭 1)      
               ७                                     
                                                         
         
         68-   १ࢨ-                 १ࢨ஢
         6F    ஢     
         

              ਬ砭 1: 饭    ⥬  ७  
         (EMS),                    ᯥ䨪:   
         "Lotus/Intel/Microsoft" (LIM)     "AST/Quadram/Ashton-Tate"
         (AQA),  ந室  ।⢮ 뢠 "int 67h"
            樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, 稭  ᨨ
         2.0.  ⮫쪮  樮  ⥬  MS-DOS  ᨨ  4.0  
            뢠 樠쭮 १ࢨ஢  -
           EMS. ஡  㭪 뢠 "int 67h" ⥬
         EMS    7.
               ᫨⥫  設  뢠,   -
           ⠡ 13-1.   뢠   ⠪  ᯥ-
          ਬ,  饭  ணࠬ ⥬ BIOS (-
          ⥬ -뢮)  ⢨   ᫥⥫묨
         ⠬.  ᫥   饭  뢠ﬨ, -
           ᯮ짮  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.  쪮  -
         ᠭ  "孨᪮ 㪮⢥  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS"
         뢠  ⨭묨 뢠ﬨ  樮  ⥬
         MS-DOS.   ঠ ᮢ⨬  ᥬ ॠﬨ -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  ᫥    ᯮ짮  
         뢠,      ⨭묨  뢠ﬨ 樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS . ଠ  㬥஢ 뢠 -
           ਫ .

                                   맮 㭪権

              ᯮ짮 맮 㭪権,  ⭮,   
          䠪஬ ᮢ⨬  ணࠬ஢   몥  -
         ᥬ.  ᪮   樨, 筮 믮塞 -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  樨஢ 饭ﬨ  㭪-
         ,    ᯮ짮 뢠  ⥬ BIOS.
         ᯮ 맮 㭪権 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,   ⠪
         ࠭  室  祭   ணࠬ ।
         ⨯ ⠭ ணࠬ, ⠪,  ணࠬ ࠢ 䠩-
         . ᫨ ᢥ஥ 믮  ணࠬ   -
         騬 ॡ,   樮 ⥬ MS-DOS -
             ⠭  樨  ⥬  筮  饭 

                                      - 13-9 -
         㭪.  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  믮  맮  㭪権
         筮   設⢠  権.

                   믮 맮 㭪権 ⠭ ࠧ
                ᢥ  ࢠ   樮 ⥬
         MS-DOS,      ⢮   ᯮᮡ 믮 饭 
         㭪.   ४  ᯮ짮  ᥬ -
         ﬨ  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᯮᮡ ।⠢   
         ᥬ ᫥⥫ ⢨:
              1. ࠭  ᮤন ॣ஢ AX,  BX,  CX  D ⥬
                 ⠫  祭  ⥪.
              2. 饭  㭪樨  ॣ AH.
              3. 饭 㣨   ॣ,  㪠  믮-
                   㭪樨, ᫨  㦭.
              4. 믮  뢠 "int 21h".
              5.   ᨬ  믮塞 㭪樨,  ६ 
                   㪠  ॣ      
                 쭥襣 뢠  ᯮ짮  襩 ணࠬ.
                  㭪樨 祣  .
              6. 믮 ॡ㥬 樨  ᯮ짮 饭-
                    ⮫쪮  믮  㭪樨,  ᫨  
                 㦭.
              7. ⠭ 室 ᮤঠ ॣ஢.

              ਢ  楤 ४    ᯮ짮
            樮 ⥬ MS-DOS. ன ᯮᮡ ࠡ
          㭪ﬨ 뢠 .

                 믮 맮 㭪権  ० ᮢ⨬

              ன ᯮᮡ 믮 饭  㭪, ।⠢-
          樮  ⥬ MS-DOS  ᯥ祭 ᮢ⨬ 
         㣨 樮묨 ⥬,  ⭮ ।祭  -
         樮 ⥬ CP/M-80  CP/M-86.  ᯮᮡ  ⢨⥫쭮-
           ᯥ稢  ᪠ ணࠬ 樮 -
         ⥬ CP/M  ࠢ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.   ⮫쪮
         頥  砥 ८ࠧ ணࠬ 樮 ⥬
         CP/M  ணࠬ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ⥬,   ⮬ 
         ᥣ ॡ ८। 楤 饭   㭪.
         , , , ⭮, ਤ    㭪権.
           ᯮᮡ ਣ ⮫쪮  㭪権  ࠬ  0  24h
         樮 ⥬ MS -DOS. ,    㤭-
         ﬨ  ᯮ짮 ॣ஢   饭  㭪-
         ,  ⮬ ᫥  ᯮ짮  ⮣  ⮤,  ᫨
         ⮫쪮   ᮡࠥ ஢  ணࠬ   
         ८ࠧ.  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ॡ, ⮡ -
         饭   㭪  ᯮ짮 ⮣ ண ᯮᮡ 믮-
          ᫥騬 ࠧ:
              1. ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢ AX,  BX,  CX  D  ⥬
                 ⠫  祭  ⥪.
              2. 饭  㭪樨  ॣ CL.  (  ᯮ짮-
                  ⮫쪮  㭪権, 稭  0   24h).
              3. 饭 㣨   ॣ,  㪠  믮-
                   㭪樨, ᫨  㦭.
              4. ந ᥣ⭮ 饭    5  
                 ⥪饣 ᥣ ணࠬ.    ᮤন 
                 饭    ᯥ  㭪権  樮   ⥬

                                      - 13-10 -
                 MS-DOS.
              5.  ᨬ  믮塞 㭪樨,  ६  
                     㪠  ॣ    
                 쭥襣 뢠  ᯮ짮  襩 ணࠬ.
                  㭪樨 祣  .  ਬ砭:  
                 楤 ᥣ ࠥ ᮤন ॣ AX.   -
                 ⠫ ॣ  ᥡ ⠪ ,    ᯮ짮-
                  ⠭⭮ 楤 饭  㭪.
              6. ⠭ 室 ᮤঠ ॣ஢.

               ᯮᮡ (⮫쪮  ᨩ 樮  ⥬
                          MS-DOS, 稭  2.00  )

               ᨨ  2.00  樮  ⥬ MS-DOS  ।⠢
         ⨩ ᯮᮡ 饭  㭪.   ⮤ ⠪    -
         짮    訬 ﬨ,    㤥 ࠢ쭮
         ࠡ  ᥬ  ࠭ ﬨ. ⨩ ᯮᮡ 饭
          㭪 믮 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
              1. ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢ AX,  BX,  CX  D  ⥬
                 ⠫  祭  ⥪.
              2. 饭  㭪樨  ॣ AH.
              3. 饭 㣨   ॣ,  㪠  믮-
                   㭪樨.
              4. ந    饭        ᬥ6
                  "⭠筮 50"  䨪 ணࠬ ᥣ.
              5.   ᨬ  믮塞 㭪樨,  ६ 
                   㪠  ॣ      
                 쭥襣 뢠  ᯮ짮  襩 ணࠬ.
                  㭪樨 祣  .
              6. ⠭ 室 ᮤঠ ॣ஢ ⥬ -
                 ⪨ 롮ન  ⥪.

                樮 ⥬  MS-DOS  ᨨ  3.10  
             ""    "" ४  짮 ⨬
         ᯮᮡ.  祬   ⮣  ?       
         ਬ   ᭨  (  ⭠筮 ᬥ-
         饭 50)  PSP ( 䨪 ணࠬ ᥣ) 筮  ᮤ-
            뢠 "int 21h".  ᯮ ⮤,  ᠭ
         , ணࠬ ࠢ  饭  㭪 樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS (᪫ 㣨 뢠) ⮫쪮 १  -
         .   ,  室    "⭠筮
         ᬥ饭  50",     ७ࠢ  饭  㭪
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.     饥 ६  
         ᯮᮡ 饭  㭪 㦥 ⠢ ⪮  "-
         " ॠ ⨧ ०?   ⢥    
           ⮫쪮 ᠬ ଠ "".


                㭪樨, 믮塞  ࠧ  樮
                                  ⥬ MS-DOS

               ⠡  13-2  ਢ  ᯨ᮪ 㭪権 樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS,  ন ﬨ  1.0  3.1 .  ⠡
         ⠪ 㪠 㭪樨, 騥 묨   ᨩ.


                                      - 13-11 -
                                                           13-2
                         㭪樨 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         
                                                    
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0
                                                    
         
          0    襭 
               ணࠬ  
         Ĵ
          1          
                
         Ĵ
          2    뢮  
               ࠭ ᯫ
         Ĵ
          3    AUX-                           
         Ĵ
          4    AUX 뢮  
         Ĵ
          5    뢮    
               饥 
               ன⢮ 
               (ਭ)  
         Ĵ
          6    ।-  
               ⢥   
               -뢮 
                ᮫ 
         Ĵ
          7    䨫-
               騩   
               ᮫ 
                       
         Ĵ
          8          
                ᮫   
                    
         Ĵ
          9         
                ப                       
         Ĵ
               ਧ
          A       
                 
         Ĵ
               ஢ઠ   
          B    ⠭⭮-
                - 
                  
         Ĵ
                
          C     -
                     
                
                -  
                      

                                      - 13-12 -
         
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         
                                                    
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0
                                                    
         
                     
          D    ᪠      
         Ĵ
               롮      
          E    ᪠      
         Ĵ
                   
          F    䠩       
         Ĵ
         10        
               䠩       
         Ĵ
         11          
               ࢮ                            
                  
               ⠫   
         Ĵ
         12     ᫥- 
               饣    
                  
               ⠫   
         Ĵ
         13        
               䠩       
         Ĵ
         14    ᫥- 
               ⥫쭮    
               뢠 
         Ĵ
         15    ᫥- 
               ⥫쭠    
                    
         Ĵ
         16        
               䠩       
         Ĵ                  
         17    २- 
                䠩  
         
         18    (१ࢨ-////////////////////////////////////////////
               ஢)    ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
         19       
                ⥪騩   
                      
         Ĵ
               ⠭ 
         1A     -
                 
               (DTA)      
         Ĵ
               ଠ 

                                      - 13-13 -
         
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         
                                                    
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0
                                                    
         
         1B    ⠡                           
               ࠧ饭 
         Ĵ
               ଠ 
         1C     -
                -  
               ன    
               ⠡    
               ࠧ饭 
         
               (१ࢨ-////////////////////////////////////////////
         1D-20 ஢)    ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
         21    ந- 
                - 
                     
         Ĵ
         22    ந- 
                 
         Ĵ
         23                                 
               䠩      
         Ĵ
         24    ⠭ 
                - 
                אַ 
               㯠    
         Ĵ
         25    ⠭ 
                    
               뢠 
         Ĵ
         26        
                - 
               ࠬ   
               ᥣ    
         Ĵ
         27    ந- 
                - 
                
         Ĵ
         28    ந- 
                 
                     
         Ĵ
               ⠪-  
         29    ᪨ ࠧ-
                ⥪-
                 
               䠩     
               FCB-ଠ 
         Ĵ

                                      - 13-14 -
         
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         
                                                    
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0
                                                    
         
         2       
               ⥬  
                      
         Ĵ
               ⠭                       
         2B    ⥬  
                      
         Ĵ
                  
         2C    ⥬  
               ६      
         Ĵ
               ⠭ 
         2D    ⥬  
               ६      
         Ĵ
               ⠭/
         2E    /  
               ४- 
               ⥫       
               䨪樨
         
                         
         2F     (DTA)                      
         
               祭          
         30     -        
               ᨨ MS-DOS         
         Ĵ                  
         31            
                        
               १묳        
         
         32    (१-  ////////////////////////////////////////////
               ஢)  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
         33                 
               ஢ન                        
               Ctrl/Break         
         
         34    (१-  ////////////////////////////////////////////
               ஢)  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
         35               
                            
         Ĵ        
         36               
               ࠧ ᢮-                      
                ள        
               ࠭⢠          
                ᪥           
         

                                      - 13-15 -
         
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         
                                                    
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0
                                                    
         
         37    (१-  ////////////////////////////////////////////
               ஢)  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
         38    -            
                            
                ⥪㳏                        
               饩           
               ࠭            
                Ĵ        
               ⠭-                     
                 ⠳                 
               --                         
               -                  
                                       
         Ĵ        
         39                
               ⠫      
               (MKDIR)            
         Ĵ        
                           
         3A    ⠫         
               (RMDIR)            
         Ĵ        
                                              
         3B    ⥪騩            
               ⠫            
               (CHDIR)            
         Ĵ        
                           
         3C    䠩               
               (CREATE)           
         Ĵ        
                           
         3D    䠩 (-        
                             
               ᪥)             
               Ĵ        
                                    
               ⥢                            
               䠩                        
         Ĵ        
                           
         3E    䠩               
         Ĵ        
                         
         3F    䠩          
               ன⢠         
         Ĵ        
                           
         40    䠩          
               ன⢮         
         Ĵ        

                                      - 13-16 -
                41                
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS                   䠩             
                                
                                                                      ⠫                           
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0              (UNLINK)           
                                                                Ĵ        
                42    ⠭         
               㪠⥫          
               ⥭/          
                䠩         
               (LSEEK)            
         Ĵ        
         43               
               ਡ            
               ०             
               䠩              
               (CHMOD)            
         Ĵ        
         44     -         
               -            
               ⢨             
               ࠩࠬ         
               ன          
               (IOCTL)            
               Ĵ        
               00  -        
               ଠ         
               ன⢥         
               Ĵ        
               01 ⠭-         
                -        
                           
               ன⢥         
               Ĵ        
               02 뢠-        
                 -          
               ᨬ쭮                        
               ன⢠         
               Ĵ        
               03           
                ᨬ-          
               쭮            
               ன⢮         
               Ĵ        
               04 뢠-        
                 -        
                              
               ன⢠         
               Ĵ        
               05           
                筮         
               ன⢮         
               Ĵ        
               06         
               室                            
               ﭨ          
               Ĵ        
               07         
                ﭨ         

                                      - 13-17 -
                41                
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS                   䠩             
                                
                                                                      ⠫                           
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0              (UNLINK)           
                                                                Ĵ        
                42    ⠭         
                             
               
               08                   
                筮                   
               ன⢮                            
               ॠ-                  
               ?                        
               
               09                        
               ᪮                        
               ன⢮                        
                                        
                                              
               㤠?                        
               Ĵ                             
               0A ࠢ-                       
                                       
                -                       
                                       
               㤠                         
               ࠧ?                          
               
               0B                   
               ⢮                   
               ⮪                              
               ࠢ                  
               ᡮ                         
               
               0C                                    
                -                                  
                -                                  
               ⥫                                        
               "Generic                                    
               IOCTL"                                       
               (४-                                 
                ࠭                                 
               ணࠬ)                                  
               
               0D                               
                "Generic                            
               IOCTL"                                 
               筮                               
               ன⢠                             
               Ĵ                            
               0E                                 
               ᪮                             
               ன⢮                             
               Ĵ                            
               0F ⠭-                             
                -                             
               ᪮                                 
               ன⢮                             

                                      - 13-18 -
                41                
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS                   䠩             
                                
                                                                      ⠫                           
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0              (UNLINK)           
                                                                Ĵ        
                42    ⠭         
         45    㡫஢        
               ⥫          
               䠩 (DUP)        
         Ĵ        
         46    ७-         
                -        
               ⥫ 䠩         
               (CDUP)             
         Ĵ        
         47     ⥪-         
               騩 ⠫        
         Ĵ        
         48    ।-          
                          
                            
         Ĵ                      
         49    ᢮         
               ।-          
                            
                ⨳        
         Ĵ        
               -        
         4A     (ᦠ        
                -         
               )         
               ।        
                         
               (SETBLOCK)         
         Ĵ        
               㧨          
         4B     믮--        
                            
               ணࠬ          
               ()             
         Ĵ        
                         
         4C                
               (EXIT)             
         Ĵ        
                          
         4D     -         
               襭 -                       
                          
               (WAIT)             
         Ĵ        
                -         
         4E     ᮢ-        
               訩 䠩           
               (FIND FIRST)        
         Ĵ        
                ᫥-         
         4F    騩 ᮢ-        

                                      - 13-19 -
                41                
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS                   䠩             
                                
                                                                      ⠫                           
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0              (UNLINK)           
                                                                Ĵ        
                42    ⠭         
               訩 䠩        
         
         50-   (१-  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         -53   ஢)  ////////////////////////////////////////////
                          ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
         54               
               ० -        
               䨪樨                          
               ᪠              
         
         55    (१-  ////////////////////////////////////////////
               ஢)  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
         56    २-         
         57     䠩,         
               /                       
               /⠭        
                 -        
                䠩           
         
         58    (१-  ////////////////////////////////////////////
               ஢)  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
         59     -                  
               ७                       
               ଠ                   
                訡                    
         Ĵ                  
                                             
         5A    ६                    
               䠩                         
         Ĵ                  
                                     
         5B     䠩                   
         
               ஢/                  
         5C    /᢮-                          
                㯠                  
                 䠩                     
         
               (१-  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         5D    ஢)  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
               ஢/                       
         5E    /᢮-                       
                㯠                       
                 䠩                          
               Ĵ                       
               00 -                        
                                         
               ᫨⥫                       

                                      - 13-20 -
                41                
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS                   䠩             
                                
                                                                      ⠫                           
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0              (UNLINK)           
                                                                Ĵ        
                42    ⠭         
                設                        
               Ĵ                               
               02                         
               ⠭-                        
               祭                          
               饣                       
               ன⢠                        
               (ਭ)                        
               Ĵ                       
               03 -                        
                ⠭-                       
                                           
               祭                          
               饣                       
               ன⢠                        
               (ਭ)                        
         Ĵ                       
         5F    02 -                        
                ᯨ᪠ĳ                       
               ॠ-                       
               権                               
               Ĵ                       
               03 ॠ-                                
                                          
               ன⢠                        
               Ĵ                       
               04 ⬥                       
               ॠ-                       
                                              
         
         60-   (१-  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         -61   ஢)  ////////////////////////////////////////////
                          ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
         62                         
                -                   
               䨪 ⥪-                  
               饣 -                              
               ࠬ                    
               ᥣ                     
               (PSP)                        
         
         63-   (१-  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         -64    ஢) ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
         65    祭                                   
               ७                                 
               孨᪨                                 
               , -                                 
                                                 
               ࠭,                                  
               ⠭                                 

                                      - 13-21 -
                41                
            뢠          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS                   䠩             
                                
                                                                      ⠫                           
         - ᠭ  1.0 1.1 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0              (UNLINK)           
                                                                Ĵ        
                42    ⠭         
               㤮.                                 
         Ĵ                                 
         66    祭/                                  
               /⠭                                  
               ࠭                                     
                                                      
               쭮                                  
               ଠ樨                                  
         Ĵ                                 
         67    ⠭                                   
               稪                                    
               ⥫                                   
         Ĵ                                 
         68    믮                                   
               䠩                                        
         
         69-   (१-  ////////////////////////////////////////////
         -6B   ஢)  ////////////////////////////////////////////
                          ////////////////////////////////////////////
         
               ७                                      
         6C    㭪                                          
               /                                       
               /ᮧ                                        
         
               ⠡  13-2  ,   㭪樨 樮 ⥬
         MS-DOS   ࠧ    ࠧ  ⠭.  
           㭪権    "㭪樮" 㯯,  
         砩,    ᥣ  ⥭ । ࠭  
         ࠧ묨 ﬨ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.  뢠
         㪠 "㭪樮" 㯯.


                            㯯 襭 ணࠬ

              ⢥ 㭪樥   ⮩ 㯯  㭪 0. 
         㭪  筠 뢠 "int 20h". ᬮ  , 
         뢠 "int 20h" 뢠,  "襭 ணࠬ" -
            ॠ 樮  ⥬  MS-DOS,    
            ᯮ짮 㭪 0  楫  ᯮ짮-
           INT.   ᫥   ⮬,     㪮-
         ⢠  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  稭  ᨨ 2.0  
         ᮤন ४ ⭮⥫쭮 ⮣,   㭪 4Ch ("-
         襭  ",    ⭮ ⠪   "室" -
         EXIT)  ᯮ짮  ⢥ "।⥫쭮" ᯮ-
          襭 믮 ணࠬ.   ᫥ , 뢠,
          㭪 4Ch    ,  ।⢮  ᨨ
         2.00.
              ᥣ ᫥ ᮢ  襭  ணࠬ,    
         㪮⢥    樮  ⥬,  - ⥫쭮 ⢮
         ணࠬ.   ⮩稢 ४㥬  ᥣ  짮
         㭪樥 4Ch  襭  ணࠬ  樮 ⥬

                                      - 13-22 -
         MS-DOS ᨩ 2.00  .  ᫨  ,  ⮡  ணࠬ
         ࠡ⠫  ࠢ  ᨩ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,
          室 짮 㭪樥 "祭 ᨨ DOS" (30h)
          ।   㦭 ᯮ짮  襭 ண-
         ࠬ:   ᨩ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS 1.0  1.1  ᫥
         ᯮ짮 㭪 0,     ⠫ ᨩ 樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS ᫥ 짮 㭪樥 4Ch.

              㯯 ⠭⭮ -뢮  ᨬ ன
                                    (01h - 0Ch)

                㯯  㭪樨  01h  0Ch.   ᯮ-
                   뢮  ଠ樨  
         ᯫ-᮫,   饥 ன⢮ (ਭ),  ⠪ 
           뢮     ⥫ (᪨) ன-
         ⢠.   㭪樨 ࠡ     -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS. ஬ ⮣,  ᢮ த  室 
           㭪権 樮 ⥬ CP/M.

           㯯 ⠭⭮ ࠢ 䠩 (0Dh - 24h, 27h - 29h)

                㯯  㭪樨  0Dh  24h   27h  29h.
         ᯮ짮  㭪権  ࠡ  䠩 ᯥ稢 ᮢ-
         ⨬ ࠡ     樮  ⥬  MS-DOS.
            㭪権  㭪  筮 -
          㭪権,  ᯮ㥬  樮 ⥬ CP/M. ᬮ
          ,    ᫮ 㭪樨  ࠢ 䠩
         뫨  㦥  ᨨ 2.00 樮 ⥬  MS-DOS  (
         뢠 ),  ਬ , ⥫쭮   ᮢ-
           㣨 ﬨ.   ࠧ,   뢠 ࠢ
         䠩  (  ࠧ  ᯮ  ࠧ ᫥  ⮩ )
         ⠪ ᮤন  ଠ ⭮⥫쭮 ᯮ짮 ⮩
           㯯 㭪権.  室  .

                ⠭  㭪樨,   易  ன⢠
                               (25h,26h, 2Ah - 2Eh)

                㯯  㭪樨 25h, 26h  㭪樨  2Ah 
         2h.  ⨬,    㭪樨 2h  ᠬ 襩  㭪権,
         ন 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨩ,  ।-
          ᨨ 2.00.  㭪樨 믮 ⢮ ࠧ -
         ,   易  ਬ塞묨 ன⢠: ।  -
         ⠭  ⥪  ६   ,  ⠭  뢠,
         ᮧ  ணࠬ ᥣ, ⠭   -
           䨪樨.    㭪樨  ਭ ⮫쪮
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.  樮 ⥬ CP/M  -
           㭪権.   㪠 㭪樨 ᯥ譮 믮 
         ࠡ  ࠢ  ᨩ 樮  ⥬  MS-DOS,
           ᮡ    ࠡ 㭪樨 25h ("-
           뢠").  믮 ⮩ 㭪樨 ॡ
         稥  ᫮:  ⠭⭮ ணࠬ ࠢ -
         뢠ﬨ   㦥  ॣ DX    ᥣ  
         (DS:DX),      뢠   㦥  ॣ Al.
         ᪮  㭪      뢠ﬨ,  ᮡ
         ஦     ᯮ짮,  ᪮   ᤥ
          ணࠬ ᮢ⨬  믮   㣨 ॠ
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS   㣨  ।.

                                      - 13-23 -


             㯯 ७ () 㭪権 (2Fh - 38h, 4Ch - 4Fh,
                            54h - 57h, 59h - 5Fh, 62h)

               㯯 㭪権 墠뢠 㭪樨, ࠡ騥  -
          ⥬ MS-DOS ᨩ  2.00  3.10.  㭪樨  59h  5h
          㭪 62h  ⮫쪮   3.0    樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS,   㭪樨 5h  5Fh  ⮫쪮   3.10
          .    㪠 㭪権  㯭   -
         樮  ⥬  MS-DOS  2.00.  ஬ ⮣,   樮
         ⥬  MS-DOS  ᨨ  3.10 㭪樨 32h, 34h, 37h  50h  53h,
         55h, 58h, 5Dh, 60h  61h १ࢨ஢ ( ।  ᯮ-
         짮). 㭪樨, 騥   ,  ࠡ -
         쭮   室   ᨨ  㣮  ᫥ -
         祭:

             1. 㭪 38h ("ଠ,  ⭮  ࠭,  -
                 㤮.  ࠢ 樮 ⥬
                MS-DOS ᨩ 3.00    㭪  ᯮ짮
                 ⠭ ଠ樨, ⭮饩  ⭮ ࠭,
                 ⠪    宦.  ,   , 稭 
                ᨨ  2.00  3.00 (    3.00)  㭪-
                  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ᪠  ⮩  ଠ-
                樨.

              2. 㭪   44h   ("ࠢ   ன⢮   -뢮
                 [IOCTL])
                 㭪        ⥫ ࠬ 
                樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ  3.00,  ।祭
                  ঠ ࠩ஢ ன (ॣ AL = 08h 
                ஢ન ᬥ ⥫  ॣ BL = 0Bh  -
                 稪 ⢠ ⮪ ࠢ ᡮ  筮
                ன⢥).  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 3.10 -
                     ࠬ  ஢ન ॠ樨
                  ( 祭 ॣ AL = 09h ந室 ஢ઠ
                ன⢠,   ६,   祭 ॣ AL = 0Ah
                ந室 ஢ઠ ࠢ 䠩  ன⢮).

              3. 㭪樨 5Eh   5Fh
                 㭪樨  ন  ⮫쪮     3.1  
                樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.  ᯮ ⮫쪮  -
                ⥢ ।.  㭪   ᪮쪮 㭪-
                権.    㦠  ॣ A   姭-
                  ⭠  (16-⮢) ஢ 㭪権,  
                ᫥   㪠뢠   㭪 (
                㭪).  㭪  5E0h  ᯮ  ᪠ 
                ᫨⥫쭮 設 ,  ᮥ  ⮩  , 
                 ᫨⥫쭠 設, ந 饭  㭪樨.
                㭪 5E0h ᯮ    樠樨  饣
                ன⢠ (ਭ),  ᮥ    ᮢ⭮
                ᯮ㥬 ᪮쪨 ࠬ. 㭪樨  5F02h  
                5F03h  ᯮ    ࠢ ॠ樨  
                 : 㭪 5F03h     ன⢠ ,  㭪
                5F02h   ଠ樨  ॠ樨,    㭪
                5F04h ⬥ 楤 ॠ樨.


                                      - 13-24 -

                㯯 㭪権 ࠡ  ⠫ (39h - 3Bh, 47h)

               㯯  砥  ᥡ 㭪樨,  稭  39h  3Bh 
         㭪 47h.  㭪樨    樮 -
          MS-DOS,  稭  2.00  .   㭪樨 믮 
         ࠡ   ⠫:  㭪  39h  ᮧ  ⠫  (
         MKDISK      MD),  㭪  3Al 㤠 ⠫ (
         RMDIR   RD)  㭪 3Bh  ⥪騩 ⠫  -
          ( CHDIR   CD).  㭪 47h ᯮ 
         ᪠ ଠ樨  ⥪饬 ⠫ (, ᫨   CD -
            ࠬ஢).


                  㯯 ࠢ /ᮬ (48h - 4Bh)

               ࠢ ந室  ⥬ ᮢ  ࠢ  -
             ᯮ짮  㭪樨,  -
           樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 2.00.  設⢮ 㭪-
         権  ⮩ 㯯    ࠢ । .
         ᫥  㪠 㭪権 4Bh ᯮ ணࠬ,  -
           뢠   㦠 㣨 ணࠬ  ૥ ᥣ-
          ணࠬ. ⬥⨬,  㭪 4h ("襭 " -
         EXIT)  ᥣ ᯮ짮  ணࠬ 뢠  -
         㦠 㭪樥 4Bh.
               饥  ६ ⭮,   ঠ   -
         㬭 ⥯ ᮢ⨬   ᫮  쭮 -
          祩.  㥬   ࠪ⨪ ࠭ । -
             ஢  ᮢ⨬,      ⥬      㭪樨
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,   㤥 ᯮ짮.

                                     訡

              , 㥬 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  ⨯  
            ᯮᮡ ࠡ   ⢥    -
           ᨩ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.   
         易,   ⮫쪮     訡   -
          ,  ⠪     堭 ᮮ饭 
         .  뢠 ࠧ  ࠢ 訡  ࠧ-
          ﬨ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.

          ᪨  殮 訡 (祭  뢠
                                     "Int 24h"

               樮  ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 1.0 ᮬ 
          訡 ࠢ ᪫⥫쭮  뢠  "int 24h".
            訡 ।⠢ ᮡ 訡, 易  ᡮ-
           ।   쥧묨   ᪨ 
         ᢮ த.    ᠬ   堭 뤠 ⮢  
         ন     , ᬮ  , 
             訡 﫨 㦥  ᨨ 2.0 -
          ⥬ MS-DOS.
               ⮣, ⮡ ਪ ணࠬ  ⢮
          堭 뤠 ⮢  訡,  室 ⥪ ணࠬ
          ࠭  뢠 "int 24h"    
          ஢,  㪠뢠騬   ⠭  ணࠬ  ࠢ
         訡.  ०,  祬 ந 襭 ࠡ ணࠬ, -

                                      - 13-25 -
         室  뢠 "int 24h"      ⠭  
         ᢮  室  ﭨ.   堭   ࠡ 
         ࠢ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 2.0   -
           ᥬ ,   ࠢ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         ᨨ 3.0  .
               ⠡ 13-3    㪠뢠,   
          ন 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ⮫쪮 ᨩ 2.0
          .   ᪨ 訡,  ।⠢  ⠡ 13-3,
           ⠪     㣮 堭 뤠 -
         ⮢  訡,  ।⠢  ᨨ 2.0 樮 -
         ⥬ MS-DOS.   ࠡ  ࠢ ⮩ ᨨ 樮
         ⥬ । 饭  㭪    訡
           訡 権.  堭 뢠 
         ࠧ, ᫥饬  ⠡楩 13-3.


               訡 饭  㭪 (⮫쪮 ᨩ
                      2.0   樮 ⥬ MS-DOS)

              稭  ᨨ 2.0 樮 ⥬  MS-DOS  
         뢠  㭪樨   訡  । ॣ-
         ,  ᫨ 訡   १ 믮 㭪樨.  ᫨
         訡 ந諠, ਧ ९ ⠭  祭
         "1"  ᮮ⢥騩 ॣ ᫥ ஢ ( ᫨  ন-
          ⮩ 㭪樥)  稥    訡.  ᫨ ਧ
         ९ ,   ।,  訡  -
         .  ᪨  殮 訡, ᠭ  ( ।-
            堭 뢠 "int  24h"),  ⠪  뤠
         ⨬ 堭, ᬮ  ,   ⮬ ᯮ ࠧ
         祭 .   ࠡ  ࠢ 樮  ⥬
         MS-DOS ᨩ  2.0  3.1 ᫥騥 㭪樨   -
           ॣ Ax, ᫨ ਧ ९ ⠭ -
           믮:   38h  4Bh, 4h, 4Fh, 56h, 57h  5Ah  5Ch 
          5h  5h.  Al -  ॣ Ax ᥣ   ஢
          稥    訡, ⮬,   㭪樨 -
           AH-  ଠ.    㭪権 -
         稥  ("0")  ॣ AL   ⢨ 訡.
               ⠡  13-4  ᫥   訡,   
          饭 ᫥ 饭  㭪樨.  (ᨨ) -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  ᯥ稢 뤠  ,
         ⠪ 㪠뢠  ⠡.  ⬥⨬ ⠪,   訡  19
           31 ᮮ⢥  訡 뢠 "int 24h"  0  Ch,
           訡 34 ᮮ⢥  訡 Fh 뢠 int 24h.


                                      - 13-26 -
                                                       13-3
                 ᪨  訡 ( 뢠 "Int 24h")
         
                                     樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
                 ᠭ        
         訡                       1.XX    2.XX    3.XX    4.XX
         
          0    ⪠              
               饭         
                                        
         Ĵ
          1    ⭮               
               ன⢮                   
         Ĵ
          2    ᪮  ⮢          
         Ĵ
          3    ⭠                     
         Ĵ
          4    訡  (CRC)        
         Ĵ
          5    ࠢ쭠            
                                  
         Ĵ
          6    訡 ᪠              
         Ĵ
          7     ⨯              
               ⥫                  
         Ĵ
          8                 
         Ĵ
          9     㬠                             
               ਭ                  
         Ĵ
          A    訡               
         Ĵ
          B    訡 ⥭             
         Ĵ
          C    騩 ᡮ                 
         
          D     ।         /////   /////   /////   /////
         
          E     ।         /////   /////   /////   /////
         
          F    ࠢ쭠 ᬥ                        
               ᪠                                 
         



                                      - 13-27 -
                                                       13-4
                 訡 饭  㭪 (⮫쪮  ᨩ
                     2.0   樮 ⥬ MS-DOS)
         
                                            樮
         訡                                  ⥬ MS-DOS
         (-     ᠭ              
         .)                           2.02.13.03.13.23.34.0
         
          1    ࠢ   㭪樨
         Ĵ
          2                   
         Ĵ
          3     㯠       
         Ĵ
          4    誮       
               䠩                     
         Ĵ
          5    ⪠    㯥          
         Ĵ
          6    ࠢ  ⥫    
         Ĵ                 
          7    襭 ࠢ騥      
                               
         Ĵ
          8    筮         
         Ĵ
          9    ࠢ     
                                    
         Ĵ
          A    ࠢ쭠 ।         
         Ĵ
          B    ࠢ ଠ        
         Ĵ
          C    ࠢ  㯠   
         Ĵ
          D    ࠢ         
         Ĵ
          E    (१ࢨ஢)          
         Ĵ
          F     ࠢ ᪮
         Ĵ
         10    ⪠ 㤠 ⥪饣  
               ⠫                   
         Ĵ
         11       ன⢮        
         Ĵ
         12       䠩         
         Ĵ
         13     訡 0 뢠       
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         14     訡 1 뢠                        
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         15     訡 2 뢠       
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         16     訡 3 뢠       

                                      - 13-28 -
         
                                            樮
         訡                                  ⥬ MS-DOS
         (-     ᠭ              
         .)                           2.02.13.03.13.23.34.0
         
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         17     訡 4 뢠       
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         18     訡 5 뢠       
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         19     訡 6 뢠       
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         1A     訡 7 뢠       
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         1B     訡 8 뢠       
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         1C     訡 9 뢠       
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         1D     訡 A 뢠                        
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         1E     訡 B 뢠       
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         Ĵ
         1F     訡 C 뢠       
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)  
         
         20    襭 ᮢ⭮             
               ᯮ짮 (ࠧ)        
         Ĵ       
         21    襭 ஢              
         Ĵ            
         22     訡 F 뢠              
               "Int 24h"  (⠡ 13-3)         
         Ĵ       
         23    㯥  FCB               
         
         24    ९  ᮢ-   ///////////////
               ⭮ ᯮ짮     ///////////////   
         
         25-   (१ࢨ஢)          /////////////////////
         41                               /////////////////////
         
         42    ⥢                       
               ন                        
         Ĵ           
         43       -            
               室  ० -            
                                                
         Ĵ           
         44    ७                  

                                      - 13-29 -
         
                                            樮
         訡                                  ⥬ MS-DOS
         (-     ᠭ              
         .)                           2.02.13.03.13.23.34.0
         
         45                          
         Ĵ           
         46                                
         Ĵ                
         47    ⥢ ன⢮                    
                                   
         Ĵ           
         48    ॢ襭 ࠭祭,-           
                  BIOS ⨳           
         Ĵ           
         49    訡              
               ।                           
         Ĵ           
         4A    ࠢ               
         Ĵ           
         4B     訡                
         Ĵ           
         4C    ᮢ⨬ 㤠               
                                              
         Ĵ           
         4D    । 饣                   
               ன⢠ (ਭ)            
         Ĵ           
         4E    ।                    
         Ĵ           
         4F     ᯥ⪨ 䠩                  
               筮                     
         Ĵ           
         50      뫮 㤠                 
         Ĵ           
         51    ⪠  㯥                       
         Ĵ           
         52    ࠢ ⨯ ⥢             
               ன⢠                            
         Ĵ                
         53      ⥢                 
         Ĵ           
         54    ॢ襭 ࠭祭                 
                ⥢                         
         Ĵ           
         55    ॢ襭 ࠭祭                 
               ⥢ ᥠ BIOS                  
         Ĵ           
         56    ६ ⠭                   
         Ĵ           
         57    ⥢   ਭ              
         Ĵ           
         58    ਮ⠭ ॠ樨            
               /᪠                          
         
         59-   (१ࢨ஢)          /////////////////////
         5F                               /////////////////////
         

                                      - 13-30 -
         
                                            樮
         訡                                  ⥬ MS-DOS
         (-     ᠭ              
         .)                           2.02.13.03.13.23.34.0
         
         60     㦥                     
         
         61    (१ࢨ஢)          /////////////////////
         
         62     믮              
               <㭪>                         
         Ĵ       
         63      뢠                     
               <Int 24h>                         
         
         64    ⭠                          
         Ĵ                   
         65     祭                                 
         Ĵ                   
         66    ࠢ ஫                          
         Ĵ                   
         67    ࠢ ࠬ                         
         Ĵ                   
         68                                 
         

            ७ ଠ  訡 饭  㭪 (
                  ᨩ 3.0   樮  ⥬ MS-DOS)

              ᪮  ⨬  ᮢ⨬   ᥬ ﬨ
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  뫮  ࠢ
         ଠ   襭       㦥  騥
         饭  㭪    .  ⥫쭮, 
         ⮣,  ⮡   樮 ⥬ MS-DOS 
         ࠢ 訡,  ᨨ 3.0 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS 
           堭   "७  訡". 
         ࠡ  ࠢ ᨨ 3.0   ᫥ ᨩ, ᫨
          믮 - 㭪樨 ⠭   ਧ-
          ७  ॣ AL ᮤন 祭 FFh, ⥫쭠
         ஡ ଠ  訡     ⥬  -
           㧪 0  ॣ B  뤠祩 ᫥ ⮣ 饭 
         㭪樨 59h ( ७ ଠ   訡).  ଠ
         頥  , ।⠢   ⠡ 13-5.

                                                      13-5
                         ७ ଠ  訡
          -----------------------------------------------------------
                                        ঠ
          -----------------------------------------------------------
              AX                        訡 (. ⠡. 13-4)
                                      訡
              BL                       । ⢨
              CH                       ⮯
          -----------------------------------------------------------

                                     訡

               訡,  頥  ॣ AX,     

                                      - 13-31 -
         ।⠢   ⠡ 13-4  ᨬ  ᨨ -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.

                                    訡

                祭,  㪠  ⠡ 13-6,  頥 
         ॣ   㪠뢠  ⥣ 訡.    
         । ⢨⥫ 稭    訡,  ⮬
             訡     ࠧ 稭.

                                                      13-6
                                   訡
          -----------------------------------------------------------
            祭                          ।
          -----------------------------------------------------------
              1               饭  (墠⪠ ,
                                ..)
              2               ६   (஡
                               祧 ᠬ ᮡ, ਬ,
                              ⠪,  ஢ 䠩)
              3               樮஢ 㯠 (⪠
                               㯥)
              4               ७ ᡮ (樮 ⥬
                              MS-DOS ।,  稭 訡
                               ७ 䥪,   ⢨
                              짮⥫  ⥬)
              5                 । (஡ -
                                ணࠬ 짮⥫)
              6               ⥬ ᡮ (쥧 ᡮ  ࠡ
                              ணࠬ ᯥ祭.  易-
                              쭮 易 ।⢥  ᡮ
                               짮⥫᪮ ணࠬ - -
                              ,   ய饭  -
                               䠩 䨣樨)
              7               訡  ਪ ணࠬ (ਬ,
                              ⨢稢 )
              8                 䠩 (   -
                              㣮 )
              9               ࠢ ଠ (䠩  -
                                 ࠢ쭮 ଠ)
              10              ஢ (䠩  - 㣮
                               ஢ ७ ࠧ)
              11              ⥫ (ᡮ ⥫, ਬ, -
                              ࠢ ᪠, 訡 CRC,   
                              ⠭  ᪮  ०
                              孮 ⥫ ଠ樨)
              12                (㤭, 易 
                              騬 ⮬:   䠩
                                 ᫨⥫쭮 設)
              13              ᯮ ᡮ (訡  ਭ-
                                ⥣ਨ   -
                              )
          -----------------------------------------------------------

                               । ⢨

               ॣ  BL  頥    祭,  㪠 

                                      - 13-32 -
         ⠡ 13-7.   । ⢨    -
          訡.

                                                       13-7
                   । ⢨  ࠢ 訡
          -----------------------------------------------------------
            祭                          ।
          -----------------------------------------------------------
              1                 (  
                             ᪮쪮 ࠧ  ᫨ ᡮ ⠭, -
                               ᪠ 짮⥫  ᮬ 
                             ⮬, 㦭  த ࠡ ணࠬ
                               ᫥ ਩ )
              2              ⫮ ⪠  (  ᠬ,
                               㭪 1 " ",
                              ᭠砫  㧠  楫 -
                             :  ࠢ  訡 ᠬ ᥡ?
              3              짮⥫ (᪠ 짮⥫ ᤥ-
                                -   砫
                               ࠢ ⥪)
              4              ਩ 襭 ( ணࠬ
                             ଠ쭮 ᫥ ⪨)
              5               室 ( ணࠬ
                             ਩,  믮 ⪨)
              6              ஢ (訡   ந-
                             ஢)
              7                ᫥ ⥫⢠
                             (த ࠡ ᫥ ⠪ -
                             ⥫⢠ 짮⥫,   ᪠
          -----------------------------------------------------------

                                  ⮯

               ॣ  CH  頥    祭,  㪠 
         ⠡ 13-8.    ।⠢ ⥫쭠 ଠ
          ⮭宦 ࠢ.

                                                       13-8
                             ⮯ ᡮ
          -----------------------------------------------------------
            祭                          ।
          -----------------------------------------------------------
              1              ⭠ 訡 (। 
                             ᮮ⢥ 樨 訡)
              2              筮 ன⢮ (訡 ⭮ 
                             ⥫ ᪮ )
              3              
              4              ᫥⥫쭮 ன⢮ (訡 -
                               ᫥⥫쭮 ᮥ
                              ன)
              5               (訡 ⭮  ⨢
                              
          -----------------------------------------------------------

              ᪮   ᫥    樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
          ࠢ  堭 ࠢ 訡, ணࠬ-
          ⠫ । 㡭묨 롮ࠬ.   ଠ樮 ।⢮

                                      - 13-33 -
         "७  訡" ,  祢,  ப -
         㥬  ࠧࠡ⪨ ⠭ ணࠬ ࠢ 訡
           ணࠬ.   ⮨ ⮣ 堭 ਥ.
         ᫨      堭   ணࠬ,   ⠪
          ন    ᪢ ᮢ⨬  -
          ࠭ ﬨ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ,    
            ⠭⭠ ணࠬ "  -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS". (ᠭ ࠭  ⮩ ).  -
         ᨩ  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  ᨨ 2.0   ஢-
           ⮫쪮      訡,    ন   
         ᨥ.   ᨩ 2.0  2.1 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  -
             ࠢ  訡    ᯥ
         ᯮ 襣 ⢠  訡.  ᨩ  3.0
                   ࠢ
         訡, ᯮ 맮 堭 "७  訡".

                                  ଠ ᪮

               㪠뢠   11 " ᪠  ⠭
         䠩",  ଠ ᪮ ন ࠧ묨 ﬨ
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.   ⠡ 13-9  13-10 ᮡ࠭ -
         ࠪ⨪  ⠭ ଠ⮢ 3,5-,  5,25--
           8-  ᪮,  ন 樮 -
         ⥬ MS-DOS ᨩ     4.0.    ஡  ଠ
             11.
              ᬮ  ,  稥 ଠ  ⨯ ᪮ ন-
           ᪮쪨 ॠ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  ⠡-
          13-9 ।⠢ ⮫쪮  ଠ   ᪮,  
         樠쭮 ন 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS. -
         ,    ࠪ⨪ ⪨ ᪮ 뢠 , -
             ࠧ  ⮫쪮 । 
         ॠ樨  ⥬.  প ࠡ ⪨ ᪮   饬
         砥 砥  稨 ⥬  BIOS.
              ᪠ ᯮ짮  ⨯    ࠧ஢  ⪨
         ᪮,    ᨨ  -⮢⥫  BIOS. -
         樠 ⨯ ⥫ ଠ樨 ⠪,    "Bernoulli  Box",
           ॡ  ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠 ᪮ ஫஢ 
         ⠭ ⥫쭮 ᪮  ⮣,  ⮡  ࠢ-
           ⪮ । প,  騬   設⢥
         ॠ ⥬  BIOS.
              樮 ⥬  MS-DOS ᨩ 2.0  3.30 ন
          ଠ ⪨ ᪮  ࠧ  ,  ⨣饩
         ᨬ쭮 ࠧ  32 .
              樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨩ  2.0  3.2 ন
         ⮫쪮   ᯮᮡ ࠧ  樮 ⥬ DOS 
         ⪮ ᪥,    ६   3.3 ন  ᪮쪮
         ᯮᮡ ࠧ  ⪮ ᪠:    ᨬ
         ࠧ஬  32    砥  ᪮. -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 4.0 (  ⠪ 樮 -
          "COMPAQ MS-DOS" ᨨ 3.31)  ন  ࠧ  
         ७ ࠧ, ஥  ⨣ 512 .
                ७ ࠧ  ⥫-
            樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 4.0:  -
         让 ⪨  , -०, ଠ஢  ᪮-
          ᯮᮡ ࠧ DOS , ࠧ஬  32   .
         ⬥⨬,  ࠧ  32    ᯮ 16--
           ᥪ஢,   ࠧ ७ ॣ ᯮ

                                      - 13-34 -
         32-⮢  ᥪ஢.   맢 ஡, 易
           ᮢ⨬    ਪ묨 ணࠬ,  
           ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩 (FAT)  ᪥    
           ᥪࠬ  16-⮢묨 祭ﬨ.  ஡  -
          ᪮  㧭   11.

                                                        13-9
              ଠ  ᪮ 樮  ⥬ MS-DOS
         
                      樮 ⥬ MS-DOS       .
          ࠪ- Ĵ ਬ-
          ⨪   1.0  1.1  2.0  2.1  3.0  3.2 3.3   1
         
             5,25"5,25"5,25"5,25"5,25"3,5"3,5" 8"  8"  8"
         
                FFE  FFF  FFC  FFD  FF9 FF9 FF0 FFE FFD FFE
         ଠ                                            
         
         ஭     1    2    1    2    2    2   2  1   2   2
         
         ⢮                                         
         ४   40    40   40   40  80   80  80 77  77  77
         ஭                                            
         
         ⢮  8    8    9    9    15   9  18 26  26   8
         ᥪ஢                                           
         
         ⢮                                         
         ⮢    512  512  512  512  512 512 512 128 128 1024
         ᥪ                                            
         
         ⢮                                         
         ᥪ஢   1    2    1    2    1    2   1  4   4   1
                                                    
         
                                                     
         砫쭮   1    1    1    1    1    1   1  1   4   1
         㧪                                           
         
                                                     
         ⠡     1    1    2    2    7    3   9  6   6   2
         FAT                                                
         
         ⢮                                         
         ⠡ FAT  2    2    2    2    2    2   2  2   2   2
         
                                                     
         ୥   4    7    4    7   14    7  14  17  17  6
         ⠫                                           
         
                                                    
         ୥  64   112  64   112  224  112 224 68  68 192
         ⠫                                           
         
         饥                                              
         ⢮ 320  640  360  720  240014402880200240041232
         ᥪ஢                                           

                                      - 13-35 -
         
                      樮 ⥬ MS-DOS       .
          ࠪ- Ĵ ਬ-
          ⨪   1.0  1.1  2.0  2.1  3.0  3.2 3.3   1
         
             313  630  351  708  237114262857197239401221
                                                      
         
         饥                                              
         ⢮ 313  315  351  354 2371 713 2857493 985 1221
         ஢                                          
         
               160  320  180  360  1,2 720 1.44501 250,1,232
                                 25 
         
              156,5 315 175,5 354 1,   713 1,  246 492,1,221
                        ,1855  4285  5  
                                               
         


              ਬ砭:
              1.  祭    ⥫ ଠ, ᯮ㥬 
         䨪樨 ଠ 8- ᪠,  ⠪  ,
          ᯮ   ଠ⮢ 5,25- ᪮.
           祭  ।   ⥬ BIOS ⭮
         ॠ樨  樮  ⥬  MS-DOS,    ᪮.
           ॠ権 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, ᮡ-
           ,   ⥬ BIOS ᯮ  ,  ᮤঠ
          ⥬ BIOS 室 ⠭ ணࠬ   8--
          ᪮.  ࠧ,  প ⢫ 筮
           ᯥ樠쭮 ࠩ ᪮. ᪮ 
         8-  ଠ  ୮  ⭮    
         祭  ⥫ (FFF),   ᫥ ଠ ( -
          ⭮ ),  樮  ⥬  MS-DOS  :
         -ࠧ  室  ⪠ ⥭ ᪠: ᭠砫 ⥬
         ।,   ଠ஢  ୮  ⭮
         . ᫨ ᫥ ⥭ ࢮ ᥪ 訡  -
         ,  樮  ⥬  MS-DOS த ᬠਢ
         ,    ୮ ⭮ .
              ᫨ ᫥  ⥭  ࢮ  ᥪ  ᪠  
         訡,  樮  ⥬  MS-DOS ।,  
         ଠ஢  㤢 ⭮ ,  ⥬ ᭮
           ⥭ ࢮ ᥪ. ⬥⨬ ⠪,  
          ⥬ ন ଠ 㤢 ⭮ 
         ஭, 8- ᪮, ࠢ ਡ⥫쭮 -
           ஭ ᪮ (610 ).

                                ࠢ 䠩

               ࠡ    ࠧ묨  ﬨ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         ᫥    ᯮᮡ ࠢ  䠩    
         ணࠬ.    樮  ⥬  MS-DOS ⮫쪮  뫠
         ᮧ,   ᯥ稢      ࠢ  䠩,
         室    ⥬,    ᯮ  ࠢ 樮
         ⥬ CP/M (ࠢ ணࠬ    ப஢).  
         室⢮ ࠭﫮 ७, ᪮  ।⠢﫮 ண-
         ࠬ ࠢ⥫쭮 ⮩ ᯮᮡ ८ࠧ    8--
         , ⠪  16-⮢ ணࠬ  । 樮 ⥬ /M

                                      - 13-36 -
          । 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.   楫 ঠ ᮢ-
         ⨬    ᨨ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS   ᨨ
         3.1      ࠢ 䠩.  ᨨ
         2.0 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  ⥬  ,  ७ 
         ᯮᮡ,   ।⠢ ᮡ  㯫  ⮤
         ࠢ  䠩,  ᯮ짮襣    樮  ⥬
         /M.  ⮤ 祭 宦  ⮤ ࠢ 䠩, ᯮ-
         㥬   樮 ⥬ XENIX.  ᬮ  ,   
         ⮤ ࠧ   ᯮ짮,  , ,  ᯥ稢
         ᮢ⨬   ᯮᮡ, , ᫥⥫쭮, ॡ -
         襭   ࠡ  .  뢠 ࠧ -
           㪠묨 ⮤.


                   ᯮ짮  ࠢ 䠩 (FCB)

              饭  㭪  0Fh  29h,   ࢮ ᨨ
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  ᯮ    ࠢ-
          䠩 (FCB)  ᮧ,  䨪樨   㤠  䠩.
          FCB ।⠢ ᮡ ᥣ ணࠬ, ᠭ  -
         ,  ஬ । ࠬ 䠩, ࠢ塞 ணࠬ-
         . 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  ਪ ணࠬ ᯮ-
          ࠬ  FCB  ⠭ ⮯ 䠩, 
         ᥣ,  ࠧ  㣨 ᢥ  ⮬ 䠩.  ,  -
           ⢨⥫쭮 ᮧ, ᥣ  FCB  -
          饭    㭪,   FCB  㦥  -
           ।    ⮣,      ணࠬ    ᯮ짮
         ⭮騥  䠩 饭  㭪.    砥, 
          饭  㭪, ⭮騬  䠩 ( 0Fh  29h), -
          ⮣,  ⮡  ,   ᯮ  FCB,   
         㦥   ॣ஢ DS:DX  砫 믮 㭪樨. 
         ,   ਪ ணࠬ  ᭠砫 ᮧ  FCB
          㧨       ᥣ ,   
             ணࠬ ᥣ   ( ᨬ 
         ⮣,  室  ணࠬ).
               樮 ⥬ MS-DOS 㦠 ணࠬ,  -
         ⥬ ᮧ  ଠ   FCB   ᥣ ணࠬ
         䨪  (PSP)  ணࠬ.     FCB  䨪 PSP
         ⠪ ,  ।⢠ 饭  䨪 PSP, 뢠  -
          3.    䠩   ଠ樨,   -
          ப   ணࠬ (,  ਬ,   ⠪ -
         砥: "A>MUNG infile outfile"). ᫨, , ࠪ⨪ 䠩
         ᮤন   㯠, ⢨⥫   FCB 㤥 ⮫-
           ᪮.  ஬ ⮣,   FCB  㤥 
          ४⨢  ॠ樨. , , ⬥⨬, , ᫨
         ணࠬ  뢠   FCB  䨪 PSP,  ன 
         FCB १뢠.
               ⠡  13-10 ।⠢   FCB  ⠬ 㪠-
         뢠 ࠧ  ᬥ饭      ࠬ
          ।  FCB.  ⨬,    ᥬ ࠬࠬ  
         FCB  ࠢ  ਪ ணࠬ.   -
          ⮫쪮 ᠬ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,   㣨 
         ஢  ணࠬ  樮 ⥬  MS-DOS.  
           砥   ᮧ FCB ᫥ ।ᬠਢ  
          ࠬ஢.
               ⠡ 13-10   ⥫묨 ᬥ饭ﬨ ᯮ-
           ࠡ  ࠢ ᨩ 2.0      樮

                                      - 13-37 -
         ⥬ MS-DOS,  ॢ饭  FCB  ७  FCB,
            ᯮ짮 ࠬ ਡ 䠩  ᬥ-
         饭 "-1". 祭 0FFh  ᯮ  ᬥ饭 - 7 
         ⮣,  ⮡  FCB   祭,  ७  FCB.

                                                       13-10
                 ଠ  FCB 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         -------------------------------------------------------------
                         ᠭ             
          ᬥ饭
         -------------------------------------------------------------
          - 7           1       ⭠筮       ணࠬ
                                祭 0FF
          - 6           6       १ࢨ஢         ணࠬ
                                (  )
          - 1           1       ਡ 䠩           ணࠬ  
                                                        樮
                                                        ⥬ MS-DOS
            0           1        ᪮ (     ணࠬ
                                0  16)                樮
                                                        ⥬ MS-DOS
            1           8        䠩            ணࠬ
                                ன⢠
            9           3       ७ 䠩        ணࠬ
                                  ⨯
            12          2       騩             ணࠬ
            14          2         
                                
            16          4        䠩           樮
                                                  ⥬ MS-DOS
            20          2                           樮
                                                        ⥬ MS-DOS
            22          10      १ࢨ஢         樮
                                                        ⥬ MS-DOS
            32          1                  ணࠬ
                                                        樮
                                                        ⥬ MS-DOS
            33          4        ந쭮      ணࠬ
                                                  樮
                                                        ⥬ MS-DOS
         --------------------------------------------------------------
              祭 ᬥ饭  ࠧ    筮
         .

                   ⥫ 䠩 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS

              樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 2.0 ।⠢  -
         ࠧ   ⮩ ᯮᮡ ࠡ  䠩.   㤮
         ।  ᮧ  FCB 直 ࠧ,  ॡ ᮧ-
            䠩,  ᯮ짮 ᪮쪮 ⠪ -
           㭪,   ॡ     ⮫쪮  祭  
         ⢥  ப     ASCII,  ।饩 ࠪ⨪
         ᥣ 䠩,   稢饩  㫥.    ப,  뢠
         "ப ASCII",     64   ࠧ饭  
           ⥩ 㯠.  ⮩ ப ᮮ⢥ ᨭ⠪
          筮 䠩:


                                      - 13-38 -
                          drive:\path\filename.extension
                            1      2     3          4
         1 - ᪮; 2 -  㯠; 3 -  䠩; 4 - ७

               믮  饭  㭪樨 3Ch (ᮧ 䠩)  
         㭪樨 3Dh ( 䠩) 樮  ⥬  MS-DOS  ᮧ
         ⥫ 䠩,  ᭮뢠  ଠ樨 ᮤঠ饩  ப
         ASCIIZ.
              饭   㭪    3Ch  57h   㭪ﬨ,
         易묨  䠩  ᯮ騬 ⥫ 䠩.     
         㯯 祭   㭪樨 ( 5h  5Ch),   -
         ᨥ 3.0 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.
              ᪮ 樮  ⥬  MS-DOS  ᮧ  ࠢ
         ⥫ﬨ 䠩,  ਪ ணࠬ   㦭 ᫥-
           ⮯ ଠ樨  䠩   ⮣ -
           ப ASCIIZ 筮  饭 樮 -
           MS-DOS    ⮬,   ணࠬ ,  ᮣ᭮ ᯮ㥬
         㭪樨.  ஥ ।⢮  ⠪ 㣮 ⮨⢮ :
         ६  ⢮ ᪮쪮 ⥫ 䠩,  -
         ⮬  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᥣ ᫥    -
           .
              ⢥ ⮪ ᯮ짮 ⥫ 砥
           ⮬,       ন ﬨ  2.0 樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS.  ⮬,  ᫨ ணࠬ   ᮢ⨬
           ᥬ ﬨ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  ᫥ 
         ᯮ짮 ⥫ 䠩. ⬥⨬, ,   -
          ⥫ 䠩 ( ⠪ ,      㣨
         ᮡ⥩) ᨨ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  2.0  3.1 -
         ,    室묨 㯥ﬨ  묨 -
         樮묨 ⥬ (⠪,   樮 ⥬  CP/M)  
          ᮢ襭  樮 ⥬ - ⥬ XENIX.
                 饭  㭪,  易   䠩,
         樮  ⥬  MS-DOS ।⢥ ᮢ⨬  -
         묨 㭪ﬨ 樮 ⥬ XENIX,    ந室
          㣨 ࠪ⨪ ⥬,  ⠪,   ⥩ -
         㯠,  ॢ  ⠫  ॠ.  -
         ࠧ,  ᫥ 뢠 ᮢ⨬ ᭨  ᮡ ⮣-
         ,    ᮧ,   ⥪騥 ᨨ 樮 ⥬
         XENIX  ন  ⮤ ࠢ 䠩  ᯮ짮-
           FCB.

                樮 ⥬ MS-DOS (ᮭ 
                 "" (IBM PC)  ᮭ  
                             "" ਨ 2 (IBM PS/2)

              ᮭ   "" (IBM PC)  ᫮  
         ᠬ  ࠭  ,  - ⠭ -
         ஢,  ࠡ⠢  ࠢ 樮 ⥬  MS-DOS.
         ⢨⥫쭮,  ப  ୮ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         뫠  ,  楤⭮ ᯥ ਨ -
           ஢    ᮢ⨬   ᫨⥫ 設.
           樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  ᯮ㥬   ᮭ쭮
          IBM PC,  ᮮ⭮  ॠﬨ, ᠭ묨  ⮩
            ⮩ ?  ⥭ 㪮⢠  樮 -
         ⥬ MS-DOS  ᮭ ஢ IBM PC  IBM PS/2,  -
          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ⪮ 뢠 "樮
         ⥬  DOS"  "樮 ⥬ PC-DOS")  㪮⢠ 

                                      - 13-39 -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, 饭 ମ "", -
               室⢠    ⥫ ࠧ  .
         室⢠      樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, -
             ⠭묨   "த묨"   ॠ権
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.   ।⠢ ᮡ  -
          MS-DOS ,     㭨묨  -
          ॠ権.   饩  室 ᠭ ⠭-
              ணࠬ஢    ।  樮  ⥬
         MS-DOS.  業     ணࠬ஢, 
         ਬ  ᥬ ॠ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS. ,
         ᪮  ᮭ쭮  IBM PC   ⠭-
           樮  ⥬  MS-DOS,     ᭨ 
         室⢠  ࠧ. 稥 ⠪ ଠ樨    ᮧ-
           ணࠬ ᯥ稢   ᮢ⨬.

                                     室⢠

              ।⠢   ࠪ⨪ 樮 -
         ⥬ MS-DOS  묨   ॠ権 ⮩  -
         樮 ⥬   ᨨ.

              - ணࠬ DOS (᪮ 樮 ⥬).    ண-
                ࠬ    ।⠢ ᮡ 樮 ⥬
                MS-DOS  ࠧ頥  ⮬ 䠩    ᪥  砫쭮
                㧪.  ᮭ쭮  IBM PC  䠩 -
                 IBMDOS..  ᬮ  ,     -
                   -   㣨 ᫨⥫ 設,  
                䠩 ᥣ    ᨨ 樮 -
                  ⮨  ᫥  ⥩:
                1. ᯮ⥫쭮 ࣠ 樮 ⥬
                2.  饭   㭪
                3. ࣠ ࠢ  (  ) ࠧ-
                   ஬  640 
                4. 䥩 ⥬ BIOS ( ᠬ ⥬ BIOS)

              - 䥩᭠ ணࠬ ⥬ BIOS. 䥩᭠ ணࠬ-
                 ⥬ BIOS ( ⥬ -뢮) 㯠 
                ஫ 䥩  ࠭  樮  -
                 MS-DOS  ⥬ BIOS.   ᮭ쭮  IBM
                PC  䥩 ࠧ頥  ᪥  砫쭮 㧪
                  ⮬  䠩   IBMBIO..  室  ⮩
                ணࠬ    ᨩ  樮  ⥬
                MS-DOS,  室    ⨯ ⭮ -
                ⥫쭮 設 (     ᮭ  
                IBM PC,  IBM PCjr, ⨢ IBM PC-Portable, IBM PC-XT,
                IBM PC-AT  IBM PS/2). 樮 ⥬ DOS  ᮢ-
                ⨬    IBM PC ᮭ ஢  宦
                䠩,    뢠 - .   ॠ-
                 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ( ⠪,  MS-PRO  PC

                -PRO  ஢ CompuPro (Viasyn)  䠩 頥-
                 ᠬ ⥬ BIOS.

                -    (COMMAND.COM).    䠩
                   ᪠ 砫쭮 㧪.  筮  
                뢠        ॠ権,    
                  ࠧ  .   䠩 ᯥ稢  -

                                     - 13-40 -
                䥩    樮  ⥬ MS-DOS  짮⥫,
                뢮  ࠭ ᯫ ᪠.  ᮤন ⠪ -
                   㭪樨,  DIR (뢥 ), COPY
                (᪮஢),  RENAME  (२),  ERASE()  
                㭪 ॠᮢ.

              - 譨 .  譨   ⠭
                    ॠ権 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.   
                ,   譨 ,  騥 㭨묨
                  ⭮  ॠ樨  樮  ⥬ MS-DOS,
                    ⥬.  ਬ,    COMP  
                DISKCOMP     㭨묨    ਨ  ᮭ
                ஢ IBM PC.   㣨 ॠ権 -
                樮  ⥬ MS-DOS ᮤন  , 
                 ᫥ ⫨   㣠    筮  뢠
                - .

                                     

              ᫥   樮 ⥬  MS-DOS 
           ⭮ ॠ樨 ⥬:

              - ⥬ BIOS.   ਨ ᮭ ஢ IBM PC,  
                ⠪       ᮢ⨬  IBM-PC ᫨⥫
                設  ⥬ -뢮  BIOS  ᯮ  
                . ⥬ BIOS ᮤন ⠭ ணࠬ, 믮-
                騥 ஫ ७ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS    
                ࠢ 묨 ।⢠. ᪮ ᯮ짮
                  㣨  । ᥣ  ᭮뢠  
                ᮡ⢥  ࠧࠡ⪠ ந⥫ ᮭ쭮 孨-
                ,   ⥬ BIOS  ⠪  直 ࠧ
                ⤥쭮,  ஬  砥,   㯠  -
                 ந⥫. ।⠢  騥  -
                  BIOS     ⭮ ᮭ쭮 設:
                1. 堭 ࠢ 묨  ணࠬ묨
                   뢠ﬨ.
                2. ⠭ ணࠬ  ஫஢ ᪠   ࠩ-
                   ஢ ᪠.
                3. ⠭ ணࠬ  ᮫,  ਭ    ⮢
                   裡.
                4. 稥 ந 㭪樨 ⨯ ᪨ ஫-
                   ஢  ஢ ஢.

              - 䥩᭠ ணࠬ ⥬ BIOS.    ᫨⥫-
                  設,   䥩 䠩 ⥬ BIOS (-
                ,  IBMBIO.COM  ਨ ᮭ ஢ IBM
                PC), 室  ⮩ ணࠬ   -
                ⮬   ਭ ⠭    樮-
                 ⥬ MS-DOS .  室  ⮣ 䠩,  ,
                뢠 ࠧ,  ᪮     室  몮  
                ⥬ BIOS,  ⮢묨 ࠧ묨 ।ਭ⥫ﬨ.

              - ᪮.  ࠢ 묨 㭨묨 ᮡ-
                ﬨ ⥬   ।,    ⥬  
                饥 ६   ᥡ ᪮,    -
                樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.  ਨ ᮭ ஢
                IBM-PC ANSI.SYS ਢ ७ 㭪樨  

                                      - 13-41 -
                ⥬.   䠩    㣨
                ᮢ⨬  IBM PC ᮭ ,   ।
                砥  ᫨⥫ 設,  ᮢ⨬  -
                ਥ IBM PC.
              - 譨 . 樠 ⠭ 譨 
                   ॠ樨 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.

               饬  ᠬ    ࠧ稥  ॠ 樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS  ᠬ  ⥬  -뢮  BIOS,
         ᪮  ⥬ ᮤন ⠭ ணࠬ, ॡ騥
          㭨  । (⠪,   ஫ ᪠,
           ନ  ) ᫨⥫쭮 設. 
         ࠧ,   ६ ࠧࠡ⪨ ணࠬ ᫥ ⥫쭮  ⭮-
           ॡ㥬 ஢ ணࠬ ᮢ⨬. ᫨  -
         , ⮡  ணࠬ 室   ॠ権 -
           ⥬  MS-DOS,      㯮 
         ⥬ BIOS       ⠪  ᯥ樠묨  
           ⥬  㭪ﬨ    뢠.  ᫨  室
         짮 ᯥ樠묨   ⥬  㭪ﬨ,  ,  
         ०, ॡ  ᮢ⨬, ⨬ 㭪ﬨ ᫥
         ࠢ  १ ࠩ ன (᪮), , ᫨ 
         稨   ணࠬ ⠭,    ⢫
         䨪樨   ⭮  ᫨⥫쭮  設,  १  ᠬ
         ணࠬ.
                ।  ਨ ᮭ ஢  IBM PC
          ஡ ᮢ⨬.  ਬ,  ணࠬ
         ⥬ BIOS,  ᯮ  ,  ⫨   ᮭ
         ஢ IBM PC,  IBM PC-XT  IBM PC-AT.  ᬮ  ,  
         㭪樨 ⥬ BIOS  ᮭ쭮  IBM PC  ⠪  -
              ᮭ쭮  IBM PC-XT,   ᫥
          ।⠢  ⥫  㭪樨.    -
         묨  ࠬ  IBM  PC-XT   IBM T  ࠢ
         ࠧ. ᫨  㢥७   筮   ࠧ, -
         頩    ࠢ 孨᪨ 㪮⢠  "" (
          ।⢠)   ⭮ 設.  ⨭
         ⠢ ⥬ BIOS    㪮⢥.

                  ⨬  㣨 樮묨 ⥬

               ⬥祭   ⮩ ,  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         ⥬   ࠧ 宦  㣨 樮 ⥬.  -
           樮 ⥬ MS-DOS   祪 ७  -  
         窨 ७ ணࠬ  짮⥫,  宦  樮
         ⥬ CP/M.  ᬮ  ,    ᢮⢠  樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS    樮 ⥬ CP/M,  ᭮-
            ᯮ짮  (ਬ,  ᪠ "DOS>"
           䠩  ७ "."),  , .
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 2.00,  ,  ᪮쪮
         ⥩  㭪権,    ࠧ  । -
         樮 ⥬      XENIX,  ⠪  ᮧ  ମ
         "". (樮 ⥬ XENIX ।⠢ ᮡ ࠧ-
          ப ࠭       ᭮
           樮 ⥬   UNIX).   㭪-
         樨,   ॠ 䠩  ன,  ,  ᪮ 
         ⥫ 䠩 ।⠢ ᮡ ந  㭪権,
           樮 ⥬ XENIX.    
         樮  ⥬  MS-DOS     樮

                                      - 13-42 -
         ⥬ ᯥ稢 ᮢ⨬  S-DOS.  ⭮,  
         묨 ਬࠬ  ᮭ  "Concurrent PC
         DOS"  "Concurrent DOS286"  "⠫ , ." (室-
           ࠧࠡ稪  樮  ⥬ CP/M).    ࠧ
         ।  室  ࠧ稩 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
          ᮢ⨬  ᥢᮢ⨬   樮 ⥬.


                           樮 ⥬ CP/M-80

              ᫥ 祭 ⥪  ⥩ 樮  -
         ⥬ MS-DOS  㧭,  ࠧࠡ稪 ⮩ 樮 -
          ௠ ᢮   ᢥ  樮 ⥬  /  ,
         ।祭  ᫨⥫ 設,  ᮧ   -
         ய஢ 8080,  8085  Z80.    ᮭ -
         ஢ IBM PC  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, 樮 -
           CP/M  ⠫   ⠭⭮   樮   ⥬   
         ப஢. 樮 ⥬ CP/M  뭥 ⠥ -
          ୮ 樮 ⥬   8-⮢ (8-ࠧ來)
         ᫨⥫ 設.   ந⥫ ஢ 砫 -
         訢  ᮧ  16-⮢  (16-ࠧ來)  ஢,
         ᯮ  訩  ⮣  ய 8086  "⥫",
            諮 , ᪮   ६ 16-⮢
           樮 ⥬ CP/M (뢠 ⥯ 樮
         ⥬ CP/M-86) 뫠   ⮢.  ଠ    "
           த" ("Seattle Computer Products")  -
         । ⮣   ࠧࠡ⠫ ᢮  ᮡ⢥  樮
         ⥬,     QDOS ("  吝 樮-
          ⥬")   ᫥ ᪮쪨 ࠡ⮪ 뫠  -
         २  樮 ⥬ 86-DOS.
              ⥪ 樮 ⥬ 86-DOS 뫠 祭 宦 
         ⥪ 樮 ⥬ CP/M,   ଠ " 
         த" ᮢ襭⢮   㭪樨   ᪮-
           .  ᫥  ⮣ 樮 ⥬ 86-DOS 뫠 த
         ଥ "",  뫠 २  "樮 -
          MS-DOS".   ࢠ  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS (-
              樮 ⥬ 86-DOS )
         뫠 ਭ  ᯮ짮  ""  ᢮  ᪠-
          ᮭ  - IBM PC.  ᫥ ⮣ ଠ "-
         " ᪮쪮 ਫ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,   -
         ࠧ   ᨨ  2.00.  樮  ⥬  MS-DOS
         ᨨ 2.0 ࠭   㭪権 ࢮ ᨨ.  -
         ⥫쭮,  뫮 ࠭ 室⢮  樮 ⥬  CP/M,
            訬 㤮⢮  ணࠬ⮢,  ⮬  
         ⮬ 設⢮ ணࠬ   樮  ⥬  CP/M  
           ८ࠧ  ணࠬ  樮 ⥬ MS-
         DOS.  窨 ७ ணࠬ 묨    ᫥-

                                     - 13-43 -
         騥 室⢠ 樮 ⥬:

              - 饭  㭪.    饭   㭪
                --------------------  ࢮ ᨨ  樮 ⥬
                MS-DOS, ᮡ ,  ⭮  㭪 ࠡ 
                䠩, 祭 宦  饭  㭪, ᯥ稢-
                  ﬨ 2.2  3.0 樮 ⥬ / .  -
                  ,  ᯮ짮 ॣ஢ ⥫쭮 ⫨-
                砥  8-⮢ ᫨⥫ 設 ਨ 8080/Z80 
                ᥬ⢠ ᫨⥫ 設,  ᭮   16-⮢
                ய  8086,  ᯮᮡ,   ந室  
                ⠭ 㭪権  뤠 ଠ樨, 쬠 室. 
                   饭  㭪 .  㭪樨
                樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ,   䠪᪨ 
                묨  ⠪   㭪 樮 ⥬ CP/M,
                  ᥡ  㭪権  0  24    ⭠-
                筮 .  㭪樨  믮塞  樨 -
                      樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
                  ᨨ 3.1.

              -  FCB. ⢥ ᯮᮡ,  ࢠ  -
                --------- 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  ᮧ, -
                ,   㤠 䠩, 砫  ᯮ짮-
                  ࠢ 䠩 (FCB).  ଠ  FCB  
                ࠡ   ࠢ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  ᯮ-
                ᮡ,   ⠭,  祭 ᯮ짮-
                  FCB  ࠢ 樮 ⥬ /M.
                ᪮ ࠢ 䠩  騬  ⮬ 
                設⢥ 樮 ⥬, ஥  樮-
                 ⥬ DOS, 室⢠  ᯮ짮  FCB  -
                樮  ⥬ CP/M  MS-DOS 業  ணࠬ-
                ⮢. ᬮ  ,   堭 ࠢ 䠩
                  ।⠢  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS -
                ᨨ 2.00,   ᨨ,    ᨨ 3.1, -०,
                ࠭  (  楫  ᯥ祭  ᮢ⨬) ""
                ᯮᮡ ࠡ   FCB.

              - .   ᯮ짮   ஥       譨
                --------    ࠡ   ணࠬ  祭 宦 
                 樮  ⥬.  樮  ⥬  CP/M
                ন ᢮ ஥   ⠪ 뢠 
                ᮫  (),     -
                 ⥬  㧪  .  樮 ⥬
                MS-DOS ࠢ ஥묨  祭 宦  -
                ࠧ  ᪫祭 ⮣,      -
                  ᪮ 䠩,  뢠 COMMAND.COM. -
                樮  ⥬  MS-DOS ⠪ ࠡ⠥  8-⮢ ०
                ᮢ⨬  譨   ⠪ ࠧ ࠢ
                䠩    ७ "." ᯮᮡ,   
                ᯮᮡ,    ࠢ 樮 ⥬ /M.
                 ࠢ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS 䠩  -
                ७
                . ᯮ ⮫쪮 64- ᥣ , ⥬ -
                  㫨  ᯮ짮    ⥬ ᭮ 
                ய ⨯ 8080  Z80. ଠ  .EXE 
                ࠡ   ࠢ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, -
                , ਬ ⮫쪮  ᫨⥫ 設, ᯮ-
                  ய  ਨ 8086 ,  ᫥⥫쭮,  
                ᮢ⨬  樮 ⥬ CP/M.


                                      - 13-44 -

                樮 ⥬ /M-86  "Concurrent CP/M-86"

             樮 ⥬ /M-86  16-⮢  -
         堭 室 樮 ⥬ CP/M   ப஢
         ᥬ⢠ 8086.     ᮡ⥩, ࠭訥  
         8-⮢ ᨨ 樮 ⥬ CP/M, 宦  ᮡ
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.  ਬ, ⮤ ᯮ짮 -
          FCB  饭  㭪, 易  䠩 ( -
         ⥫  䠩)   樮 ⥬ /M-86,  祭 宦 
         ⮤, ᯮ㥬  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.
              ᪮ ᫥ ।⠢ 樮 ⥬ /M-86, -
               "Concurrent CP/M-86", -
           ਢ᫠    樮 ⥬ CP/M ⠪ ० ࠡ,
          ⨧  . 樠 ᨨ  樮-
          ⥬ 뫨 ᮧ  ᮭ ஢ IBM PC,  -
          짮 ⨬ 묨 ﬨ ᯥ樠 ࠧ.
           㭪樨 樮 ⥬ CP/M-86 뫠 ࠭
          樮 ⥬ "Concurrent CP/M-86",     -
           ࠡ⠭    ᫮ ᫥⢨  ⨧筮
         ० ࠡ    樮 ⥬.

                     樮 ⥬ "Concurrent PC-DOS"
                              "Concurrent DOS-286"

                樮 ⥬  MS-DOS,    䠪᪮
         ⠭⭮ 樮 ⥬  ᥬ⢠ 16-⮢ ய-
         ஢ 8086 (ᮡ  ᮭ    IBM  PC  
         ᮢ⨬   ᫨⥫ 設),  ᮧ⥫ 樮-
          ⥬ CP/M 﫨,    ਤ ࠧࠡ   
         ᮢ⨬    樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  ⮬  -
         設⢮ 짮⥫ ࠡ  MS-DOS - ਥ஢ -
         樮 ⥬. ଠ "⠫ , ." ⨫ -
         ७    樮  ⥬  "Concurrent  CP/M-86"  
           "Concurrent  PC-DOS",     ᮢᥬ 室 
         ᯥ稢 ᮢ⨬  樮 ⥬  MS-DOS ᨨ
         1.0 .  3 樮 ⥬ "Concurrent PC-DOS" ।⠢-
          ᮡ   ७ ਠ,   ᯥ祭 ᮢ-
         ⨬  㦥  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 2.00.  
         樮 ⥬  ࠫ쭮 ᯮ짮   ࠡ
          ணࠬ 樮 ⥬ CP/M-86,  ⠪  ணࠬ -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,   ਭ  饭  㭪-
         ,  ন  묨 ﬨ 樮 ⥬
         MS-DOS.
              㣠 ࠧ    樮   ⥬   "Concurrent
         PC-DOS"   "Concurrent DOS286" ।祭    -
         ᫨⥫ 設,  ᯮ ய 80286  "-
         ⥫".   樮 ⥬ ࠧࠡ⠭   ᯮ짮  
         ய஬  80286   "㠫쭮" (⠪ 뢠 "-
         饭") ०  ᯥ稢  樨   16 -
         .   樮 ⥬ ⠪   饭  -
          "ॠ쭮 ६" (० ᮢ⨬ 8086) ࠫ쭮 
         㠫 ० ⠪,    ࠢ  ࠫ쭮
         ࠡ ணࠬ ᠭ  樮 ⥬  MS-DOS  
         ணࠬ, ᠭ  樮 ⥬ /M. 樮
         ⥬ "Concurrent DOS286" ᯥ稢        
         ᮢ⨬  樮  ⥬  MS-DOS,    樮
         ⥬ "Concurrent PC-DOS".  ᮢ⨬ ⮩ -

                                      - 13-45 -
         樮 ⥬,  ᫥ ᮡ ஦, ⮬  -
         쭠  ࠡ  让 ⥯    ᨨ  ய-
           80286,  ᯮ㥬    ⥬  (  ࠭ ᨨ
         ய஢  㤭  ४祭  ᮥ
         㠫쭮  ॠ쭮 ० ࠡ).

                         樮 ⥬ XENIX  UNIX

               祭 ,   ᨨ 樮 ⥬
         MS-DOS (稭  ᨨ 2.0) ᮤঠ   ࠪ⨪,
         騥  樮 ⥬ XENIX - 㣮 樮 -
         ⥬  "".  設⢮ ࠪ⨪,   
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 2.0 (⠪,  ᪮, -
         ॠ,   ⥫ 䠫)  ᢮⢠, ᭮-
         묨  ⠪  ᢮⢠ 樮 ⥬ XEENIX,  -
          ,  ᢮ । ᭮뢠  ࠪ⨪ 樮
         ⥬ UNIX  "AT&T".   ࠧ, ᬮ  ,  
          㤥  ஡ ᮢ⨬ ᢥ  (-
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  CP/M),  ᮢ⨬ ᭨  ⮦
          ਭ       ᬠਢ,  ⮬  
         XENIX  -    ࠪ⨪  樮  ⥬  MS-DOS
         ।⠢ ᮡ 㪠  ,   ᫥ ࠭  -
          ࠧࠡ⪠  ᨩ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.

                             樮 ⥬ OS/2

              ணࠬ 樮  ⥬  MS-DOS    ࠧ 
         ᮢ⨬  ࠡ⮩ 饭 ०  80286/80386 樮
         ⥬ OS/2. 樮 ⥬ OS/2, , , ⠪ -
          " ᮢ⨬",   ஬   饭 -
         設⢮  ணࠬ  樮  ⥬ MS-DOS   
          ஬ MS-DOS.  ᮢ⨬ 樮 ⥬ OS
         /2  ࠡ⠥  ॠ쭮 ० ய஢ ᥬ⢠ 8086 (1
          㥬 ,  ன 640  ᯮ 
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS)  ᯥ稢  樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS,  ।⠢ ᮢ⨬  ᨥ 3.3 -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS). , - ⮣,   ᮢ-
           ⢨⥫쭮  ᯥ稢 ࠡ 樮 -
         ⥬   MS-DOS,      ⮫쪮   㫨  ,  ᮢ⨬  
         樮 ⥬   -業⭠.  ਬ,  ணࠬ,  
         ᯮ騥  ६ 뢠,  ᪮॥ ᥣ  ࠡ 
          ᮢ⨬.   ⮣,    室  -
          饭  㭪  뢠 "int 21h"   -
          ⠪,   ࠡ⠫  ࠢ ॠ쭮 樮
         ⥬  MS-DOS  ⫨  ᮢ   ᮢ⨬.
          饬 砥, ⠪ 뢠 " ࠡ騥 ணࠬ" 
         ࠡ   ᮢ⨬  室  䨪権.
              ᪮ 樮 ⥬ OS/2 뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭ 
         ࠧ  ࠡ  ய஬ 80286,    ࠡ⠥    
         ய஬ 80386  "饭 ० 80286".  ⥫-
         ,  樮 ⥬ OS/2 ন  ६  ࠡ
         ⮫쪮   ᮢ⨬,  ᬮ  ᢮ ⨧-
          .  ய 80386    ᯥ  ࠡ
            ᮢ⨬  ॠ쭮 ० ६, ᫨
         ய ࠡ⠥  "饭 ० 80246".   -
         ⢠   ᮢ⨬ 뫠   ࠢ -
         樮 ⥬ OS/2   ,     ᯥ樠쭠

                                      - 13-46 -
          樮 ⥬ OS/2, ਥ஢  ய-
          80386.

                                 祭

               ᮢ - ࠧ , 祬    
          - ᫥ ᬠਢ     ࠧࠡ⪥ ணࠬ,
         ᮢ⨬   ᥬ   設⢮ ᨩ  ॠ権 -
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.  ।  ⮩    ଠ
         ਧ  ᯥ    襩    砫 ᫥
          ᯥ⮢ ᮢ⨬,  ⭥ ᥣ 
           襬 .    ந⥫ ᮭ -
         ஢,  ࠡ  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, 㡫 -
         ᪨  ᢥ  ਬ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  
         ᫨⥫ 設. ᫨   ணࠬ, ।祭
           ࠡ  ⭮ ᫨⥫쭮 設 ( ᮡࠥ,
         ⮡  ணࠬ 뫠 ᮢ⨬   ⭮  ᫨⥫쭮
         設),  ⠪ 孨᪨ 㪮⢠    -
         ⥫ .
