



                              V. 



                        ਫ .    

              ᯮ짮  䠩  ⮬⨧樨 -
               ࠭樨  몠 ᥬ
              ᯮ짮 ।⢠ MAKE  ""
              ᯮ짮 蠡    ᮧ ணࠬ 
              ७ ".COM"  ".EXE"
              ᯮ짮  ⠭ ணࠬ



                ਫ ᠭ  ।⢠,   -
             䥪⨢  ᯮ짮  몠  -
         ᥬ  ࠧࠡ⪨ ਪ ணࠬ.  ਢ -
         ᠭ:   ⮬⨧樨       ࠧࠡ⪨    ணࠬ    
         ᯮ짮  䠩; ᯮ짮 ।⢠ MAKE -
          ""; ᮧ .EXE -  .COM-ணࠬ   蠡-
         ,   ⠪ ᯮ짮 䠩 "include" ("䠩 祭")
           ⠭ ணࠬ.

             ᯮ짮  䠩  ⮬⨧樨 
                           ࠭樨  몠 ᥬ

               ࠡ⪨  MS-DOS -     -
           業   ⮨ ।  樮 ⥬.
          ।⢮,  ,   祭   ᯮ-
             ஠ᥬ MASM.   ⨭ A-1,  A-2  A-3
         ਢ  室  ⥪  ணࠬ       䠩:
         MASM2EXE.BAT, MASM2COM.BAT  M.BAT.
               䠩 MASM2EXE.BAT ᯮ    ⮬⨧樨
           ࠭樨    몠 ᥬ  ।஢ 痢
         .EXE - ணࠬ.
               䠩  MASM2COM.BAT    䨪樥 ࢮ
         䠩  砥   ८ࠧ  .EXE-  䠩  
         .COM-䠩.
                䠩 ।祭  ࠡ   ஠ᥬ-
         ஬  MASM   "" ᨩ  1.00  4.00  設-
         ⢮ ᨩ । 痢 LINK.
              ⥫쭮       䠩 ࠧࠡ⪨ M.BAT
         (⨭ A-3) ।祭   ࠡ    ஠ᥬ஬  MASM
         ᨨ  5.0      ।஬ 痢 LINK ᨨ 3.00  .
          䠩 M.BAT   ᯮ짮    ᮧ  .EXE,
         -.COM -  .J (ꥪ ணࠬ,  ਣ  ।஢-
          痢) - 䠩    ࠬ஢ ப .

             ᯮ짮  䠩  ஠ᥬ  MASM
                                ᨩ  1.00  5

               䠩 MASM2EXE.BAT   MASM2COM.BAT,    
         ⨭ A-1  A-2,  ਣ  ᯮ짮  ஠ᥬ-
         ஬ MASM ᨩ  1.00  4.00  ।஬ 痢 LINK  ᨩ 

                                      - -2 -
         1.00  2.00.
              䨪樨  䠩    ᨩ -
         ᥬ  MASM  । 痢 LINK ਢ  ਬ砭
          ⨭.    䠩 ॡ  ண  䠩,
         뢠 AUTOLINK.   䠩 ᮤন   
         ⪨  ॢ ப  ᯮ    襭  ஡,
         饩 । 痢 LINK (  ᨨ 2.00): ᫥-
            ਭ    (।)  ࠬ  
         ப   権 ᯥ⪨ (.)  ⥪ (.LIB).
              樨஢ 䠩 AUTOLINK  । 痢 LINK  -
         ⢫ ⥬   䠩  ப   ।-
         騬   @.   "@" ᯮ  ᮢ⨬
         ᨩ  2.00  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  ।騬 ﬨ,
         ᪮   ࠭  ᨨ    ন  ७祭
         ப .
              ᯮ짮   䠩 祭  . 
              䠩  ᫥騬  䠩,
         饣 ࠭樨.   砩 ७,    ६ 
         ७ .ASM ᪠.  ᫨  ᯮ  2.00 
          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,    㯠 PATH ⠭
         ४⭮,  ࠩ,   ࠭ 易   䠩-
         ,   㪠뢠.

                         ⨭ A-1. MASM2EXE.BAT
         
              echo  off
              if not exist %1.asm goto NOFILLER
              rem
              masm %1 %1 nul nul
              rem
              rem ᯮ 襯ਢ ப ⮫쪮  ﬨ
              rem MASM  2.00
              rem ᯮ "masm %1.asm,,;"  ஠ᥬ MASM
              rem ᨨ 2.00  
              rem
              Link %1 @a:autolink
              rem
              rem  ᯮ 襯ਢ ப ⮫쪮  ﬨ
              rem  । 痢 LINK  2.20;
              rem  ᯮ "link %1.obj,,nul;"  । 痢
              rem  LINK ᨨ 2.20  
              rem
              echo  %1.obj
              del %1.obj >nul:
              echo 믮!
              dir %1.*
              goto END
              rem
              :NOFILERR
              echo  %1.asm   .
              :END
         



                                      - -3 -
                          ⨭ A-2. MASM2COM.BAT
         
              echo off
              if not exist %1.asm goto NOFILERR
              rem
              masm %1 %1 nul nul
              rem
              rem ᯮ 襯ਢ ப ⮫쪮  ﬨ
              rem MASM  2.00
              rem ᯮ "masm %1.asm,,;"  ஠ᥬ MASM
              rem ᨨ 2.00  
              rem
              link %1. @a:autolink
              rem
              rem  ᯮ 襯ਢ ப ⮫쪮  ﬨ
              rem  । 痢 LINK  2.20;
              rem  ᯮ "link %1.obj,,nul;"  । 痢
              rem  LINK ᨨ 2.20  
              rem
              echo  %1.obj
              del %1.obj >nul:
              echo  %1.com  %1.exe ( 㤠 %1.exe)
              exe2bin %1.exe %1.com >nul:
              del %1.exe >nul:
              echo 믮!
              dir %1.*
              goto End
              rem
              :NOFILERR
              echo  %1.asm   .
              :END
         

              ⬥⨬,   ப  ⨭ A-1  A-2  -
          ࠬࠬ ७祭 뢮. ᫨  ᯮ -
          ࠭      ࠢ    2.00  樮  ⥬
         MS-DOS,   ࠬ   㤠.

             ᯮ짮   䠩  ஠ᥬ MASM
                                  ᨩ 5  

              ᫨   ᯮ ஠ᥬ MASM ᨨ 5  ।
         痢 LINK ᨨ 3  ,   ᯮ짮  䠩
         .BAT,     ⨭ A-3.   䠩 .BAT 
          ᯮ짮  ᮧ  .EXE,  -.COM, -  .OBJ - 䠩-
          ⥬ 㪠 ४⭮ ࠬ  ப .
               ਬ, ᫨   ࠭᫨஢  몠 ᥬ
         䠩,  뢠 TEST1.ASM.   ᮧ 䠩 TEST1.EXE 
          " TEST1.EXE".  ,  ᫨  楫    䠩
         TEST1.COM,    "MK  TEST1.COM"   " EST1.OBJ" 
         楫 ᮧ .J 䠩 ꥪ ணࠬ,  ਣ  -
         ஢ 痢.
               䠩 MK.BAT, ஬ ⮣, ᯮ  ,
         㥬 ஠ᥬ஬ MASM  ।஬ 痢 LINK . -
           , ⫨  "0", 頥  ஠ᥬ-
         ஬  MASM    ।஬ 痢 LINK,    䠩 .BAT
         ਮ⠭ ࠡ  뤠 ᮮ饭  訡.

                                      - -4 -
              㦥 訡   䠩 .BAT ,   -
         ,  砥 㦥 訡 ஠ᥬ஬ MASM  -
           ࠭樨    몠 ᥬ,   १ 祣 
         䠩 .BAT 蠥 த   ।஢  痢
           ,    㤥 䨪஢ 訡  室 䠩.
                           ⨭ A-3. MK.BAT
      
      @ECHO off
      REM ᯮ 襯ਢ ப  ।饭 뢮
      REM  ࠭ ப "ECHO off",  ⮫쪮  砥 ࠡ  
      REM ᨥ 3.3   樮 ⥬ DOS.  㣨 
      REM ᯮ  ᫥騥  ப  㦥 ANSI.SYS
      REM ("^[" =  EScape (室)   ASCII*).
      REM 몫 ० 뢮  ࠭ ᯮ塞 
      REM (ECHO off)
      REM ECHO ^[[s^[[1A^[[K^[[u
      REM
         IF (%1)==() goto : NOPARM
         IF not exist %1.asm goto :NOFILE
         SET F1=%1
         IF (%2)==()  : ASKTYPE
         SET TYPE=%2
         IF (%3)==() goto :CHKTYPE
         SET MASMS=
         SET LINKS=
         IF (%3)==(m) SET MASMS=%4
         IF (%3)==(M) SET MASMS=%4
         IF (%3)==(mo) SET MASM=%4
         IF (%3)==(mO) SET MASM=%4
         IF (%3)==(Mo) SET MASM=%4
         IF (%3)==(MO) SET MASM=%4
       rem
         IF (%3)==(l)  SET LINKS=%4
         IF (%3)==(L)  SET LINKS=%4
         IF (%3)==(lo)  SET LINK=%4
         IF (%3)==(lO)  SET LINK=%4
         IF (%3)==(Lo)  SET LINK=%4
         IF (%3)==(LO)  SET LINK=%4
       rem
         IF (%5)==(m) SET MASMS=%6
         IF (%5)==(M) SET MASMS=%6
         IF (%5)==(mo) SET MASM=%6
         IF (%5)==(mO) SET MASM=%6
         IF (%5)==(Mo) SET MASM=%6
         IF (%5)==(MO) SET MASM=%6
       rem
         IF (%5)==(l) SET LINKS=%6
         IF (%5)==(L) SET LINKS=%6
         IF (%5)==(lo) SET LINK=%6
         IF (%3)==(lO) SET LINK=%6
         IF (%3)==(Lo) SET LINK=%6
         IF (%3)==(LO) SET LINK=%6
       rem
         GOTO :CHKTYPE
       :ASKTYPE
         ECHO ^H
         ANSWER   䠩,  饣 ᮧ: OBJ, COM

                                      - -5 -
                 EXE    ENTER
        ECHO ^H
      :CHKTYPE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(o)   SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(O)   SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(ob)  SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(Ob)  SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(oB)  SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(OB)  SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(obj)  SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(Obj)  SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(oBj)  SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(obJ)  SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(OBj)  SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(oBJ)  SET TYPE=OBJ
        IF (%TYPE%)==(OBJ)  goto :DOASM
      rem
        IF (%TYPE%)==(e)   SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(E)   SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(ex)  SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(Ex)  SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(eX)  SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(EX)  SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(exe) SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(Exe) SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(eXe) SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(exE) SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(EXe) SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(eXE) SET TYPE=EXE
        IF (%TYPE%)==(EXE) goto :DOASM
      rem
        IF (%TYPE%)==(c)   SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(C)   SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(co)  SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(Co)  SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(cO)  SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(CO)  SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(com) SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(Com) SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(cOm) SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(coM) SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(COm) SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(cOM) SET TYPE=COM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(COM) goto :DOASM
      rem
        GOTO :ASKTYPE
      :DOASM
      IF (%MASM%)==() SET MASM=/S/P/V/L%MASM%
      IF not (%MASM%)==() ECHO MASM  ப ४砥 : %MASM%
      ECHO on
      MASM %F1%.asm;
      @ECHO off
      IF errorlevel 1 goto :NOASSEM
      REM
      IF (%TYPE%)==(OBJ) goto :LSTFILES
      IF (%LINK%)==() SET LINK=/I/CP:1%LINKS%
      IF not (%LINK%)==() ECHO Link  ப ४砥 : %LINK%

                                      - -6 -
      ECHO on
      LINK %F1%.obj,%F1%.exe;
      @ECHO off
      IF errorlevel 1 goto : NOLINK
      IF exist %F1%.obj DEL %F1%.obj >nul:
      REM
        IF (%TYPE%)==(COM) EXE2BIN %F1%.exe %F1%.com >nul:
        IF (%TYPE%)==(COM) goto :DEL_EXE
        GOTO :LSTFILES
      :DEL_EXE
        IF exist %F1%.exe DEL %F1%.exe >nul:
      :LSTFILES
        IF exist %F1%.bak DEL %F1%.bak >nul:
        DIR %F1%.*
        GOTO :END
      :NOPARM
        ECHO ࠬ  㪠!
        GOTO :END
      :NOFILE
        ECHO  "%F1%.ASM"  !"
        GOTO :END
      :NOASSEM
        ECHO 訡 ᥬ  ࠭樨!
        GOTO :END
      :NOLINK
        ECHO 訡  ।஢ 痢!
      :END
        SET F1=
        SET TYPE=
        SET MASM=
        SET LINK=
        SET MASMS=
        SET LINKS=
      
              ⬥⨬,   䠩 .BAT ᯮ   -
         ⠥   ASCII ᨬ: ESC (室)   ASCII -
         ,  ^[,  BS ()   ASCII ,  ^H.
                ᮧ  䠩 .BAT ணࠬ-।-
           ணࠬ  ⥪⮢  ࠡ⪨,      ᯮ,
           ᯥ    ⠢    ᨬ  
         ⥪.
              砫  ⨭  뢠  ᯮ짮  
         @  ECHO off 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 3.3, १-
         ⮬ ன   몫祭 ० 뢮  ࠭ ᯮ-
          ,   ⮬  ᠬ ப ECHO off  ࠭  뢮
          㤥.
               ᫨  ࠡ⠥   ࠭ ᨥ 樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS,    ᯮ짮 ࠢ ᫥⥫-
          ⠭ ANSI,   ᪮쪨 ᫥ ப
         ⨭.
              ࠢ ᫥⥫쭮 ⠭  ANSI  ᯮ
         ⮫쪮  ⮣,    ࠩ  ன⢠ ANSI.SYS 㦠 
          ࢮ砫쭮 㧪 ⥬.
                   ASII ᯮ  楫 ⮡ࠦ-
          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ⮩ ப    믮-
             䠩:  १⮬    "ECHO^H" 
         ⮡ࠦ ⮩ ப    樮 ⥬ MS

                                      - -7 -
         -DOS.
               䠩 .BAT ᯮ ணࠬ 饣  짮-
         ,  뢠 ANSWER.COM.  ணࠬ ᯮ  ⮡-
         ࠦ ਣ襭 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,  饣 -
         ⮢  樮  ⥬  ਥ ;   ⢥  
         ਣ襭   ⥪ 砥 ६ 㦥
         ANSWER.
                ⢥     ⥬ ஢७  
         䠩 ⥬ ᯮ짮   %ANSWER%.


                  ᯮ짮 ।⢠ MAKE  ""
                  

              ⨫ ᮯ஢ ணࠬ  "", 뢠-
          MAKE,   ᯮ짮  楫  ⥫쭮  襭
         ஢ ⮬⨧樨 ࠧࠡ⪨ ணࠬ.
              ⨫ MAKE ᯮ  ⮬᪮  -
         ⮢  믮 䠩 直 ࠧ,     
             室 ꥪ 䠩; ஬ ⮣  
         ⮩ ⨫    䠩 直 ࠧ,  -
            㣨 ᬥ 䠩.
              ⮡ ᯮ짮  ⨫  MAKE,  室 ᮧ "䠩
         ᠭ", ᮤঠ騩   ⨫ MAKE  ஥ -
          ஥.
               ਬ,  ᫨   ᮧ     ⨫  MAKE
         ணࠬ, 뢠 TEST1.EXE, 䠩 ᠭ ⨫ MAKE 
         ᮤঠ ,   ⨭ A-4.

               ⨭ A-4. ਬ 䠩 ᠭ ⨫ MAKE
         
             # ⠭⭠ ப   ⥪⮬ ம।
             f1=test1               #  䠩, 饣 ᮧ
             msm=masm /S /P /V /L   # ४⥫  ( 롮)
                                    # ப  ஠ᥬ MASM
             lnk=link /CP:1 /I      # ४⥫ ( 롮)
                                   # ப  । 痢 LINK
             #
             # 祭 䠩 ASM
             $(f1).obj: $(f1).asm
                 $(msm) $(f1).asm;
             #
             $(f1).exe: $(f1).obj
                 $(lnk) $(f1).obj,$(f1).exe;
                 DEL $(f1).obj
         

               ᠭ ⨫ MAKE 筮    ,   -
         ⮢  믮 䠩,    ७.   ࠧ, ᫨
         ⮢  믮 䠩 뢠 S1.EXE,   䠩 ᠭ
         ⨫ MAKE,  ᯮ㥬  ᮧ ணࠬ S1.EXE, -
         뢠  S1.
              ⮡ ᮧ   ணࠬ S1.EXE,   -
          "MAKE S1".

               ᠭ ⨫ MAKE,   ⨭ A-4, 
         ᫥騥 ࠪ⨪:

                                      - -8 -
              -  ⥪,  稭  ᨬ #,  -
                ਥ   ⨫⮩ MAKE   ࠡ-
                ;
              - "t="  ।⠢  ⥪,    ᢠ
                ப  ⥪⮬,    ⮡ࠦ   ⥪  
                ᨬ᪮   ᥬ 䠩 ᠭ. ਬ, ਢ-
                  ⨭ A-4, 뢠,  ⥪ ᢠ-
                 祭 f1  ⢥  䠩 ணࠬ, -
                  ࠡ뢠.   祭 f1 ᯮ
                  殮 ⠫쭮 䠩 ᠭ  楫 ।⠢-
                  䠩 ணࠬ   $(f1).  ᫨  -
                室     䠩 ணࠬ,   
                ⮫쪮   ,  祭 f1  ᢠ-
                ;
              - $(f1).OBJ -   ࢮ  楫  䠩,  뢠
                "室 䠩",  $(f1).ASM (   ਬ 
                "test1.ASM") -   室 䠩, 뢠 "室-
                  䠩".  室 䠩 -  䠩,   ॡ
                 ᮧ 室 䠩. 室 䠩 ᥣ -
                  ,    ᫥ 稥,    ᫥
                   室 䠩,  ॡ㥬  ᮧ -
                室  䠩.  ᫨  室 䠩   
                ⬥  ६  ,   ࠭ 祬,  易  
                 室 䠩(),   ᫥ ப  䠩 ᠭ
                믮    樮  ⥬  MS-DOS  (
                 ਬ "$(msm)$(f1);",   㤥 ࠭᫨-
                  "masm /s/p/v/l/test1;".

                     ᫨  室 䠩  ,    ।⢮
                MAKE  ⠭ ࠡ  ⮩ 窥  뢮 ᮮ-
                饭  訡;
             - $(f1).EXE -  筮 室 䠩,   $(f1).OBJ
                -    ॡ㥬  室 䠩.  ᭮, ᫨ 䠩
                $(f1).EXE ( ࠭᫨  "test1.EXE")  -
                  ᫨   ⬥  ६  , 
                ࠭  ࠢ  䠩 $(f1).OBJ,  ᫥ -
                 믮     樮  ⥬  MS-DOS
                $(lnk)$(f1);,   ࠭᫨  "link/CP:1/I test1;
                  ਬ).
                     ᫨ 䠩  $(f1).OBJ  ,   ।⢮ MAKE
                ⠭ ࠡ  뢮 ᮮ饭  訡;
              -  ᠭ,   ᮤঠ   樮
                ⥬ MS-DOS.    ਬ ,    
                DEL$(f1).obj   䠩  $(f1).obj  (  ࠭᫨  
                /test1.obj)   㤠,  ⮫쪮 ᫨  -
                ஢ 痢  ᯥ.

              ।⢮ MAKE ᯮᮡ ॠ஢   訡, -
         頥  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS    䠩  ᠭ.
         ਬ, ᫨ ஠ᥬ MASM 뤠   ⫨ 
         "0" (  ਬ $(msm) $(f1).asm;), ।⢮ MAKE ⠭
         ࠡ  䠩 ᠭ  ⮩ 窥  뢥  ࠭ ᮮ-
           訡.
              ᫨ ஠ᥬ ᯥ譮 ஢ ࠭  䠩-
         ,  । 痢 LINK ⨫ 訡,   㤠-
          ꥪ⭮ 䠩 (DEL$(f1).obj)  㤥 ࠡ⠭.
              ।⢮ MAKE   ⫨  ।⢮    ࠧࠡ⪨

                                      - -9 -
         ஥⮢  ணࠬ,  ᮡ  ணࠬ ஥⮢.  
         ᠭ ।⢠ MAKE  ᮤঠ ࠢ  ᫥
         室 /䠩,   ⠪ ꥪ 䠩; ஬ ⮣,  
          ᯮ짮 ᪮쪨 ࠧ ᥬ஢,  -
         ஢,  ।஢ 痢  㣨 ।,   ⠪  ᪮쪨
         ਬ஢  묨 ।⢠.

               砥 ᮧ १ࢭ   娢樨   䠩
          ஥⮢ 䠩 ᠭ ।⢠ MAKE   ⠪ -
         饭  娢  ⥬,  ⮡  砥 ९஥  ஥  
            뫮 ⢨  믮 ।⢠ MAKE 
         㪠 䠩 ᠭ.


            ᯮ짮 蠡  ᮧ .COM-  .EXE - ணࠬ
            

              ⨭ A-5,  A-6  A-7   묨  砫-
          ⠤ ࠧࠡ⪨  ணࠬ.
              ⨭ A-5 뢠 ଠ  .EXE-ணࠬ   ஬-
            襣 ⥪ ணࠬ.
              ⨭ A-6 뢠 ଠ  .COM- 䠩.
              ⨭ A-7 ᮤন  ப,  
          묨  ᠭ  .EXE-,   .COM  -  ண-
         ࠬ.   ப    ஥  室
         䠩 襩 ணࠬ,    ﭭ ࠧ  ⤥-
           䠩,   "砥"   室 䠩  
         ࠭樨  몠 ᥬ (⥬ ࠨ ࠢ饩 -
          INCLUDE ஠ᥬ MASM  室 䠩).


                   ⨭ A-5.  .EXE-ணࠬ
         
            PAGE    60,132             ; ப 
          ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
            FALSE   EQU     0          ; ࠢ  ᪨ 祭
                                       ; FALSE ("")
            TRUE    EQU     0FFFFH     ; ࠢ  ஢  ᪥
                                       ; ᪮e 祭e TRUE
                                       ; ("⨭")
            ;
            ;    <⠭ ࠢ  ப>
            ;
            ;- - - - 樠 - - - - - - - - - - - -
            _TEXT   SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'CODE' ;ᥣ ⥪ ணࠬ
            _TEXT   ENDS
            _DATA   SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'DATA' ; ᥣ 
            _DATA   ENDS
            _STACK  SEGMENT PARA STACK 'STACK'  ; ᥣ ⥪
            _STACK  ENDS
            ;
            DGROUP  GROUP   _DATA, STACK
            ;
                    ASSUME cs:_TEXT,ds:DGROUP,ss:DGROUP,es:DGROUP
            ;
            _TEXT   SEGMENT     ; 砫 ᥣ ⥪ ணࠬ
            ; 쭠   (࠭    ᠭ  

                                      - -10 -
            ; ᥣ ⥪ ணࠬ)
            DSdsave            dw   seg DGROUP  ;   DS-ॣ
            ;
            _TEXT   ENDS
            _DATA   SEGMENT
            PSPseg           dw   ?              ; ᥣ PSP
            _DATA   ENDS

         _TEXT   SEGMENT
         ;
         main    PROC     NEAR          ; 稭  "main"
                 mov      ds,DSsave  ; 樠   DS
                 mov      ax,es               ;   ᥣ
                 mov      word ptr PSPseg,ax  ; PSP  ࠭ 
         ;
         ;
         ;       < ᭮ ⠭⭠ ணࠬ >
         ;
         ;
                 mov      ax,4C00h           ;   ணࠬ
                 int      21h
         ;
         main    ENDP
         ;
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         ;
         ;   <⠢   ⠭ ணࠬ>
         ;
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         _TEXT   ENDS
         _DATA   SEGMENT
         ;
         ;       < B⠢  >
         ;
         _DATA   ENDS
         _TEXT   SEGMENT
         ;------------------------------------------------------
         _TEXT   ENDS
                 END      main
         



                   ⨭ A-6.  .COM-ணࠬ
         
         PAGE    60,132             ; ப  
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         FALSE   EQU     0          ; ࠢ  ᪨ 祭
                                    ; FALSE ("")
         TRUE    EQU     0FFFFH     ; ࠢ  ஢  ᪥
                                    ; ᪮e 祭e TRUE
                                    ; ("⨭")
         ;
         ;    <⠭ ࠢ  ப>
         ;
         ;- - - - 樠 - - - - - - - - - - - -
         code   SEGMENT

                                      - -11 -

         ASSUME  cs:code, ds:code, ss:code, es:code
         ;
         main   PROC  NEAR
         ;
         entry: ORG   0100h
         ;
                mov   sp,offset top_of_stack   ; ⠭  ⥪
         ;
         ;
         ;       < ᭮ ⠭⭠ ணࠬ >
         ;
         ;      mov      ax,4C00h               ;  ணࠬ
                int      21h
         ;
         main   ENDP
         ;
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         ;
         ;   <⠢   ⠭ ணࠬ>
         ;
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         ;
         ;       < B⠢  >
         ;
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         ;⥫  ⥪  -  BHAH -  (!)
         ;ᯮ짮 㭪 4h  襭 
         ;ணࠬ, ᫨  ᯮ  ⥪ !
         ;
                db       32 DUP ('stack  ')     ; 256- ⥪
         top_of_stack    EQU    $
         ;
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  - - - - -
         code   ENDS               ;  ᥣ ⥪ ணࠬ
                END      entry



              ⨭ A-7.   ப (STDMAC.INC):
         
         ; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         ;   祭 ம।
         ;- -  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         ; ⠭ ࠢ⢠:
         ;
         TRUE   EQU      0FFFFh  ;  "⨭"

            FALSE   EQU     0    ;  ""
            ;
            ; C⠭ ⠥ ᨬ
            NUL     EQU    00000000b ; 
            BEL     EQU    00000111b ; ""
            BS      EQU    00001000b ;   ᨬ   ࠭
            NT      EQU    00001001b ; ਧ⠫쭠 ⠡
            LF      EQU    00001010b ; ॢ ப

                                      - -12 -
            FF      EQU    00001100b ; ॢ ࠭
            CR      EQU    00001101b ;  ⪨
            SUBST   EQU    00011010b ; ⠭
            ESCAPE  EQU    00011011b ; 室
            SPACE   EQU    00100000b ; ஡
            COLON   EQU    00111010b ; 稥
            SCOLON  EQU    00111010b ; 窠  ⮩
            ;
            ; P७ ᨬ ( ""):
            SLINE   EQU     11000100b  ; ਧ⠫쭠 ப
            ;
            ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
            ..XLIST            ;  ᯥ ம।
            ;;.LALL _         .  ; ᯥ⪠ ᥣ
            ;;
            ;;
            ;;** @MODEL ********* ம। 饣 祭 **
            ;; ⠭ ᥣ⮢ ᮣ᭮  .
            ;;   ம। 㫨 ࠢ 
            ;; 5..DEL ஠ᥬ MASM  ᯮ짮 
            ;;  ࠭ ﬨ MASM.

            IF1    ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @Model MACRO memory_model,code_name,stack_size
                    ;; AH: "-ணࠬ" ᯮ ⮫쪮
                    ;;  ।, 訬,  ⠪  祭 訬
                    ;; ﬨ 
                    IFNB<memory_model>   ;;   뫠 㪠?
                    ;;
                       IF memory_model  EQ 0
                       @TinyModel stack_size
                   ELSE
                       IF memory_model EQ 1
                       @SmallModel stack_size
                    ELSE
                         IF memory_model EQ 2
                         @MediumModel code_name,stack_size
                       ELSE
                         IF memory_model EQ 3
                         @CompactModel stack_size
                       ELSE
                         IF memory-model EQ 4
                         @ LargeModel code_name,stack_size
                       ELSE
                         IF memory_model EQ 5
                         @Large_model code_name,stack_size
                       ELSE
                         .ERR
                         %0UT @Model macro: ⭠  
                       ENDIF;;  ஢ન 祭 让 
                     ENDIF;;  ஢ન 让 
                   ENDIF;;  ஢ન ⭮ 
                 ENDIF;;  ஢ન । 
               ENDIF;;  ஢ન  
             ENDIF;;  ஢ન  祭  
            ;;
            ELSE   ;;    뫠 㪠

                                      - -13 -
               .ERR       ;;  ᮮ饭  訡
               %0UT @MODEL MACRO ERR0R:    㪠
            ENDIF  ;;  ஢ન ࠬ஢  - 
            ;;
            ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ;;
            ENDIF  ;;  ࠡ⪨  室
            ;;
            ;;** @Tiny ************ ப 饣 祭 **
            ;; ( ࠢ ப 뢠 १ @Model 0.
            ;;  ࠢ ப ⠪   뢠
            ;; ।⢥).
            ;; ⬥⨬,   ப,  ⫨稥  㣨 -
            ;; ப  -,    ᯮ   ப
            ;; @Stack, ᪮ 㣨 ⥪  .COM - ணࠬ -
            ;;    ᠭ    ணࠬ.  ।-
            ;;  㣨 ⥪  .COM-ணࠬ 믮  -
            ;;  @Stack  ᮮ⢥饬  室 ⥪
            ;; ணࠬ.
            IF1   ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @TinyModel MACRO
                MEMODEL = 0
               _TEXT SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC  'CODE' ; ᥣ ணࠬ
               _TEXT ENDS
               ;;   䨧᪨  ᥣ
               ASSUME cs:_TEXT,ds:_TEXT,ss:_TEXT, es:_TEXT
               ;;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
               ;; ⠢  ᫥騩 ⥪ ணࠬ ᫥
               ;; @Model 0:
               ;;
               ;; _TEXT SEGMENT
               ;; main PRO near ;;  entry:  ORG 0100h ;;  jmp Start ;;  ;
               ⠢   ,  ᫨  ॡ  ;;  start:  ;;  ;
               ⠢ ⥪ ணࠬ  ;;  main ENDP ;;  ; ⠢
               ⠭ ணࠬ  ;;  ;  ⠢  ⥫
               ⥪  ;; ; ⠢   , ᫨ ॡ ;;_
               TEXT ENDS ;;  ;;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
               - - ;; ENDM ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  ࠡ⪨ 室
         ;;
         ;;** @Small ************ Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;; ࠢ  ப   ⠭  (SMALL)
         ;;  .
         ;; ( ப 뢠  १ "@Model Small".
         ;;   ப   맢 ⠪
         ;; ।⢥.)
         IF1   ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
         @SmallModel MACRO stack_size
               Memodel = 1
               _TEXT SEGMENT BYTE PUBLICK 'CODE'  ; ᥣ ணࠬ
               _TEXT ENDS
               _DATA SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'DATA'   ; ᥣ 
                                                  ; (DGROUP)
               _DATA ENDS
               _CONST SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'CONST' ; ᥣ ⠭
               _CONST ENDS                        ; (DGROUP)
               _BSS SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'BSS'     ; ᥣ ந樠-

                                      - -14 -
               _BSS ENDS                          ; ஢ 
                                                  ; (DGROUP)
               STACK SEGMENT PARA STACK 'STACK'   ; ᥣ ⥪
                                                  ; (DGROUP)
               STACK ENDS
               ;;
               IFNB <stack_size>
                       @Stack stack_size
                ENDM   ;;  ம।
              ENDIF  ;;  ࠡ⪨ 室
               ;;
               DGROUP GROUP _DATA,CONST,_BSS,STACK ; 㯯஢
                                                   ; ᥣ⮢ 
               ;;
               ;;  䨧᪨ ᥣ:
               ASSUME   cs:_TEXT.ds:DGROUP,ss:dgroup,es :DGROUP
               ;;
               ENDM  ;;   ம।
         ENDIF   ;;  ࠡ⪨ 室
         ;;
         ;;** @  ************* ப 饣 祭 **
         ;; ࠢ ப  ⠭ । 
         ;; . ( ப  뢠  १  "@Model
         ;; medium".    ப    맢 ⠪
         ;; ।⢥.)
         IF1  ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
         @MediumModel MACRO code_name,stack_size
                MEMODEL = 2
                code_name_TEXT SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE' ;
                                                     ; ᥣ ணࠬ
                code_name_TEXT ENDS                       ;
                _DATA SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'DATA'     ; ᥣ 
                _DATA ENDS                           ; (DGROUP)
                CONST SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'CONST'    ; ᥣ ⠭
                CONST ENDS                           ; (DGROUP)
                _BSS SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'BSS'       ; ᥣ ந樠-
                 _BSS ENDS                           ; ஢ 
                                                     ; (DGROUP)
                STACK SEGMENT PARA STACK 'STACK'     ; ᥣ ⥪
                STACK ENDS                           ; (DGROUP)
                ;;
                IFNB <stack_size>
                        @Stack stack_size
                ENDIF
                ;;
                DGROUP GROUP _DATA,CONST,_BSS,STACK  ; 㯯஢
                                                     ; ᥣ 
                ;;
                ;; H 䨧᪨ ᥣ
                ASSUME  cs:_TEXT,ds:DGROUP,ss:DGROUP,es:DGROUP
                ;;
                ENDM   ;;  ம।
              ENDIF  ;;  ࠡ⪨ 室
                ;;
                ;;** @COMPACT ****** Mப 饣 祭 **
                ;; ࠢ ப  ⠭ ⭮
                ;; (COMPACT)  . ( ப 뢠

                                      - -15 -
                ;; १ "@Model compact".  ப  
                ;; 맢 ⠪ ।⢥.)
                IF1   ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
                @CompactModel MACRO stack_size
                MEMODEL = 3
              _TEXT SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE' ;ᥣ ⥪ ணࠬ
              _TEXT ENDS
              FAR_DATA SEGMENT PARA 'FAR_BSS'  ;   ᥣ
              FAR_DATA ENDS                    ;  (DGROUP)
              FAR_BSS SEGMENT PARA 'FAR_BSS'   ;   -
              FAR_BSS ENDS                     ; 樠஢ ᥣ-
                                               ;   (DGROUP)
             _DATA SEGMENT WORD PUBLICK 'DATA'  ; ᥣ 
             _DATA ENDS                         ; (DGROUP)
             CONST SEGMENT WORD PUBLIBC 'CONST' ; ᥣ ⠭
             CONST ENDS                         ; (DGROUP)
            _BSS SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'BSS'      ; ᥣ ந樠-
            _BSS ENDS                           ; ஢ 
                                                ; (DGROUP)
              STACK SEGMENT PARA STACK 'STACK'     ; ᥣ ⥪
              STACK ENDS                           ; (DGROUP)
              ;;
              IFNB <stack_size>
                      @Stack stack_size
              ENDIF
              ;;
              DGROUP GROUP _DATA,CONST,_BSS,STACK  ; 㯯஢
                                                   ; ᥣ⮢ 
              ;;
              ;;  䨧᪨ ᥣ:
              ASSUME cs:_TEXT,ds:DGROUP, ss:DGROUP,es:DGROUP
              ;;
              ENDM  ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;   ࠡ⪨ 室
         ;;
         ;;** @Large ***************** Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;; ࠢ ப  ⠭ 让 (LARGE)
         ;;  . ( ப 뢠
         ;; १ "@Model Large".  ப  
         ;; 맢 ⠪ ।⢥.)
         IF1  ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
         @LargeModel MACRO code_name,stack_size
             MEMODEL = 4
             code_name_TEXT SEGMENT BYTE PUBLIC 'CODE'  ; 
             code_name_TEXT ENDS                    ; ᥣ ணࠬ
             FAR_DATA SEGMENT PARA 'FAR_DATA'    ;   ᥣ
             FAR_DATA ENDS                       ;  (DGROUP)
             FAR-BSS SEGMENT PARA 'FAR_BSS'      ;   -
             FAR_BSS ENDS                        ; 樠஢ ᥣ-
                                                 ;   (DGROUP)
             _DATA SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'DATA'    ; ᥣ 
             _DATA ENDS                          ; (DGROUP)
             CONST SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'CONST'   ; ᥣ ⠭
             CONST ENDS                          ; (DGROUP)
             _BSS SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'BSS'      ; ᥣ ந樠-
             _BSS ENDS                           ; ஢ 
                                                 ; (DGROUP)

                                      - -16 -
             STACK SEGMENT PARA STACK 'STACK'    ; ᥣ ⥪
             STACK ENDS                          ; (DGROUP)
             ;;
             IFNB <stak_size>


         @Stack stack_size
              ENDIF
              ;;
              DGROUP GROUP _DATA,CONST,_BSS,STACK  ; 㯯஢
                                                   ; ᥣ 
              ;;
              ;;  䨧᪨ ᥣ
              ASSUME cs:_TEXT,ds:DGROUP, ss:DGROUP,es:DGROUP
              ;;
                ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  ࠡ⪨ 室
         ;;
         ;;** @HUGE ************* Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;;  ࠢ ப  ⠭ 祭 让
         ;;  (HUGE)  . ( ப 뢠
         ;;  १ "@Model huge".  ப  
         ;;  맢 ⠪ ।⢥.)
         ;;  O祭   (HUGE)    饥 ६
         ;;  ⠭ ⠪     (LARGE) 
         ;;  .
         IF1 ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
         @HugeModel MACRO code_name,stack_size
                 MEMODAL = 5
                 @LargeModel code_name,stack_size
                ENDM  ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;   ࠡ⪨ 室
         ;;
         ;;** @Stack ************* Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;; ࠢ  ப  ⠭ ࠧ ⥪
         IF1   ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
         @Stack MACRO stack_size,prog_type
           ;;
           IFB <PROG_TYPE>  ;;  ᫨ ࠬ ⨯ ணࠬ ⮩
             IF MEMODEL EQ 0
               PROGTYPE = 0
             ELSE
               IF MEMODEL EQ 1
                  PROGTYPE = 1
             ELSE
               IF MEMODEL EQ 2
                  PROGTYPE = 1
             ELSE
               IF MEMODEL EQ 4
                  PROGTYPE = 1
               ELSE
                   IF MEMODAL EQ 5
                      PROGTYPE = 1
                   ELSE
                       .ERR
                       %OUT @Stack macro:  
                       %OUT  ⨯ ணࠬ  뫨 ⠭

                                      - -17 -
                   ENDIF;;  ஢ન 祭 让 
                 ENDIF ;;  ஢ન 让 
               ENDIF ;;  ஢ન ⭮ 
             ENDIF ;;  ஢ન । 
           ENDIF ;;  ஢ન  
         ENDIF ;;  ஢ન 祭 쪮 
         ELSE ;;  ࠬ ⨯ ணࠬ  㪠
           IF prog_type EQ 0  ;; ⠭ ணࠬ ⨯ .COM
              PROGTYPE = 0
           ELSE
             IF prog_type EQ 1
              PROGTYPE = 1
             ELSE
               .ERR     ;;  室  ᮮ饭  訡
               %OUT @Stack MACRO: 㪠 ४ ⨯ ணࠬ
              ENDIF ;;  ஢ન ⨯ .EXE
            ENDIF ;;  ஢ન ⨯  .COM
         ENDIF ;;   ஢ન ࠬ "⨯-ணࠬ"
         ;;
         IFNB <stack_size>
         ;;
            IF PROGTYPE EQ 0
                  ;  ⥫ ⥪. BHAH -   -
                  ;  짮 㭪 4h   襭  
                  ;  ணࠬ, ᫨  ᯮ  ⥪.
                         db    stack_size DUP ('⥪   ')
                  top_of_stack EQU     $
            ELSE ;;  ⨯ ணࠬ - .EXE
                  STACK SEGMENT
                          db   stack_size DUP ('⥪   ')
                  STACK ENDS
            ENDIF ;;  ஢ન PROGTYPE
         ;;
         ELSE  ;; ࠬ "ࠧ-⥪"   㪠
         ;;
           IF PROGTYPE EQ 0
                  ; ⥫ ⥪.  -   ᯮ-
                  ;  㭪 4h  襭  ணࠬ
                  ;   砥 ᯮ짮 쭮 ⥪ !
                          db       32 DUP ('⥪   ')
              top_of_stack       EQU    $
           ELSE ;; ⨯ ணࠬ - .EXE
              STACK SEGMENT      db     32 DUP ('⥪   ')
                       STACK ENDS
                 ENDIF ;;  ஢ન PROGTYPE
              ;;
              ENDIF  ;;  ஢ન "ࠧ ⥪"
              ;;
              ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
         ;;
         ;;** @SwapNewStack ******** Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;; ४ ⥪   ⥪
         IF1   ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
         @SwapNewStack MACRO  tos
              LOCAL        bypass
              ;;

                                      - -18 -
              jmp          bypass       ;; ய  
         old_stk_seg       dw      ?         ;; ࠭⢮ 
                           ;; ᥣ ⥪ 뢠饩 ப
         old_stk_ptr       dw      ?         ;; ࠭⢮ 
                          ; 㪠⥫ ⥪ 뢠饩 ப
         new_stk_seg       dw      ?         ;; ࠭⢮  
                                        ;;  ᥣ   ⥪
         new_stk_ptr       dw  offset tos    ;; ࠭⢮  
                                        ;;  㪠⥫  ⥪
                 ;;
         bypass:
                 mov       cs:new_stk_seg,cs ;; ⠭ ᥣ
                                             ;;  ⥪
                 mov       cs:old_stk_seg,ss ;; ࠭ 
                                             ;; 祭 ⥪
                 mov       cs:old_stk_ptr,sp ;;࠭ 
                                             ;; 㪠⥫ ⥪
                 mov       ss,cs:new_stk_seg ;;  
                                             ;; 祭 ⥪
                 mov       sp,cs:new_stk_ptr ;;  
                                             ;; 㪠⥫ ⥪
                 @PushAll                    ;; ࠭ ਧ 
                                        ;; ᮤন  ॣ஢
              ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
         ;;
         ;;**@SwapOldStack********** Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;; ४   ⥪  室 ⥪
                 @Popall               ;; ⠭ ਧ 
                                       ;; ᮤন  ॣ஢
                 mov       ss,cs:old_stk_seg  ;; ⠭ 
                                              ;; 祭 ⥪
                 mov       sp,cs:old_stk_ptr
              ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
         ;;
         ;;** @DosCall ************* Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;; B맢 㭪 MS-DOS
            IF1     ;;  ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @DosCall MACRO
            int      21h
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
            ;;
            ;;**@DirConChar 10 ***** Mப 饣 祭 **
            @DirConChar10 MACRO       ; ஢ ﭨ 
                                      ;  
                    push     dx              ; c࠭ DX
                    mov      dl,0FFh         ;  ᨬ  뢮
                    mov      ah,06h          ;
              @DosCall
              pop      dx                ; ⠭ DX
              ENDM
            ;;
            ;;** @ReadCon_NoEcho **** Mப 饣 祭 **
            @ReadCon_NoEcho MACRO
                    mov     ah,08h     ;     

                                      - -19 -
                    @DosCall
                    ENDM
            ;;
            ;;** @ReadBuffInput ***** Mப 饣 祭 **
            @ReadBuffInput MACRO Buffname  ;  ਧ
                                           ;   
                    mov    dx,offset bufname
                    mov    ah,0Ah
                    @DosCall
                    ENDM
            ;;
            ;;**DisChr ************** Mப 饣 祭 **
            ;; ⮡ࠧ  ࠭ ᨬ
            IF1    ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
                    @DisChr MACRO   char
                    IFNB<char>      ;; 㬥 ᨬ  㪠 ?
                                    ;; , ⮬ ⠢ 
                    push    ax      ;; ࠭ ᯮ㥬 ॣ
                    push    dx
                    mov     dl,char ;; 㧨 ᨬ
                    mov     ah,02h  ;; 㧨   㭪樨
                    @DosCall        ;; 맢 MS-DOS
                    pop     dx      ;; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                    pop     ax
                    ELSE            ;;  ⨢ 砥
                    .ERR            ;; ᣥ஢   뢥
                                    ;; ᮮ饭  訡
                    %OUT @DisChr macro : 㬥 "ᨬ" ("char")
                                                      㪠뢠
                      ENDF
                    ;;
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室

            ;;
            ;;** @DisStr ************** Mப 饣 祭 **
            ;; O⮡ࠧ  ࠭ ப    ନ஬  -
            ;; -ப  㬮砭 "$"   㪠 ନ஬.
            ;; (B맮 ७  ப @DisStr1  @DisStr2.)
            IF1  ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @DisStr  MACRO  ப,ନ
                  IFNB<string>    ;; ࠬ ப  㪠?
                                  ;; , ⮬
                   IFB<terminator>;; ନ  㪠?
                        ;; , ⮬ ⠢  
                        ;; 㬮砭   ନ  "$"
                        @DisStr1 ப
                  ELSE  ;;   ⨢ 砥 ନ  㪠
                        @DisStr2 ப,ନ
                  ENDIF ;; e ஢ન "ନ"
                  ELSE  ;;  ⨢ 砥,"ப"  뫠 㪠
                  .ERR  ;; ᣥ஢  뢥 ᮮ饭  訡
                  %OUT @DisStr macro: 㬥  "ப" ("string") 
                                                           㪠뢠
               ENDIF
               ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室

                                      - -20 -
            ;;
            ;;** @DisStr1 ********** 㦥 ப *******
            ;; 맢 ப @DisStr1  ⮡ࠦ ப
            ;;   ନ஬ -ப "$"  㬮砭.
            IF1    ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @DisStr1 MACRO  string
                     push   ax    ;; ࠭ ᯮ㥬 ॣ
                     push   dx
                     mov    dx,offset ds:string ;; 㪠   ப
                                                ;;  
                     mov    ax,09h          ;; 㧨  㭪樨
                     @DosCall               ;;    MS-DOS
                     pop    dx              ;; ࠭ ॣ
                     pop    ax
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
            ;;** @DisStr2 ************ 㦥 ப *******
            ;; 맢 ப @DisStr1  ⮡ࠦ ப
            ;;   㪠 ନ஬ -ப.
            IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @DisStr2 MACRO string,terminator
                     LOCAL strloop,strloopdone ;; ᮧ  ⪨
                     push  si                  ;; ࠭ ॣ
                     push  ax
                     push  bx
                     push  dx
                     xor   bh,bh               ;;  BX
                     mov   bl,terminator       ;;  ନ
                     mov   si,offset string    ;; 㪠   ப
                     xor   dx,dx
            strloop:
                     mov   dl,byte ptr [si] ;;  ᫥騩 ᨬ
                     cmp   dl,bl               ;;  ନ?
                     je    strloopdone         ;; ,  ᤥ
                     mov   ax,02h              ;; 㧨 㭪
                                               ;; 뢮 ᨬ
                     @DosCall                  ;;  맢 DOS
                     jnc   si           ;; 㪠  ᫥騩 ᨬ
                     jmp   short strloop       ;;  
            strloopdone:
                     pop   dx      ;; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                     pop   bx
                     pop   ax
                     pop   si
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
            ;;
            ;;** @TypeStr ********** Mப 饣 祭 **
            ;; ⮡ࠧ  ப.
            ;; ਬ砭: "ப"   ।⠢  窠
            ;;  ⥬, ⮡  ࠡ뢠   㬥 -
            ;;     ⮡ ࠭஢,   ஢
            ;; ४⭮.
            IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @TypeStr MACRO   string         ;; ।  ⮡ࠧ
                                            ;; ப
                     LOCAL   TypeStrAddr    ;; ⠭  

                                      - -21 -
                     ;;
                     IF MEMODEL NE 0        ;; ᫨  ⨯ .COM
            _TEXT    ENDS                   ;;  ᥣ ணࠬ
            _DATA    SEGMENT              ;;   ᥣ 
                     ENDIF
            TypeStrAddr  DB string,'$' ;; । ப  ᥣ
                                       ;; 
                     IF MEMODEL NE 0   ;; ᫨  ⨯ .COM
            _DATA    ENDS              ;;  ᥣ 
            _TEXT    SEGMENT        ;;   ᥣ ணࠬ
                     ENDIF
                     ;;
                     @DisStr TypeStrAddr   ;; ⮡ࠧ ப
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
            ;;
            ;;** @TypeStrCR ******** Mப 饣 祭 **
            ;; O⮡ࠧ  ப , 蠥 
            ;;  GR/LF.
            IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            ;; "ப"   ।⠢  窠  ⥬, ⮡
            ;;  ࠡ뢠   㬥 ப.
            @TypeStrCR MACRO    string
                     @TypeStr   string ;; ।  ⮡ࠧ ப
                     @NewLine          ;;    GR/LF
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
            ;;
            ;;**@NewLine *********** Mப 饣 祭 **
            ;; O⮡ࠧ ᨬ  ⪨  ॢ ப.
            IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @NewLine MACRO
                     INDIF      EXT_NEWLINE     ;; ᨬ EXT_NEWLINE
                                                ;;  ।?
                     EXTRN      newLine:NEAR    ;; , ⠢ EXTRN
                                                ;; ⮫쪮  ࠧ
                     EXT_NEWLINE EQU 0          ;;   ࠢ⢮
                                                ;; ⮫쪮  ࠧ
                     ENDIF        ;; 孨  ப  
                         ;;  ᫥騥 맮 ப ⠢
                     call newLine ;; 맢 楤 NEWLINE
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
            ;;
            ;;**@DisNum ************ Mப 饣 祭 **
            ;; ⮡ࠧ 筮 ᫮  筮  ⭠-
            ;; 筮   ASCII.
            IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @DisNum MACRO number,type,digits,sign
                     ;;
                     ;; ஢ ᭠砫 ॡ㥬 ࠬ
                     IFB <number>  ;; ᫮ ࠬ 㪠?
                     .ERR          ;; ,  ࠡ
                                   ;; ᮮ饭  訡
                     %OUT @DisNum macro: ࠬ "number"  㪠.
                     ENDIF
                     ;;

                                      - -22 -
                     IFNB <type>   ;; ⨯ 뢮 㪠?
                     ;;
                   If type EQ 10         ;; 筮  ८ࠧ
                                         ;; 㪠?
                     INDIF EXT_BIN2DEC   ;; 뫮 ।EXT_BIN2DEC?
                     EXTRN bin2dec:NEAR  ;; , ⠢ ।
                                         ;; EXTRN
                  EXT_BIN2DEC EQU 0    ;;  ⮫쪮 ࠧ ⠭
                                       ;; ࠢ⢮
                  ENDIF
                  ;;
                  ELSE
                  ;;
                IF type EQ 16                ;; ⭠筮
                                        ;; ८ࠧ  㪠?
                  IFNDEF EXT_BIN2HEX    ;; 뫮 । EXT_BIN2HEX?
                  EXTRN   bin2hex:NEAR  ;; , ⠢ ।
                  EXT_BIN2HEX EQU 0     ;; EXTRN  ⮫쪮 ࠧ ⠭
                                        ;; ࠢ⢮
                  ENDIF
                ;;
                ELSE
                ;;
                 .ERR
                 %OUT @DisNum Macro: 㪠 饭  "⨯" ("type")
                 ENDIF        ;;   ஢   ⭠-
                              ;; 筮   ८ࠧ
             ;;
             ENDIF ;;   ஢   筮 ८ࠧ
         ;;
         ELSE   ;;  ⨢  砥,  ࠬ ⮩
         ;;
         .RR   ;;  믮 ᮮ饭  訡
         %OUT @DisNum macro: ࠬ "type"  㪠
         ENDIF  ;;    ஢  ⮣ ࠬ
         ;; Oo ஢ ॡ㥬 ࠬ஢
         ;;
         ;; H ⠢ ணࠬ
         push     ax            ;; ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
         push     cx
         push     dx
         ;;
         mov                    ;;  ᫮  AX
         ;;
         IFNB <digits>          ;; 㬥 "ࠧ"  㪠?
         mov      ch,digits     ;; ,  祭  CH
         ELSE                   ;;  ⨢ 砥,    㬮砭
         mov      ch,1          ;; ⮡ࠧ  ࠩ  1 ࠧ
         ENDIF
         ;;
         IFNB <sign>            ;; 㬥 ""  㪠?
         mov      dx,sign       ;; , ⮬    DX
         ELSE                   ;;  ⨢ 砥,  㬮砭 
         mov      dx,0          ;; 㤥  ⢮
         ENDIF
         ;;
         If type  EQ 10         ;; 筮 ८ࠧ 㪠?

                                      - -23 -
         call     bin2dec
         ELSE
                     IF type EQ 16  ;; ⭠筮 ८ࠧ
                                    ;; 㪠?
                             call bin2hex
                             ENDIF  ;;  ஢ન  ᭮ 16
                     ENDIF   ;;  ஢ન  ᭮ 10
                     ;;
                     pop     dx   ;; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                     pop     cx
                     pop     ax
                     ;;
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
            ;;
            ;;
            ;;** @GetDate ********** Mப 饣 祭 **
            ;;   ⥬ 
            IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @GetDate MACRO
                     mov      ah,2Ah ;; 㧨  㭪樨
                     @DosCall        ;; 맢  MS-DOS
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
            ;;
           ;;** @GetTime ********** Mப 饣 祭 **
            ;;   ⥬ ६
            IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @GetTime MACRO
                     mov      ah,2ch ;; 㧨  㭪樨
                     @DosCall        ;; 맢  MS-DOS
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
            ;;
            ;;** @DiskRead ******** Mப 饣 祭 **
            ;;  ᪨  ᥪ()
            IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
            @DiskRead MACRO
                     int     25h  ;; ࠡ ᮫⭮ 뢠
                                  ;;  ⥭ ᪠
                  ENDM   ;;  ம।
            ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
            ;;
            ;;** @DiskWrite ******* Mப 饣 祭 **
            ;;   ᪨ ᥪ()
            IF1      ;;  ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
         @DisckWrite MACRO
                  int      26h     ;; ࠡ 設 뢠
                                   ;;    
               ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
         ;;
         ;;** @GetDOSVersion **** Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;;   ᨨ 樮  ⥬ MS-DOS
         IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
         @GetDOSVersion MACRO
                  push     bx      ;; ࠭ ᮤন

                                      - -24 -
                                   ;; 㭨⮦  ॣ஢
                  push     cx
                  mov      ah,30h  ;; 㧨  㭪樨
                  @DosCall         ;; 맢 MS-DOS
                  pop      cx      ;; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                  pop      bx
               ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
         ;;
         ;;** @GetDOSVer ******* Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;;   ᨨ 樮  ⥬ MS-DOS
         IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
         @GetDOSVer MACRO
                  IFNDEF   EXT_GDOSV     ;; ᨬ ।?
                  EXTRN    GETDOSV:NEAR  ;; , ⠢  EXTRN
                                         ;; ⮫쪮    ࠧ
                  EXT_GDOSV EQU 0        ;;  ⮫쪮 ࠧ ।
                                         ;; ࠢ⢮
                  ENDIF                  ;; ( 孨 ப 
                                         ;;  ⠢ 
                                         ;; ᫥騥 맮
                                         ;; ம।)
                  call     dosver        ;; 맢 
                                         ;; ⠭ ணࠬ
               ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
         ;;
         ;;** @DisDOSVer ********* Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;;   ⮡ࠧ  ᨨ DOS
         IF1      ;; ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮   室 1
         @DisDOSVer MACRO
                  IFNDEF   EXT_DDOSV     ;; ᨬ ।?
                  EXTRN    DOSV2CON:NEAR ;; , ⠢  EXTRN
                                         ;; ⮫쪮    ࠧ
                  EXT_DOSV EQU 0         ;;  ⮫쪮 ࠧ ।
                                         ;; ࠢ⢮
                  ENDIF                  ;; ( 孨 ப 
                                         ;;  ⠢ 
                                         ;; ᫥騥 맮
                                         ;; ம।)
                  call     dosv2con      ;; 맢 
                                         ;; ⠭ ணࠬ
               ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
         ;;
         ;;** @Changease ******* Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;;  ॣ     ᨬ
         IF1      ;; B믮 ⮫쪮    室 1
         @ChangeCase MACRO  char,type
              IFB <char>   ;; ᨬ, 騩 ८ࠧ,
                           ;; 㪠 ?
              .ERR                ;; , ᣥ஢ 
                                  ;; 뢥 ᮮ饭    訡
              %OUT @ChangeCase macro: ࠬ "char" । !
              ELSE                   ;;  ⨢ 砥
              mov      al,char       ;; 㧨 ᨬ  AL
              ENDIF

                                      - -25 -
              ;;
              IFB <type>          ;; ⨯ ८ࠧ 㪠?
              mov   ah,0          ;; , ⮬ 㧨 0  AH
              ELSE
              mov   ah,type   ;; 㧨 ⨯ ८ࠧ  AH
              ENDIF
              ;;
              IFNDEF EXT_CHGCASE  ;; ᨬ EXT_CHGCASE ।?
              EXTRN  CHGCASE:NEAR ;; , ⠢ EXTRN ⮫쪮 ࠧ
              EXT_CHGCASE EQU 0   ;;  ⮫쪮 ࠧ । ࠢ⢮
              ENDIF    ;; ( 孨 ப   ⠢ 
                       ;; ᫥騥 맮  ப)
              ;;
              call     chgcase    ;; 맢  楤
                                  ;;  ॣ 
           ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
         ;;
         ;;** @case ************* Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;; Mப CASE 몠 ᥬ
         @Case    MACRO    key,case_list,jmp_lables
                  ??tmp_1 = 0
                  IRP      match,<&case_list>  ;; 㯮冷 ॣ
                    ??tmp_1 = ??tmp_1 + 1  ;; ⠭  
                    cmp    key,&&match       ;; ॣ ᮮ⢥?
                    ??tmp_2 = 0
                    IRP    retl,<&jmp_lables>  ;; 㯮冷 室
                      ??tmp_2 = ??tmp_2 + 1  ;;   ,  
                                             ;;  㤥 ᮮ⢥⢮
                      IF (??tmp_1 EQ??tmp_2)
                        je &&&retl             ;;  !
                        EXITM
                      ENDIF   ;;  ஢ન ᫮
                    ENDM      ;;  ண  IRP
                  ENDM        ;;  ࢮ  IRP
                  ENDM        ;;  ம।
         ;;
         ;;
         ;;*****************************************************
         ;; ᯮ ப @PushAll  @PopAll  -
         ;;    PUSHA      POPA,   ন  ஬
         ;; 80186/80188/80286/80386  ᯥ祭  ᮢ⨬
         ;;  ࠬ 8086/8088.
         ;;
         ;;** @PushAll ********** Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;;    ⥪ ᮤন  ॣ஢
         IF1     ;; 믮 ⮫쪮   室 1
         @PushAll MACR  ;; ࠭ ᮤন  ॣ஢  ⥪
                 push      ax
                 push      bx
                 push      cx
                 push      dx
                 push      dp
                 push      di
                 push      si
               ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室

                                      - -26 -
         ;;
         ;;** @PopAll *********** Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;;   ⥪ ᮤন  ॣ஢
         IF1     ;; 믮 ⮫쪮   室 1
         @PopAll MACRO           ;; ⠭  ᮤন 
                                 ;; ॣ஢  ⥪
                 pop       si
                 pop       di
                 pop       dp
                 pop       dx
                 pop       cx
                 pop       bx
                 pop       ax
               ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
         ;;
         ;;** @ExiToDos ********* Mப 饣 祭 **
         ;;      易⥫묨 ⠭
         ;;   祭 ६ ERRORLEVEL
         IF1     ;; 믮 ⮫쪮   室 1
         @ExiToDOS MACRO errocode
                 IFB <errocode>     ;;  訡  㪠?
                 mov       ax,4C00h ;; , 㧨 㭪  祭
                                    ;; ६ ERRORLEVEL = "0"  AX
                 ELSE               ;;  ⨢ 砥
                 mov       ah,4Ch   ;; 㧨 㭪  祭
                 mov       al,errocode   ;; ६ ERRORLEVEL ⤥쭮
                 ENDIF
                 ;;
                 @DosCall           ;; 맢 MS-DOS
               ENDM   ;;  ம।
         ENDIF  ;;  믮 室
         ;;
         ;;********************************************************
         ;;  ம।
         ;;********************************************************
         .LIST      ; ⠭ 뤠 ⨭  ଠ쭮 
         ;; K 䠩 祭 ம।

         



              ᯮ짮 ⠭  ணࠬ

              ᫨   ᯮ  ⠭   ஢
         ணࠬ    ணࠬ,       -
             ⠭ ணࠬ   䠩,
          ᥣ 易  訬 ணࠬ.  ᯮ짮 ⮣
         ⮤ 頥  ࠭樨  ᥬ  ।஢
         痢,   ⠪ 㬥蠥 ࠧ 室 䠩 襩 ணࠬ-
         .  䠩 ᮧ ⥬ ࠭樨 䠩, ᮤঠ-
         饣  ⠭ ணࠬ  ᫥饩 ࠡ⪨  .OBJ  -
         䠩   LIB - ணࠬ,  饭  ᪥  ஠-
         ᥬ஬ MASM.   १ ࠡ⪨ LIB-ணࠬ 砥
         䠩, ᮤঠ騩 ४⭮ ଠ஢ ꥪ ணࠬ
          ७ .LIB.  譨 뫪   ⠭ ணࠬ

                                      - -27 -
            ᠭ  室 ⥪  ணࠬ, 
          뢠  ⠭ ணࠬ.  ⠭ ண-
         ࠬ   ଠ:
              EXTRN ⠭⭠ ணࠬ : ﭨ
               EXTRN - ࠢ ,   ᮮ頥 ஠-
         ᥬ MASM,   "⠭⭠ ணࠬ", 㤥 
          ६ ।஢ 痢   ꥪ⭮ 䠩,  
         筮 䠩.
              ࠬ "ﭨ"    祭  "" (near),
          "" (far)  ᨬ  ⮣,  뫠 ᠭ ⠭-
         ⭠ ணࠬ,    ⢫ 뫪.   ண-
         ࠬ  ७ ⨯ .COM ࠬ  ﭨ  ᥣ 
         祭 "".
              ᫥ ⮣  譨 ⠭  ணࠬ  ᠭ,  
          뢠 ⠪ ,    㣨 ⠭ ணࠬ.
               ⨭ A-8 ।⠢  室 ⥪ -
           䠩  STDLIB.LIB,    ஬ ᪠뢠  ।
         .


              ⨭ A-8. 室 ⥪ 筮 䠩
                                 STDLIB.LIB
         
         PAGE 60,132
         TITLE   stdlib.asm/.ob lib
         .8086       ;  ⮫쪮  ஢ 8086/8088
         .SALL       ;  ᯥ ७
         ;- -  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         ;
         ;- - - - - - ⢠  ம। - - - - - - - -
         ;
         INCODE stdmac.inc  ;  ⠭ ஡⥪
                            ;  ࠢ⢠
         ;
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - 樠 - - - - - - - - - -
         ;
         ; 樠, ᠭ , ।⠢ ᮡ -
         ; ⢮ ( ᮢ⨬)  ࠢ饩  ".DEL
         ; SMALL" ஠ᥬ MASM ᨨ 5.0  .
         ;
         _TEXT   SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'CODE'   ; ᥣ ணࠬ
         _TEXT   ENDS
         ;
         _DATA   SEGMENT WORD PUBLIC 'DATA'   ; ᥣ 
         _DATA   ENDS
         ;
         DGROUP  GROUP   _DATA       ; । 㯯 ᥣ⮢
         ;
         ASSUME  cs:_TEXT,ds:_DATA   ;   䨧᪨ ᥣ
         ;
         ;
         ;********************************************************
         ; 砫  ⠭ ணࠬ
         ;********************************************************
         ;
         _TEXT   SEGMENT            ; 砫 ᥣ ⥪ ணࠬ
         ;

                                      - -28 -
         ;+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ;  ப : ⮡ࠦ  ப ( ⪨ +
         ;                + ॢ ப)
         ;
         ; 室 : 
         ;
         ; 室 :  AX  DX ⠭;
         ;          㣨 ॣ  ᯮ.
         ;
         ; B뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ: 
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  - -
         PUBLIC NEWLINE          ; 筠  ⠭⭠  ணࠬ
         ;
         newline PROC    NEAR
                 push    ax           ; ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                 push    dx
         ;
                 mov     dl,CR         ; ⮡ࠧ  ⪨
                 mov     ah,02h
                 @DosCall
                 mov     dl,LF         ; ⮡ࠧ ॢ ப
                 mov     ah,02h
                 @DosCall
         ;;
                 pop     dx   ; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                 pop     ax
                 ret
         ;
         newline ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ;   CSAVE :  믮 ⮬᪮ ࠭ 
         ;   ⠭  ᮤন  ॣ஢ : BX, CX, DI 
         ;   SI  뢠 ⠭⭮ ணࠬ.  -
         ;      㣮  뢠  ⠭⭮  ணࠬ
         ;   ᫥騬 ࠧ :
         ;
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         ; LOCALIZE       EQU   10h
         ; routine PROC   NEAR  ; FAR, ᫨ ।, 
         ;                      ;  祭  
         ;
         ;      push      bp
         ;      mov       bp,sp
         ;      sub       sp,LOCALIZE
         ;      call      csave
         ;      :
         ;      (⥪ ⠭⭮ ணࠬ)
         ;      :
         ;      ret          ; ᥣ ࠢ  $cret
         ;
         ; routine ENDP
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         ;
         ; 室 : ᬮ ᠭ 
         ;

                                      - -29 -
         ; 室 : ᬮ ᠭ 
         ;
         ; ᯮ㥬 ॣ: ᮤন ॣ஢ BX, CX, DI 
         ;                        SI ࠭; ॣ AX  DX
         ;                         ண.
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ:  饭 
         ; "뢠饩" ⠭⭮ ணࠬ   , 
         ;     RET  ⢨  
         ;  ணࠬ, ᫥ 祣    RET
         ; ⮩ ணࠬ ⢨   室
         ; 맢 ணࠬ.
         ;
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         public   csave       ; 筠 ⠭⭠ ணࠬ
         ;
         csave   PROC      NEAR
                 push     bp     ; ⠭  ⥪
                 mov      bp,sp
                 xchg     bx,[bp+2] ; ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                                    ; BX    
                                    ; 맢襩 ⠭⭮ ணࠬ
                  pop       bp  ; ⠭ ⥪騩  
                  push      cx  ; ࠭ ᮤন ⠫
                                ; ॣ஢
                  push      si
                  push      di
                  call      bx     ; த ࠡ 
                                   ; 맢襩 ⠭⭮ ணࠬ
         ;
         ; ३      RET 맢襩
         ; ⠭⭮ ணࠬ
         $cret:   pop       di       ; ⠭ ࠭
                                     ; ᮤন ॣ஢
                  pop       si
                  pop       sx
                  pop       bx
                  mov       sp,bp    ; c  ६
                  pop       bp
                  ret                ; a頥   , 㤠
                                   ; 筮    
                               ;  RET  뢠 ணࠬ
         ;
         csave    ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ; BIN2DEC -   ८ࠧ  筮   -
         ; ⥬  ᫥. ⮡ࠦ  ࠭ ᯫ  -
         ;   ⭠ࠧ來 ᫮       
         ; . 室 ᠬ ᫥ ࠧ ࠢ ⥬ -
         ; .       ,    㤥 .
         ;   㪠 쭮 ⢮ ࠧ冷, -
         ;  ⮡ࠦ. ᫨ 쭮 ⢮ 㪠-
         ;  ࠧ冷   䠪᪮  ⢠  ࠧ冷,
         ; १饥 ᫮  砫묨 ﬨ.
         ;

                                      - -30 -
         ; 室 :   AX = ᫮, 饥 ⮡ࠦ
         ;          CH = 쭮 ᫮ ࠧ冷, 
         ;                ⮡ࠦ
         ;          DX = 0, ᫨ ᫮, 饥 ࠡ⪥, 
         ;                     = 1, ᫨ ᫮, -
         ;                  饥 ࠡ⪥,  
         ;
         ; 室 : (ॣ AX, C  DX ⠭)
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ: 
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         PUBLIC   BIN2DEC      ; 筠 ⠭⭠ ணࠬ
         ;
         bin2dec  PROC    NEAR
           push    ax              ; ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
           push    bx
           push    cx
           push    dx
           mov     cl,0            ;  稪 ࠧ冷
           mov     bx,10           ; ⠭ ⥫ = 10
           cmp     dx,0            ; ᥣ  ⮡ࠦ , 
                                   ; ⥫쭮 ᫮?
           je      more_dec        ; , ஢ ஢ 
                                   ; ⥫쭮 ᫮
         ;
         ; ஢   ⥫쭮 ᫮. ᫨ ᫮
         ; ⥫쭮, ᤥ  ⥫.
            or       ax,ax       ; ᫮ ⥫쭮 ?
            jnl     more_dec     ; , ஢ "⥫쭮"
            neg     ax           ; ᤥ ᫮ ⥫
            @Dischr'-'           ; ⮡ࠧ  ""
         ;
         ; ᭮ 横  -   ࠧ.
         ; ,   ࠧ.
         more_dec:
                  xor     dx,dx                ; 
                  div     bx                   ; ࠧ  10
                  push    dx                   ; ࠭ ⮪
                  inc     cl          ;   祭 稪
                                      ; ࠧ冷 
                  or      ax,ax       ; ஢  ⭮
                  jnz     more_dec    ; த, ᫨ 
         ;
         ; ᭮ 横  ࠧ冷 -  冷.
                  sub     ch,cl       ; 쭮 ᫮ ࠧ冷
                                      ; 祭?
                  jle     morechr     ; ,  ⮡ࠦ
                  xor     dx,dx       ; ,  ⠢ "㫨"
         morezero:
                  push    dx
                  inc     cl          ;   祭 稪
                                      ; ࠧ冷 
                  dec     ch          ; ஢  ᮢ
                  jnz     morezero    ;  - த ⠢
         morechr:
                  pop     dx          ; ⠭ ᫥ ࠧ
                  add     dl,30h      ; ८ࠧ   ASCII

                                      - -31 -
                  @DisChr dl          ; ࠧ १
                  dec     cl          ;   稪 ࠧ冷
                                      ; 
                  jnz     morechr     ; த,  ᫨ 
         ;
                  pop     dx    ; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                  pop     cx
                  pop     bx
                  pop     ax
                  ret

         ;
         bin2dec  ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ; BIN2DEC2 - ८ࠧ  筮   -
         ;     ᫥;  ⮡ࠦ  32-ࠧ來 ᫮. 
         ;     ᫠,  ⮡ࠦ १  -
         ;   饭  BIN2DEC.
         ;         㪠 쭮 ᫮ ࠧ冷, -
         ;     ⮡ࠦ.  ᫨ 쭮 ⢮ 㪠-
         ;    ࠧ冷  䠪᪮ ᫠ ࠧ冷, -
         ;   室 ᫮  砫묨 ﬨ.
         ;       ਬ砭:  ᤢ ॣ஢, ᮤঠ ᫮,
         ;   ࠧ  襬 砥,    
         ;   ᫠ ⠢ 9.999.    㤥 ⮡ࠦ
         ;    ⥫쭮 ᫮.
         ;
         ; 室 :   DX: AX = ᫮, 饥 ⮡ࠦ
         ;          CH = 쭮 ᫮ ࠧ冷, 
         ;                ⮡ࠦ
         ;
         ; 室 : (ॣ AX : DX ⠭)
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ: BIN2DEC (뢮
         ;            16-ࠧ來 ᫠  筮 )
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         PUBLIC  BIN2DEC2    ; 筠 ⠭⭠  ணࠬ
         ;
         bin2dec2 PROC    NEAR
         ;EXTRN  bin2dec2:NEAR   ; 뫪  ⠭ ணࠬ
                                 ; BIN2DEC
                  push    ax     ; ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                  push    bx
                  push    cx
                  push    dx
         ;
         ;   ஢  ⥫쭮 ᫮.  ᫨  ⥫쭮,
         ; ᤥ ⥫.
                  or      dx,dx       ; ᫮ ⥫쭮 ?
                  jnt     bd2_pos  ; , ஢ "⥫쭮"
                  not     ax          ; ᤥ ᫮ ⥫
                  not     dx
                  add     ax,1        ; (筮)   -
                                      ;  ⥬ ᫥ (-
                                      ; ⥫ ), ॠ㥬

                                      - -32 -
                                      ;  ᯮᮡ
                  adc     dx,0
                  push    dx
                  push    ax
                  @DisChr '-'
                  pop     ax
                  pop     dx
         ;
         ;  ࠧ ᫮, 饥 ᯥ⪥,  
         ; ࠢ塞 .
         bd2_pos:
                  mov     bx,10000    ; ⠭ ⥫ = 10000
                  div     bx          ; ࠧ ᫮   
                  cmp     dx,0        ; , ᫨ 襥
                  je      bd2_2big    ; 饥 ᫮ ᫨誮 
                  or      ax,ax       ; ᭨, ࠢ  "0"
                                      ; 襥 饥 ᫮
                  jz      bd2_nosig   ;  襣 饣
                                      ; ᫠
         ;
         ;   ࢮ 襣 饣 ᫠ (
         ;   ᫠).
               push    dx
               sub     ch,4        ;  ࠧ鸞  ᯥ-
                                   ; ⠭  襩 饩
                                   ;   ᫠
               jnc     bd2_cntok   ;   4  ⮣,
                                   ; ⮡ 祭 稪 ⠫
                                   ; ⢨⥫
               mov     ch,0        ;  ⨢  砥,  
                              ;   ,    ࠧ
         bd2_cntok:

                  call    bin2dec     ;   
                                      ;  ᫠
                  pop     dx          ; ⠭ 
                                      ;   ᫠
                  mov     ch,4        ;  ࠧ鸞  襩
                                      ; 饩  ᫠
         ;
         ;     ᫠ ( 
         ; ᫠).
         bd2_nosig:
                  mov     ax,dx       ;  ᭠砫 ᮤন
                                      ; ॣ DX ( -
                                      ;    ᫠)
                  call    bin2dec     ;   
                                      ;  ᫠
         bd2_done:
                  pop     dx          ; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ-
                                      ; ஢    ணࠬ
                  pop     cx
                  pop     bx
                  pop     ax
                  ret
         bd2_2big:
                  @DisStr  Bin2BigErrMsg

                                      - -33 -
                  jmp     short bd2_done   ;   ⠭-
                                           ; ⭮ ணࠬ
         ;
         _TEXT    ENDS
         _DATA    SEGMENT
         Bin2BigErrMsg db "BIN2DEC2 error: O訡: ᫮ ᫨誮
                                           .$"
         _DATA    ENDS
         _TEXT    SEGMENT
         ;
         bin2dec2 ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ; BIN2HEX  -  ८ࠧ  筮   ⭠-
         ;   ⥬  ᫥;  ⮡ࠦ 16-ࠧ來 ᫮ 
         ; ⭠筮 .
         ;         㪠 쭮 ⢮ ࠧ冷,
         ;  ⮡ࠦ : ᫨ 쭮 ᫮ 㪠
         ; ࠧ冷   䠪᪮ ⢠ ࠧ冷, 室-
         ;  ᫮  騬 ﬨ.
         ;
         ; 室 :   AX = ᫮, 饥 ⮡ࠦ
         ;          CH = 쭮 ᫮ ࠧ冷, 
         ;               ⮡ࠦ ( 1   4).
         ;               ᫨ CH=0,  祭 稪 ࠧ-
         ;                 㬮砭 ਭ ࠢ 4)
         ;
         ; 室 :  (ॣ AX  CX ⠭)
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ: 
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         PUBLIC BIN2HEX    ; 筠 ⠭⭠ ணࠬ
         ;
         bin2hex  PROC     NEAR
                  push     ax   ; ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                  push     bx
                  push     cx
                  push     dx
         ;
             mov      bx,ax        ; ᯮ짮 ॣ BX 
                                   ; ६ ࠭
             cmp      ch,0         ; 稪 㦥 ⠭?
             jne      align_left   ; , ⮣ த
             mov      ch,4         ; , ⠭ 祭
                                   ; 稪 ᨬ, ࠢ 4
         ;
         ; ஢ ᫮    ॣ AX (横᪨
         ; ᤢ   (4 - CH)  4 ⮢ 樨
         allign_left:
               mov      cl,4   ; । ᫮ ᤢ 
               sub      cl,ch
               shl      cl,1   ; 㬭  4
               shl      cl,1
               rol      bx,cl        ; ࠢ 
               mov      cl,4         ;  ⠭ 襥
                        ; 祭 稪 横᪮ ᤢ

                                      - -34 -
         ;
         ; ᭮  横   N ࠧ.  訩 ࠧ.
         more_hex:
                  rol      bx,cl        ; ६   ࠧ
                                        ; ࠢ
                  mov      al,bl        ; ᫠  ॣ AL
                  and      al,0Fh       ; ⮫쪮 訩 ࠧ
                  add      al,90h       ; ⮥ ८ࠧ 
                  daa                   ; ⭠ ᨬ
                                        ;   ASCII
                  adc      al,40h
                  daa
         ;
         ; ⮡ࠧ ࠧ
                  @DisChr  al
                  dec      ch       ;   稪 ࠧ冷
                                    ; 
                  jnz      more_hex ; த, ᫨ 
         ;
                  pop      dx   ; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                  pop      cx
                  pop      bx
                  pop      ax
                  ret
         ;
         bin2hex ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ; CHGCASE   -      ॣ    ᨬ-
         ; .  ॣ ᨬ   ASCII. 뢠
         ; ⨯ ८ࠧ ॣ .
         ;
         ;  1. ਭ㤨⥫쭮  孥  ॣ  
         ;      .
         ;  2. ਭ㤨⥫쭮   ॣ  
         ;     孨.
         ;  3.  ﭨ ॣ   ⨢-
         ;      (᫨ ,  孨; ᫨ 孨,  ).
         ;
         ; 室 :   AL = 㪢 ᨬ   ASCII, 騩
         ;               ८ࠧ
         ;          AH = ⨯ ८ࠧ:
         ;               "L"  "l" =  ᨬ  
         ;                             ॣ 
         ;               "U"  "u" =  ᨬ  孥
         ;                             ॣ 
         ;                㣮 祭  ﭨ
         ;               ॣ   ⨢
         ;
         ; 室 :  AL = ८ࠧ  ᨬ   ASCII
         ;          AH = ﭨ ᨬ:
         ;               "L" =  ॣ
         ;               "U" = 孨 ॣ
         ;               0 = ᫨ ᨬ  ॣ AL  
         ;                   㪢 ᨬ   ASCII
         ;               ন  㣨 ॣ஢

                                      - -35 -
         ;               ⠭
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ: 
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         PUBLIC  CHGCASE   ; 筠 ⠭⭠ ணࠬ
         ;
         chgcase PROC      NEAR
                 push      dx    ; ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
         ;
         ; ।, ᮤন  ॣ AL 㪢 ᨬ  
         ; ASCII,  ᫨ ᨬ ⢨⥫, ।  ॣ.
             cmp       al,"A"       ; 室 ᨬ  ࢮ
                                    ; 㪢 孥 ॣ?
             jl        error        ; ,    㪢
                                    ; ᨬ   ASCII
             cmp       al,"Z"       ; 室 ᨬ  ᫥
                                    ; 㪢 孥  ॣ?
             jle       is_upper     ; , ᨬ ᮮ⢥
                                    ; 孥 ॣ
             cmp       al,"a"       ; 室 ᨬ  ࢮ
                                    ; 㪢  ॣ?
             jl        error        ; ,    㪢
                                    ; ᨬ     ASCII
             cmp       al,"z"       ; 室 ᨬ  ᫥
                                    ; 㪢  ॣ?
             jle       is_lower     ; , ᨬ 室  
                                    ; ॣ
             jmp       short error  ;  ⨢ 砥,   -
                                    ;  㪢 ᨬ   ASCII
         ;
         is_upper:
             mov       dl,"U"        ;  ᨬ  ਧ
                                     ; 孥 ॣ
             jmp       short convert_type ;  த
         is_lower:
              mov      dl,"L"        ;  ᨬ  ਧ
                                     ;  ॣ
              jmp      short convert_type ;  த
         error:
              mov      ah,0   ;  ᨬ   㪢
                              ; ᨬ      ASCII
              jmp      short done  ;   믮 楤
         ;
         convert_type:
              cmp      ah,"l"     ;      ॣ?
              je       to_lower   ; , ⮬  ᨬ
              cmp      ah,"L"     ;      ॣ?
              je       to_lower   ; , ⮬  ᨬ
              cmp      ah,"u"     ;     孨 ॣ?
              je       to_upper   ; , ⮬  ᨬ
              cmp      ah,"U"     ;     孨 ॣ?
              je       to_upper   ; , ⮬  ᨬ
         ;
         ;     ⨢ 砥,  ॣ 
         ;     ⨢
            cmp      dl,"L"      ;  ᨬ  ॣ?
            je       to_upper    ; ,    孨 ॣ

                                      - -36 -
                            ;  ⨢ 砥,  孨  ॣ,
                            ; ⮬ ᤥ  
         ;
         to_lower:
             mov      ah,"L"     ; ⠭ ਧ ॣ 
                                 ; 
             cmp      dl,ah      ; ᨬ 㦥 ᮮ⢥ 
                                 ; ॣ?
             je       done       ; , ⢨ 믮
             add      al,20h     ;  ⨢ 砥,  
                                 ;  ॣ
             jmp      short done ;    楤
         ;
         to_upper:
             mov      ah,"U"   ; ⠭ ਧ ॣ  
             cmp      dl,ah    ; ᨬ 㦥 ᮮ⢥ 孥
                               ; ॣ ?
             je       done     ; , ⢨ 믮
             sub      al,20h   ;  ⨢ 砥,  
                               ; 孨  ॣ
         ;
         done:
                  pop      dx  ; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                  ret
         ;
         chgcase  ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ; DOSVER -  砥  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         ;   頥    ᨨ. 頥 -
         ;  "1.00", ᫨ ⥪  DOS 1.00  1.10.
         ;
         ; 室 :   
         ;
         ; 室 :  AL =  
         ;          AH =   ( =  00,  ᫨  । ⨬
         ;               뫠   2.00 DOS)
         ;       (ন  㣨 ॣ஢ ⠭)
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ: 
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         PUBLIC  DOSVER       ; 筠 ⠭⭠ ணࠬ
         ;
         dosver    PROC    NEAR
                   push    bx      ; ࠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                   push    cx
                   push    dx
         ;
                   xor     ax,ax             ;  ॣ AX
                   mov     ah,30h    ; 㧨 㭪 "
                                     ;  DOS"
                   @DosCall
                   cmp     al,0      ;   । 2.00?
                   jg      dos2plus  ; , ⢨ ᤥ
                   mov     al,1    ;  ⨢ 砥   1.
                   mov     ah,0    ; ⠭    "00"

                                      - -37 -
         ;
         dos2plus:
                   pop     dx      ; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                   pop     cx
                   pop     bx
                   ret
         ;
         dosver    ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ; DOSV2CON: 砥  ⮡ࠦ ⥪  樮-
         ;  ⥬ MS-DOS,  頥   뢠饩  ண-
         ; ࠬ.
         ;
         ; 室 :   
         ;
         ; 室 :  AL =  
         ;          AH =  
         ;       (ন  㣨 ॣ஢ ⠭)
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ:
         ;        DOSVER  (砥  MS-DOS)
         ;        BIN2CON (⮡ࠦ   筮 )
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         PUBLIC DOSV2CON    ; 筠 ⠭⭠  ணࠬ
         ;
         dosv2con   proc   NEAR
         ;                                    ;
         ;EXTRN  dosver: NEAR    ;    MS-DOS
         ;EXTRN  bin2dec: NEAR   ; ⮡ࠦ   筮 
         ;
                push   bx      ; ࠭  ᮤন  ॣ஢
                push   cx      ;
                push   dx      ;
         ;
                call   dosver  ;    MS-DOS
                push   ax      ; ࠭ 饭 
                push   ax      ;  ࠭  ᭮
                xor    ah,ah   ;   襩 ᨨ 
                               ; ॣ AL
                mov    ch,1    ; ⮡ࠧ  ࠩ  1 ࠧ
                call   bin2dec ; 뢥     ᫮
                @DisChr '-'    ; ᨬ-ࠧ⥫
                pop    ax      ; ⠭  襩 ᨨ
                cmp    al,1    ;   1.?
                je     ver1xx  ; , ⮡ࠧ ""   
                xchg   ah,al   ;  ⨢ 砥  
                               ; 襩 ᨨ  ॣ AL
                xor    ah,ah   ;  孨
                mov    ch,2    ; ⮡ࠧ,  ࠩ , 2 ࠧ鸞
                call   bin2dec ; 뢥 ᫮
                jmp    short end_ver      ; 
         ;
         ver1xx:
                    @DisChr 'X'   ; 뢥 ""
                    @DisChr 'X'   ;  

                                      - -38 -
         ;
         end_ver:
                    pop      ax   ; ⠭   ᨨ  -
                                  ;  ᭮ ⠭⭮ ணࠬ
                    pop      dx   ; ⠭ ⠫ ॣ
                    pop      cx
                    pop      bx
                    ret
         ;
         dosv2con   ENDP           ;   ⠭⭮  ணࠬ
         ;
         ;
         ;+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ; MEMALLOC - ।    㪠 ࠧ
         ;  ࠣ (16 ).
         ;
         ; 室 :  BX = ࠧ 訢   16-
         ;              ࠣ
         ;
         ; 室 : ਧ  ७  = 0, ᫨ , 祬
         ;                 AX =  ᥣ ।
         ;                       
         ;                 (ন  ॣ BX ⠭)
         ;         ਧ ७ = 1, ᫨ ,  祬
         ;                 AX =  訡,
         ;                      7 = ࠧ襭  ࠢ 
         ;                      8 = 筠 
         ;                 BX  = 訩 㯭   
         ;                       ࠣ
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ: 
         ;- -  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         PUBLIC MEMALLOC   ; 筠 ⠭⭠  ணࠬ
         ;
         memalloc  PROC      NEAR
                   push      bp        ; ࠭ 㪠⥫ 
                   push      bx        ; ࠭ ᮤন ॣ BX
                   mov       bp,sp     ; 樠஢ 㪠⥫ 
         ;
                   xor       al,al     ;  ॣ AL
                   mov       ah,48h    ; 㧨 㭪 ।
                                       ; 
                   @DosCall            ; 믮 । 
                   jnc       end_memalloc     ;  믮,
                                       ; ᫨  訡  ᮬ
                                       ; ᥣ  ॣ AX
                                    ;   ⨢ 砥, 
                                    ; 믮  ⠭ ਧ
                                    ;  ७
                   mov       word ptr [bp],bx ; ᨬ ࠧ஬
                                       ;   (  ॣ BX)
                                       ;   訡  ॣ AX
         ;
         end_memalloc:
                   pop       bx       ; ⠭ ॣ BX
                   pop       bp       ; ⠭ 㪠⥫ 
                   ret

                                      - -39 -
         ;
         memalloc ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ; MEMSIZE:   ࠧ  ,  ࠭  ।-
         ;     ⠭⭮ ணࠬ MEMALLOC. 뢠-
         ;     訢 ࠧ ( 16-  -
         ; ࠣ).
         ;
         ; 室 :  ES =  ᥣ ।  
         ;         BX =  ࠧ  16- ࠣ
         ;
         ; 室 : ਧ  ७  = 0, ᫨ , 祬
         ;            (ন   ॣ஢ ⠭)
         ;         ਧ ७ = 1, ᫨ ,  祬
         ;                 AX =  訡,
         ;                      7 = ࠧ襭  ࠢ 
         ;                      8 = 筠 
         ;                      9 = ⢨⥫  
         ;                 BX  = 訩 㯭   
         ;                       ࠣ, ᫨ AX = 8,
         ;                        ⨢ 砥, ᮤন 
         ;                       ⠭.
         ;                (ন ॣ ES ⠭)
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ: 
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         PUBLIC   MEMSIZE   ; 筠 ⠭⭠  ணࠬ
         ;
         memsize  PROC       NEAR
                  push       bp   ; ࠭ 㪠⥫ 
                  push       es   ; ࠭   
                  push       ax   ; ࠭ ॣ AX
                  push       bx   ; ࠭ ॣ BX
                  mov        bp,sp  ; 樠஢ 㪠⥫ 
         ;
                  xor        al,al   ;  ॣ AL
                  mov        ah,4Ah  ; 㧨 㭪  
                                     ; ࠧ 
                  @DosCall
                  jnc        end_memsize       ;  믮,
                                               ; ᫨  訡
                            ;  ⨢ 砥,  믮
                            ;  ⠭ ਧ  ७
                  pushf                        ; ࠭ ਧ
                  cmp        ax,8              ;  筮?
                  jne        memsize_err       ; , த
                  mov        word ptr [bp],bx  ;  ⨢ 砥,
                              ; ࠭ ᨬ쭮 㯭 ࠧ
         memsize_err:
                  mov        word ptr [bp+2],ax ; ࠭  訡
                  popf                          ; ⠭  ਧ
         ;
         end_memsize:
                  pop        bx   ; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢
                  pop        ax

                                      - -40 -
                  pop        es
                  pop        bp   ; ⠭ 㪠⥫ 
                  ret
         ;
         memsize  ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ; MEMFREE - ᢮   , ࠭ ।
         ; ⠭⭮ ணࠬ MALLOC.
         ;
         ; 室 :  ES =  ᥣ ।  
         ;
         ; 室 : ਧ  ७  = 0, ᫨ 
         ;                (ন ॣ ES ⠭)
         ;         ਧ ७ = 1, ᫨ ,  祬
         ;                 AX =  訡,
         ;                      7 = ࠧ襭  ࠢ 
         ;                      9 = ⢨⥫  
         ;                (ন ॣ ES ⠭)
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ: 
         ;
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
         PUBLIC MEMFREE     ; 筠 ⠭⭠  ணࠬ
         ;
         memfree  PROC       NEAR
                  push       bp              ; ࠭ 㪠⥫ 
                  push       es              ; ࠭   
                  push       ax              ; ࠭ ॣ AX
                  mov        bp,sp           ; 樠஢ 㪠⥫
                                             ; 
                  xor        al,al           ;  ॣ AL
                  mov        ah,49h          ; 㧨 㭪 ᢮-
                                             ;  
                  @DosCall             ; 믮 ᢮ 
                  jnc        end_memfree     ;  믮,
                                             ; ᫨  訡
                                 ;  ⨢ 砥,  믮-
                                 ;   ⠭ ਧ ७
                  mov   word ptr [bp],ax ;    訡 (ॣ AX)
         ;
         end_memfree:
                  pop        ax   ; ⠭ ᮤন ॣ AX
                  pop        es   ; ⠭  
                  pop        bp   ; ⠭  㪠⥫ 
                  ret
         ;
         memfree  ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
         ; MERRHNDL - ࠡ⪠ 訡 । /-
         ;   (୮  ࠧ).
         ;
         ; 室 :  AX =  訡
         ;         BX  = 訩 㯭  

                                      - -41 -
         ;                       (᫨  訡 = 8)
         ;         ES =  ᥣ ।  
         ;                       (᫨  訡 = 9)
         ;
         ;         ES =  ᥣ ।  
         ;
         ; 室 :  (ᮤন  ॣ஢ ⠭)
         ;
         ; 뢠 ⠭ ணࠬ:
         ;        BIN2CON (⮡ࠦ   筮 )
         ;- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  - -
         PUBLIC  MERRHNDL       ; 筠 ⠭⭠  ணࠬ
         ;
         merrhndl PROC      NEAR
         ;
                 cmp        ax,7   ; 饭  ࠢ ?
                 jne        mem_error8       ; , த ஢
                 @DisStr    TrashedMemErr_Msg; ,  믮
                                             ; ᮮ饭
                 ret                         ; 
         ;
         mem_error8:
                 cmp        ax,8             ;   筮?
                 jne        mem_error9       ; , த ஢
                 @DisStr    InsuffMemErr_Msg ; ,  믮
                                             ; ᮮ饭
                 @DisNum    bx,10,1,0   ;  訬 㯭 
                                        ; 
                 @Newline               ; ⮡ࠧ  ப
                 ret                    ; 
         ;
         mem_error9:
                 cmp        ax,9             ;   
                                             ; ⢨⥫?
                 jne        mem_err_unknown  ; , ⭠ 稭
                 @DisStr    IncorrSegAddr_Msg; ⮡ࠧ ᮮ饭 
                                             ; 訡
                 @DisNum    es,16,4      ; ⮡ࠧ   ᥣ
                 @NewLine                ; ⮡ࠧ  ப
                 ret                     ; 
         ;
         mem_err_unknown:
                 @DisStr   UnknownMemErr_Msg ; 뢥 ᮮ饭
                 ret
         ;
         _TEXT   ENDS            ;  ᥣ ⥪ ணࠬ
         _DATA   SEGMENT         ; 砫 ᥣ 
         trashedMemErr_Msg db  ""  । : ࠢ-"
                           db "騥   ࠧ襭.",CR,LF,"$"
         InsuffMemerr_Msg  db ""   : "
                           db "筮 ",CR,LF
                           db "訩 㯭   = $"
         IncorrSegAddr_Msg db "ࠢ  ᥣ  "
                       db "୮  ࠧ/᢮.",CR,LF
                           db " ᥣ = $"
         UnknownMemErr_Msg db "⭠ 訡  ।/"
                           db "୮  ࠧ/᢮ "

                                      - -42 -
                           db ".",CR,LF,"$"
         _DATA    ENDS            ;  ᥣ 
         _TEXT    SEGMENT         ; 砫 ᥣ ணࠬ
         ;
         merrhndl ENDP
         ;
         ;
         ;********************************************************
         ;   ⠭  ணࠬ
         ;********************************************************
         _EXT    ENDS
                  END
         _________________________________________________________


                 ⨭,  ⠭ ணࠬ  
         ᠭ    室 䠩  PUBLIC (饣 짮)  ⥬,
         ⮡ ᤥ  㯭묨  㣨 ணࠬ.  ⪠ (-
          ।⠢ ᮡ  ,    ⠭⭮ ணࠬ),
          ᯮ짮  㣨 ணࠬ,   ᠭ
         ⠪ ࠧ.
              ᫨ ⠭ ணࠬ      .EXE-䠩,
          ⢥  室 -  ᯮ짮 ࠢ -
          EXTRN,  饭 " । ᠭ ᥣ". -
           痢  LINK  室   뫪  ⥪  頥
         ⠭ ணࠬ,     뫪     ᮡ⢥
         ᥣ  ⥫쭮 ணࠬ.  ,  ᫨  ⠭
         ணࠬ      䠩 ⨯ .COM,     
         ᥣ  "",  ᯮ㥬  .COM - ணࠬ,  
         ᮮ⢥⢮ ,  ᯮ㥬  ⠭⭮ 筮
         ணࠬ.
              ⮡ ᯮ짮 ⠭ ணࠬ BIN2DEC  BIN2E
         ணࠬ  ⨯  .COM  ᯮ짮 ᫥饥 ᠭ ᥣ-
         :

            code     segment para public "code"

              ⬥⨬,  ᠭ  ᥣ   ।-
            PUBLIC.   ⮬ 砥   ᥣ (code)   
         ('code') , ⮡   . ஬ ⮣ -
         ࠢ騥  EXTRN   饭  ᠭ  ᥣ,
           ஠ᥬ MASM ,  譨 ⠭
         ணࠬ  ⠢  ⮣ ᥣ.  (⪨ PUBLIC
          EXTRN  ਡ⠬ ⮣  ᥣ,    ᥣ 
         砥  ᠭ).
              ⥫쭠 ଠ  ⭮⥫쭮    ⠭-
           ணࠬ,  ⮪ PUBLIC  EXTRN    ࠢ
         㪮⢠  ஠ᥬ MASM  । 痢 LINK -
          "".

                                      - -43 -


                   ਫ .     
                   MS-DOS   



               ᠭ   㬥樨 뢠 樮
              ⥬ MS-DOS
               ᠭ  㬥樨 맮 㭪権 뢠 21h(33)


               ⮬ ਫ ਢ ᠭ   ᠭ
          㬥樨 । 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.   ⭮,
         뢠 뢠 MS-DOS  㭪樨, 易  ⨬ -
         ﬨ.  "  ᠭ  㬥樨" ⭮  ⠪ ।-
         ⢠,    뢠 ஡,       
         㯮    "१ࢨ஢"  "ᯮ㥬" ।-
         ⢠  孨᪮ ࠢ筮 㪮⢥  MS-DOS ( "-
         ")    孨᪮  ࠢ筮  㪮⢥  DOS (
         "").
              ᬮ  ,    "१ࢨ஢" ।
         ⢨⥫쭮 १ࢨ஢ ,  -,  㭪樮쭮  
         易    ᮡ,  㣨  ।⢠ 㭪樮쭮 易,
          㦥  ࠪ⨪ 묨  묨 ணࠬ⠬.
              ᠭ  ।⢠ ।⠢ ᮡ ᯥ⨢ -
           ᠭ  㬥樨 뢠  㭪権  -
         ⪥ 뢠,  뫨 ஠஢ ࠬ  㣨-
          栬,  ।⠢訬 ᢮ 室   ࠧ  ஭
            ⢥ 饤㯭 ଠ樨.
              室 ⬥,       ⥫   
          ७ ⭮⥫쭮 ୮    筮  ଠ樨,
         ।⠢   ਫ.
              ᪮  뢠  㭪樨,  ᠭ  ⮬ ਫ-
         ,  祭  "१ࢨ஢"  孨᪮ ࠢ筮
         㬥樨  ""  "", ࠧ㬭 ।, 
         ࠧࠡ稪 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  , , -
          ।  뢠  㭪権    -
         樮  ⥬ MS-DOS.  ⮬,   騩 ᯮ짮
           ᠭ 뢠  㭪権  ᢮ ணࠬ  -
            ᢮   .  쪮    -
           㭪権 뢠 稫 ࠭  ਧ-
           ᯮ짮   ⨯ ணࠬ (ਬ,  TSR -
         ணࠬ,  १묨 ᫥ 襭).
             設⢮ ᠭ  ।  ।⠢    ⢥
         楫 㤮⢮ ᢮⢥  ⢮   楫  -
         襣  ࠡ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.


                ᠭ   㬥樨 뢠 樮
                                  ⥬ MS-DOS

               ᨨ 3.3 樮 ⥬ 2Eh ᠭ  㬥樨
          樮 ⥬   १ࢨ஢. 뢠  28h,
         29h  2Eh ᠭ  ᫥ ࠣ.


                                      - -44 -

                뢠 28h(40): 뢠  ᭮ DOS

              뢠 28h  筮  뢠 "뢠  -
          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS"  "뢠  横  -
           ".    ᯮ  ७  ⠭⭮
         ணࠬ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS "Get  Input"  (⢨
           ),  ᫨  ⮫쪮 ᫨  ᭠  ᯮ-
          㭪権 "0h"    뢠 "int 21h". 뢠
         "int 28h" ᯮ  ࠧ ணࠬ " 
          १묨",   ணࠬ PRINT.COM 樮
         ⥬ MS-DOS.  ᫨ -  ணࠬ  맢  ⠭
         ணࠬ  "⢨   "    -
         , 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ਮ⠭ 맮 뢠-
           "int  28h"   ⢥ ᨣ 㣨 ਪ ணࠬ,
             㦥,    㭪樨 뢠-
           "int  21h" (஬ 0h  )   뢠.  ⨥
           襭 믮  ⠭⭮ ணࠬ  -
         뢠  뢠 "int 28h",  㦠饥 ᨣ  㣨 ਪ-
          ணࠬ,     㦥,  ⥬ -
         ⠨   ᭠  믮 㭪権 뢠 "int 21h".
               設⢥ 砥 뢠 "int 28h" ᯮ ᮢ-
         ⭮    㭪樥  34h ( ਧ  樮
         ⥬ DOS) 뢠 "int 21h" :  樮 ⥬  MS-DOS
         뢠  ᭨ 뢠 "int 28h" ᮮ⢥⢥,  ਪ-
          ணࠬ 뢠 㭪 ⠭ ਧ 
         DOS  楫 । ⮣ ﭨ ⥬.


                  뢠 29h(41): 뢮  ன⢮ ᮫

              뢠 "int  29h" ,   뢠  "뢮  -
         ன⢮ ᮫"  FAST PUTCHAR,  뢠 ७ ⠭-
          ணࠬ 뢮 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, ᫨ 뢮 -
         ⢫  ன⢮,     䠩,   ⠪  ᫨    ᫮
         ਡ   ࠩ,  㦨饣    ன⢮,  ࠧ
         3(04h) ⠭  1.  뢠 "int 29h"   
         室  ࠩ ன⢠ 뢮  ᮫: ᨬ  ॣ-
          AL 뢮  ᮫   ࠡ⪨ ⮣ 뢠.

             뢠  2Ah(42)  2Dh(45) : ७ ⠭
                       ணࠬ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS

              뢠, 稭  "int 2Ah"   "int 2Dh" , -
           ७ 뢠ﬨ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.  
           뢠 㪠뢠   樨  IRET.  뢠
         "int  2Ah"  ᯮ  ࠢ   ⥬ ⠭-
           MSNET  㣨 ⥢  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  
         "".


            뢠 2Eh(46). " 室"   

              筮  ࠡ⪨     
         COMMAND.COM ᯮ  㭪  EXEC (㭪  4h  뢠

                                      - -45 -
         "int 21h").  , ୠ⨢,   "" ⮤ -
           ⮩  㭪樨 ᯥ稢 뢠 "int 2Eh". ⮡
         믮 -  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, 砫
         㯫      楫 뤥    ணࠬ
         (   砥 㭪樨 4h 뢠 "int 21h" ), ⥬ 
          ॣ DS:SI 㪠⥫  ப ࠬ஢    
          ࠡ뢠 뢠 "int 2Eh".      ப
         ࠬ஢   -   ப,   ᫥ ᠬ
         ப (ਬ,  CHKDSK  C:),    稢  ᨬ
         " ⪨" (0Dh).
               騩 ᨬ ⠥   ப. ᫥
         ⮣  뢠 "int 2h" ࠡ⠭,  ⮬ 
         㫥 ⥪,  ᪮  १ 뢠 "int 2h"  -
         ন ॣ஢ SS  SP   ࠭.

                         뢠  30h(48)  FFh(255)

               樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, 稭  ᨨ 3.30, -
         뢠  "int 30h"  "int FFh"     १ࢨ஢-
         .        뢠 ᯮ -
         ⥫   ணࠬ ᯥ祭.   ਬ, -
           "int  67h"   १ࢨ஢  ᯮ짮 
         ᯥ䨪樨  ⥬  ७    (EMS)      ࠩࠬ
         Lotus/Intel/Microsoft (LIM).   ⮣ 뢠 (ॠ-
           ࠩ ன⢠ EMS)믮  㭪樨 LIM EMS
         (.   7    ଠ樨  ⥬ ७
          EMS).  뢠  30h(48)  FFh(255) ᯮ  㣨
         ⨯ ⥫쭮 ⭮  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 , -
           ⥢   ""  "", ⠭
         ணࠬ  ⥬ -뢮 (BIOS),  EGA  VGA
          㣨.

            ᠭ  㬥樨 맮 㭪権 뢠 21h(33)

              騥 맮 㭪権  뢠  "int 21h" 祭 
         "१ࢨ஢"  "ᯮ㥬"  孨᪮ ࠢ筮
         㪮⢥    樮  ⥬  DOS    "" 
         ""  ( ᨨ 3.3 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS):  18h,   1Dh
          20h,  32h,  34h,  37h,   50h  53h, 55h, 58h, 5Dh, 60h, 61h,
         63h, 64h.
              訬 ஬  ᠭ  㭪樨  뢠 "int 21h"
         (    3.3 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS)  68
         h.१ࢨ஢ 㭪樨  68h,  ᫨  ,  
         ।⮨ 㧭. ᠭ   ⠫쭮 㬥஢
         㭪樨 뢠 21h  믮塞 ⨬ 㭪ﬨ 樨.

             㭪樨  18h(24), 1Dh(29), 1Eh(30), 20h(32h): ଠ
        㭪樨, ᯥ稢騥 ᮢ⨬  樮 ⥬ CP/M

               㭪樨 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS c    
         ࠬ      㭪  樮  ⥬
         CP/M.     㭪権 CP/M ॠ  樮  ⥬
         MS-DOS,       ᯮ " "  -
         祭 ७ ணࠬ 樮 ⥬  CP/M    MS-DOS.
          㭪樨  ᫥ ᢮ 믮 祣  .


                                     - -46 -

           㭪 1Fh(31):  ଠ    ᪥  ⥪饣
                                       ᪠

              㭪 1Fh  ᯮ   㪠⥫  "⠡
          ଠ樥    ᪥"  ⥪饣 ᪠.  ⠡ -1
         ਢ ଠ ⮩ ⠡   ᮤন.
              室 :   AH = 1Fh
              : DS:BX ᮤন  窨 ࢮ 室  
                       ᪠  ⥪饣 ᪠
              ਬ砭: 㭪 1Fh 筠 㭪樨 32h,   ᪫-
                        ⮣,  㭪 32h 頥 ଠ  
                        ᪠  㪠 ᪠.  ࠡ  -
                       ﬨ 2.0   樮  ⥬  MS-DOS  
                       㭪    믮  㭪  32h 뢠
                       "int 21h"  AL = 0.

                                                        -1
                ଠ  ᪠ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
         
         饭           
         
         00            (᪮) 0 = A, 1 =   ..
         01           ன⢮  ࠩ (0,1,2,  ..)
         02          ⢮ ⮢    ᥪ
         04           ⢮ ᥪ஢   - 1;
         05            ᤢ ᥪ
         06          ⢮ १ࢨ஢ (砫쭠
                          㧪) ᥪ஢
         08           ⢮  ⠡ FAT
         09          ⢮ ⮢ ୥ ⠫
         0B           ᥪ    2  (1-  ᥪ
                          )
         0D          ⢮ ஢ +1 ( ᫥
                          )
         0F             ⠡ FAT
         10           ᥪ  ⠫
         12  ᫮    ன⢠
         16            ਯ ।
         17           , ᫨     饭
         18  ᫮  ᫥饣  ᪠ 樮
                          ⥬ DOS (FFFF, ᫨ ᫥  ᪠
                           楯窥)
         



             㭪 32h(50) :  ଠ    ᪥  
                                 㪠 ᪠

              㭪 32h 筠 㭪樨 1Fh,  ᪫祭 ⮣, 
             ।  㪠⥫   ⠡ ଠ樨  
         ᪠  㪠 ᪠.
               室 : AH = 32h
                      DL =  ᪮ (0 =  㬮砭, 1= A  ..)

                                      - -47 -
               : AL = 00 ᫨  ; =FFh ᫨ .
                       DS:BX ᮤন  ࢮ 室   ᪠.
               ਬ砭: 㭪 32h 筠 㭪樨 1Fh,  ᪫-
                        ⮫쪮 ⮣,  㭪 1Fh 頥 -
                          ᪠  ⥪饣 ᪠

            㭪  34h (52):  䫠  樮
                                  ⥬ MS-DOS

              㭪 34h 頥 㪠⥫  䫠   -
           ⥬ MS-DOS (⠪ 뢠 䫠 ᪮ ᥪ樨
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS).   樮 ⥬
         MS-DOS -  ,  ⠭  "0"  砥  ᭮
          뢠 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  ⠭  -
         祭,   ࠢ "0"  砥 ⢨ ᭮  -
          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS.   㭪 ᯮ ᮢ-
         ⭮   뢠 "int 28h":   뢠 ⠭
         䫠  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,   㭪 34h  -
         ࠡ⪥  뢠 "int 21h" 㪠뢠   䫠 (-
            ࠭ 㦤  ᠭ  㬥樨  -
         뢠).
              室:    AH = 34h
              : ES:BX 㪠뢠  䫠  MS-DOS
              ਬ砭:   ᯥ᪨ ᮡ, -
                       騥 䫠  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS 
                       ࠧ  樮 ⥬  MS-DOS. 
                       ࠡ  ࠢ  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
                       ᨨ 2.10 ,  ᯮ ।⢥ 
                       䫠  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS 
                        ⠭  "00", ⮡ 맢 뢠 
                       ࠡ⪥   PRINT.COM.     樮  ⥬
                       MS-DOS ᨨ 3.0  3.1 ( ᪫祭  COMPAQ DOS
                       3.0)   । 䫠  樮 -
                       ⥬ MS-DOS   ⠭  "0",   -
                       樮  ⥬ COMPAQ DOS ᨨ 3.0  01AAh
                        ⮣   ⠭  "0".


             㭪 37h(55): /⠭ ᨬ ४祭

              㭪 37h ᯮ   ᨬ,   -
           ४祭  ப 樮 ⥬
         MS-DOS. "-४⥫"    㬮砭  ।⠢ ᮡ
         ᨬ / ( ),          -
          㭪樨 37h  - 㣮 ᨬ,  ᨬ
         ७ (-),     㬮砭  ᨬ  
         樮 ⥬ UNIX.  㭪 뫠  ᠭ  -
         樨  樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  ⮣,  뫠 -
           3.0 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,   ⠢  -
           뫠  ,      뫠       䠩
         䨣樨 ⥬ CONFIG.SYS (SWITCHAR=/).
               ᨨ 3.0 樮 ⥬  MS-DOS  뫪    

                                      - -48 -
         㭪    SWITCHAR  CONFIG.SYS 뫨 㤠  -
         樨   樮  ⥬ MS-DOS. ,   ᨨ 3.30
         樮 ⥬ MS-DOS, 㭪 37h 뢠 21h  믮-
          ⠪   ०.
              室: AH = 37h
                    AL = 0 ( "ᨬ-४⥫" (頥 
                            ॣ DL)
                    AL = 1 (⠭ ᨬ ४祭 ( ᨬ 
                            ॣ DL)
                    AL = 2 (⮫쪮  2. 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS:
                             ⮢ ன⢠)
                    AL = 3 (⮫쪮  2. 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS:
                            ⠭ ⮢ ன⢠,   DL = 0,
                            ᫨ /DEV/  ।⢮    -
                            ன,   DL<>0,  ᫨  /DEV/   ।-
                            ⢮  ன
              : DL = C-४⥫ (᫨ AL = 0  1
                              室)
                       DL = 䫠 ⮢ ன⢠ (᫨ AL = 2  3
                              室)
                       AL = 0FFh  砥 訡 (祭 ॣ AL 
                             室  ࠢ   0  3)


                      㭪 50h(8): ⠭ ᥣ PSP

              㭪 50h  ᯮ  ⠭ ᥣ   
         ᥣ ணࠬ 䨪 (PSP).
              室: AH = 50h
                    BX =  ᥣ  PSP
              : 祣
              ਬ砭:  ᨨ 2. 樮 ⥬  MS-DOS  
                          㭪    맢  ࠡ稪
                          뢠 "int 28h"  ।饣 -
                              㭪樨 5Dh 뢠 "int 21h"

                       㭪 51h(81):  ᥣ PSP

              㭪 51h  ᯮ    ᥣ ⥪-
         饣 ᥣ ணࠬ 䨪 (PSP).
              室: AH = 51h
              : BX =  ᥣ ⥪饣 PSP

           㭪 52h(82):   "ᯨ᪠ ᯨ᪮" 樮
                                  ⥬ MS-DOS

              㭪 52h 頥 㪠⥫  "ᯨ᮪ ᯨ᪮"  -
         樮  ⥬  MS-DOS,  ᮤঠ騩  ࠧ ⨯ ଠ樨,
         騥 㪠⥫  㣨 ᯨ᪨ ଠ樨.   ⠡ -2
          -3 ।⠢ ଠ  "ᯨ᪠ ᯨ᪮"  樮  ⥬
         MS-DOS.
              室: AH = 52h

              : ES:BX ᮤন  "ᯨ᪠  ᯨ᪮" 樮
                             ⥬ MS-DOS.
              ਬ砭: ᮪ ᯨ᪮,  ஬  , ࠧ砥

                                      - -49 -
                           ᨩ  2.    3.  樮  ⥬
                          MS-DOS  (.  ⠡ -2  -3).ᬮ  ,
                           㪠 "᮪ ᯨ᪮", 뢠 ᫥
                           㭪樥  52h,  ᮤন  ଠ  ࢮ
                           ᪠,    뢠 㯠    ,
                          ᪮   ଠ  ᪥  -
                            筮.  㭪樨 1Fh  32h,  ,
                               ,  ⮬-
                          ᪨    ᪠  砥  -
                            ᪥.
                                                     -2
             "᮪ ᯨ᪮" 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 2.
         
         饭           
         
          02        ࢮ ࠢ饣  
          00        ⮩
          01       ⥫    ᪠ (.㭪 36h)
          04         ⭮; 㪠⥫   १
                        ࠩ?
          08       ⥫    ࠩ ன⢠ CLOCK$
          0       ⥫  䠪᪨ CON: ࠩ ன⢠
          10        ⢮  ᪨ ᪮  ⥬
          11       ᨬ쭮 ⢮ ⮢   
                         ன⢠
          13        ⭮
          17        砫 ( 㪠⥫) ࠩ ன⢠ NUL
         

                                                     -3
             "᮪ ᯨ᪮" 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 3.
         
         饭           
         
          02        ࢮ ࠢ饣  
          00        ⮩
          01       ⥫    ᪠ (.㭪 36h)
          04         ⭮: 㪠⥫   १
                        ࠩ?
          08       ⥫    ࠩ ன⢠ CLOCK$
          0       ⥫  䠪᪨ CON: ࠩ ன⢠
          10        ᨬ쭮 ⢮ ⮢   
                         ன⢠
          12        ⭮ ( 㪠⥫  ⥪騩 
                        ⠫)
          16        ⭮ ( ᨢ ଠ樨  ᪥)
          1A        ⭮
          20        ⢮  ன
          21        祭  LASTDRIVE  䠩 CONFIG.SYS
                        ( 㬮砭 = 5)
          22        砫 ( 㪠⥫) ࠩ ன⢠ NUL
         

                                      - -50 -
             㭪 53h(83): ८ࠧ  ࠬ஢ BIOS (BPB)
                                     ᪥

              㭪 53h  ८ࠧ   ࠬ஢ BIOS (BPB) 
         ᪠  ଠ "  ᪥" 樮 ⥬ DOS  ࠧ-
         頥 ଠ  㪠  (. ⠡ -4).
              室: AH = 53h
                    DS:SI = 㪠⥫   ࠬ஢ BIOS (BPB) 
                             ᪠
                    ES:BP = 㪠⥫    ,  ன  -
                               ᪠ 樮 ⥬ DOS
              : ଠ  ଠ   ᪠,  ࠭  
                        ࢮ砫쭮 㪠   ES:BP

                                                          -4
          ଠ    ᪠ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS,
                             饭 㭪樥 53h
         
         饭           
         
         00          ⢮ ⮢    ᥪ
         02           ⢮ ᥪ஢  
         03          १ࢨ஢ ᥪ
         05           ⢮  ⠡ FAT
         05           饭    ᥪ
         06          ⢮ ⮢ ୥ ⠫
         08          饥  ⢮  ᥪ஢
         0A            ᠭ ।
         0B          ⢮ ᥪ஢  ⠡ FAT
         

                         㭪 55h(85):   PSP

              㭪 55h  ᯮ  ᮧ ஦ ᥣ
         ணࠬ 䨪 (PSP).   㭪 筠 㭪樨  26h
         뢠 21h  ᪫祭 ⮣,   PSP ᮧ -
          ஢ ⥪饣 PSP.
              室: AH = 55h
                    DX =  ᥣ,       -
                          PSP
              : 祣


           㭪 58h(88): /⠭ ⥣ ।
                                      

              室 : AH = 58h
                     AL =  㭪樨
                     AL = 0 -  ⥣ ।
                     AL = 1 - ⠭ ⥣ ।
                     BL =  ⥣
                     BL = 0, ᫨ ᯮ ⮤ ࢮ  室-
                             饣  (ᯮ       ᯨ᪥
                             ᢮ , ࠧ ண  
                             襭  ࠢ 襭

                                      - -51 -
                     BL  = 1, ᫨ ᯮ ⮤ 襣 ਡ-
                             : (ᯮ 訩   -
                             ,  筮  让  ⭮襭 
                             襭)
                     BL = 2, ᫨ ᯮ ⮤ ᫥ -
                             饣 (ᯮ 訥  ᫥-
                              ਣ   ᯮ짮  
                             )
              :  ਧ  ७  = 1  砥 訡, 祬
                          訡   ॣ AX. ਧ ७ =
                        = 0, ᫨  訡, 祬   ⥣  
                        ॣ AX.

              ਬ砭: 㭪 ⠭ ਭ  祭
                            ॣ BL (2  )  "⮤ ᫥-
                           室饣".  㭪 頥  -
                           ᫥ 祭  ⥬,  ⮡ ணࠬ-
                          ,  ⢫騥 ஢,  ᬮ ᯮ
                          ࠢ      祭  2,   ⠪  
                           2.


             㭪 60h(96):  ப  㯠  ப
                         筥 ⥬ 㯠

              㭪 60h ਭ ப  㪠  㯠, -
          㪠뢠   頥  筥  ⮣ 
          㯠.
              室:  AH = 60h
                     DI:SI = 㪠⥫  ப  㯠
                     ES:DI = 㪠⥫   ,  ன 
                             ࠭ 饭 ப  
                             筥  ⥬ 㯠
              :  ப      筥 ⥬ 㯠
                        頥  ,  ࢮ砫쭮  㪠-
                           ES:DI.   饭-
                          訡.


                㭪 63h(99):  ⠡ 砫쭮 

              室 : AH = 63h
                     AL = 㭪
                     AL = 0 -  ⥬ ⠡ 砫쭮 
                          DL = 0 -  䫠
                          DL = 1 - ⠭ 䫠
                     AL = 2 ⠭ ६ 䫠 ᮫
              :  DS:SI  = 㪠⥫  ⠡ 砫쭮 
                                 (᫨ 뢠  AL = 0)
                        DL = ६ 䫠 ᮫ (᫨ 뢠
                              AL = 2)

                                      - -52 -

                            ਫ .   


                       
                       



               ਢ ᯨ᮪   ⥩,  ᯮ㥬 ࠬ 
         ⢥ 뫮. , ,    ⨬ ⥪⠬
          쭥襩 ଠ樨  㪠 ⥬.


                                    
                                    
                Abel, P. Programming Assembler Language.2d ed. Reston,
         VA: Reston, 1984.
                Allworth,  S.  T.  Introduction  to Real-Time Software
         Design. New-York: Springer-Verlag, 1981.
                Angermeyer, J., R. Fahringer,K. Jaeger, and D. Shafer.
         Tricks of the MS-DOS Masters. Indianapolis: Howard  W.  Sams,
         1987.
                Demarco, T. Structured Analysis and Specification. New
         York: Yourdon, 1978.
                Disk  Operating  System. Boca Raton, FL: International
         Business Mashines, 1982 (for DOS 1.10),1983 (for  DOS  2.00),
         1983  (for  DOS  2.10), 1984 ( for DOS 3.00), 1984 and 1985 (
         for DOS 3.10).
                Disk Operating System Technical Reference. Boca Raton,
         FL: International Business Mashines, 1983 (  for  DOS  2.10),
         1984 (for DOS 3.00), 1984 and 1985 ( for DOS 3.10).
                Duncan,  Ray.  Advanced MS-DOS. Redmond, WA; Microsoft
         Press, 1986.
                Hyman, Michael. Memory Resident Utilities, Interrupts,
         and Disk Management with MS  &  PC  DOS.  Portland,  OR:  MIS
         Press, 1986.
                IAPX   86/88,   186/188  User's  Manual:  Programmer's
         Reference. Santa Clara, CA: Intel, 1983.
                Kane, G., D. Hawkins, and L. Leventhal. 68000 Assembly
         Language Programming. Berkeley, Osborne/McGraw-Hill,1981.
                Kernighan,  Brian,   and   Dennis   Ritchie.   The   C
         Programming  Language.  Englewood  Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,
         1978.
                Lafore, R. Assembly Language Primer for the IBM PC and
         XT. New York and Scarborough, Ontario: New American  Library,
         1984.
               Lai,  S.  Robert.  Writing  MS-DOS  Device Drivers. New
         york: Addison-Wesley, 1987.
               Lattice 8086/8088 C Compiler Manual. New york: Lifeboat
         Associates, 1982.
               Microsoft  C  Compiler:  User's  Guide.  Bellevue,  WA:
         Microsoft, 1984 and 1985 ( for C 3.00).
               Microsoft  C: Run-Time Library Reference. Bellevue, WA:
         Microsoft, 1984 and 1985 ( for C 3.00).
               Microsoft Macro Assembler User's Manual. Bellevue,  WA:
         Microsoft,  1981  and  1983 ( for MASM 2.00), 1984 and 1985 (
         for MASM 4.00).

                                      - -53 -
               Microsoft MS-DOS Programmer's Reference. Bellevue,  WA:
         Microsoft, 1981 and 1983 ( for MS-DOS 2.10 ).
               Morgan,  C.  L.  Bluebook of Assembly Language Routines
         for the IBM PC & XT. New York and Scarborough,  Ontario:  New
         American Library, 1984.
               Morgan,   C.   L.   and   M.  Waite.  8086/8088  16-Bit
         Microprocessor Primer. Peterborough, NH: BYTE/McGraw-Hill,1982.
               Norton, P. Inside the IBM PC. Bowie, MD: Robert J. Brady
         Co., 1983.
               Savitzky, Stephen. Real-Time Microprocessor Systems.  New
         York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985.
               Simrin,  Steven.  The  Waite Group's MS-DOS Bible. rev.
         ed. Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams, 1988.
               Tausworthe, R.C. Standardized Development  of  Computer
         Software. Pt. I. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977.
               Turbo  Pascal  Reference  Manual  Version  2.0.  Scotts
         Valley, CA: Borland International, 1984.
               Turbo  Pascal  Reference  Manual  Version  3.0.  Scotts
         Valley, CA: Borland International, 1983, 1984, and 1985.
               Waite    Group,   The.   The   Waite   Group's   MS-DOS
         Papers.Indianapolis: Howard W. Sams, 1988.
               Yourdon,  E.  U.  and  L.  L.  Constantine.  Structured
         Design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977.
               Yourdon,  E.  U.  Techniques  of  Program Structure and
         Design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall, 1975.

                                    
                                    
              Duncan, Ray. "Lotus/Intel/Microsoft  Expanded  Memory", Byte
         11, no. 11, 1986 ( Special IBM Edition).
               Ka  ணࠬ,ᯮ LIM EMS 3.2. ਬ -
          ணࠬ  RAMDISK, ᯮ饩 ७ .
               Hansen,  Marion,  and  John  Driscoll.  "LIM EMS 4.0: A
         Definition for Next Generation of Expanded  Memory",  MSJ  3,
         no. 1, Jan 88.
               ᠭ  ᮡ⥩,   LIM  EMS  4.0. ਬ
         ணࠬ  "C"   몥 ᥬ   襭-
           ⮤  ࠭ ࠭, ࠧ   ண-
         ࠬ,  ⠪ 믮 ணࠬ  ७ .
               Lefor, John A., and Karen Lund. "Reaching into Expanded
         Memory." PCTJ 5, no.5, May 86.
               ᭥  LIM  EMS  3.2  AQA EEMS, ਥ஢ 
         ਫ.祭 ࠧ ணࠬ   祭  -
         ஢ ७     ७ .
               Lotus, Intel,Microsoft. "Lotus/Intel/Microsoft Expanded
         Memory   Specification,   Version   4.0,  "  Document  number
         300275-005, Oct 87.
                ᯥ䨪 ᫥ ᨨ ᯥ䨪樨  -
         ७  .  砥  ࠧ  ணࠬ  몥 Turbo
         Pascal   몥 ᥬ.
               Mirecki, Ted. " Expandable Memory," PCTJ, no. 2, Feb 86.
               ᠭ LIM EMS 3.2  AQA EEMS.  த⮢ -
         ७   "⥫"  " --".
               Yao, Paul. "EMS Support Improves Microsoft Windows  2.0
         Application Performance," MSJ 3, no. 1, Jan 88.
               㦤  孨 ᯮ짮 LIM EMS 4.0  Windows
            2.0  ࠢ ᪮쪨 ६묨 ਫﬨ.

                                      - -54 -


                     ਫ .     ASCII
                                



              ᠭ ⠥  ᨬ  ASCII
              ८ࠧ ⭠筮   
              ८ࠧ 筮   ⭠


               -1  ⠡楩 ᮮ⢥⢨  祭  
         ନ  筮 (᭮ 10), ⭠筮 (᭮-
          16), 쬨筮 (᭮ 8),  ⠪   ASCII (-
         ᪨  ⠭    ଠ樥).  ᫥⥫-
          , 騥  "Control"  ६
         ⨥    "Control"  㪠 .   ᫥-
         ⥫쭮 ᭮    ᫥⥫쭮,    ᠭ
           設⢠  ⠭  ନ,  ⠪   
         "Diablo 1640"   ନ "Televideo"    ᠭ
           㣨 ନ.


                                                     -1
                        ४ 뫪   ASCII
         
         -  ⭠-  쬨-    -     
          -         ᪨    ନ
                      ASCII     ᨬ    ""
         
           0     00      00        NUL                <Ctrl-@>
           1     01      01        SOH               <Ctrl-A>
           2     02      02        STX               <Ctrl-B>
           3     03      03        ETX               <Ctrl-C>
           4     04      04        EOT               <Ctrl-D>
           5     05      05        ENQ               <Ctrl-E>
           6     06      06        ACK               <Ctrl-F>
           7     07      07        BEL               <Ctrl-G>
           8     08      10        BS                <Ctrl-H>
           9     09      11        HT                        <Ctrl-I>
          10     0A      12        LF                <Ctrl-J>
          11     0B      13        VT                <Ctrl-K>
          12     0C      14        FF                <Ctrl-L>
          13     0D      15        CR
       <Ctrl-M>
          14     OE      16        SO                <Ctrl-N>
          15     0F      17        SI                <Ctrl-O>                                      <Ctrl-F>
          16     10      20        DLE               <Ctrl-P>
          17     11      21        DC1               <Ctrl-Q>
          18     12      22        DC2               <Ctrl-R>
          19     13      23        DC3               <Ctrl-S>
          20     14      24        DC4               <Ctrl-T>
          21     15      25        NAK               <Ctrl-U>
          22     16      26        SYN               <Ctrl-V>
          23     17      27        ETB               <Ctrl-W>
          24     18      30        CAN               <Ctrl-X>
          25     19      31        EM                <Ctrl-Y>

                                      - -55 -
         
         -  ⭠-  쬨-    -     
          -         ᪨    ନ
                      ASCII     ᨬ    ""
         
          26     1A      32        SUB               <Ctrl-Z>
          27     1B      33        ESC               <Esc>
          28     1C      34        FS                <Ctrl-\>
          29     1D      35        GS                <Ctrl-`>
          30     1E      36        RS                <Ctrl-=>
          31     1F      37        US                <Ctrl-->
          32     20      40        SP                 ஡ <
                                                      ࢠ>
          33     21      41        !         !        !(᪫⥫
                                                      )
          34     22      42        "         "        " (窨)
          35     23      43        #         #        # ( ᫠)
          36     24      44        $         $        $ ( "")
          37     25      45        %         %        % (業)
          38     26      46        &         &        & (ᠭ)
          39     27      47        '         '        ' ( 
                                                      ᪨ )
          40     28      50        (         (        ( (뢠騥
                                                      (㣫) ᪮)
          41     29      51        )         )        ) (뢠騥
                                                      (㣫) ᪮)
          42     2A      52        *         *        * (窠)
          43     2B      53        +         +        + ()
          44     2C      54        ,         ,        , ()
          45     2D      55        -         -        - (, 
                                                       )
          46     2E      56        .         .        . (窠)
          47     2F      57        /         /        / ( )
          48     30      60        0         0        0
          49     31      61        1         1        1
          50     32      62        2         2        2
          51     33      63        3         3        3
          52     34      64        4         4        4
          53     35      65        5         5        5
          54     36      66        6         6        6
          55     37      67        7         7        7
          56     38      70        8         8        8
          57     39      71        9         9        9
          58     3A      72        :         :        : (稥)
          59     3B      73        ;         ;        ; (窠  ⮩)
          60     3C      74        <         <        < (, 祬)
          61     3D      75        =         =        = ()
          62     3E      76        >         >        > (, 祬)
          63     3F      77        ?         ?        ? (⥫
                                                      )
          64     40     100        @         @        @ (᪨
                                                       at)
          65     41     101        A         A        A
          66     42     102        B         B        B
          67     43     103        C         C        C
          68     44     104        D         D        D
          69     45     105        E         E        E

                                      - -56 -
         
         -  ⭠-  쬨-    -     
          -         ᪨    ନ
                      ASCII     ᨬ    ""
         
          70     46     106        F         F        F
          71     47     107        G         G        G
          72     48     110        H         H        H
          73     49     111        I         I        I
          74     4A     112        J         J        J
          75     4B     113        K         K        K
          76     4C     114        L         L        L
          77     4D     115        M         M        M
          78     4E     116        N         N        N
          79     4F     117        O         O        O
          80     50     120        P         P        P
          81     51     121        Q         Q        Q
          82     52     122        R         R        R
          83     53     123        S         S        S
          84     54     124        T         T        T
          85     55     125        U         U        U
          86     56     126        V         V        V
          87     57     127        W         W        W
          88     58     130        X         X        X
          89     59     131        Y         Y        Y
          90     5A     132        Z         Z        Z
          91     5B     133        [         [        [ (뢠
                                                      ⭠ ᪮)
          92     5C     134        \         \        \ (⭠ 
                                                      )
          93     5D     135        ]         ]        ] (뢠
                                                      ⭠ ᪮)
          94     5E     136        ^         ^        ^ (᪨
                                                      )
          95     5F     137        _         _        _ ( -
                                                      )
          96     60     140        `         `        ` (᪨
                                                      )
          97     61     141        a         a        a
          98     62     142        b         b        b
          99     63     143        c         c        c
         100     64     144        d         d        d
         101     65     145        e         e        e
         102     66     146        f         f        f
         103     67     147        g         g        g
         104     68     150        h         h        h
         105     69     151        i         i        i
         106     6A     152        j         j        j
         107     6B     153        k         k        k
         108     6C     154        l         l        l
         109     6D     155        m         m        m
         110     6E     156        n         n        n
         111     6F     157        o         o        o
         112     70     160        p         p        p
         113     71     161        q         q        q
         114     72     162        r         r        r
         115     73     163        s         s        s

                                      - -57 -
         
         -  ⭠-  쬨-    -     
          -         ᪨    ନ
                      ASCII     ᨬ    ""
         
         116     74     164        t         t        t
         117     75     165        u         u        u
         118     76     166        v         v        v
         119     77     167        w         w        w
         120     78     170        x         x        x
         121     79     171        y         y        y
         122     7A     172        z         z        z
         123     7B     173        {         {        { (뢠
                                                      䨣ୠ ᪮)
         124     7C     174        |         |        | (⨪
                                                       (᪮
                                                      ))
         125     7D     175        }         }        } (뢠
                                                      䨣ୠ ᪮)
         126     7E     176        ~         ~        ~ ( "⨫줠")
         127     7F     177        DEL       DEL      <Del> ()
         

                    ᠭ ⠥  ᨬ  ASCII

              ACK (⢥ত) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ   ।  -
         ,   㦨  ⢥ 筮 ⢥ ""  ࠧ
         ,  ⠪  㪠뢠: " 稫  ᫥ -
         ।  ⮢  襩 ᫥饩 ।"
              BELL () - ࠢ騩 ᨬ 饣 祭 ⨢-
           ,  㤮   㣮 㪮 ᨣ ॢ  ⮬
         ன⢥,  ஥   ᫠.
              BS () - ࠢ騩 ᨬ ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ -
         頥 ,         -
           .
              CAN (⬥) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ 饣 祭,  㪠-
         騩   ଠ ।饩 ।   뢠,
         祬 ꥬ ⮩ ଠ樨 । 짮⥫.
              CR ( ⪨  ) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ ᯥ-
         䨪樨 ଠ ६頥 ,    
          ࠭ ନ  砫  ப.   設⢥ ନ-
            뢠   ⪨ (CR),  ॢ
         ப (LF).
              DC1-DC4 (ࠢ ன⢮) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ 饣
         祭,   ࠢ ନ 짮⥫  -
         묨 ன⢠.  ⠭ 㭪樨   ᢠ,  
         ᪫祭 ⮣,  㭪 DC4  砥 "⠭".
              㭠த ⨢   ⥫䨨   ⥫-
         䮭 (CCITT) ।   祭.  , CCITT
         ।⠥ ᯮ짮   㭪権  ࠢ -
         ன⢮  "祭",    ᫥ -  "몫祭", 
         㭪樨 DC2  DC4  ⭮襭     ன.  
           ⥬    祭 ᮮ⢥⢥ XON,  TAPE,
         XOFF  NO TAPE.  "" - 砥 "।稪",   "TAPE"  "NO TA-
         PE"   "  "  "몫 ".   ⪨
         室  孥   ନ.
              DEL (㤠) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ 饣 祭 㤠-
          ᨬ.   DEL,   ନ 뢠 RUBOUT,

                                      - -58 -
           ண ,  ࠢ騬 ᨬ, ᪮  
         㯯  㣨 ࠢ騬 ᨬ  ASCII.
              㭪 㤠 DEL     ࠧ鸞  -
         筮 ।⠢ ᫠ (1111 1111, ᭮ 2). 稭 ⠪-
          ।⠢   ᭮: ⢥ ᯮᮡ
         㤠  ࠧ,  ⯥஢  㬠 , 
         ᯮᮡ ஡   ⢥⨩ ⠪,  ⮡ १騩
         ࠧ  ⥭ .
               ASCII     ᬠਢ 㭪 㤠 DEL -
         ⮬ ,   樮 ⥬ ᯮ ᨬ-
          DEL  㤠 ।饣 ᨬ.
              DLE ("ॣ 1") - ࠢ騩 ᨬ  । -
         ,    ᯮ  ᯥ樠 ⨯ ࠢ饩 ᫥-
         ⥫쭮 ᯥ樠쭮  ࠢ   裡    ।⢠
         ।.
              EM ( ⥫ ) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ 饣  -
         祭 㪠뢠   (㬠) 䮫 ( 㣮 -
         ⥫ ).
              ENQ () - ࠢ騩 ᨬ  ।  筮
         ᯮ  䨪樨   ଠ樨   .
           ⥬   룫廊  WRU (" /").
              EOT ( ।) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ  ।  -
          ⬥砥  । ᫥    ᮮ饭.
              ESC ("ॣ 2") - ᨬ  饣  祭  ⬥砥
         砫 ࠢ饩 ᫥⥫쭮. ࠢ ᫥⥫-
          ⮨  ਨ    ⢥ 㯯  -
          祭, 筮 㭪樨 ࠢ.   ନ
         ᨬ ESC 뢠 ALT MODE.
              ETB (  ।) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ  ।
          ᯮ  室 ࠧ    ᮮ饭
          .  ETB ⬥砥 ࠭ .  筮  -
          祣 饣  ଠ⮬ ᮮ饭, 饣 ।.
              EXT (  ⥪) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ  । 
         ⬥砥  ⥪. . ᨬ SOH.   ࢮ砫쭮 -
         뢠    ( ᮮ饭)   ᯮ짮  ⢥
         ⬥⪨  ⠪   ନ.
              FF (ॢ ࠭) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ ᯥ䨪樨 -
          뢠 ६饭 ⪨,  饣 ᨪ  -
           砫 ᫥饩 ࠭.
              FS,GS,RG,US (ᨬ- ࠧ⥫ 䠩,  㯯,  ᥩ 
         ன)  -  ࠢ ᨬ - ࠧ⥫,  
         । ࠭ 権 ଠ樨.  ⠭   㯮ॡ
         ⠪  ᨬ    ᪫祭 ⮣,   ᨬ FS,
          ।,  ⭮襭  襬 ,  ᨬ-
          US -  襬.
              HT (ਧ⠫쭠 ⠡) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ  ᯥ-
         樨 ଠ  ⠭ ,  饥 ᨪ
            ᫥饬 ࠭ ।  ⮩  ப.
         짮⥫  筮  蠥,   ⢫ ࠧ ਧ-
         ⠫쭮 ⠡.
              LF (ॢ ப) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ ᯥ䨪樨 ଠ-
          ६頥 ,       
         ப.  設⢮ ⥬ ꥤ  ⪨ (CR)  -
         ॢ ப (LF).   १ ⮣  ꥤ  砥
          ப, 뢠 NL.
              NAK (⥫쭮 ⢥ত) - ࠢ騩  ᨬ  
         ।    㪠뢠  ""  ⢥  ࠧ .

                                      - -59 -
           ᠭ :  " 稫  ᫥ ।,    
           訡,    ୮ ।".
              NUL () - ࠢ騩 ᨬ 饣  祭,  
          ࠧ ᯮ  ⢥ ⥫ ࠭⢠.
         . ⠪ ᨬ SYN.
              SI (४祭   ⠭ ॣ) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ-
          饣 祭,  ᯮ㥬 ᫥  SO    㪠
         ⮣,     筮 祭   ASCII.
              SO (४祭  ⥫  ॣ)  -  ࠢ騩
         ᨬ  饣 祭 㪠뢠  ᫥騥  ࠧ,
         祭  室  ࠬ  ⠭⭮    ᨬ
          ASCII  㤥 த 㪠뢠   ,   㤥
          ᨬ ४祭  ⠭ ॣ.
              SOH (砫  )  -  ࠢ騩  ᨬ  ।
          ⬥砥 砫 ,  ᫨  ᯮ  ᮮ-
         饭      ⥪⮬.    筮 ᮮ頥  
         祩  ᮬ.    ࢮ砫쭮 뢠  SOM  (砫
         ᮮ饭).
              STX (砫 ⥪) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ   ।  -
         ,  ᯮ㥬  ⢥ ⬥⪨ 砫 ⥪   -
          (᫨ ᯮ).    ࢮ砫쭮 뢠  
         ( ).
              SUB () - ࠢ騩 ᨬ 饣 祭,  㪠-
         騩  ᨬ,      ࠢ쭮 ᨬ-
         .
              SYN (ᨭ஭)  -  ࠢ騩 ᨬ  । -
         , ᯮ㥬 묨 த騬 ⥬ ।-
           ,   ᯮ ᨭ஭஢   
         ਥ  ।稪.  ਮ ,  ⢨ -
           ࠧ     ᠬ  ਥ  ᫥
          ।稪,  ਥ   ᨭ஭.  
         ।,  ᫥  ਮ ,  ⮬  ६
           ᨬ ᨭ஭樨 SYN.   SYN  
         ࠧ,     ਥ  ⮫쪮  (-
         )  ।稪,   ⠪ । 窨 砫  
          ᨬ.   ᨭ஭樨 SYN  ஬ ⮣, -
         짮   ⪨ ਮ   ⥬ ⮡
         ন ᨭ஭,    .
              VT (⨪쭠 ⠡) - ࠢ騩 ᨬ  ᯥ䨪樨
         ଠ,    ,    
          ᫥饬 ࠭ । ࠭⥫  (筮 ப).

              ८ࠧ ⭠筮   
               㭪 -1 ,   ⭠筮  ᫮
         5F9D ८ࠧ    .
         5 F 9 D  ⭠
            
            > Dh=13d > 13d x    1d =    13d
           
           > 9h=9d  >  9d x   16d =   144d
          
          > Fh=15d > 15d x  256d =  3840d
         
         > 5h=5d  >  5d x 4096d = 20480d
                                              ________
                                               24477  
              . -1 . ८ࠧ ⭠筮 ᫠ 5F9D
            

                                      - -60 -


                ⭠筠    ᥣ  16 ࠧ 
         襩  ࠢ.

         24477                     5 F 9 D ⭠
                                                
         24477  4096=5  >   5d = 5h    
         ⮪ = 3997                          
                                                 
         3997  256=15   >  15d = Fh   
         ⮪ = 157                            
                                                  
         157  1=9       >   9d = 9h  
         ⮪ = 13                              
                                                   
         13  1=13       > 13d  = Dh 

              . -2. 筮 ᫮ 24477, ८ࠧ  -
         ⭮   ⭠ 


                ८ࠧ 筮   ⭠
                

               ८ࠧ    ८ࠧ -
          ᥫ  ⭠ ᫠.   稭  롮
         ᠬ  襣 ࠧ鸞  ।  浪   ᫥
         (,  ⭨  ..).   筮 ᫮   -
         筮 祭 - ࢮ ⭮⥫쭮 樨 .  -
         ,  ਬ, ࢠ  ᯮ  樨 ,  -
             4096  (⭠    筮  ᫠
         1000). ⮬ 㤥 ࢠ ⭠筠 .
              ⮪    ⭠筮 祭 ᫥饩 -
         ⥫쭮 樨  (..     ࠧ拉  ⥭  
         256,  ᪮ 256  ⭠ ⮬ -
         筮 ᫠ 100).
               㭪 -2 ,   筮 ᫮, 祭 
         ।饬 ਬ, ॢ頥 ⭮  ⭠筮 -
         .



                                      - -61 -
                                                      -2
                ७ ४ 뫪  ""
         
          쬨   ⭠-  ७ 
                                  -  ᨬ  
                                                        ASCII*
         
         1000 0000     200      128        80
         1000 0001     201      129        81
         1000 0010     202      130        82
         1000 0011     203      131        83
         1000 0100     204      132        84
         1000 0101     205      133        85
         1000 0110     206      134        86
         1000 0111     207      135        87
         1000 1000     210      136        88
         1000 1001     211      137        89
         1000 1010     212      138        8A
         1000 1011     213      139        8B
         1000 1100     214      140        8C
         1000 1101     215      141        8D
         1000 1110     216      142        8E
         1000 1111     217      143        8F
         1001 0000     220      144        90
         1001 0001     221      145        91
         1001 0010     222      146        92
         1001 0011     223      147        93
         1001 0100     224      148        94
         1001 0101     225      149        95
         1001 0110     226      150        96
         1001 0111     227      151        97
         1001 1000     230      152        98
         1001 1001     231      153        99
         1001 1010     232      154        9A
         1001 1011     233      155        9B
         1001 1100     234      156        9C
         1001 1101     235      157        9D
         1001 1110     236      158        9E
         1001 1111     237      159        9F
         1010 0000     240      160        A0
         1010 0001     241      161        A1
  >      1010 0010     242      162        A2
         1010 0011     243      163        A3
         1010 0100     244      164        A4
         1010 0101     245      165        A5
         1010 0110     246      166        A6
         1010 0111     247      167        A7
         1010 1000     250      168        A8
         1010 1001     251      169        A9              
         1010 1010     252      170        AA              
         1010 1011     253      171        AB
         1010 1100     254      172        AC
         1010 1101     255      173        AD
         1010 1110     256      174        AE
         1010 1111     257      175        AF
         1011 0000     260      176        B0              
         1011 0001     261      177        B1              
         1011 0010     262      178        B2              
         1011 0011     263      179        B3              

                                      - -62 -
         
          쬨   ⭠-  ७ 
                                  -  ᨬ  
                                                        ASCII*
         
         1011 0100     264      180        B4              
         1011 0101     265      181        B5              
         1011 0110     266      182        B6              
         1011 0111     267      183        B7              
         1011 1000     270      184        B8              
         1011 1001     271      185        B9              
         1011 1010     272      186        BA              
         1011 1011     273      187        BB              
         1011 1100     274      188        BC              
         1011 1101     275      189        BD              
         1011 1110     276      190        BE              
         1011 1111     277      191        BF              
         1100 0000     300      192        C0              
         1100 0001     301      193        C1              
         1100 0010     302      194        C2              
         1100 0011     303      195        C3              
         1100 0100     304      196        C4              
         1100 0101     305      197        C5              
         1100 0110     306      198        C6              
         1100 0111     307      199        C7              
         1100 1000     310      200        C8              
         1100 1001     311      201        C9              
         1100 1010     312      202        CA              
         1100 1011     313      203        CB              
         1100 1100     314      204        CC              
         1100 1101     315      205        CD              
         1100 1110     316      206        CE              
         1100 1111     317      207        CF              
         1101 0000     320      208        D0              
         1101 0001     321      209        D1              
         1101 0010     322      210        D2              
         1101 0011     323      211        D3              
         1101 0100     324      212        D4              
         1101 0101     325      213        D5              
         1101 0110     326      214        D6              
         1101 0111     327      215        D7              
         1101 1000     330      216        D8              
         1101 1001     331      217        D9              
         1101 1010     332      218        DA              
         1101 1011     333      219        DB              
         1101 1100     334      220        DC              
         1101 1101     335      221        DD              
         1101 1110     336      222        DE              
         1101 1111     337      223        DF              
         1110 0000     340      224        E0
         1110 0001     341      225        E1
         1110 0010     342      226        E2
         1110 0011     343      227        E3
         1110 0100     344      228        E4
         1110 0101     345      229        E5
         1110 0110     346      230        E6
         1110 0111     347      231        E7

                                      - -63 -
         
          쬨   ⭠-  ७ 
                                  -  ᨬ  
                                                        ASCII*
         
         1110 1000     350      232        E8
         1110 1001     351      233        E9
         1110 1010     352      234        EA
         1110 1011     353      235        EB
         1110 1100     354      236        EC
         1110 1101     355      237        ED
         1110 1110     356      238        EE
         1110 1111     357      239        EF
         1111 0000     360      240        F0               
         1111 0001     361      241        F1               
         1111 0010     362      242        F2               
         1111 0011     363      243        F3               
         1111 0100     364      244        F4               
         1111 0101     365      245        F5               
         1111 0110     366      246        F6               
         1111 0111     367      247        F7               
         1111 1000     370      248        F8               
         1111 1001     371      249        F9               
         1111 1010     372      250        FA               
         1111 1011     373      251        FB               
         1111 1100     374      252        FC               
         1111 1101     375      253        FD               
         1111 1110     376      254        FE               
         1111 1111     377      255        FF           (஡)
         ______________________________________________________________
          * ,  騥   ,    뢥-
              ࠭  ࠡ  ன  ⨯.

         **  ᫥⥫쭮 , 騥  "<Ctrl->"  -
             ⥬   Ctrl,   ᪠ , -
             㪠 .  ᫥⥫쭮 ᭮ 
            ᫥⥫쭮,  ᠭ    -
             ஢ IBM PC.  㣨    -
            ⥫쭮   ᠭ .
                  ७    ASCII    ""
             ⮡ࠦ ⥬   <Alt>   
            筮  ᨬ  ᯮ⥫쭮 .

                    饭 (ॢ):
              DEC =  (᭮ 10)
              HEX = ⭠ (᭮ 16)
              OCT = 쬨 (᭮ 8)
              ASCII = ਪ᪨ ⠭    ଠ-
                      樥


                                      - -64 -


              ਫ .    MS-DOS

          ⠫
         
          "६"     :5, :6, 㭤:5
                     ; F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
                     ;                
                     ;             㭤/2
                     ;       
                     ;  


          ""     :7,M:4, :5
                     ; F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
                     ;                
                     ;              1 -31
                     ;         M 1-12
                     ;   + 1980

         dir      STRUC
         dir_stat   db    1 dup (?)       ; 䠪᪨  ᨬ
                                          ;  䠩 :
                            ; 00h =  䠩,   ᯮ㥬
                            ; 05h =  ᨬ- ⢨⥫쭮 5h
                            ; E5h = 䠩  㭨⮦
                            ; 2Eh = 䠩  ⠫
         dir_name   db    7 dup (?)   ; ⠫ ᨬ  䠩
         dir_ext    db    3 dup (?)   ; ७
         dir_attr   db    1 dup (?)   ; ਡ:
                             ; 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
                             ;        
                             ;         쪮 뢠
                             ;         ()
                             ;       ⥬
                             ;      ⪠ ⮬
                             ;     ⠫
                             ;    娢
                             ;   ᯮ㥬


         dir_resv   db   10 dup (?)       ; १ࢨ஢
         dir_time   Time < >              ; ⬥⪠ ६ (2 )
         dir_date   Date < >              ; ⬥⪠  (2 )
         dir_first  db    2 dup (?)       ; ⢮ 䠩 
                                          ; 砫쭮 
         dir_size   db    4 dup (?)       ; ࠧ 䠩   (1-
                                          ; ᫮   ࠧ 襣
                                          ; 浪)
         dir      ENDS



             ࠬ஢  ⥬ -뢮 BIOS (BPB)

         bpb       STRUC      ; 饭 -  ᠭ
         bpb_sec_size    dw ? ;  0 -- ⢮ ⮢  ᥪ

                                      - -65 -
         bpb_clust_sec   db ? ;  2 -- ⢮  ᥪ஢  
         bpb_resv_sec    dw ? ;  3 -- ⢮ १ࢨ஢
                              ;       ᥪ஢
         bpb_fats        db ? ;  5 -- ⢮  FAT-⠡ ()
         bpb_dir_ents    dw ? ;  6 -- ⢮ ⮢ ୥
                              ;       ⠫
         bpb_secs        dw ? ;  8 -- 饥 ⢮ ᥪ஢
         bpb_media       db ? ; 10 --  ⥫ ⥫;
         bpb_fat_secs    dw ? ; 11 -- ⢮ ᥪ஢ 
                              ;       FAT-⠡
         bpb       ENDS


         ଠ ࠢ饣  䠩 (F)
          ""     :7,M:4, :5

         fcb      STRUC                   ; ᭮  F
                                          ; 饭  - ᠭ
         fcb_drive       db   1  dup (0)  ;  0 --  ᪮ (0 =
                                          ;         ᪮
                                          ;        㬮砭)
         fcb_name        db   8  dup (" ");  1 --  䠩  
                                          ;       ன⢠;
         left-                            ;       ஢  
                                          ;         
         fcb_ext         db   3  dup (" ");  9 -- ७ 䠩; -
                                          ;       ࠢ   
         fcb_cur_blk     dw   ?           ; 12 -- ⥪騩  ⭮-
                                          ;       ⥫쭮 砫 䠩
         fcb_rec_size    dw   80h         ; 14 -- ࠧ ᪮
                                          ;          
         fcb_filsiz_lo   dw   0           ; 16 -- ࠧ 䠩  :
                                          ;       ᫮  ࠧ
                                          ;       襣 浪
         fcb_filsiz_hi   dw   0           ; 18 -- ᫮  ࠧ
                                          ;       襣 浪
         fcb_date        Date <>          ; 20 -- 䠩 ""  ᮧ
                                          ;         ᫥
                                          ;        (. -
                                          ;        ⠫)
         fcb_resv1       db   10  dup (?) ; 22 -- १ࢨ஢
         fcb_curr_rec    db   ?           ; 32 -- ⥪ ⭮⥫쭠
                                          ;         ⥪饣
                                          ;       
         fcb_rndm_rec_l  dw   ?           ; 33 -- ⭮⥫쭠 
                                          ;        砫 䠩; ᫮
                                          ;        ࠧ 襣
                                          ;       浪
         fcb_rndm_rec_h  dw   ?           ; 35 -- ⭮⥫쭠 
                                          ;        砫 䠩; ᫮
                                          ;        ࠧ 襣
                                          ;       浪
         fcb       ENDS                   ;
         fcb_exten STRUC                  ; ७  FCB
                                          ; 饭  - ᠭ
         fcb_ext_flag    db   0FFh        ; -7 --  ਧ (䫠),
                                          ;        ᮤঠ騩 FFh,

                                      - -66 -
                                          ;        㪠뢠  -
                                          ;        ७ FCB
         fcb_resv2       db   5  dup  (0) ; -6 -- १ࢨ஢
         fcb_attr        db   ?           ; -1 -- ਡ (. -
                                          ;        ⠫)
         fcb_struc       FCB  <>          ;  0 -- 뫪  ᭮
                                          ;        FCB
         fcb_exten ENDS


         ଠ ᥣ 䨪 ணࠬ (PSP)

         psp      STRUC                   ; 饭  - ᠭ
         psp_int20       db   0CDh,020h   ;  0 --   ࠡ⪥
                                          ;       뢠 "int 20h"
         psp_top         dw   ?           ;  2 -- 設   
                                          ;       ࠣ
         psp_reserv1     db   6  dup  (?) ;  4 -- १ࢨ஢
         psp_termIP      dw   ?           ; 10 --  IP 襭
         psp_termCS      dw   ?           ; 12 --  CS - 襭
         psp_ctlbrkIP    dw   ?           ; 14 --  IP 室
                                          ;       Ctrl-Break
         psp_ctlbrkCS    dw   ?           ; 16 --  CS 室
                                          ;       Ctrl-Break
         psp_critIP      dw   ?           ; 18 -- ᪠ 訡 
                                          ;        IP 室
         psp_critCS      dw   ?           ; 20 -- ᪠ 訡 
                                          ;        CS 室
         psp_reserv2     db  22  dup  (?) ; 22 -- १ࢨ஢
         psp_environ     dw   ?           ; 44 --  ᥣ
                                          ;       㦥
         psp_reserv3     db  34  dup  (?) ; 46 -- १ࢨ஢
         psp_dos         db   0CDh,021h   ; 80 -- 맮 㭪樨  -
                                          ;       ࠡ⪥ 㭪樨 21h
                                          ;       .. MS-DOS
         psp_reserv4     db  10  dup  (?) ; 82 -- १ࢨ஢
         psp_fcb1        db  16  dup  (?) ; 92 --  ⠭
                                          ;       ࠢ騩 
                                          ;       䠩 FCB1
         psp_fcb2        db  20  dup  (?) ;108 --  ⠭
                                          ;       ࠢ騩 
                                          ;       䠩 FCB2
         psp_parmlen     db   ?           ;128 -- ⢮ ᨬ 
                                          ;       ᯨ᪥ ࠬ஢
         psp_parms       db 127  dup  (?) ;129 -- ࠬ 
         psp       ENDS



                ᦠ⮩ ଥ ।⠢ ଠ   訡,
          뢠, ᥬ 㭪  ࠡ⪥ 뢠 "int 21
         h"  ᥬ 㭪  ࠡ⪥ 뢠 "int 67h" (EMS).


                       ࠭ । ⥫  䠩
                       -------------------------------------
         0 = ⠭⭮ ன⢮  (  ७祭)

                                      - -67 -
         1 = ⠭⭮ ன⢮ 뢮 (  ७祭)
         2 = ⠭⭮ ன⢮ 뢮 訡 ( 
             ७祭)
         3 = ⠭⭮ 譥 ⥫쭮 ன⢮
         4 = ⠭⭮ ன⢮ 

                                    
                                   -------------
               ਢ    ᯨ᪠  訡 ⮫쪮   01h
          12h   ॣ AX  襭 ࠡ⪨ 뢠-
          "int 21h"  "int 24h" .  ⠫  訡  
         १ 맮 㭪樨 " ७  訡" (㭪
         59h  ࠡ⪥ 뢠 "int 21h").


            訡 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨩ  2.00  4.0
           ------------------------------------------------------------
              01h = 訡  㭪樨
              02h =   
              03h =   
              04h = 誮   䠩 ( ⥫ ᫥)
              05h = ⪠  㯥
              06h = ⨬ (訡 ⥫)
              07h = 襭 ࠢ騥  
              08h = 筮 
              09h = 訡   
              0Ah = ⨬ 㦥
              0Bh = ⨬ ଠ
              0Ch = 訡  㯠
              0Dh = 訡 
              0Eh = १ࢨ஢
              0Fh =  㪠 ⨬ ᪮
              10h = ⪠ 㤠 ⥪騩 ⠫
              11h =   ன⢮
              12h =   䠩
              13h = ⪠   ᪥,    
              14h = ⭮ ன⢮
              15h = ᪮  ⮢
              16h = ⭠ 
              17h = 訡 ஫  横᪨  
                    (CRC)
              18h = ࠢ쭠   
              19h = 訡 ᪠
              1Ah =  ⨯ ⥫
              1Bh =   
              1Ch = 뢮  㬠 ⥫
              1Dh =   
              1Eh =   뢠
              1Fh = 騩 ᡮ


             訡 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨩ  3.0  4.0
            -----------------------------------------------------------
              20h =  襭 ᮢ⭮ 짮
              21h =  襭 ஢
              22h =  訡筠 ᬥ ᪠
              23h =  㯭  ࠢ 䠩 (FCB)

                                      - -68 -
              24h  = ९    ᮢ⭮  ᯮ짮
                     (樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨨ 3.3, 4.0)
              25h - 41h = (१ࢨ஢)
              42h - 58h = (.  訡 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
                          ᨩ  3.1  4.0)
              59h - 5Fh = (१ࢨ஢)
              60h =  
              61h = (१ࢨ஢)
              62h =   믮 㭪
              63h =   ࠡ⪥ 뢠 "int21h"
              64h - 68h = (. 訡 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
                          ᨩ  3.3  4.0)


             訡 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨩ  3.1  4.0
            -----------------------------------------------------------
              42h =     ন
              43h =    ਢ  ᯨ᪥
              44h = ୮   
              45h =     
              46h =  
              47h = ன⢮    
              48h = ॢ襭 ࠭  NETBIOS
              48h = ⭠ 訡  
              4Ah = ४ ⢥, 㯨訩  
              4Bh =   訡 
              4Ch = ᮢ⨬ 㤠 
              4Dh = । 䠩,  , ९
              4Eh = । 䠩,  ,  ९
              4Fh = 筮 ࠭⢠  ᯥ⪨ 䠩
              50h =  䠩 뫮 㭨⮦
              51h = ⪠  㯥
              52h = ४ ⨯ ன⢠ 
              53h =     
              54h =    ॢᨫ ࠭
              55h =   NETBIOS ॢᨫ ࠭
              56h = ६ 㧠
              57h =     ਭ
              58h = 㧠  ७祭 ன⢠ /᪠
              59h - 5Fh = (१ࢨ஢)
              60h =  
              61h = १ࢨ஢
              62h =   믮
              63h =   ࠡ⪥ 뢠 "int 24"

              訡 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨩ  3.3, 4.0
            ----------------------------------------------------------
              64h = ⢨ 
              65h =  祭
              66h = 訡 ஫
              67h = ⨬ ࠬ
              68h =     


                                      - -69 -
              Ŀ
                              訡                
              Ĵ
                 01h = ⢨                  
                 02h = ६                  
                 03h = ਧ (ᠭ樮஢)     
                 04h = ७                         
                 05h = ⪠                    
                 06h = ⥬ ᡮ                     
                 07h = 訡  ਪ ணࠬ      
                 08h =                            
                 09h = ࠢ ଠ                
                 0Ah = ஢                      
                 0Bh =  ⥫                      
                 0Ch =                       
                 0Dh =                         
              

              Ŀ
                   , ।騥 ⢨            
              Ĵ
                 01h =                           
                 02h = ঠ ७               
                 03h =                       
                 04h = ਩ 襭               
                 05h = ।⢥ 室             
                 06h = ஢                       
                 07h = ⥫⢮ 짮⥫         
              

              Ŀ
                      ⮯                      
              Ĵ
                 01h = ⭮                        
                 02h = ன⢮  ( ᪥)        
                 03h = १ࢨ஢                    
                 04h = ᫥⥫쭮 ன⢮        
                 05h =                              
              

                      뢠 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS
                      
              ਬ砭:    ᠭ   뢠 樮
                           ⥬ MS-DOS ᫠     ᪮
                           㪠뢠   ᨨ 樮 ⥬
                           MS-DOS

               뢠 20h -  ணࠬ [1] [2] [3] [4]
               
              室: CS =  ᥣ PSP ணࠬ
               : 

                     뢠 21h -   맮 㭪樨
                     
              ਬ砭: ᫨  㪠 ᮡ ஢  㭪樨 
                            樨    "Ctrl-Break"  
                          "Ctrl-C";  ᫨  ᯮ,   믮

                                      - -70 -
                          뢠 "int 23h"
                  AH = 00h -  ணࠬ [1] [2] [3] [4]
                  
              室: CS =  ᥣ PSP ணࠬ
               : 
              ਬ砭:    䠩 : 䠩 뢠-
                                 ࠢ  䠩,
                             , ᫨   -
                           ६  .  ⤠ ।⥭
                           㭪樨 4Ch


             AH = 01h -  ᨬ  ᮫  宬 [1] [2] [3] [4]
             
              室: 
               : ᫨ AL>0  ࢮ 맮, AL =  ⠭
                        ᨬ   ASCII
                        ᫨ AL=0  ࢮ 맮, ன ࠧ 맢
                        㭪 01h  楫 祭 ७ ᨬ-
                          ASCII  ॣ AL


                AH = 02h -  ᨬ  ᮫ [1] [2] [3] [4]
                
              室  : DL = ᨬ     ᫥⥫
                            [1]   STDAUX [2] [3] [4]
               : 

                AH = 03h -  ᨬ  ᯮ⥫쭮 
                
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室: 
              : AL =  ᨬ  ࢮ ᫥⥫쭮 
                             [1]   STDAUX [2] [3] [4]
              ਬ砭:   ਧ   ࠢ    -
                           뢠. ﭨ ᫥⥫쭮-
                             ஢ (. 뢠 "int
                          14h"  믮  ROM-BIOS


                 AH = 04h - 뢥 ᨬ  ᯮ⥫ 
                
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室  : DL = ᨬ  뢮   STDAUX
               : 
              ਬ砭: ﭨ ᫥⥫쭮   
                          ஢


                AH = 05h - 뢥 ᨬ  饥 ன⢮
                
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室  : DL = ᨬ  뢮   STDPRN

                                      - -71 -
               : 


            AH = 06h -  ᮫ /뢮 [1] [2] [3] [4]
            
              室 : ᫨ DL > 0FFh, 뢥 ᨬ  ॣ  DL  
                     STDOUT;    ⨢ 砥 믮 אַ
                     ᮫ 
               :  - 祭 뢮  ᮫
                         祭   ᮫: ZF =  1,  ᫨
                        ᨬ  , ஬ ⮣ AL = ᨬ
              ਬ砭: ७  ASCII ॡ  맮.


               AH = 07h -  ᮫  ᨬ  
               
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室 : 
               : AL = ᨬ  STDIN
              ਬ砭: 㭪樨 07h  08h  ॡ  맮 
                        ७  ASCII.


               AH = 08h -  ᮫  ᨬ  
               
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室 : 
               : AL = ᨬ  STDIN


               AH = 09h - 뢥 ப  ᮫ [1] [2] [3] [4]
               
              室:  DS : DS = ⥫  ப, 稢
                               ᨬ "$"
               : 


             AH = 0Ah -  ਧ ப  ᮫  宬
             
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫   ப.  -
                              :
            buf_count  db ?          ; ⢮ ⮢  
            ret_count  db ?          ; ⢮  饭 ⮢
            ret_char_str db x DUP (?) ; 饭 ᨬ

               : 


              AH = 0Bh - ஢ ﭨ ⠭⭮ ன⢠
              
                                [1] [2] [3] [4]
                               
              室 : 

                                      - -72 -
               : AL = 0FFh, ᫨  ᨬ  STDIN;
                        AL <> FFh, ᫨ ᨬ 


              AH = 0Ch -     맢 㭪
              
                       ࠡ  ன [1] [2] [3] [4]
                       
              室 :  AL  =    㭪樨    ࠡ⪥  뢠
                             "int 21h"  (01h;  06h; 07h; 08h  0Ah ).
                      㣨 ॣ । 㭪樥  ॣ AL
               : AL = ᨬ (᫨ ⮫쪮  뫠 맢 㭪-
                              0Ah). 㣨 ॣ ᠭ 㭪-
                               ॣ AL  室


               AH = 0Dh - /⠭ ᪠ [1] [2] [3] [4]
               
              室 :    
               : 
              ਬ砭:    ஢  䠩    
                          ਢ   䠩

                      AH = 0Eh -   [1] [2] [3] [4]
                      
              室 :   DL =  ᪮ (0 = :, ..., 26 = Z:)
              : AL =  ᪨ ᪮ (0 = A:, ...,
                       26 = Z:)
              ਬ砭:    樮 ⥬ MS-DOS ᨩ 3  4
                           ᮮ頥    ᪨ ᪠,
                           ᫨  ⮫쪮        ⠭
                           LASTDRIVE   䠩 CONFIG.SYS


            AH  =  0Fh -  䠩    ࠢ 䠩
            
                               (FCB) [1] [2] [3] [4]
                               
              室:  DS : D = ⥫   FCB
              :  AL  =  00h, ᫨ 䠩   ᯥ譮; AL =
                        = 0FFh, ᫨  ᯥ譮


           AH  =  10h -  䠩    FCB [1] [2] [3] [4]
           
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫    FCB
              :  AL  =  00h, ᫨ 䠩   ᯥ譮; AL =
                        = 0FFh, ᫨  ᯥ譮


              AH  =  11h -  ࢮ   FCB [1] [2] [3] [4]
              

              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
              :  AL  =  00h, ᫨ ᮢ 㦥; AL =
                        = 0FFh, ᫨  㦥


                                      - -73 -
             AH  =  12h -  ᫥饩   FCB [1] [2] [3] [4]
             
              室:  DS  : D = 㪠⥫ FCB, 饭 ।騬
                     맮 㭪権 ࢮ  ᫥饣 ᪠.
              :  AL  =  00h, ᫨ ᮢ 㦥; AL =
                        = 0FFh, ᫨  㦥


                AH  =  13h -  १ FCB 䠩 [1] [2] [3] [4]
                
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
              :  AL  =  00h, ᫨ 䠩  㤠; AL = 0FFh,
                        ᫨   㤠


             AH  =  14h - ᫥⥫쭮   FCB [1] [2] [3] [4]
             
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
              : AL = ଠ쭮/ᡮ
                            00h = 뢠 訫 ᯥ譮;
                            01h = 뢠  ஢: 㦥 
                                   䠩
                            02h = 뢠 ⬥; DTA ᫨誮 
                            03h = 믮 筮  뢠; -
                                   -   䠩


             AH  =  15h - ᫥⥫쭠   FCB [1] [2] [3] [4]
            
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
              : AL = ଠ쭮/ᡮ
                            00h =  뫠 ᯥ譮 믮;
                            01h = ⪠   ஢:
                                  ⥫ ९
                            02h =  ⬥; DTA ᫨誮 

                AH  =  16h -  䠩 १ FCB [1] [2] [3] [4]
               
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
              :  AL  =  00h, ᫨ 䠩  ᮧ; AL = 0FFh,
                        ᫨   ᮧ


             AH  =  17h - २ 䠩 १ FCB [1] [2] [3] [4]
             
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫  ஢ FCB (
                     稭   ᥫ ⥪饣 )
              :  AL  =  00h, ᫨ 䠩  २; AL =
                        = 0FFh, ᫨   २


                AH  =  19h -  ⥪騩  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                
              室 : 
               : AL =  ⥪饣 ᪮ (0 = A:, ...,
                        25 = Z:)


                                      - -74 -

          AH  =  1Ah - ⠭  ।    [1] [2] [3] [4]
          
              室 : DS = D 㪠⥫    ।  
                     (DTA)
               : 


              AH  =  1Bh -  ଠ ⠡ ।
              
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室 : 
                :  DS  : BX = 㪠⥫   ᮤঠ騩 
                          䨪 ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩
                          (FAT)   ᪮   㬮砭
                          DX = ⢮ ஢
                          AL = ⢮ ᥪ஢  
                          CX = ⢮ ⮢  ᥪ


              AH  =  1Ch -  ଠ ⠡ ।
              
                      㪠 ன⢠ [1] [2] [3] [4]
                    
              室 : DL =  ᪮ (0 = A:, ... 26 = Z:)
                :  DS  : BX = 㪠⥫   ᮤঠ騩 
                          䨪 ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩
                          (FAT)   ᪮   㬮砭
                          DX = ⢮ ஢
                          AL = ⢮ ᥪ஢  
                          CX = ⢮ ⮢  ᥪ


            AH  =  21h - ந쭮 뢠 䠩 [1] [2] [3] [4]
            
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
              : AL = ﭨ 
                            00h = 뢠 뫮 ᯥ;
                            01h =  䠩;    뢠-
                                  
                            02h = DTA ᫨誮 
                            03h =   䠩; 筮 뢠
                                    


              AH  =  22h - ந쭠   䠩 [1] [2] [3] [4]
              
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
              : AL = ﭨ 
                            00h =  뫠 ᯥ譮;
                            01h = ⪠   㤠;
                                  ⥫ ९
                            02h =  ⬥; DTA ᫨誮 



                                      - -75 -
                AH  =  23h -  ࠧ 䠩 [1] [2] [3] [4]
                
              室 : DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
               : ᫨ AL = 00h , ந쭮   FCB =
                          䠩.
                        ᫨ AL = 0FFh, 䠩  


         AH  =  24h - ⠭  ⭮⥫쭮  [1] [2] [3] [4]
         
              室 : DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
               : 


             AH  =  25h - ⠭  뢠 [1] [2] [3] [4]
             
              室 : AL =  뢠  ⠭
                     DS : D = 㪠⥫  ⠭ ணࠬ  -
                     ࠡ⪨  뢠
               : 


             AH  =  26h -   ᥣ  䨪 ணࠬ PSP
             
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室 : D : 0 = 㪠⥫    PSP
               : 


           AH  =  27h -  ந  䠩 [1] [2] [3] [4]
           
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
                    CX = ⢮ ᥩ  뢠
               : AL = ﭨ :
                             00 = 뢠 뫮 ᯥ
                             01 =  䠩;   
                                  뢠
                             02 = DTA ᫨誮 
                             03 =  䠩; 筮 뢠
                                  
                        CX = 䠪᪮ ⢮ ⠭ ᥩ


           AH  =  28h -   ந  䠩 [1] [2] [3] [4]
           
              室: DS : D = 㪠⥫   FCB
                    CX = ⢮ ᥩ,  
               : AL = ﭨ :
                             00h =  뫠 ᯥ譮
                             01h = ⪠   㤠;
                                   ⥫ ९
                             02h =  ⬥; DTA ᫨誮 
                        CX = 䠪᪮ ⢮ ᠭ ᥩ



                                      - -76 -
            AH  =  29h - ஠஢  䠩 FCB [1] [2] [3] [4]
            
              室 : DS : SI = 㪠⥫  ப   ࠧ
                     ES : DI = 㪠⥫  FCB  㥬
                                䠩
                     AL = ࠢ ᨭ⠪᪨ ࠧ஬
        7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
               
                1 = ४ ᪠஢ 砫 ࠧ⥫
               1 = ⠭    䨪 ᪮*
              1 = ⠭  䠩*
             1 = ⠭ ७*
         १ࢨ஢

         
              * 쪮 ᫨ 㪠  ப 

               : DS : SI = 㪠⥫    ᫥  ࠧ-
                                  ࠥ  䠩
                        ES  : DI = 㪠⥫    ଠ-
                                    FCB
                        AL = ﭨ :
                             00h =  ⨢  ᨬ
                             01h =  ᨬ ⨫
                             0FFh = 㪠 ᪮  訡

                    AH  =  2Ah -   [1] [2] [3] [4]
                    
              室 : 
               : CX =  ( 1980  2099)
                        DH =  (  1  12)
                        DL =  ( 1  31)
                        AL =   (0 = ᥭ)


                   AH  =  2Bh - ⠭  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                   
              室: CX =  ( 1980  2099)
                    DH =  (  1  12)
                    DL =  ( 1  31)
              : AL  =  00h, ᫨  뫠  訡筠;
                       AL = 0FFh, ᫨ 訡筠 


                    AH  =  2Ch -  ६ [1] [2] [3] [4]
                    
              室 : 
               : CH =   ( 0  23)
                        CL =   ( 0  59)
                        DH = ᥪ㭤 ( 0  59)
                        DL =   ( 0  99)

                   AH  =  2Dh - ⠭ ६ [1] [2] [3] [4]
                   
              室 : CH =   ( 0  23)
                     CL =   ( 0  59)
                     DH = ᥪ㭤 ( 0  59)

                                      - -77 -
                     DL =   ( 0  99)
              :  AL  =  00h, ᫨ ६ 뫮 ࠢ쭮;
                        AL =  0FFh, ᫨ ६ 訡筮


              AH  =  2Eh - ⠭/ ४⥫ ஢ન
              
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室 :  AL = 00h,  ⠭ ஢ન  ०  "off"
                                ("⪫");
                      AL =  01h,  ⠭ ஢ન  ०  "on"
                                ("");
               : 


           AH  =  2Fh -   । ᪠ (DTA) [2] [3] [4]
           
              室 : 
               : ES : BX  = 㪠⥫  ⥪ DTA


             AH  =  30h  -   ᨨ 樮 ⥬
             
                                MS-DOS  [2] [3] [4]
                                
              室 : 
              :  AL  = 訩  ᨨ (᫥  窨)
                        AH  = 訩  ᨨ (ࠢ  窨)
                        BX, CX = 0000
              ਬ砭: AX = 0, ᫨  1. 樮 -
                           MS-DOS

              AH  =  31h  -     १
              
                                    [2] [3] [4]
                                    
              室 : AL =   (६ ERRORLEVEL  -
                           䠩 )
                     DX = ⢮ ࠣ䮢 ,  
                           १묨
               : 


          AH  =  33h  - /⠭  ஢ન "Ctrl-Break"
          
                                    [2] [3] [4]
                                    
              室 : AL =  ⥪饥 ﭨ
                     AL = ⠭  ஢ન Ctrl-Break
                           १묨
                     DL  = 00h ⠭   Ctrl-Break
                            ० "off" ; AL = 01h ⠭  ०
                           "on"


              : DL = 00h,  ᫨      Ctrl-Break

                                      - -78 -
                              "off"; AL = 01h ᫨ 
                            "on"


               AH  =  35h  -   뢠  [2] [3] [4]
               
              室 : AL =  
               : ES : BX = 㪠⥫  ⥪騩 ࠡ稪 -
                                  뢠

           AH  =  36h  -  ᢮ ࠭⢮   ᪥
           
                                    [2] [3] [4]
                                    
              室 : DL =  ᪮ (0 = ⥪騩 ᪮,
                     1 = A:, ... 26 = Z:)
               : BX = ⢮ 㯭 ஢
                        DX = ⢮ ஢  ᪥
                        CX = ⢮ ⮢  ᥪ
                        ᫨ AX > 0FFFFh.  ⢨⥫
                        ᫨  AX <> 0FFFFh, AX = ⢮ ᥪ஢ 
                        

          AH  =  38h  -  ⥪ ଠ  ࠭ [2] [3] [4]
          
              室 : AL =  ⥪ ଠ  ࠭
                     AL =  01h   0FEh   ࠭ < 255
                     AL = 0FFh   ࠭ > 255
                     BX =  ࠭, ᫨ AL = 0FFh
                     DS : DX = 㪠⥫  32-   ଠ-
                               樨  ࠭
               : ᫨ CF = 0, BX =  ࠭
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡
              ਬ砭:  .  㪮⢮    樮  ⥬
                           MS-DOS    ᮤন 
                           ଠ樨  ࠭


           AH = 38h - ⠭ ଠ, ⭮  ࠭ [3][4]
          
              室 : DX = 0FFFFh (㪠 "⠭ ࠭")
                     AL = 01h   0FEh   ࠭ < 255
                     AL = 0FFh   ࠭ > 255
                     BX =  ࠭, ᫨ AL = 0FFh
              : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


           AH  =  39h  -  ⠫ (MKDIR) ࠭ [2] [3] [4]
           
              室:  DS : DX = 㪠⥫    ASCIIZ
              : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


                AH = 3Ah -  ⠫ (RMDIR) [2] [3] [4]
                ---------------------------------------------------
              室 : DS : DX = 㪠⥫    㯠
               : ᫨ CF = 1 , AX =  訡

                                      - -79 -


            AH = 3Bh -  ⥪饣 ⠫ (CHDIR) [2] [3] [4]
            ----------------------------------------------------------
              室 : DS : DX = 㪠⥫    ASCIIZ
              : ᫨ CF = 1,  AX =  訡


                   AH = 3Ch -  䠩 (REATE) [2] [3] [4]
                   --------------------------------------------
              室 : DS : DX = 㪠⥫    ASCIIZ
                     C = ਡ 䠩
              : ᫨ CF = 0 , AX = ⥫ 䠩
                       ᫨ CF = 1 , AX =  訡


                       AH = 3Dh -  䠩  [2] [3] [4]
                       ------------------------------------
              室 : DS : DX = 㪠⥫    ASCIIZ
                     AL = ० 

         7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
                
                㯠: 000 = ⮫쪮 뢠
                        001 = ⮫쪮 
                        010 => 뢠/
              ᥣ 0
            ࠧ:
                             000 = ० ᮢ⨬
                             001 = ⪠  뢠/
                             010 = ⪠  
                             011 = ⪠  뢠
                             100 =  ⪠
          ਧ ᫥

              : ᫨ CF = 0 , AX = ⥫ 䠩
                       ᫨ CF = 1 , AX =  訡
              ਬ砭: ⨥ ⥢ 䠩 㯭  -
                          ࠢ 樮 ⥬ DOS ᨨ 2.

                  A = 3Eh -  ⥫ 䠩  [2] [3] [4]
                 ------------------------------------------------
              室 : BX = ⥫ 䠩
               : ᫨ CF = 1 , AX =  訡

              AH = 3Fh -   䠩   ன⢠ [2] [3] [4]
              -------------------------------------------------------
              室 : BX = ⥫ 䠩
                     CX = ⢮ ⮢  뢠
                     DS : DX = 㪠⥫   뢠
              : ᫨  CF = 0, AX = ⢮ ⢨⥫쭮
                                          ⠭  ⮢
                       ᫨ CF = 1 , AX =  訡

             AH = 40h -   䠩   ன⢮ [2] [3] [4]
             --------------------------------------------------------
              室 : BX = ⥫ 䠩

                                      - -80 -
                     CX = ⢮ ⮢  
                     DS : DX = 㪠⥫   


              : ᫨ CF = 0 , AX = ⢮ ⮢, 䠪-
                        ᠭ
                       ᫨ CF = 1 , AX =  訡


              AH = 41h -  䠩  㪠 ⠫ (UNLINK)
              -------------------------------------------------------
                                    [2] [3] [4]
                                    -----------
              室: DS : DX = 㪠⥫   䠩 ASCII
              : ᫨ CF = 1 , AX =  訡


                AH = 42h - । 㪠⥫ 뢠/
                ---------------------------------------------------
                             䠩 (LSEEK) [2] [3] [4]
                             -------------------------
              室 : CX : D = ﭨ  ᤢ   (ᬥ-
                               饭)
                     AL = 筨 ।:
                          00 = 砫 䠩  ᬥ饭
                          01 = ⥪   ᬥ饭
                          02 =  䠩  ᬥ饭
                     BX = ⥫ 䠩
              : ᫨ CF = 0, D : AX =   㪠⥫
                       ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


                AH = 43h -  ० 䠩 (CHMOD) [2] [3] [4]
                ---------------------------------------------------
              室 : DS : DX = 㪠⥫    ASCIIZ
                     AL = 00h -  ਡ; AL = 01h - ⠭-
                                 ਡ
                     CH = 00h, ᫨ AL = 01h
                     CL =  ਡ, ᫨ AL = 01h


                  AH = 44h - ࠢ ன⢠ /뢮
                --------------------------------------------------
                                (IOCTL) [2] [3] [4]
                                -------------------
              ਬ砭: . T孨᪮  ࠢ筮  㪮⢮  
                          樮 ⥬ MS-DOS   
                          ଠ樨  ᫥ 㭪 IOCTL

              00h =  ଠ  ன⢠ [2] [3] [4]
              01h = ⠭ ଠ  ன⢥ [2] [3] [4]
              02h =   ᨬ쭮 ன⢠  [2] [3] [4]
              03h =   ᨬ쭮 ன⢮ [2] [3] [4]
              04h =   ன⢠  [2] [3] [4]
              05h =   ன⢮  [2] [3] [4]
              06h =  ﭨ ன⢠  [2] [3] [4]
              07h =  ﭨ ன⢠ 뢮 [2] [3] [4]

                                      - -81 -
              08h =    ன⢠ [2] [3] [4]
              09h = 쭮  㤠 ᪮ ன⢮?
                    [3.1] [3.2] [3.3] [4]
              0Ah = ⥫   㤠?
                    [3.1] [3.2] [3.3] [4]
              0Bh =  稪 ୮ ⪨ ᮢ⭮
                    짮 [3] [4]*
              0Ch = 饭  ⥫ IOCTL (४祭
                    ࠭ ) [3.3] [4]
              0Dh = 饭  ⥫ IOCTL  ன⢥
                    [3.2] [3.3] [4]
              0Eh =  ᪮ ன⢮ [3.2] [3.3] [4]
              0Fh = ⠭ ᪮ ன⢮ [3.2] [3.3] [4]
         
              *  ਢ   ਠ⮢ ॢ ப
                "Chande Sharing retry count" (ਬ. ॢ稪.)

             AH = 45h - 㡫஢ ⥫ 䠩 (DUP) [2] [3] [4]
             --------------------------------------------------------
               室 : BX = 騩 ⥫ 䠩
               : ᫨ CF = 0, AX =  㡫騩 ⥫
                                          䠩
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


                AH = 46h - 㦤 㡫஢ ⥫ 䠩
               ----------------------------------------------------
                               (FORCDUP) [2] [3] [4]
                               ---------------------
               室 : BX = 騩 ⥫ 䠩
                      CX = ॡ㥬 㡫騩 ⥫ 䠩
               : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


                  AH = 47h -  ⥪騩 ⠫ [2] [3] [4]
                  -----------------------------------------------
                室 : DS : SI = 㪠⥫  64-  짮-
                                 ⥫
                       DL  =    ᪠ (0 = ⥪騩 , 1 = : ,
                              ..., 26 = Z:)
                  :  DS : SI = 㪠⥫     
                            ୥ ⠫
                            ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡
                ਬ砭 : 饭    砥 -
                             䨪 ᪠ ID  砫 ᨬ "/"


                    AH = 48h - ।  [2] [3] [4]
                    ------------------------------------------
              室 : BX = ⢮ ࠣ䮢 訢 
               : ᫨ CF = 0, AX:0 = 㪠⥫   ।-
                          
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡  BX = ࠧ -
                        襣  㯭  ( ࠣ)



                                      - -82 -
              AH = 49h - ᢮ ।  [2] [3] [4]
              -------------------------------------------------------
              室 : ES =  ।  , -
                          騩 ᢮
              : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡

               AH = 4Ah - ஢ ।  
               -----------------------------------------------------
                              (SETBLOCK) [2] [3] [4]
                              ----------------------
              室 : ES:0 =  ᥣ ।  -
                            , 饩 䨪樨
                     B =  ⢮ ࠣ䮢  
              :  ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡  BX = ᨬ-
                          ࠧ 

           AH = 4Bh - 㧨  믮 ணࠬ (EX) [2][3][4]
           -------------------------------------------------------------
              室: DS : DX = 㪠⥫  ᯥ䨪 䠩 ASCIIZ
                    AL =  祭 㭪樨:
                          00h = 㧨  믮  ணࠬ
                          03h = 㧨 ૥ ᥣ
                    S : X = 㪠⥫   ࠬ஢ :
                    ᫨ AL = 00h

              seg_env  dw ?    ; ᥣ ப 㦥
              cmd_ptr  dd ?    ; 㪠⥫     ப
              fcb1_ptr dd ?    ; 㪠⥫    FCB
              fcb2_ptr dd ?    ; 㪠⥫   ன  FCB

                    ᫨ AL = 03h

         seg_load dw ?  ; ᥣ,   室 㧨 䠩
         rel_fact dw ?  ; ⠭ ன,  ᯮ짮

               : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡

                  AH = 4Ch -   (EXIT) [2] [3] [4]
                  -----------------------------------------------
              室 : AL =   ( ERRORLEVEL)
               : 


           AH = 4Dh -     (WAIT) [2][3][4]
           -------------------------------------------------------------
              室 : 
               : AL =  , 뫠 ᮬ
                        AH = ﭨ :
                             00h - ଠ쭮 襭
                             01h - 襭  Ctrl-Break
                             02h - 襭 - ᪮
                                   訡
                             03h -  १ १  㭪
                                   31h  ࠡ⪥ 뢠 21h



                                      - -83 -
           AH = 4Eh -   ᮢ訩 䠩 (FINDFIRST) [2][3][4]
           ------------------------------------------------------------
              室: DS : DX = 㪠⥫  ᯥ䨪 䠩 ASCIIZ
                    CX =  ਡ , ᯮ㥬   ᪠
              :  ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡
                        ᫨ CF = 0, DTA  ᫥騬 ࠧ:

         reserved db 21 dup (?)  ; १ࢨ஢
         attrib   db  ?          ; ਡ 䠩
         time     dw  ?          ; ⬥⪠  ६ (ᮧ)  䠩
         date     dw  ?          ; ⬥⪠   (ᮧ) 䠩
         size     dd  ?          ; ࠧ 䠩
         name     db 13 dup (?)  ;  䠩 ASCIIZ

              AH = 4Fh -  ᫥騩 ᮢ騩 䠩 (FINDNEXT)
              ------------------------------------------------------
                                    [2] [3] [4]
                                    -----------
              室 : DTA, 饭  ।騬  맮  FINDFIRST
                      맮 FINDNEXT
              :   ᠬ,    맮 㭪樨 FINDFIRST


               AH = 54h -  ⠭ 䨪樨 [2] [3] [4]
               -----------------------------------------------------
              室 : 
               : AL = 00h, ᫨ ஢ઠ  ﭨ "ff"
                        AL = 01h, ᫨ ஢ઠ  ﭨ "n"


                     AH = 56h - २ 䠩 [2] [3] [4]
                     -----------------------------------------
              室:  DS : DX = 㪠⥫  ஥  ASCIIZ
                               [᪮: \  䠩]
                     S : DI = 㪠⥫    ASCIIZ
                               [᪮: \  䠩]
              : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


               AH = 5700h -    ६ 䠩 [2] [3] [4]
               ----------------------------------------------------
               室 : BX = ⥫ 䠩
               : ᫨ CF = 0, CX = ६ 䠩  DX =  䠩
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


              AH = 5701h - ⠭   ६ 䠩 [2] [3] [4]
              -------------------------------------------------------
               室 : BX = ⥫ 䠩
                      CX =  ६
                      DX =  
               : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


           AH = 59h -  ७ ଠ  訡 [3] [4]
           ------------------------------------------------------------
              室 : BX = 000h

                                      - -84 -
               : AX = ७  訡
                        BH =  訡
                        BL = । ⢨
                        CH = ⮯
                        CL, DX, SI, DI, ES  DS 㭨⮦


                     AH = 5Ah -  ६ 䠩 [3] [4]
                     -----------------------------------------
              室: DS : DX = 㪠⥫  ப ASCIIZ   ᪮
                               ⥬, 稢 ᨬ "\"
                    CX =  ਡ 䠩
              :  ᫨  CF = 0, AX = ⥫ 䠩  DS : DX =
                        㪠⥫  ப ASCIIZ, 祭 
                        䠩
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


                       AH = 5Bh -   䠩 [3] [4]
                       -------------------------------------
              室: DS : DX = 㪠⥫  / 䠩 ASCIIZ
                    CX =  ਡ 䠩
              :  ᫨ CF = 0, AX = ⥫
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


           AH = 5Ch - ஢/஢   䠩 [3] [4]
           ------------------------------------------------------------
              室 : AL = 00h ஢   䠩;
                     AL = 01h ࠧ஢   䠩
                     BX = ⥫ 䠩
                     CX = 襥 ᫮ ᬥ饭
                     DX = 襥 ᫮ ᬥ饭
                     SI = 襥 ᫮ 
                     DI = 襥 ᫮ 
              : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


              AX = 5E00h :    [3.1] [3.2] [3.3] [4]
              
              室 : DS : DX = 㪠⥫  16-  
                     ASCIIZ  
               : ᫨ CF = 0, DS : DX = 㪠⥫  ASCIIZ 
                        
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡
                        ᫨ C = 0, /  ।
                        ᫨ CH <> 0, / ।
                         CL =   NETBIOS


               AX = 5E02h : ⠭ ப ⠭ ਭ
               
                               [3.1] [3.2] [3.3] [4]
                               
              室 : BX = ७祭  ᯨ᪠
                     CX =  ப ⠭ (ᨬ쭠 
                          ப ⠭ = 64 ⠬)

                                      - -85 -
                     DS:SI = 㪠⥫  ப ⠭ ਭ
               : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


                AX = 5E03h :  ப ⠭ ਭ
               
                               [3.1] [3.2] [3.3] [4]
                               
              室 : BX =  ᯨ᪠ ७祭
                     ES : DI = 㪠⥫  64-  ⠭
                               ਭ
               : ᫨ CF = 0, CX =  饭  
                        ES : DI = 㪠⥫  ப ⠭ ਭ
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡

              AX = 5F02h :   ᯨ᪠ ७祭
              
                               [3.1] [3.2] [3.3] [4]
                               
              室 : BX =  ᯨ᪠ ७祭 (  )
                     DS : SI = 㪠⥫  128-  
                               ᨬ쭮 
                     ES : DI = 㪠⥫  128-  
                                 
               : ᫨ CF = 0, BH = ਧ ﭨ ன⢠
                        ᫨  0 = 0, ன⢮ ⢨⥫쭮
                        ᫨  0 = 1, ன⢮ ⨬
                        BL = ⨯ ன⢠
                        CX = ࠭ 祭 ࠬ
                        DS : SI = 쭮  ASCIIZ
                        ES : DI =    ASCIIZ
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


           AX = 5F03h : ७ ன⢮ [3.1] [3.2][3.3][4]
           
              室 : L = ⨯ ன⢠
                     03 = ਭ
                     04 = 䠩
                     CX = 000h
                     DS : SI = 㪠⥫  쭮   ASCIIZ  
                               ७祭
                     ES : DI = 㪠⥫   ७祭  
                               ASCIIZ
               : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


            AH = 62h   ᥣ  䨪 ணࠬ [3] [4]
            
              室 : 
               : BX : 0 = 㪠⥫  ⥪騩 PSP

             AH  = 65h  ७ ଠ, ⭮ 
             
                                 ࠭ [3.3] [4]
                                 
              室 : AL = 䨪 ଠ樨 ID

                                      - -86 -
                     BX = ࠭  (-1 = 쭠 ࠭ )
                     DX = 䨪 ࠭ (-1 = ⥪ ଠ
                           ࠭)
                     CX = ࠧ
                     S : DI = 㪠⥫   ଠ樨  ࠭
               : ᫨ CF = 0, CX = ࠧ 饭 ଠ
                        ଠ樨  ଠ  ࠭
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


             AH  = 66h /⠭   ࠭
             
                                     [3.3] [4]
                                     
              室 : AL = 01h    ࠭;
                     AL = 02h ⠭   ࠭
                     BX =  ࠭ (᫨ AL = 02h)
               : ᫨ CF = 0, BX = ⨢  ࠭ 
                        DX = ⥬  ࠭
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


                 AH  = 67h ⠭ 稪 ⥫ [3.3] [4]
                 
              室 : BX = ⢮  ।ᬮ७ ⥫
               : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡


                         AH  = 68h । 䠩 [3.3] [4]
                         
              室 : BX = ⥫ 䠩
               : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡

                 AH  = 69h ७ 㭪 /ᮧ [4]
                 
              室 : BX = ० :

         BL = 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
                     
                     㯠:
                              000 = ⮫쪮 뢠
                              001 = ⮫쪮 
                              002 = 뢠/
                  ࠧ:
                                 000 = ० ᮢ⨬
                                 001 = ⪠  뢠/
                                 010 = ⪠  
                                 011 = ⪠  뢠
                                 100 =  ⪠
                 ਧ ᫥
                                  0 = । ⥫ ୥ 㧫
                                  1 =  ᫥
               १ࢨ஢



                                      - -87 -
         BH = 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
                     
                    १ࢨ஢
                 0 = ࠡ⪠ 뢠 "int 24h"
                             1 =  訡
                 0 =  믮
                              1 = ⮬᪮ 믮
               १ࢨ஢

              CX  =  ਡ   䠩 (  ⨨
                     䠩)
              DX =  ࠢ 㭪樥:

              7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
                     
                   ⢨ :
                               000 = ᡮ
                               001 = 
                               010 = ६/
               ⢨ ⢨:
                                   000 = ᡮ
                                   001 = ᮧ
              DS : SI = 㪠⥫  64- ᯥ䨪 䠩
                        ASCIIZ
               : ᫨ CF = 0, AX = ⥫ 䠩 
                        CX =  ।ਭ ⢨:
                        1 = 䠩 뢠
                        2 = 䠩 ᮧ/뢠
                        3 = 䠩 ६頫/뢠
                        ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡
                 뢠 22h -   [1] [2] [3] [4]
                 
              ਬ砭:  뤠     뢠;  -
                          ,  ⮣, 맮 㭪樨 EXEC,
                           뤠   뢠 "int 22h"
            뢠 23h -  室  Ctrl-Break [1] [2] [3] [4]
            
              ਬ砭:  뤠     뢠;
                          ᫨  ०  Break  ⠭    ﭨ
                          "on",  뢠 "int 23h" ஢ 
                          設⢮ 맮 㭪権 ( ᪫祭
                          㭪権 06h  07h).
           뢠 24h -  ࠡ稪 ᪨ 訡 [3] [4]
           
         室 : AH =
          7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
                       ᪠, ஭
                    樥 0 - /1 - :
                            00 =  樮 ⥬ DOS,
                            01 =  ⠡ FAT; 10=⠫;
                            11 =  
                    ᪠: 0 = ; 1 = 
                  ୠ ⪠ ᪠:0=;1=
                 ᪠ ஢: 0=; 1=
                (ᯮ㥬)
                0 = 訡 - ᪠; 1 = 㣠

                                      - -88 -

              BP  :  SI = 㪠⥫   ࠢ  -
                          ன⢠,  ஬  ᪠ -
                          ⥫ ଠ
              DL =   訡 ன⢠,  ᫥ 
               : AL = 0 (஢ 訡)
                        AL = 1 ( 訡)
                        AL = 2 (  ணࠬ    뢠
                               "int 23h")
                        AL = 3 (⥬ ᡮ; 맮, ந 
                                ६).

               訡  ࠡ⪥ 뢠  "int 24h" - 
         ࠡ稪 ᪨ 訡:
              00h = ⪠   , 騩   
              01h = ⭮ ன⢮
              02h = ᪮  ⮢
              03h = ⭠ 
              04h = 訡   (CRC)
              05h = 訡筠   
              06h = 訡  ᪥ ஦
              07h =  ⨯ ⥫
              08h =   
              09h = 뢮  㬠 ⥫
              0Ah =   
              0Bh =   ⥭
              0Ch = 筠 訡


             뢠  25h  -  뢠 ᮫⭮ =< 32-
             
                )  26h ( ᮫⭠ =< 32- )
                
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室 : AL =  ᪮ (0=, 1=,  ..)
                     CX = ⢮ ᥪ஢  뢠
                          (뢠 "int 25h")   
                          (뢠 "int 26h")
                     DX =  砫 ᪮ ᥪ
                     DS : BX =  ।
              : ᫨ CF = 0, ᯥ譠 ।
                            AL =  訡
                            AH = 80h, ᫨ ᮥ    믮-
                                        ⢥
                                 40h,  ᫨  ᪠ ஦ 
                                       믮
                                  08h, ᫨ 訡   (CRC)  
                                       뢠 ᪠
                                  04h, ᫨ 訢 ᥪ 
                                       
                                  03h, ᫨ ⪠   饭-
                                          ᪥
                                  02h, ᫨ 訡 ⫨砥  ⨯
                                       訡, ᫥ 

                                      - -89 -
                            AX = 0207h, ᫨  믮 ७
                                   ଠ    뢠/, -
                                   騩 ⠭ 맮  -
                                   뢠 "int 25h"  "int 26h"


              뢠  25h  - 뢠 ᮫⭮ > 32-
              
              )  26h ( ᮫⭠ > 32- ) [4]
              
              室 : AL =  ᪮ (0=1, 1=,  ..)
                     BX = 㪠⥫  ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢
                     CX = -1 (㪠뢠  ७ (> 32 )
                             ଠ)
              : CF = 0, ᫨ ᯥ譠 ।
                       CF = 1, ᫨ ᯥ譠 ।
              ਬ砭:    訡  AX.  訡
                           ,   ਢ 
                           ᯨ᪠ ࠬ஢:
            rba   dd ?     ;  ᥪ (32-ࠧ鸞; 0 砫
                           ; )   뢠/
            count  dw ?    ; ⢮ ᥪ஢  뢠/
            buffer dd ?    ;  


              뢠  27h  -     १
              
                                  [1] [2] [3] [4]
                                  
              室 : CS : =  ᥣ ணࠬ PSP
                     DX = ,  ஬   㦥 ᫥-
                           ணࠬ (ᠬ 让 ,
                             १ + 1)
               : 
              ਬ砭: ᫥ 뢠 "int 27h" 䠩  뢠-
                          .  㭪 31h  ࠡ⪥ 뢠 21h
                            ।⠥   ᯮᮡ   맮
                          ணࠬ  "    १-
                          "

           뢠  2Fh  -  맮 㭪樨 ⨯᭮ 뢠
           
                                      [3] [4]
                                      
              室 : AX = ࠢ ணࠬ ⨯஢
                          0100h =  ﭨ ⠭
                                  ਭ (PRINT)
                          0101h =  䠩  ᯥ⪨ 
                                  ਭ
                          0102h =   । 䠩, 騩
                                  
                          0103h =   ।  䠩,
                                  騥 
                          0104h = ਮ⠭ ᯥ  
                                   ﭨ
                          0105h =  ﭨ ᯥ⪨ (PRINT)
                          0200h =   ﭨ  ⠭

                                      - -90 -
                                  ASSIGN ()
                          1000h =   ﭨ  ⠭
                                  짮⥫᪮ ० ᯮ=-
                                   䠩 (SHARE)
                          700h =  ﭨ ⠭
                                  ⥫ ⠫  ᪠
                                   (APPEND)
                     DS : DX = ⥫  ᯮ塞 , ᫨
                               AX = 0101h (0+ 㪠⥫  ᫮
                               DWARD  ᯥ䨪 䠩 ASCIIZ  (
                               㭨ᠫ);  㪠⥫  ᯥ-
                               䨪  䠩  ASCIIZ   楫 ⬥,
                               ᫨ AX = 0102h
              : ᫨ CF = 1, AX =  訡; 
                       ᫨ AL = 0FFh, ணࠬ "⠭"
                       ᫨ AL = 0, "ணࠬ  ⠭"
                                    ࠧ襭 ⠭
                       ᫨ AL = 1  "ணࠬ  ⠭"
                                    ⠭  ࠧ

               뢠  67h  -   ७  (EMS)
               
                                    [2] [3] [4]
                                    
              ਬ砭: 뢠 67h ᯮ  LIM EMS ᯥ-
                          䨪樨 ⥬ ७   (EMS),
                          ন ࠩࠬ Lotus/IBM/Microsoft
                          (LIM)     樮  ⥬
                          MS-DOS,  稭   ᨨ 2.0,  ଠ쭮
                          १ࢨ஢    ⠪   ᯮ짮
                          ⮫쪮  MS-DOS ᨩ 4.0  .  -
                            㭪権  EMS   ॣ AH, 
                           訡 ﭨ   ॣ
                          AH.   訡  ﭨ ᫥ -
                          .


                   訡/ﭨ LIM EMS 3., 4.0 MS-DOS 
                 
                                    AQA EEMS3.
                                    

              00h = ᯥ譠 
              80h = ७ 訡
              81h = ⭠ ࠢ
              83h = ⨬ ⥫
              84h = ᠭ 襭 㭪
              85h =   㯭 ⥫
              86h = 訡  ࠭  ⠭ ⥪
                    ⮡ࠦ
              87h = 襭  ࠭, 祬  䨧᪨
              88h = 襭  ࠭, 祬 㯭  饥
                    ६
              89h = 襭 "" ࠭
              8Ah = 訡  ᪮ ࠭
              8Bh =   䨧᪮ ࠭
              8Ch =  ࠭ ﭨ ⭮ ⮡ࠦ-

                                      - -91 -
                     ࠭ ९
              8Dh = ࠭ ⮡ࠦ ࠭  㤠
              8Fh = । 㭪
              90h = । ⨯ ਡ
              91h =   ন
              92h = ᯥ,   室  뫠 
              93h =  室    祭 -
                    蠥  , । 㣮
                    室 ⥫  ⥫ 祭
              94h = ⠭  ७   ४-
                    
              95h = 饭  ᪮ ࠭ ॢ蠥 ࠧ-
                     ᪮ ࠭
              96h =   ॢ蠥 1
              97h = 室  EMS   祭 EMS -
                      ⥫  ४뢠
              98h =  室   ⨯ 祭    
                    ।
              9Ah  =    ६  ॣ஢  
                      ন*
              9Bh =   ॣ஢ ६  ⮡ࠦ  
                      ।
              9Ch =  ॣ஢ ६ ⮡ࠦ  -
                    ন
              9Dh  = ᠭ  ।*  ॣ஢
                     ६ ⮡ࠦ
              9Eh = 뤥  אַ 㯠    -
                    ন
              0h =  ⠪  ⥫
              1h = ୮  ⥫
              2h = ⪠ ப 1-⭮ ⠭⭮
                    ᭮ ࠭⢮
              3h = ন 室 ᨢ ᪠   稪
                    ⮡ࠦ ᥣ⮢ ॢ蠥 饥 ⢮
                    ᥣ⮢  ࠢ   ⥬
              4h =  ⢥࣭ 樮 ⥬
         
              *   ਢ      ਠ⮢  ॢ  ப
                 "Alter mapregister set". (ਬ. ॢ稪.)


                       AH = 40h  ﭨ 
                      
              室 : 
              :  ( 訡 ﭨ, 饭   -
                        AH)
              ਬ砭:  ᯮ ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⠭ ⮣,
                            ࠩ EMS 


                  AH = 41h   ᥣ  ࠭
                  
              室 : 
               : BX =  ᥣ  ࠭



                                      - -92 -
                  AH = 42h   ᥣ  ࠭
                  
              室 : 
               : BX = ⢮ । ࠭
                        CX = 饥 ⢮ ࠭

                          AH = 43h  । ࠭
                          
              室 : BX = ⢮ ᪨ ࠭   ।-
                          
               : DX = ⥫


               AH = 44h  ⮡ࠦ/ ⮡ࠦ ࠭ ⥫
               
              室 : AL =  䨧᪮ ࠭
                     BX = ᪨  ࠭, .. - 1  -
                          ⮡ࠦ ࠭
                     DX = ⥫
               : 

                           AH = 45h  ᢮ ࠭
                           
              室 : DX = ⥫
               : 


                             AH = 46h   
                             
              室 : 
               : AL =  ᨨ  筮-筮  (BCD)


                     AH = 47h  C࠭ ⮡ࠦ ࠭
                     
              室 : DX = ⥫
               : 

                    AH = 48h  ⠭ ⮡ࠦ ࠭
                    
              室 : DX = ⥫
               : 

                       AH = 4Bh   稪 ⥫
                       
              室 : 
               : BX = ⢮ ⥫

                       AH = 4Ch   ࠭ ⥫
                       
              室 : DX = ⥫
               : BX = ⢮ ᪨ ࠭, 뤥
                             㪠 ⥫

                     AH = 4Dh    ࠭ ⥫
                    
              室 : ES : DI = 㪠⥫  ᨢ ࠭ ⥫

                                      - -93 -
                : BX = ⢮ ⥫, 室  -
                              짮

                        AX = 400h    ࠭
                        
              室 : ES : DI = 㪠⥫  ᨢ  ࠭
               : ﭨ    ७  
                        (), ࠭  ᨢ  ࠭, 㪠-
                           ES : DI

                       AX = 401h  ⠭  ࠭
                       
              室 : DS : DI = 㪠⥫  ᨢ  ࠭
               : ⠭ ﭨ    ᨢ 
                        ࠭

                  AX = 402h    ⠭  ࠭
                  
              室 : ES : DI = 㪠⥫  祭 ᨢ
                                ࠭
                     DS : SI = 㪠⥫  室 ᨢ
                                ࠭
                :  ⠭  ﭨ     室
                          ᨢ  ࠭ (DS  :  SI) 祭
                          ᨢ   ࠭ (ES : DI) 
                            ﭨ ⮡ࠦ 

                 A = 403h   ࠧ ᨢ  ࠭
                 
              室 : 
                : AL = ⢮ ⮢, 室 室
                          祭 ᨢ  ࠭

              AX = 4F00h     ࠭ [EMS 4.0]
              
              室 : DS : SI = 㪠⥫  ⮡ࠦ ᨢ
                               ᥣ⮢
                     ES : DI = 㪠⥫  祭 ᨢ
                               筮  ࠭
               : ﭨ 筮  ࠭    ᮤ-
                          祭 ᨢ 筮 
                        ࠭ (ES : DI)


          AX = 4F01h  ⠭ 筮 ⮡ࠦ ࠭ [EMS 4.0]
          
              室 : DS : SI = 㪠⥫  室 ᨢ 筮
                                ࠭
               : ﭨ 筮  ࠭    -
                          室 ᨢ 筮  
                        ࠭ (DS : SI)

                AX = 4F02h   ࠧ ᨢ 筮 
                
                                 ࠭ [EMS 4.0]
                                 
              室 : BX = ⢮ ࠭  ᨢ 筮 

                                      - -94 -
                          ࠭
               : AL = ⢮ ⮢, 室  ࠭-
                              ᨢ 筮  ࠭

             AH = 50h ⮡ࠦ/ ⮡ࠦ ᪮쪮 ࠭ -
             
                     ⥫    ࠭ [EMS 4.0]
                     
              室 : AL = 㭪:
                          00h = 䨧᪠ ࠭, 㪠  
                                ࠭
                          01h = 䨧᪠ ࠭, 㪠 ᮬ
                                ᥣ
                     DX = ⥫
                     CX  =  ⢮ ⮢  ᨢ ⮡ࠦ
                            ᪨ ࠭  䨧᪨
                     DS : SI = ⥫   ᨢ    ᪨
                               ࠭  䨧᪨
              : AH =  訡/ﭨ

                   AH = 51h । ࠭ [EMS 4.0]
                   
              室 : DX = ⥫
                     BX = ⢮ ࠭,  ।
                           ⥫
              :  BX = 䠪᪮ ⢮ ࠭, ।-
                              ⥫

                 AX = 5200h   ਡ ⥫ [EMS 4.0]
                
              室 : DX = ⥫
               : AL = 00h, ᫨ ਡ ⥫ ﭥ
                        AL = 01h, ᫨ ਡ ⥫ ﭥ

                AX = 5201h  ⠭ ਡ ⥫ [EMS 4.0]
                
              室 :  DX = ⥫
                      L = 00h, ᫨  ਡ ⥫
                                ﭥ
                      L = 01h, ᫨  ਡ ⥫
                                ﭭ
               : 


                AX = 5202h    ਡ [EMS 4.0]
                
              室 : 
              :  AL = 00h, ᫨ ন ⢮
                                  ਡ
                        AL = 01h, ᫨  ন

                   AX = 5300h    ⥫ [EMS 4.0]
                   
              室 : DX = ⥫
                     ES : DI = 㪠⥫  8- ᨬ쭮   -
                               ⥫  祭
                :  ⥫ 頥  , 㪠

                                      - -95 -
                           ES : DI

                  AX = 5301h  ⠭  ⥫ [EMS 4.0]
                  
              室 : DX = ⥫
                     ES : DI = 㪠⥫  8- ᨬ쭮   -
                               ⥫ 室 
                :  ⥫ ⠭  ᭮ 
                           㪠   ES : DI

                 AX = 5400h   ⠫ ⥫ [EMS 4.0]
                 
              室 : S : DI = 㪠⥫  ᨢ ⠫ ⥫
              : AL = ⢮ ⮢  ⠫ ⥫

              AX = 5401h  ᪠  ⥫ [EMS 4.0]
              
              室: DS : SI = 㪠⥫  쬨-ᨬ쭮  -
                              ⥫  ᪠
              : DX = 祭  ⥫

            AX = 5402h   饥 ⢮ ⥫ [EMS 4.0]
            
              室 : 
              : BX = 饥 ⢮ ন ⥫


                AH = 55h   ࠭  ३ [EMS 4.0]
                
              室 : AL = 㭪:
                          00h = 䨧᪨ ࠭, 㪠  -
                                 ࠭
                          01h = 䨧᪨ ࠭, 㪠 ᮬ
                                ᥣ
                     DS : SI = ⥫     室
              : 頥  楫  (᫨ AH = 00h)

                AH = 56h   ࠭  맢 [EMS 4.0]
                
              室 : AL = 㭪:
                          00h = 䨧᪨ ࠭, 㪠  -
                                 ࠭
                          01h = 䨧᪨ ࠭, 㪠 ᮬ
                                ᥣ
                     DX = ⥫
                     DS : SI = ⥫     맮
              :   뢠 (᫨ AH = 00h)
              ਬ砭: ᯮ RETF     맢襣
                            ⠭ ᮤন 

           AX = 5602h   ࠭⢠ ⥪  ࠭ [EMS 4.0]
           
              室 : 
               : BX = ⢮ ⮢ ࠭⢠ ⥪, -
                        室  㭪樨 "  ࠭
                         맢"


                                      - -96 -
               AH = 57h ᫠/   [EMS 4.0]
               
              室 : AL = 㭪:
                          00h = ᫠  
                          01h =   
                     DS : SI = ⥫  ⥫  室-
                                 /祭
               : 


                AX = 5800h   ⮡ࠦ ᨢ 䨧᪨
                
                                 ᮢ [EMS 4.0]
                                 
              室 : S : DI = 㪠⥫  ⮡ࠦ ᨢ  䨧-
                               ᪨ ᮢ
                : CX = ⢮ ⮢  ⮡ࠦ -
                              ᨢ 䨧᪨ ᮢ

                AX = 5801h   ᫮ ⮢ ⮡ࠦ
                
                       ᨢ 䨧᪨ ᮢ [EMS 4.0]
                       
              室 :  
                : CX = ⢮ ⮢  ⮡ࠦ -
                              ᨢ 䨧᪨ ᮢ

               AX = 5900h   ᨢ 䨣樨 孨᪨
               
                                 । [EMS 4.0]
                                 
              室 : S : DI = 㪠⥫  ᨢ 䨣樨 孨-
                               ᪨ ।
               :   孨᪨  ।⢠    
                        ᨢ  䨣樨 孨᪨ ।
                        (㪠   S : DI)

               AX = 5901h   稪 । -
               
                            ⠭ ࠭ [EMS 4.0]
                            
              室 : 
               : BX = ⢮ ।  ࠡ⠭-
                              ࠭
                        DX = 饥 ⢮ ࠡ⠭ ࠭


                 AH = 5Ah । ⠭/ࠡ⠭
                 
                                ࠭ [EMS 4.0]
                                
              室:  AL = 㭪:
                          00h = । ⠭ ࠭
                          01h = । ࠡ⠭ ࠭
                     BX = ⢮ ࠭,  ।
               : DX = ⥫


                                      - -97 -
           AX = 5B00h   ⠭ ६  ॣ஢
           
                                   [EMS 4.0]
                                  
              室 : 
               : ᫨ BL = 0, ES : DI 㪠뢠   -
                        ࠭ ᮤন ॣ 
                        ᫨  BL  <>  0, BL = 㪠⥫  騩
                        ६  ॣ஢ 

                AX = 5B01h  ⠭ ६  ॣ஢
                
                                   [EMS 4.0]
                                  
              室 : ᫨ BL = 00h, ES : DI  =  㪠⥫    
                     ࠭ ᮤন ॣ 
                     ᫨  BL  <>  00h, BL =  ६ 
                     ॣ஢ 
               : 

                  AX = 5B02h   ࠧ  ࠭
                  
                           ६  [EMS 4.0]
                            
              室 : 
                :  DX  = ⢮ ⮢   ࠭
                                ᮤন ॣ 


               AX = 5B03h  । ६  ॣ஢
               
                                   [EMS 4.0]
                                  
              室 : 
               : ᫨ BL = 00h,  ६ 
                        ॣ஢ 
                        ᫨ BL <> 00h, BL =  । -
                        ६  ॣ஢ 

                AX = 5B04h  ᢮ ६  ॣ஢
                
                                   [EMS 4.0]
                                  
              室 : BL =  ६  ॣ஢ 
               : 


               AX = 5B05h  । ६  ॣ
               
                                   DMA [EMS 4.0]
                                   
              室 : 
               : ᫨ BL = 00h,  ॣ஢ DMA  -
                        
                        ᫨ BL <> 00h, BL =  । -
                         ॣ஢ DMA


                                      - -98 -
             AX = 5B06h  אַ    (DMA)   -
             
                    ६  ॣ஢  [EMS 4.0]
                    
              室 : BL =   ॣ஢ אַ 㯠  -
                           (DMA)
                     DL =   אַ 㯠   (DMA)
               : 


                AX = 5B07h  ࠧ DMA   ६ 
                
                             ॣ஢  [EMS 4.0]
                             
              室 : BL =   ॣ஢ DMA
               : 

               AX = 5B08h  ᢮  ॣ஢ DMA [EMS 4.0]
               
              室 : BL =   ॣ஢ DMA
               : 

          AH = 5Ch ⮢  "⥯" 砫쭮 㧪 [EMS 4.0]
          
              室 : 
               : 


               AH = 5Dh / ࠧ 㭪樨 OS/E EMS 4.0]
               
              室 : AL = 㭪
                          00h =  ⠭ 㭪樨 OS/E
                          01h =     ⠭ 㭪-
                                樨 OS/E
                          02h =   㯠
                      BX, CX =  㯠 (ॡ㥬 ⮫쪮  -
                                맮)
              :  BX, CX =  㯠, 頥 ⮫쪮 
                        ࢮ 맮 㭪樨 00h  01h

