



                     12.  , 
                                      



              ⠭  ᫥ ᡮ, ந襤  ६ -
              ⪨ ⥪  ।஢ ⥪
              ⠭ ணࠬ  몥 ᨪ  
              祭




                 짮⥫  ᮭ쭮     -
         -           (-
         ⨢ ).   ,   ⥪騩  
            맢 訡 , ࠢ -
          ।, 㤭 ணࠬ  ᡮ ⠭.  
          ,  ᫨  , ﭭ    
           ⠭     楫  ࠭ 饭  ,
         ᫨  ॢ ஢ -  㤮 ᫥.
         ०,  祬  ਭ  -  ⥫ ,  ਬ,
          ⥬,  ᫥ ᭠砫  ஡ ᡮ  ⠭  
         ⮬᪮   ⠭ ⥬.
              筮,   뫮    ࠭  ᯥਬ஢  
         ⠭    ᫥  襩 ⥬  -
         ,   ந - ᡮ.  ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ ⥪⮢
         ଠ樨     몠 ᨪ ।⠢ 襩
         砫쭮 窮  ஢ ᯥਬ⮢    ⠭
         . ⬥⨬,  楤  ⠭ ﭭ 
         ਣ ⮫쪮 ⮣,  ᡮ   ⮫쪮 쥧, -
           뫮 ᬮ  ⥬.  ᫨,  , ᪠
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS   ࠭    -
          ,    ᫥ ﭭ .

              ⠭  ᫥ ᡮ, ந襤  ६
                  ࠡ⪨ ⥪  ।஢ ⥪

              ⭮, ᠬ  ᯮᮡ ᫥ ⥬  -
             ஢ 樨 ᡮ.  㧨 ࠭
          ⥪⮢   ⥪⮢ ।,  ᮧ -
           ⮩ ⥪⮢ 䠩   ᯮᮡ ୨  ࠡ
          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS. ࠧ ᫥ ⮣ 㧨 ண-
         ࠬ  ⫠ DEBUG ,  ᯮ  D (⮡ࠧ  -
         ),   ᪠஢  ᮤন  .  ணࠬ  DEBUG
         ᥣ   ⢥ 砫쭮 ᬠਢ    ᬥ-
          0100h.    㦭   ⠭  ᥣ
         (ணࠬ  DEBUG  㬮砭 ⠭  祭  
         砥),   ⬥,  祭 ⮣   砩, ᫨ 
             .
                砥  ᯮ짮 ணࠬ  ࠡ⪨ ⥪⮢
         WordStar  ᮭ쭮  IBM PC. ᫨  㤥 ᯮ-
          㣮 ⥪⮢    ᮭ  -
         ,   ᯮ.  ᬮ  ,     ⥪⮢
         ।  ࠡ   ᮢ襭   (  

                                      - 12-2-
         ࠧ  ࠡ ࠧ ᨩ   ⮣  ⥪⮢ ।-
          WordStar),  ᠬ ࠪ ஢ 㧪 ணࠬ -
         樮  ⥬ MS-DOS     ࠭.   
         ⥪⮢   ⥪⮢  ।  ᭠砫  㦠
         ணࠬ,  ⮬ ᯮ , 室  ணࠬ,
          ࠭ ⥪.   㦠 ணࠬ DEBUG,  -
         ,  ᥣ ணࠬ DEBUG 㤥 뢠   ⥪-
         ⮢   ⥪⮢ ।,      
         ᪠஢    ᭨      ᪠ 襣 ﭭ
         ⥪.  ᫨ 砩 ࠭  ⥪⮢ । 
         ,  祬 ணࠬ DEBUG ( 窨 ७ ᯮ㥬 -
         ࠭⢠  )     ﭭ묨, 
           䠩 । ࠧ 設⢮    㤥 -
         室 ⠬,  ணࠬ DEBUG.

              ਢ  ਬ 稭  ᮧ ࠧ ⥪-
         ⮢  䠩,  ⮬  ᫥  ᠭ ᮤন  ᫥
         㧪 ⥪⮢ । WordStar  ⥪⮢ 䠩,   -
         ⥬ ந室    樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.
              㧨 ⥪⮢ । WordStar   ᮧ 
          䠩 TEST.TXT:

              xxxx1xxxx2xxxx3xxxx4xxxx5xxxx6xxxx7xxxx8xxxx9x10
              xxx11xxx12xxx13xxx14xxx15xxx16xxx17xxx18xxx19x20
              xxx21xxx22xxx23xxx24xxx25xxx26xxx27xxx28xxx29x30
              xxx31xxx32xxx33xxx34xxx35xxx36xxx37xxx38xxx39x40
              xxx41xxx42xxx43xxx44xxx45xxx46xxx47xxx48xxx49x50
              xxx51xxx52xxx53xxx54xxx55xxx56xxx57xxx58xxx59x60
              xxx61xxx62xxx63xxx64xxx65xxx66xxx67xxx68xxx69x70
              xxx71xxx72xxx73xxx74xxx75xxx76xxx77xxx78xxx79x80
              xxx81xxx82xxx83xxx84xxx85xxx86xxx87xxx88xxx89x90
              xxx91xxx92xxx93xxx94xxx95xxx96xxx97xxx98xxx99100

              ন 䠩 TEST.TXT   ᭠砫 ᪮쪮
         ࠭,   ࣠樨 ⥪ ⠭ ᭮,  
           (  )  .  䠩 ⮨   -
         ᨬ   ⨡⮢ ᫮.   ᫮ 㬥  1
          100,    뢠 ⢮ ⥩  ᫮
         ⥪,    ⢨⥫쭮    .  ⬥⨬,  
         ᫥ "᫮"   ப (10,  20,  ...  100)  ⮨
         ⮫쪮   ᨬ.  ᪮   ᯮ ᨬ
         " ⪨"  " ப"     ப,  
         ᨬ  ᫮ ॢ  ᨬ ᫮.  ⬥-
         ⨬,   ணࠬ ⥪⮢ ஢  ⥪⮢ -
         ஢ ⠢  ⮫쪮  ᨬ  ⪨  Return
         ()  Enter ().   ணࠬ  믮  㭪
             ப  ⮬᪨,   ⢨⥫쭮  ⠢
          ᨬ  ⥪.   ⠪  ᫥   ᫥
         ᫮  ப   ᨬ (10, 20,
         ... 100).
              멤 ⥯  ࠡ  ⥪⮢ ।஬ WordStar, -
         ࠭     䠩        Control-KX  (  
         Control-KD,  ⥬ ).  ࠧ  ᫥ ⮣  㧨  ணࠬ
         DEBUG    筨  ᬮ   ࠭  ᪠ ﭭ
         ⥪.
              ᯮ  D (⮡ࠧ  ࠭)  뢮 

                                      - 12-3 -
         ᮤন   ࠭   ᬮ    ᪮
         ⥪  ࠢ ஭ ࠭ ᯫ.   ,  룫-
           ⥪  ࠧ殢  䠩    襩  ⥬.  (⬥⨬,  
         ⢨⥫  ᪮॥ ᥣ  㣨  襩 ⥬).
         A> debug
         -d 7e10
68F8:7E10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-B9 00 78 78 78 78 31 78  ........9.xxxx1x
68F8:7E20 78 78 78 32 78 78 78 78-33 78 78 78 78 34 78 78  xxx2xxxx3xxxx4xx
68F8:7E30 78 78 35 78 78 78 78 36-78 78 78 78 37 78 78 78  xx5xxxx6xxxx7xxx
68F8:7E40 78 38 32 78 78 78 39 78-31 30 0D 0A 78 78 78 31  x8xxxx9x10..xxx1
68F8:7E50 31 78 32 78 31 32 78 78-78 31 33 78 78 78 31 34  1xxx12xxx13xxx14
68F8:7E60 78 78 78 31 35 78 78 78-31 36 78 78 78 31 37 78  xxx15xxx16xxx17x
68F8:7E70 78 78 31 38 78 78 78 31-39 78 32 30 0D OA 78 78  xx18xxx19x20..xx
68F8:7E80 78 32 31 78 78 78 32 32-78 78 78 32 33 34 78 78  x21xxx22xxx23xxx
-d
68F8:7E90 32 34 78 78 78 32 35 78-78 78 32 36 78 78 78 32  24xxx25xxx26xxx2
68F8:7EA0 37 78 78 78 32 38 78 78-78 32 39 78 33 30 0D 0A  7xxx28xxx29x30..
68F8:7EB0 78 78 78 33 31 78 78 78-33 32 78 78 78 33 33 78  xxx31xxx32xxx33x
68F8:7EC0 78 78 33 34 78 78 78 33-35 78 78 78 33 36 78 78  xx34xxx35xxx36xx
68F8:7ED0 78 33 37 78 78 78 33 38-78 78 78 33 39 78 34 30  x37xxx38xxx39x40
68F8:7EE0 0D 0A 78 78 78 34 31 78-78 78 34 32 78 78 78 34  ..xxx41xxx42xxx4
68F8:7EF0 33 78 78 78 78 34 78 78-78 34 35 78 78 78 34 36  3xxx44xxx45xxx46
68F8:7F00 78 78 78 34 78 78 78 78-34 38 78 78 78 34 39 78  xxx47xxx48xxx49x
-d
68F8:7F10 35 30 0D 0A 78 78 78 35-31 78 78 78 35 32 78 78  50..xxx51xxx52xx
68F8:7F20 78 35 33 78 78 78 35 34-78 78 78 35 35 78 78 78  x53xxx54xxx55xxx
68F8:7F30 35 36 78 78 78 35 37 78-78 78 35 38 78 78 78 35  56xxx57xxx58xxx5
68F8:7F40 39 78 36 30 0D 0A 78 78-78 36 31 78 78 78 36 32  9x60..xxx61xxx62
68F8:7F50 78 78 78 33 78 78 78 78-36 34 78 78 78 36 35 78  xxx63xxx64xxx65x
68F8:7F60 78 78 36 36 78 78 78 36-37 78 78 78 36 38 78 78  xx66xxx67xxx68xx
68F8:7F70 78 36 39 78 37 30 0D 0A-78 78 78 37 31 78 78 78  x69x70..xxx71xxx
68F8:7F80 37 32 78 78 78 37 33 78-78 78 37 34 78 78 78 37  72xxx73xxx74xxx7
-d
68F8:7F90 35 78 78 78 37 36 78 78-78 37 37 78 78 78 37 78  5xxx76xxx77xxx78
68F8:7FA0 78 78 78 37 39 78 38 30-0D 0A 78 78 78 38 31 78  xxx79x80..xxx81x
68F8:7FB0 78 78 38 32 78 78 78 38-33 78 78 78 38 34 78 78  xx82xxx83xxx84xx
68F8:7FC0 78 38 35 78 78 78 38 36-78 78 78 38 37 78 78 78  x85xxx86xxx87xxx
68F8:7FD0 38 38 78 78 78 38 39 78-39 30 0D 0A 78 78 78 39  88xxx89x90..xxx9
68F8:7FE0 31 78 78 78 39 32 78 78-78 39 33 78 78 78 39 34  1xxx92xxx93xxx94
68F8:7FF0 78 78 78 39 35 78 78 78-39 36 78 78 78 39 37 78  xxx95xxx96xxx97x
68F8:8000 78 78 39 38 78 78 78 39-39 31 30 30 0D 0A 1A 1A  xx98xxx99100....
-d
68F8:8010 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A-1A 1A 00 E8 EC 01 E8 C2  ...........hl.hb
68F8:8020 ......

               ,   ஬   ⥪.   襬  砥
               68F8:7E1 (⭠筮 祭).  த
         ᬮ    ,    㤥  饣
         ⠭ ⥪,  襬   ⮣ ⥪ ( 襬
         ਬ -  祭 68F8:8019).
               ।饬 ࠭  ,   䠩  室 
         .  ᫨  ᮧ 䠩 訩, 祬  㯭 ,
         ⮫쪮   ⮣ 䠩 (,   뫠 থ ।஢
         ᫥) 㤥 ⠢ १⭮  . ᬠਢ -
           । ࠭, 묨  ।饬 ࠭,  -
         㦨,    襩 ⥬ 19449 ⮢ ⥪   ᮤ-
            .  ᫨   ⠪  ⮢ ⥪ ⠭-

                                      - 12-4 -
           ,     ஬ ꥬ ୮ -
          ⥪.   ।饬 ਬ, ,  ,  ⨣
          ⥪   8019,  ᪮   ,   -
           祭  ப  Control-Z (⭠筮 祭 1 
          ASCII).    祭  ॡ    ⥪⮢  ।
         WordStar  ⢥ થ஢  䠩, ⮬  祭 -
         뢠    ࠭ 䠩.
               ,    ९⠭     ⥪  
         ࠭  ᪥,   ,  -०,  ࠡ⠥   ணࠬ
         DEBUG.

         -n test.sav
         -h 8019 7e1a
         FE33 01FF
         -r bx
         BX 0000
         :
         -r cx
         CX 0000
         :1ff
         -r
         AX = 0000 BX = 0000 CX = 01FF DX = 0000 SP = FFEE BP = 0000
         SI = 0000 DI = 0000
         DS = 68F8 ES = 68F8 SS = 68F8 CS = 68F8 IP = 0100   NV UP DI PL NZ
         NA PO NC
         68F8:0100 C9          DB       C9
         -w 7e1a
          01FF ⮢
         -q
         A>dir test.sav
          T  ᪮    ⪨ K⠫ ⮬  ᪮ :\
         TEST      SAV   522    4-09-85  11:03a
                 1 () 188416 ⮢ ᢮
         A>

               蠣  ਢ  ਬ 砥   㪠
          䠩, ஥ ᯮ ணࠬ DEBUG   -
         뢠         N  ().    
         䠩  ᯮ짮, ਬ,  TEST.SAV.  ᯮ-
           ᬥ饭 砫 ⥪ (7EA)    (8019)  
         ᫥ ⮣ ᪮쪮 ⮢  뢠  . -
           ணࠬ DEBUG     ("⭠筮  䬥-
         ᪮  ⢨")     㬥⮬  ᫥
         㦭  १.    祭 ᫥ -
           㡥,    㪠   । 砫 -
         ᮬ, ⮬  ࠧ   ⥫ 楫 ᫮.
           ।饬  ࠭  १    ।⠢ ᮡ
         㬬  ⭠    祭.    
           묨  祭ﬨ (ࠢ) ।⠢ ⢮ -
         ⮢,  ஥  ⨬   .  㧨  祭 
         ॣ  ,  ⮢  믮  W ().  ⬥,
          ॣ  ⠪ ᯮ    ॣ஬    ࠧ-
         饭 祭,  ,  祬 FFFF ( ⨢ 砥  -
           ᮤঠ 㫥 祭).    㤥  -
            ,  砫 .
              ᫥ ⮣,  䠩  ࠭   㫨  樮-
          ⥬ MS-DOS,    䠩  ࠭, ⮡ ஢

                                      - 12-5 -
          ᮤন.     ꥤ   䠩    㣨
         ﬨ  ⠭ 䠩  ᯮ짮 襣 ⥪-
          .
                  ,    ﭭ ⥪ 
            ?  ⮢ ।  WordStar,    -
         設 㣨 ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ ⥪⮢,  ﭭ ६訢
         ⥪,     ,  뢮      -
         襩  ࠡ  ।㥬 ⥪⮬.  ᫨  । 㦥 -
         騩 䠩,  ᪠, 䠩   TEST.TXT, ⥪⮢ ।-
          WordStar ᮧ  䠩   TEST.$$$, ஥ ᯮ-
           ࠭  ।஢ ⥪.  ᫥ ⮣,
           稫 ।஢  ࠭ १ ᢮ ࠡ-
           ᪥,  ணࠬ २뢠 䠩 TEST.TXT    TEST.BAK
         (ந   ண 䠩 TEST.BAK,  ᫨ ⠪ -
         ⢮),   䠩 TEST.$$$   㤥    ⠫  
            樮 ⥬ MS-DOS. ᫨, , ண-
         ࠬ  ਩,  㦨 䠩   TEST.$$$ 
         ⠫.  ᫨  㤥   ⥪  ,  ᯮ
         ணࠬ DEBUG,  ஢ ᮤন 䠩  ७ $$$  
         稥    ⠫쭮 ⥪.  ᫨  ࠧ  ।
         ﭨ 襣 䠩   ।⢥  ᬮ  ⠫,
         ,   ਤ   ᪮ ⨫ (⠪,  
         "Norton-⨫"  "Ultra_⨫",  ᠭ  ।饩 -
         ),    ⮡ࠦ   ᪥ ଠ ०,
         祬    .    ஢  ﭨ  ᪠  ணࠬ
         CHKDSK.     㧭,    ᪥ - -
         ६蠭 .  ᫨ ⠪    ᪥ ᫥
         㤠筮  ஢  ᥠ  ।஢,   ﭭ
         ⥪       ﭭ  .    
         ⠭ ,  ࠬ /F   CHKDSK,   
         㦭 ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣,   ஢ਫ ᮤন      
         ࠭ ९⠭ ⥪  ᪥.
               뫮 祭 , ᯮᮡ, 묨 ࠧ ணࠬ
         ⥪⮢ ࠡ⪨  ⥪⮢ ।஢ ᯮ ,
         ᨫ쭮 ⫨   㣠.    ࠡ   ࠧ묨  -
         ᠬ  .       , 祬 㣨.
          ணࠬ ॡ ⢠ ⥩   ࠡ 
         ⥪⮬,   뢠 "ࠬ",    ᫮-
          ࠡ.  ᫨,  ,   ࠭  ⠫ -
          ᬥ蠭   ,  ।⠢  ਬ
         ।⠢    ⮣ 㬥  ।⢠.


              ⠭ ணࠬ  몥 ᨪ  

              ஢    - ப  ꥬ ࠡ  -
         - ணࠬ,  ᯮ     몠  ᨪ,
         ⮡ ⮬ 㦨,   ᫥ ஢ ணࠬ ஥-
           "Return to MS-DOS"  (    樮  ⥬
         MS-DOS) 訫 ࠡ   ⮣,  ᯥ -
         ࠭ ணࠬ  ᪥? ᫨ ணࠬ ⪠ ( 20 ப 
         ),   讥 祭,    ᫨ ணࠬ ,
         । 襭 ࠡ  - .
               ⮫쪮    ᬮ    ⠭ ﭭ
         ⥪  ,   㤥 ࠧ    ⠭-
          "ﭭ" ணࠬ  몥 ᨪ,  ⮬   
         楫 ᯮ    㤮⢠ ࠡ    -

                                      - 12-6 -
         .     ஢,   ᥣ   
         ଠ묨 ⥪⮢묨 ணࠬ   ASCII, ਬ ᠭ-
          ࠭ 孨᪨ ।⢠  ⠭ ⥪  .
            ⭮  ࠬ,      ண-
         ࠬ,  ࠡ騬  "饭" ०  , ணࠬ ⠪
         뢠묨, "ᥬ묨" ணࠬ. ᥬ ணࠬ  窨
         ७   ।⠢ ᮡ ᫥⥫쭮 -
          祭   ᮫ 楫 祭.  
         ணࠬ   ASCII ⮨  鸞 ஢ ASCII - -
            ᨬ   ᫠,    ⥫쭮  㢥稢
         ࠧ 䠩.
                  몠  ᨪ    ""  -
         - "Microsoft  BASIC"      "" - "IBM BASIC"  ᠬ
         ࠭묨 ਬࠬ ஢,  ࠡ  ᥬ-
         묨 ணࠬ.       ணࠬ
          ⠭⭮ ଠ   ASCII,   㬮砭  室  
         ﭨ ࠡ  ᥬ묨 ணࠬ.  ८-
          ணࠬ   ASCII,  ⥬ 㦠 -
         ஬.  ஡,  易   ⪮ ⠭ ﭭ
         ᥬ ணࠬ  몥 ᨪ  ,  砥  ⮬,
             ⢨⥫쭮   ஢   -
          D (⮡ࠧ  ࠭)  ணࠬ, ⫠ DEBUG. -
          ᫥ 짮 㣨 ⮤.
               ।  ਬ ,   ᫥ ⠭-
           ணࠬ,  ᯮ    몠 ᨪ 
         ""  ""  ᮭ쭮  IBM PC.   㣨
         ஢  몠  ᨪ     㣨 ᮭ 設
         ॡ ࠧ ⮩  楤,   ।⠢ 
         ਬ । ᪮쪮 ᮢ⮢  襭 ஡ ⠭-
          ணࠬ  㣨 ᮭ .
              ࠧ  ᫥  ணࠬ  蠣   -
         㧪 ணࠬ DEBUG.  ᭮ 孨᪮ 㪮    
         ⥬  ᥣ  몥 ᨪ (,  稭 
         ணࠬ)     樨 0050:0010.  ᯮ -
          D  뢮  ࠭ ᯫ   祭 ⮣ -
         .   祭   ᨬ  ᨨ  樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS, ᨨ  몠 ᨪ  ࠧ -
           襩 ⥬.  ।  室 ⥪ ண-
         ࠬ  ᭥.

         A>debug
         -d 0050:0010 l2
         0050:0010 73 6B    -  ᥣ  몥 ᨪ
         -d 6b73:30 l2 -  ᥣ (   )
         6B73:0030 EF 11    -  砫  ﭭ ணࠬ
         -f 6b73:11ee l1 ff -  祭 FF  砫   (-
                              ﭭ  ணࠬ   ᬥ饭) - 1 ( ᭮
                                   砫  
                              )
         -d 6b73:358 l2 -      (ﭭ  ணࠬ  
                              ᬥ饭 0358)
         6B73:0358 88 12    -   
         -h 1288 11ee - ᫨ ⢮ ⮢,  ᯮ㥬 ணࠬ-
                               (        2-⮢
                               )
         2476 009 - ஥ ᫮ ।⠢ ᮡ ࠧ,    ᫥-
                              ⥫쭮 -  ணࠬ

                                      - 12-7 -
         -r cx               - 㧨  ணࠬ  ॣ  CX000
         -n  %test.bas       -  ࠪ⨪ 䠩,  ன
                               ࠭ ணࠬ
         -w 6b73:11ee -     , 稭  砫  ணࠬ
          009A ⮢
         -q              -   樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         A>

              ᫥ ⮣,    㫨  ᪠ MS-DOS,  ஢
         ⠭ 䠩,  㧨     몠 ᨪ
          뢥   ࠭.  ন 䠩    -
         .

                                祭

                 뫨 ।⠢  ।⢠,  
          ᯮ짮  ⠭ , ६蠭  -
         .   ᠭ ⨯ ணࠬ -   몠 ᨪ 
         ⥪⮢  / ⥪⮢ । -  ᥣ  ᯮ-
           ⠪ ࠡ,      . 
         ஡  㣨 ணࠬ,  ⠪ , ਬ, -
             ணࠬ 裡,     ਬ-
           ।.  ᫨       -
         - 稭, ⫨  ᡮ ⠭   ⥬, -
          襣 ६  ।⥫쭮 祭 । ⠭-
             墮.
