
                                   - 1 -

                           MS-DOS
                                                  ⨢ ਭ
                            

    ।⠢  ᮡ ᠭ  樮 ⥬  MS-DOS. p
p      p  ⠢  ᢮ 楫  뢠饥 
   㪮⢮  MS-DOS. ਠ ᯮ  稭
   㭤⠫   ⨩    ⥬      稢    ⮭ﬨ
ppp.  p⠭  ⥫,    MS-DOS.
    ।⠢  㧪 ⥬, p 
  ᯮᮡ  ࣠樨  䠩.     ⮭  ,  ⠪   
ணࠬ஢  SR     ᠭ   ࠩ஢,  pᬠp   
᫥ .  p    ਠ,  室
  p  ᫥ . ७   MS-DOS,
⥬  ⫠       䠩  㦤  祭  ஡   
᭨⥫묨 ਬࠬ.
     p  ᤥ    筮     ⮣, ⮡
 짮⥫ 䥪⨢ ࠡ  ⥬,  ᭮  ⪮
।⠢  㭪樮쭮 ணࠬ஢ SR.   㦨
㪮⢮  稭 pp⮢.
       pᬠਢ    ᨨ  MS-DOS    PC-DOS,   
᫥ - MS-DOS 3.3  PC-DOS 3.3.

                          ⠪ MS-DOS?

   MS-DOS   ஢뢠      ᪮   樮    ⥬.
樮   ⥬   -      ணࠬ,   न  ⢨
᫨⥫쭮  設;      ࠢ  ⢫ 믮
ணp.  MS-DOS  -  p樮  ⥬,  pᯮ    ᪠.
ࠡ稪 MS-DOS  ௮ Microsoft.
     ᭮ 㭪樨 樮 ⥬:
   1.    묨    ஬    ࠧ묨   ਩묨
ன⢠ (ନ, ਭࠬ,  ᪠, ⪨ ᪠
 ..).   묨 뢠 "/뢮 ".
    2. ᯥ祭 ⥬ ࣠樨  ࠭ 䠩.
    3. 㧪 ணࠬ    ᯥ祭  믮.
   p樮   ⥬   MS-DOS      ࠢ     ᢮
易ﬨ.   ࠪ⨪    ᭮  २ ᯮ짮
MS-DOS 砥     , ᬮ   㭪樮
᫮  (..  ⥮  p⠭   믮 筮 ᫮
㭪権).

               樮 ⥬  짮⥫

    ⢨  樮 ⥬  ᫨⥫쭠 設   ᥡ
    祭  ,  ᨫ    ,  ࠢ塞
祫.  樮  ⥬  "㧤뢠"    ᪮     ᨫ,
ॢ頥 ࣨ 設    祫 p㬥.
    㦭   樮 ⥬ 襩 ᫨⥫쭮  設,
   . ᫨  ਪ ணࠬ   㦭 㬥
⫠  ணࠬ    ஢  䠩,      ⮣  筮
  㭤⠫  ᭮,  ᫨      pp⪮
p樮 ⥬,   室  ⠫쭮 ⢮   ᥬ  
ᮡﬨ.  ⮡  ᯮ짮  樮  ⥬   
䥪⨢ ࠡ  設, ⥫쭮  ﬨ  ⥬
ணࠬ, , 室  , 祬  ਪ.
       ⥣ਨ ணࠬ⮢    ⭮ᨫ, 襥  
樮  ⥬     ᯮ짮       
䥪.   -    ⮬.

                ⪠  ᮧ MS-DOS

   ࢮ  ࠧࠡ⪮  MS-DOS      樮 ⥬ 
pᮭ , ᮧ ମ Seattle Computer Products  1980 . 
 1980 . ⥬, ࢮ砫쭮  QDOS, 뫠 ஢
 २  86-DOS.
                                   - 2 -

   ࠢ    ᯮ짮  樮  ⥬  86-DOS  뫮 㯫
௮樥  MICROSOFT,  稢襩  ࠪ    ମ  IBM, 
ࠧࠡ   樮   ⥬          ᮭ
஢, ᪠ ମ.     1981 .   p
IBM  PC   ਮ५  ப   ୮,     樮  ⥬
।⠢﫠  ᮡ  ஢    ⥬ 86-DOS, 
PC-DOS,  1.0.
   ᪮ ᫥  ᪠ IBM-PC   뭪  ⠫  ᮭ
  "宦     PC".  樮  ⥬     ஢
뢠  MS-DOS,    1.0.  ௮  MICROSOFT  ।⠢ 
ᯮ殮 p,  p   設,    p樮
⥬ PC-DOS, ப ⥯ p塞 MS-DOS.
   ⢥ 쥧 p稥  ⥬ 뫮 ,   뢠
"஢ ⥬".       設 室 뫮  㯠
᢮ 樮 ⥬. ⫨⥫ ᮡ  ⥬  
 ⮫쪮 ⥬ ணp,   易 室 p 
""  樮  ⥬    ⭮  設.  짮⥫,
ࠡ騩  ࠧ 設,  頫  ࠧ  .
         ᪠   樮   ⥬   PC-DOS       MS-DOS
ᮢ襭⢮  ࠫ쭮      ࠧ.    1982   .
   ᨨ   1.1.      २⢮    ᨨ  뫠
  ᯮ짮  p  ᪥  (p 1.0 﫠
ࠡ  ⮫쪮    ஭  ᪥⠬),    ⠪   
뫪 ਭ஢᪮ 뢮  㣨 ன⢠.
    1983 . 뫨 ࠧࠡ⠭ ᨨ 2.0.  ࠢ  ।騬 
  ᯮ짮  ⪨ , ᯥ稢  ᫮
᪨  pp  ᪠,  砫  ஥  ன⢠  
᪥  ⥬ ࠢ 䠩.
    MS-DOS  ᨨ 3.0,  饭  1984 .,  ।⠢﫠 襭
ਠ  㦨  ⪮  ᪠    ᮥ    
ப஢.  ᫥騥 ᨨ,   3.3 (   1987
.), ࠧ  ⮬  p.
       뢠  "  MS-DOS",     p
ࠢ ࠧ ⭮    PC-DOS. ᫨   ਢ ᯥ樠쭮,
    MS-DOS,  PC-DOS      塞. ᨨ 1.0  1.1
  MS-DOS 1  1, pᨨ 2.0, 2.10  2.11 -  MS-DOS  2
 2..  ᨨ 3.0,  3.1, 3.2   3.3  -   MS-DOS 3   3..  
 ᨨ p樮 ⥬ PC-DOS.

                       ঠ 

* ଠ樮 㪠⥫
* 樨   ᠬ MS-DOS
* ᬮp  MS-DOS
* ਫ, 騥 ᠭ ⥬ 㭪権; ⥬
  뢠; ᮡ⥩ MS-DOS,   ⬥祭  ⥬
  㬥樨; pp  䠩;  ⠡ ४஢;
  ⠭  ASCII  ᠭ 몠 ணࠬ஢ ᥬ

    1 - ଠ樮 㪠⥫ -  ⪨ ࠢ筨  ᭮
,  㦤    .    ⥬ ਢ  䠢⭮
浪,      ᫥  ⭮騥      㪠
࠭,   ࠧ.
    2 - 樨    ᠬ MS-DOS - ⮨   14
. ଠ, ਢ   ⮩ , ᠥ ᭮  ᯥ⮢
⥬   MS-DOS      ᯮ      浪  ⠭  ᫮
ࠣ ᮢ.
     3 -  MS-DOS.   樮 ⥬  ࣠
   ਭ樯  "  - ⢨  ⥬",   ⮬    ⮩  
ਢ  ⠫쭮  ᠭ    ,    ⠪  ਬ  
ᯮ짮.
     4  -  ਫ,  ᮤঠ騥  ⥫  ଠ   
設  ᬮp      ᮢ.  ਫ   饥
।⠢  ⥬  뢠  㭪  樮 ⥬,
᫥ 祣  pᬠp p. p  ᠥ 
ᮡ⥩  MS-DOS,    祭    ⥬ 㬥樨, 
                                   - 3 -

ப  p塞    ࠪ⨪.  ਫ      
⥬-, ஥   ᭮   䠩.   ਫ  D
pp ⨥   p,   ⠪  ᯮᮡ  ᯮ짮.
ਫ   ᮤp ᭮   몠  ᥬ.   ⮣
ਫ -   짮⥫,     饣 몠,  
騥   ணࠬ. ਫ F -   ४ ⠡
⠭⭮      ASCII.   p   ,    p
८ࠧ  ⭠      筮 ।⠢ 
.

                     ⪮ ᮤঠ 

   ਢ ⪮ ᮤঠ   ୠ  ன  
.
    1. 㧪 MS-DOS.  ⥬, 娢, 樠  
ଠ஢ ⥬ ᪥.
    2.    MS-DOS. ࣠ ࠭ ,  ஢ 
䨪 䠩.
     3.  ࠭      ᪮  浪. ᪮
ॢ,   , ᮧ pp,  .
    4. 砫쭠 ⮢ ⪮ ᪠. 楤  㦨
⪮ ᪠. ⨫ FDISK.
     5.    䠩  MS-DOS.  ᠭ   ᯮᮡ p樨
 䠩. ᯮ짮 頥 ࠬ஢. 믮 
䠩.
    6. pp  /뢮, 䨫p   p⢠ p
⮪. ⥫  MS-DOS  ࠡ⪥ .
    7.  EDLIN, ⥪⮢  । MS-DOS.  ᯮ짮 ।
 p樨  p⪨ 䠩.
    8. ࠢ ன  ᯫ. ணࠬ,  㦨騥
  ᯫ.
    9.  DEBUG. ஢  ࠡ 樮  ⥬  ⫠
ணࠬ 짮⥫. ᯮ짮  .
     10.    LINK.  ८ࠧ  ꥪ⭮     ६頥
㧮  㫨,  ꥤ  ᪮쪨  ꥪ  㫥  
㧮, ᯮ짮 祢 pp pp LINK.
    11.   ᯮᮡ ࠢ ᪮. ࣠  
ࠢ  묨    ᪥.    ᪠  (pp  ᪠),
⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩, ⥬ 䠩 MS-DOS.
    12.   ᯮᮡ ࠢ . ࣠  
 MS-DOS. 㧪  ணࠬ, 䨪 ᥣ  ணࠬ, p樮
।  ࠢ騥  .
    13. ணࠬ  TSR. 饥 ।⠢.  祭. ⠫쭮
ᠭ TSR  ਬ ॠ쭮 ணࠬ.
    14. ࠩ MS-DOS. 饥 ।⠢. 祭. 
pp.

                         짮 

       p묨 ᯮᮡ.      砫
  ,      ⠭  ⮫쪮      ,
᪨    ଠ樮 㪠⥫.   짮⥫ MS-DOS
।,  p⭮,  ன  ᯮᮡ.  ᯮ짮   p樮
㪠⥫   ᯮ ஡     筮 ⭮
ணࠬ.
      ᫥騥 ᮡ:
    , 뫠  ࠭, p p ⮬.
     ન (_) 㪠뢠  .
    ,  짮⥫, p  p⮬.
      ணࠬ  ன   ᨭ⠪᪨ 뤥ঠ
    ( ஡   ९),     設
      .
   ⬥⨬,   ⥪⮢ । EDLIN ( 7)  
窮  (*).  ,    ,  pp,  *2L ⥬
p뢠    2L.    ᠬ ⭮     (-)  ।
  (DEBUG):   "-d" ppp  "d".
                                   - 4 -


                            

   祭 ᯥ樠   稭  让  㪢,
ਬ, Ecs, Del, Alt.   ⪨ 祭  Ctrl-D,
Ctrl-N.   ࠭   룫 ᫥騬  ࠧ:   ^d, ^n.   
祭    p⨫    ,  p쭮 室 ६
  "Ctrl"  ᨬ .
     祭 .  ⮣  㦭    
  Enter - ⮡ ⥬ "",   稫  
p⨢. ⠭p p MS-DOS   >  >. 
 p⨪  Enter 뢠 Return  <---.
       쪨,  訬 㪢.    
 p묨  㪢, ..  設⢮     
⠪.      室 ᮡ  ᨭ⠪᪨ ࠢ
(  ஡      㭪樨).   뢠 ⠢ p
    p ன⢠,      
䠩.  ⨢ 砥, 設  ,    ॡ.
    ࠩ 讥  L  1      0. ᫨ ᫥  
  設    ࠡ⠥,  ஢    ⥪.   
ᮤp 訡.
       ᬠਢ  樨  㦨      
᪥  ⪨  ᪠. ᫨   ਢ ᯥ樠쭮,   ᫮
"" ⭮   ,   ᪥.

                                   - 5 -

          2.     MS-DOS

                   1.  MS-DOS
                  ------------------------

      ,  㧨 MS-DOS.   ।⠢
ᮡ  ⪨        p樮  ⥬,  ᯮ짮
᪮, ᯮᮡ  娢樨   ଠ஢ ⥬  ᪥. 
室  ࠧ ᯥ樠  p, ⭮騥  p  設
(.1.1),    ᭮       ஥   ᫥騥  ,
騥 ଠ  ࠧ 㭪   MS-DOS.
   ࢠ   饭  㧪 ⥬  娢樨  ⥬
᪥. 楤 㧪  娢樨 ।祭  設, 
    ᪮     ᪥.   室 믮 
砫   ࠡ      ⪨   ᪮.   ᯮ짮  ⪮  ᪠
pᬠp  .4.

                        㧪 MS-DOS

   樮 ⥬ MS-DOS p   ᪥, ਫ 
襩   .      ᪥      㯨       -⠢騪
.ᯥ祭.  祭 設 樮 ⥬ 㦠 
. ந室騥  ⮬ p  ᠭ  .12.    
뢠  ⢨   짮⥫,  室     ࢮ砫쭮
㧪 MS-DOS.
   । 祭  設   ᪥   MS-DOS   ᪮ .
᫨   ,   ᪮ 祭 ,   ,  筨
  㪮⢥, ਫ   襩  ମ-⮢⥫.  ᫥
⮣ ன  ᪮    設 (p.1-2).  ᪮쪮
ᥪ㭤  設  㤥  ⢮.     ᠬ         ६
ந    ஢ப  ࠡᯮᮡ  ७ ன⢠
設. ⥬  ࠭   - 쪠 ᢥ 窠,
㪠뢠  p ⥬.    饫窨, ᫥ 祣
 窠 . 祭  砥,   MS-DOS
९뢠  ᪥   設.

    .1.1. ᭮  ⨯ ப:
ਭ;   CR;   CPU;  ᪮   ᪥;
᪮  ⪮ ᪠; ; 窠-

     1.2. 㧪 MS-DOS  設   ᪮
᪮ ; ᪮ ; 1.  ⥬ ᪥  ᪮ ;
                        2. ன  ᪮;
                        3.  設;
                        4. 堩     ࠭
                           ᨬ A>

                           

   ᫥ 㧪 p樮 ⥬  筮  筠 .  
࠭  ᫥ (  ) :

           Current date is Tue 7-08-1987
           Enter new date:

   ᫥ ப -        (ᥣ譥)  .
    ᯮ    ॣ樨  p   ()
䠩.    ॣ樨      ࠩ   
p  ᫥  .
    p  ப 㪠  祭 Current  date.    樨
⥬    ᪥.    㤥  䨣஢    㧪.
                                   - 6 -

       室 ᤥ ᫥饥:
1.   ⥪饣 , ਬ, 01 = ﭢ, 02 = 䥢ࠫ 
   ..    (  騩)    (..  ﭢ  
      "1",   "01").
2.   (-)   (/), ࠧ騩   .
3.  ᥣ譥 ᫮. 騩   .
4.   (-)   (/), ⤥騩 ᫮  .
5.  .  MS-DOS ਭ  祭  ࢠ  1980
     2099.    ⮫쪮 ᫥      (ਬ,
   1988     1988,   88).
6.   Enter.

     ࠭  祭  :

              Current date is Tue 7-08-1987
              Enter new date: 6/17/88     <---Enter

   ᫥   Enter,  MS-DOS ஢,    祭
᫠,      ࢠ ⨬ 祭,  ⠪  ᨭ⠪
. ᫨     p⭮,       設.  
⨢  砥    p  뢮  ᮮ饭  "Invalid date". 
࠭    ⪫祭 設. ᫥ ⪫祭   ࠥ
  ୮ 㧪  室  .

                           ६

   ᫥      MS-DOS  뤠      (..
饣)  ६.    祭  ᯮ  ॣ樨
p  ⥪騩 ਮ p 䠩. ६ pp樨, ⠪
   ,    室       ᫥
ᮧ 䠩:

                  Current date is Tue 7-08-1987
                  Enter new date: 6/17/88
                  Current time is: 0:01:01.58
                  Enter new time:_

     ।᫥  ப  㪠  祭  Current  time.  ६
樨 ⥬  ᪥.  ᢥ稢   㧪.

     ६ 室 ந ᫥騥 p樨:
1.  ⥪騩  (᪠ 祭  01  24). 騩 
     (  01  1).
2.  稥 (:), ⤥饥   .
3.  . 騥 㫨 易⥫.
4.   㭪   믮.   稥,  ⥬  ᥪ㭤.
   ᫥ ⮣  㪠  ᥪ㭤,  ࠢ । 祭 
    ⤥   祭 ᥪ㭤   (.).
5.   Enter.

     ࠭  祭  ६:

                Current date is Tue 7-08-1987
                Enter new date: 6/17/88
                Current time is 0:01:01.58
                Enter new time: 9:40       <---Enter

   ᫥   Enter MS-DOS ஢  祭. ᫨
६  p⭮,   뢠   設.  ⨢
砥   뤠   ᮮ饭    "Invalid   time".   祭    ६
४    ᮮ⢥⢨    祭  ⠩p  ᪮쪮 ࠧ 
ᥪ㭤.    ࠭        ⪫祭  . ᫥
⪫祭  ६  ࠥ      ୮  㧪  室
 .
                                   - 7 -

                      ⠭p  ⥬

   ᫥    ६      MS-DOS  뤠    
 (>).  ⨬  ᨬ ᫥ , ᨣp騩 
⮢ ⥬ ਭ :

                  Current date is Tue 7-08-1987
                  Enter new date: 6/17/88
                  Current time is 0:01:01.58
                  Enter new time: 9:40

            The IBM Personal Computer MS-DOS
            Version 3.30 Copyright Micrisoft Corp 1981,1987

            >_

                     ६  㬮砭

     樨,  짮⥫     
६  㧪.  ⮬ 砥       ६
㦭        Enter.  ६     ⠭ 
ᮮ⢥⢨  祭ﬨ  Current date   Current time, ..   
p㦠  ६      樨  MS-DOS,      易  
ॠ묨 祭ﬨ.  ⠪ 㧪 ⥬ ࠭ ⠥  
,  筮 ᢥ稢  祭 p  :

                  Current date is Tue 7-08-1987
                  Enter new date:                         <---Enter
                  Current time is 0:01:01.58
                  Enter new time:                         <---Enter

                  ࠢ騩  /६

      ஢   ⥫ ࠢ騩  
/६.  ,  ᫨    ⥬ ᪥  ᮮ⢥饥
.ᯥ祭,   ६             㧪    ⠭
⮬᪨.  稨 p饣   㧭  㬥樨,
ਫ  襩 設 ମ-⮢⥫.

                        䠩

   祭 ६, p㦥  ⨢   設, ᪮쪮
ࠧ  ᥪ㭤 ४  ᮮ⢥⢨  祭 ⠩.  
६ ⨣  㭮 (24:00:00.00),  p樮 ⥬  
.
      p樨   䠩         뢠  ⥫쭠,
ࠪਧ 䠩 ଠ.  ᫮  ࠪ⨪ 
    ६  ᮧ  䠩.  ⮡ ᬮ  ଠ, 
ᯮ짮    DIR  (  ᬮ७ ). 
६   p   ᮧ 䠩     ᫥
४஢. ⮬ p p樨  p⪥ 讣 ⢠
䠩  ॠ   ६ ⠭ ᮡ 稬.

              ⥬    Ctrl-Alt-Del

       ᠭ    楤  㧪  p樮  ⥬
稭  祭 ,   뢠 "宫 p⮬".
,  ᡮ  p㧨  ⥬   祭 設.  
⮬ 砥 p p㧪 뢠 "⥯ p⮬".
     몫  設,    ⥬  ᪥    ᪮ ,
ன  ᪮   ६    Ctrl-Alt-Del.
MS-DOS 筥 㦠  .     砥 "宫  p",
     p  .

                                   - 8 -

                        

    ࠡ  ᥣ 室     ⥬ ᪥. 祬
ᤥ  室 ࠧ  ᫥ 㯪 設. ᮡ  ஢
    ⢠      襬 ᯮ殮 ᪮ 
  ᪥  -      .  襬 ᭠砫 ᯮᮡ p
⥬ ᪥  ⥬   ᪮.

.  筨  㬥樨,  ᪮쪮  襩 ⥬ 
            ᪮    ᪥    ᪮ 
            ⪮  ᪠. ⥬  ਬ  ᮮ⢥騩 ᯮᮡ
            娢樨.  ᫨ ⥬  ਥ஢  ᯮ짮
            ⪮ ᪠,  ᮡ    ⥬
            ᪥   祭, ..  祭 ⪮ ᪠
             ⥬  砩  ⥬ ᪥.

             ஢  ⥬   ᪮

   ᫨   襩 ⥬     ᪮    ᪥,  
⥬ ᪥ ⠭  ᪮ ,  ᪥    -
  ᪮    (..1.2).  pp  ᪥   ᪮ . 
   ⮩,   ᮤp  ଠ樨, ⠪  
p p  䠩   . ⮡ 㧭,   室
 ᪥  , p ᫥ :

                         A>dir b:/w

   쪮    ᢮   .  -    
 ⢨ 樮  ⥬. ଠ ।⠢   -
᮪饭 ᪮  ᫮   ᮪饭, 饥    㪢
᪮쪨 ᫮. ਬ, DIR - ᮪p饭  ᫮ DIRectory.  
pp  樮  ⥬    室  뤠     ࠭
ࠢ筮 ଠ樨  ࠭  㪠 ᪥ 䠩  (⠢
⮩ ଠ樨 㤥 ᬠਢ  .2).  b:  , 
᪥  室    ᪮  .  祢  pp  /w   
易⥫  ࠬ஬    DIR.    祢 ࠬ஢
 ᮡ  믮 .   襬  砥 ࠬ  /w
砥,   䠩  ᯮ  ⮫栬   ਭ
࠭.     p묨, ⠪  묨 㪢.
   ᫨ ᭨,   ᪥    䠩,    
९  ⤥  ᪥. ,       p
᪥ -  ᮤp  ଠ樨.
     直  砩 ஢ ᪥   ᪮ .  ᫨ 
᪥  MS-DOS, ᤥ  㡮    ᫥饥:

                   A>diskcopy a: b:

      Enter    ᮮ饭:

          Insert source diskette in drive 
          Insert target diskette in drive B
          Strike any key when ready

    室 ᪥ (source) - ,  ன ᭨ . 
(target) - ᪥,   ,  襬 砥  ᪥ 
ன⢥ .
   室  楫  ᪥ 室   ᮮ⢥ ᪮,
 p ஢   ᪠.   :   
᪮  窨-,  ᨣp騥    砫.
 p襭 p ࠭ :

            Copy complete
            Copy another (Y/N)?_

    p襭 p DISKCOPY,   N  n ( "NO")  - 
࠭  ⠭p ⥬ p (>).
                                   - 9 -

     pp  ⮢p      ᯮ짮  
DISKCOMP.   ஡ ᠭ  3-  .
    ᪥  ᪮     .   쭥襬
    室    㤥  ᭨       p樮
⥬. 祭     ᯮ   ⢥ p祩 ⥬
᪥.

              ஢  ⥬   ᪮

   ᫨ ⥬  ᥣ  ᪮   ᪠,  ⠭
㤠 ᪥  . pp . ᪥   ⮩,  
ᮤp  ଠ樨, ⠪   ஢  䠩   
㭨⮦.  :

                          A>dir/b:

   ⠪,   ᢮     .  ᠭ 
DIR  ࠬ /w . ।饬  ࠧ ("஢   ⥬ 
 ᪮").
   ᫨ ᭨,   ᪥    䠩,    
९  ⤥  ᪥. ,    MS-DOS   
p ᪥ -  ᮤp  ଠ樨.
   p  ᭨  ᪥    ᪮      㤠  ᪥ 
p樮 ⥬.  :

                    A>diskcopy : b:

     ࠭  ᮮ饭:

                   Insert source diskette in drive A
                   Strike any key when ready

   室 ᪥  -   ᪮   (⢥),   ᫥⥫쭮
   . MS-DOS  p⠥   ᪥ p  
ଠ樨  뢥 ᮮ饭:

                   Insert target diskette in drive A
                   Strike any key when ready

   ᫨   襩 設   ᥣ   ᪮,   p樮
⥬ -p 㤥 ,     ᪥  ⢮ ᢮
ன⢮.    ᪮    㤥  pᬠp   ⤥
p⢠  p A  .   ᪥ MS-DOS ॠ,  
 ᪥   㣮  (᢮) ன⢥.   ⥬
᪥    ⠭    ᪮  ᪥   .  
. ⠭   ଠ樨      ᪥. ᫥
⮣  ࠭  ᮮ饭:

                   Insert source diskette in drive A
                   Strike any key when ready

     ᭨  ᪥        ⠭  ᪥  MS-DOS.
    .    楤  㦭  p   
ᮮ饭  砭 p p:

                 Copy complete
                 Copy another (Y/N)?_

   ᫮  ⠭  ।  ꥬ  ,  뤥塞   
楤  "⥭/".    ꥬ      ᨬ 
ᨨ  ਠ 樮 ⥬.
   ,  p襭  p DISKCOPY    "N"   "n"
( NO).  ࠭      .
     pp  ⮢p      ᯮ짮  
DISKCOMP.   ஡ ᠭ  3-  .
                                   - 10 -

    p  設 ᪥  MS-DOS.  쭥襬   
室    㤥  ᭨        p樮 ⥬.
祭   ᯮ  ⢥ ࠡ祩 ⥬ ᨪ.

                        ଠ஢ ᪥

   ⮡ p樮 ⥬   㦨 ᪥ (   
,  p      ..),  ᪥    ଠ஢. 
 ଠ஢ ᪥ ࠧ  㯭 MS-DOS ⪨,
뢠 ᥪࠬ.  ⮬ p   ᡮ ⪨, 
⠪ ନ  pp.  設⢮ ᨩ MS-DOS (   )
।ᬠਢ ⮬᪮ ଠ஢ ᪥ (᫨    뫠
ଠ஢ ࠭)  ࠡ  DISKCOPY.
   ᫨   p楤p   pp   p   믮   DISKCOPY    
।ᬮ७    襩  ᨨ  MS-DOS,     ஢ ᪥ 
࠭  ᮮ饭:

               Disk error reading drive A
               Abort, Retry, Ignore?

     ""    ""  -    ࠭   ⠭ ⥬
. ⠭ ⥬ ᪥   :  "format  :". 
.    p:

             A>format :                     <----Enter
             Insert new diskette for drive A:
             and strike any key when ready

    ᪮   ⠭  ᪥,   㦭 ଠ஢. 
 ଠ஢  ଠ p. ⮬  室
㡥,    ᪥     p樨.   (⮡ pp
᪥,    ⠭    pp     ⮩ 
窥,    p    "Ctrl"    "C"  (Ctrl-C)).   ⮡
த  ଠ஢  ᪥,           
ᮮ饭:

              Formatting...Format complete
                 362496 bytes total disk space
                 362496 bytes available on disk
              format another (Y/N)? n       <----  n
              >

   ᪥ ଠ஢.        ᪮  ᯮ짮
 ࠡ. ஡  ᠭ  FORMAT  ᮤন  3-  
.

                          ᪮

   設⢮    MS-DOS  p  ,  ⠭  
४஢      ᪥.  ⮡  㪠  ᪮,   ஬
⠭ ࠡ뢠 ,  ⥪  砥  㪢
祭. ᫨ p   祭 ᪮ 饭, 
 砥,  ࠡ뢠  室  ᪮,   
 ࠡ⠫ ࠭    p  ⠭ ⥬   (>
 >).  ᪮  뢠 p稬.  ࢮ砫쭮  㧪
⥬, pp,  ᪥  ᪮ A,  p祣  p⢠
砥   ᪮.
      ४祭 ⥬  㦨 㣮 ᪮ 
祭    ᪮,  ⥬ 稥      
Enter:

                 A>b:         <----Enter
                 >
                                   - 11 -

   稥 -   ਧ  ᪮. ᫨   뫨   , 
p樮 ⥬ 㤥 ppp "b"    ⠥
 믮.   ᬮ  祭    ⥬  ,  
㦨 ।     b, 뤠  ᮮ饭   訡   ⥬ -
⠭p ⥬ p:

                  A>b
                  Bad command or file name
                  A>
                                   - 12 -

                         2.   MS-DOS

       ᭮  易⥩  MS-DOS  -  㦨  (࠭,
ᮧ, 㭨⮦   ..) 䠩.    MS-DOS 祭  
䠩.      易  ,  室    ᯥ樠쭮
⢥  .    ⫨稥       㬥⮢,  ࠭  
ᯥ樫 娢   ᥩ, 䠩 MS-DOS ࠭   ᪠.
  ࠡ⪥  䠩    㦠    ⨢   設. 
㧪    ,    ࠭  䠩  室  㭪樨 樮
⥬.
            ᬠਢ  ᯮᮡ  䨪樨   䠩,
뢠  ଠ,  室 MS-DOS  㦨  䠩.  
⠪ ਢ 楤 ஢ 䠩.
   ᫨  ⥬  ਥ஢    ࠡ    ⪨ ᪮,  
᭠砫    p,     ⢥p⮩ . 
  ⥫  p⢮ ⪮ ᪠.   ⠪ ᠭ
⠯  ⮢  ᪠    p.  ⥬       祭
饩  ᫥ .

                         䨪 䠩

    䠩  MS-DOS   .  䠩    
᫮.   ⮨  ᭮ (p⮣)   pp.
    䠩  ᯮ  樮  ⥬.    
䠩, ਬ, 䠩   ⥬ ᪥, p p.  
१ࢨ 樮 ⥬.  ⠫ 䠩  
짮⥫.  筮    ਤ㬠  , p饥 祭
室饩  p  䠩   p樨.  p  ᯮ   
祭 ⨯ 䠩, ਬ, - ⥪⮢  䠩 .  
㦨      䨪樨  䠩      ଠ樥,
ਬ,  pp 䠩  筮  㦥 ९᪮.
     䠩      ⮬᪨ 頥   
  ᪠,  뢠  ⠫  (  pp). ⮡ 㧭,
 䠩 室  ⥬ ᪥, ⠭   ᪮  
   "dir/w".

   A>dir/w

   Volume in drive A has no label
   Directory of A:\

COMMAND  COM   DEBUG    COM   EXE2BIN  EXE   CHDISK   COM   EDLIN    COM
RECOVER  COM   SYS      COM   MORE     COM   DISKCOPY COM   LINK     EXE
SORT     EXE   FIND     EXE   FC       EXE   HDISK    SYS   GRAPHICS COM
FORMAT   COM   PHDINIT  COM   PRINT    COM   DISKCOMP COM   DISKTEST COM
MODE     COM   ASSIGN   COM   MEMTEST  COM   BACKUP   COM   RESTORE  COM
FDISK    COM   TREE     COM   DIRCOMP  COM   DMA      COM   GWBASIC  EXE
SAMPLE1  TXT   CONFIG   SYS   ANSI     SYS
         33 File(s) 84992 bytes free
     >

     dir   ࠭ 뢮  ᯨ᮪     ᪥
䠩. ᪥   室   ࠡ祬  ᪮.  ਢ
  ਬ    ᪮  .  祭    ࠭  ⠡  
⫨  ⠡, 祭  襩 ⥬ ᪥.  ⬥⨬,
   ᫥   ப 㪠  ⢮ 䠩   ᪥ (33), 
⠪ ꥬ ᢮    (84992).
    p 䠩 - "COMMAND COM", ண - "DEBUG COM", 쥣  -
"EXEBIN EXE"   ..  ⬥⨬,      ⮨    ⥩.
 ᯮ  ⮫栬,   ⮫ ⮨   .
  p      㪠  ᮡ⢥   䠩 ( ⮥ ), 
ன - ७.  ⮥    ७ ⠢ ᫮  
䠩. ,   ᬮ७  ࢮ   ⠡   ,  
⮨  ⮣  "COMMAND"  p "COM".
     ।  ࠢ  䨪樨  䠩.    䠩
   㭨   । ᪠.  㣨 ᫮,  pp
                                   - 13 -

᪠       (, ᫨   ᫮,
  ᮢ    p  ,  pp).  pp,
    䠩  letters.per  - 樮 ⥬  
㤥 ,   砥  頥  ࢮ  ,    -
 ஬.  ,   짮    ⥬    
䠩,  㪠뢠  p묥   pp.  pp,  䠩     㦥
९᪮      letters.bus,    䠩  c 筮 ९᪮ -
letters.per.      १ࢨ  MS-DOS  ᪫⥫쭮 
⥬  짮.      ⥬  ணࠬ,  p稪
 MS-DOS  ⠭p  譨 p (pp,  "PRN"
 pp). ᮪    ਢ  㪮⢥  ணࠬ.
 䠩   ଥ:  .७.
   p⮥  䠩    쬨 ᨬ, pp -  
p. p  易⥫쭮 ⠢饩  䠩.  ᫨
 ,     p⮣   ⤥ 筮  窮. ᫨
砩      p⮥  ,  饥  쬨 ᨬ, 
᫥ 쬮 ᨬ ⮬᪨ ⠢ 筠 窠,  p
ᨬ   ᫥      ppp   p樮   ⥬  
pp, ⠫ ᨬ p뢠. ᫨   ᫮  ,
  p  p⮥  砥    쬨  ᨬ,     
ᮮ饭  訡.  ᫨ pp ᮤp   p ᨬ,  
稭  ⢥p⮣, ᨬ pp.
    p  䠩  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  p
p ᨬ:

   㪢 䠢
   p  0  9
   ᯥ樠 ᨬ: $ # @ % ( ) - { } ` ' _ ^ ~

   p ⮣, ᪠  ᨬ: | < > \
     ᫥ p ᨬ   p  MS-DOS
(稭  pᨨ 2.0).
    p  䠩  ᯮ짮 ᨬ:

 * + = [ ] : ; " , . / ? p ᨬ ⠡樨  p騥 ᨬ

   pp   p 䠩,   p  ᮤp  
᪮쪮  ᨬ    ᫥  p㯯,      䠩  㤥
㦨 MS-DOS.
   p 㪢  MS-DOS  ppp  , ⮬  
    pp    p  ( ⭮,  䠩) 
p    쪨,  ⠪    訬  㪢  (  
   p    㪢).   ⮩     䠩
 p묨 㪢,    ᥣ    設.

    

   ⮡ p樮 ⥬   p㦨 䠩,  㦭  ᮮ
 . p ⮣, 室  㪠 ,  室 䠩.  
祭 ᪠ ᯮ  p p⢠ (᪮),   p
 ⠭.  p p⢠  p⠢ ᮡ  㪢 䠢,  
p  ᫥  稥.  p  ᪮  ⥬ pᢠ
p "A:",  p -  "B:". p  ᪮   ⪮ ᪠ 筮
砥  p  "C:".  ᪮  p   p p⢠ 
뢠:  ᪮ A, ᪮   ..
   p p⢠, ᠭ  樨   䠩, p⠢
ᮡ  ᯥ䨪  䠩.  䨪      p:  ("p
p⢠""p⮥  .pp").  pp,  ᯥ䨪  䠩 
p  "instruct"  pp "txt", 室饣  ᪥  A,
룫廊 ᫥騬 p:  "A:instruct.txt".

    

   p 䠩 -   ᠬ ppp p権. 
pp  pp   p     ᢮  䠩,   ⮡    砥
p   , 䠩  뫮 ⠭.
                                   - 14 -

   p楤p p 䠩 p  ᨬ   ⢠
   ⥬ ᪮     ᪠. 砫  pᬮp
p楤p p   ⥬     ᪮,   ⥬ - 
⥬   ᪮.
   p  p  ᪥    室  䠩 뢠 室, 
᪥      -  楫.  ⮩  p     
祭 ᪮ (室  楫).

                   ⥬   ᪮

    室  ᪥ (  p㥬 䠩)   ᪮  A, 
pp 楫 (᪥  ) -  ᪮ .
   p,    p  䠩  "instruct.txt". p 
"copy", ᯥ䨪 p㥬 䠩  ᯥ䨪 :

   A>copy a:instruct.txt b:instruct.txt

     "Enter".    砭  p  p    
ᮮ饭:

   1 File(s) copied
   A>

------------------------------------------------------------------------
   p p  䠩   ⪨   ᯥ䨪   ᮤp
p  ᪮    ⪮  ᪠.  pp,  p p 䠩
"instruct.txt"  ⪨    :

   A>copy a:instruct.txt c:instruct.txt
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                     ⥬   ᪮

    室 ᪥  ᪮. p "copy", ᯥ䨪
室 䠩  ᯥ䨪 :

   A>copy a:instruct.txt b:instruct.txt

    "Enter". p樮 ⥬ p⠥   p 䠩
 뢥 ᮮ饭:

   Insert diskette in drive B: and strike
   any key when ready

     p  MS-DOS  pp    ⮬,    p稬 ᪨
p⢮ 祭 ᪮ :  (..3, ᠭ  DEVICE). 
㦭      室   ᪥      ᪮     ⠭  㤠
pp 楫.

. 饭   p, 祬  ᪮ ᭥
           窠 p.  ᭨ ᪥   p, 
           窠  ᭥.

   p, ⮡  p p,   .
p⠭ p   , ᫥ 祣 㤥 뤠 ᮮ饭:

   Insert diskette in drive A: and strike
   any key when ready

     p    ⮬,    p稬  ᪨  p⢮ 
祭  ᪮  A.    楫  ᪥  ⠭ 室.
    .   p  ᫥  p   MS-DOS.
,  室 ᪥  室  ᪮ p⢥
A,   楫 -   p⢥  .   砭 p p 
 ᮮ饭:

                                   - 15 -

   1 File(s) copied
   A>

   p  pp    COMP  p  祭
  室 䠩.  (..3, ᠭ  COMP).

    

   頥  ᨬ  -    ᯥ樠  ᨬ,  ᯮ㥬  
祭   ᪮쪨 ᨬ  䠩.  MS-DOS   
- 窠 (*)  p⥫  (?).
   p⥫   ⮫쪮  ᨬ   pp,
窠  -  p㯯  ᨬ.  頥  ᨬ  ᮡ  㤮 
p    DIR,  COPY, ERASE   RENAME,  .. ⢨ 
  ppp   ᪮쪮 䠩.

                   頥 ᨬ "?"

   p,   ᪥  䠩:

   last.txt
   list.txt
   lost.txt
   lust.txt

       p    p ᪥.    p
 ᯮᮡ. -p,  -  :   p p   
"copy"    ᮮ⢥饩  ᯥ䨪樥.  -p, -  ,
稢  ᯥ䨪 䠩  頥 ᨬ. ᫨   p p
ᯮᮡ,  :

   A>copy a:l?st.txt b:l?st.txt

   p⥫    p 樨   䠩 㪠뢠   ,
    ᨬ    頥.    p 믮 
p樮 ⥬  롥p   ᪠   䠩   pp "txt" 
p  , p  ᨬ  p  -  "l", p⨩ ᨬ - "s", 
⢥p -"t".  p   室  ᨬ.

                     頥 ᨬ "*"

    "*"   䠩 砥,     樨  p  
  (    砭  )    室     ᨬ.
p,    ᬮp,  䠩  ⥬  ᪥
 pp "com"  稭  㪢 "f".  ᪥ 
᪮ A    (..3, ᠭ  DIR):

   A>dir f*.com/w
   FORMAT    COM      FDISK     COM
           2 File(s)              84992 bytes free

   祢 pp /w 砥,   p 뢮 ⮫쪮 
䠩  pp (⥫쭠 p 饭).
   䨪 䠩       頥 ᨬ.
pp,    "f*.com"  ⭠  ᫥饩:  "f???????.com". 
᫥饬 pp  䠩  ᪥ A p  ᪥ :

   A>copy a:*.* b:*.*
                                   - 16 -


              3. ,   

                 

    ன  p । 䠩, pᬠp ᯮᮡ
䨪樨  䠩    뢠  ଠ,  室    
㦨 p樮  ⥬.    ⠪  pᬮp p
楤  ஢  䠩.      pᬠp ⥬
p 䠩  MS-DOS.
   ᫨   ⥬   ᪮   ⪮ ᪠,   ० 祬
㯨    祭   p쥩  ,       ਠ
⢥p⮩,  ᠭ ⠯ 砫쭮 ⮢ ⪮ ᪠  p
 p ࠧ饭   p樮 ⥬.

                     㦨 䠩  MS-DOS

   ⥬ p 䠩  MS-DOS p  ᯮ짮 
pp  (  ⠫)  ᪠.  ४਩  -    
᪥, 뤥塞    ଠ஢. pp ।⠢
ᮡ  ⠡,  㤠        p  ᪥ 䠩.
 䠩  pp ᮮ⢥  .
    ४  砥 ᫥  p:     䠩
(     pp),       ६     ᮧ     ᫥
ppp,  ꥬ        ,   ⠪ p
⥫   ଠ,   ᯮ㥬   p   㦨   䠩
樮 ⥬. pp pp pᬮp  .11.
   .3-1    p⥩  奬  ४਩-䠩.  䠩
ᯮ   ஢ ⭮⥫쭮 pp.   ᯮ
䠩 뢠 .   ᨨ MS-DOS ( pᨨ  2.0)
ᯥ稢  ⮫쪮  pp  pp  p樨  䠩.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
!                        ४਩ ᪠                              !
!______________________________________________________________________!
       !          !          !          !          !          !
    --------   --------   --------   --------   --------   --------
    ! 䠩 !   ! 䠩 !   ! 䠩 !   ! 䠩 !   ! 䠩 !   ! 䠩 !
    !______!   !______!   !______!   !______!   !______!   !______!

         .3-1. ᪠  ࣠樨 䠩.

     2.0   ⫨砥     ।  ०   ᥣ  ⥬,   
ᯥ稢  ꥤ  䠩  ᪨  pp.
p⪠ ⠪  ᯮᮡ p樨  뫠 ᫮  室
p  ᪥ 讣 ⢠ 䠩.

                      p᪨ ⥬ 䠩

   饭    ⪮  ᪥  ⥭      䠩 - 筮
    ࠪ⨪  짮⥫  pᮭ  .  㦨
⠪ ⢠ 䠩, ⢥, ॡ   ⥬ 
࣠樨    ⥬ ᪠, 祬  p p MS-DOS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
!                          ४਩                                  !
!______________________________________________________________________!
   !         !         !         !         !                !
--------  --------  --------  --------  --------  ----------------------
! 䠩 !  ! 䠩 !  ! 䠩 !  ! 䠩 !  ! 䠩 !  !   ४਩    !
!______!  !______!  !______!  !______!  !______!  !  (㯯 䠩)   !
                                                  !____________________!

               .3-2. ⤥ 䠩  ४਩

                                   - 17 -

   MS-DOS      pᨩ   (稭     ᨨ  2.0),  ᯥ稢
   ࣠樨   p᪨   pp   ࠭   䠩
(.3-2).      ⠪   pp   䠩   ꥤ    㯯  
ᯮ    ᪨  ஢  ⭮⥫쭮  ४p
᪠.    ४਩  뢠  ,  ⠪    䠩 
pp pᯮ    p. p pp 砥
 ⤥ 䠩   ४ਥ, 뢠  ४ﬨ.
४ਨ   ⠪            ⤥   䠩  
४p.  ꥤ  ᪮쪮  䠩      ४਩,   
᮪p頥  ६  ᪠  ⤥쭮  䠩.   ᫥騩 ஢
p᪮ ⥬ १  ।騥 易  ୥ ४ਥ
᪠ (.3-3).

             -----------------------------------------------------------
             !                  ୥ ४਩                    !
஢ 0....!_________________________________________________________!
              !        !            !                        !
           -------- -------- ---------------       ------------------
           ! 䠩 ! ! 䠩 ! !४਩!       ! ४਩  !
஢ 1..!______! !______! !_____________!       !________________!
                               !         !          !              !
                            --------  --------  --------------- --------
                            ! 䠩 !  ! 䠩 !  !४਩! ! 䠩 !
஢ 2...................!______!  !______!  !_____________! !______!
                                               ___!____  ___!____
                                               ! 䠩 !  ! 䠩 !
஢ 3..................................... !______!  !______!

        .3-3. ᪠  ࣠樨 䠩.

     ᬮ  ᮤp  ୥  ४    DIR 
࠭ 뢮  p, 뢠  室騥   pp 䠩 
४ਨ. ⭮  䠩  砥 ᫥騥  pp:
  䠩 (  pp), ࠧ     ,
pp p     (ᮧ   ᫥ ppp  䠩).
, ⭮  pp, 易⥫쭮 ᮤন  <DIR>. 
᫥ p  p 㪠뢠  饥 ⢮  䠩   ᪥
( 䠩  p)  ꥬ ᢮   .
   ᫮  ᥩ    ୥  ४ਨ  ࠭祭.   ⠭
஭  ᪥  ᨬ쭮  ⢮  ᥩ pp - 64
(䠩 / ४),  ⠭ ஭ ᪥ - 112.
  ⪨  ᪮  ᨬ쭮  ᫮  ᥩ pp  
⢠ -᪮  ꥬ    (..4).

.     ନ  "४਩"    砥    ୥
             ४਩,  ४਩, ஬ ᯥ樠쭮 ਢ
             砥.

                           ॢ

   ᨨ  MS-DOS  2.    3.  ।⠢  짮⥫  
ꥤ p  ᪥ 䠩   pp -  p.
"ॢ" ।⠢ ᮡ  ࠧ⢫ , 室   ୥
४  ᪠.    ⪥,  室饩    ୥ pp,
ᮮ⢥      ⤥쭠  .  ⪠ ।⠢ ᮡ 
䠩,    ४਩  (騩  㯯 易 䠩).
⪨,  室騥    p쥬  p,  ⠪ ।⠢ ᮡ 
䠩,   ४਩   室  ४ਥ  ண
஢  ..
    ⠪ 樨 饭   ᠭ  ⭮  ४ਨ
䠩  ந,        ᪥ 室 ⮫쪮 䠩 ⮣
४,    ⢥  ᮪頥  ६ ᪠ 䠩. ᬮਬ
⨯ pp p.
   ।,     ᫮p pp (word prossesor)  
९뢠    ,  p    ⤥  䠩.
p  ⮣,  ணࠬ    ந   ᫥,  
                                   - 18 -

ணࠬ 室  ⮬   ᪥.  C    ⨫ ணࠬ,
p  室    ⠤  pp⪨,    ᠫ  ᯮ⥫
.
    .3-4  pp ஢  䠩. ⬥⨬,  
୥  ४਩  砥      -    ⥬ 䠩
COMMAND.COM        ४ਥ -  WRITE,  PROGRAMS    BUSINESS.
pp WRITE  砥 p   -   䠩  "wp.exe"   
४ਥ - LRS  .
   ४਩ LETTERS ᮤp   -  䠩 "hilburn.doc".
४਩  a ᮤp   -  䠩 "start.doc". 
४ਨ   PROGRAMS   㪠      䠩:      "gwbasic.exe"   
"records.bas".
________________________________________________________________________
!                                                                      !
!                                                    !
!______________________________________________________________________!
________!________   _____!_____    _______!_______     ________!________
!  OMMAND.COM  !   !  WRITE  !    !  PROGRAMS   !     !   BUSINESS    !
-----------------   -----------    ---------------     -----------------
                     !   !   !      !       !             !         !
_____!_____    __________! __!_____ ! ______!______ ______!_______  !
! wp.exe  !    ! LETTERS ! ! BOOK ! ! ! lifex.bas ! !gwbasic.exe !  !
!_________!    !_________! !______! ! !___________! !____________!  !
        _______!_______    ! _______!_______             ___________!___
        ! hilburn.doc !    ! ! gwbasic.exe !             ! records.bas !
        !_____________!    ! !_____________!             !_____________!
                    _______!_______
                    !  start.doc  !
                    !_____________!

                .3-4. ஢ pp 䠩.

    奬 ᯮ 䠩 p  p樯 ꥤ  
 㭪樮 㯯. ਬ,  ४਩ WRITE 室 ।
("wp.exe")  p  p  ᯮ짮  䠩-㬥. 
䠩 祭    㣨 ४ਨ  ( ᨬ   ᮤন
pp).  ४਩ PROGRAMS 室 ࠭ 몠  BAISIC
 ᠭ  ⮬ 몥  ணࠬ.  p਩ BUSINESS -  
࠭ 몠 BASIC  pp, 室  ⠤ pp⪨.

                  

    ࠧ  p pp  ࣠樨 pp,  ࠦ 
.3-4.    室     pᬠp  ,   ᯮ㥬  
 㦨.
   ਬ  pp  ᯮᮡ  p饭  ᪮  pp 
⪮ ᪥ (  襬 砥, ᪥  ). p,    
।⥫쭮  ࠧ     -᪨     ଠ஢   (..4).
ᠭ    p      ᯮ짮  p ࠡ  
᪥⮩.

                                 

     -   p祭 ⢨  樮 ⥬, 室 
p室         ४     㣮.  ᬮਬ,  ਬ,
४਩    (.3-4).  ।,      p   ࠡ
室   p pp    pp .
 ""   ⮣ 㦭 த?   ୥ ४  㦭
३   ४਩ WRITE   ⮫쪮  ᫥ ⮣  -  ४਩
.
     ࠧ MS-DOS 2.  3. 室 p㥬 䠩, ""
 ४, 饣  ᠭ.    㦭  
⮬  த,  㪠뢠  .       ୥  ४   
४  룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

                 ROOT DIRECTORY ---> WRITE ---> BOOK
                                   - 19 -


   ᫥      ⠪   p浪      ४ਥ  뢠
ᯥ䨪஬  .      ᯥ䨪     pp
ࠧ      (/).  筮  ᯥ䨪p   砥 
୥ ४  (ROOT DIRECTORY) -    p .  
ᮮ⢥⢨  ⨬ ࠢ  ᯥ䨪  㤥 룫拉:

                            /write/book

                      p ४

      DIR  ᪠ :

             C>dir

     ࠭ :

    Volume in drive C has no label
    Directory of C:\

   COMMAND COM  25307  3-17-88  12:00p
         1 File(s)     10510200 bytes free

   ப  "Directory  of  C:\"  砥,      ࠭   뢮
ᮤন  p  ४  ᪠  .    砥  ୥
४ਨ  ᮤp  ᥣ      -    䠩  COMMAND.COM.
   祭    p   pp  ᪮쪨  ४ਥ   
pਬ  祭  ⠡.  ᯮ㥬    ⮣  MKDIR
(  DIRectory).  p㥬    ४:    WRITE,  PROGRAMS   
BUSINESS.
   p 祬 p   ᮧ pp,    ࠢ
 䨪樨.  ४  ᮤp  쬨  ᨬ.
         ७,   騬    1-3  ᨬ.
४਩      㭨쭮    -   ᮢ饥  
㣨    䠩    ४    ᪥.  ࠧ 
४ ᯮ     p ᨬ,      ࠧ
 䠩.
    ᮧ ४    mkdir  ( - ᮪p饭  -
md)    ᯥ䨪      ४.  ᫨    ४਩
砥    ࠡ祩  ४਩,      ᯥ䨪     
. 稩  pp -   pp,   p    
 ࠡ⠥ (। ࠡ祣 ४ p ).
   ⠪,  ᮧ ४ WRITE ࠥ  mkdir (  md),
     (     p  ४)      
४:

                         C>mkdir \write

       Enter.    ४਩  ࣠.  
p ᮧ ४ਨ PROGRAMS  BUSINESS.
    pp   DIR:

    C>dir
    Volume in drive C has no label
    Directory of C:\

  COMMAND COM   25307   3-17-88   12:00p
  WRITE         <DIR>   9-17-88   11:42
  PROGRAMS      <DIR>   9-17-88   11:43
  BUSINESS      <DIR>   9-17-88   11:44
      4 File(s)     10505080 bytes free

    襩 設 䠩  COMMAND.COM   訩   訩
ꥬ . pp  ६     ⫨   ਢ.
  ⮣  pp  砥    p樨   ४p,
  p  pp ᪠.   ४ਥ 
                                   - 20 -

祭 <DIR>. ⬥⨬,    ४ਥ  ᪥ ⢮
5 120 ⮢.  (ࠢ ꥬ ᢮    ᫥  ᮧ).

                      ࠡ祣 ४

   䨪  뢠    ⥪饣    ᪥  
p뢠  ४.  p  ⢨  ᯥ䨪  
p    믮  p⥫쭮    ࠡ祬  ४. 
 ᪥  MS-DOS ᥣ  p稩 pp.
       ࠡ祣  ४  㦨    CHDIR  (CHange
DIRectory).    chdir  (  ch)    ᯥ䨪  p㥬
४.
    襬 ਬ ࠡ稬 ४ਥ 㦨 ୥ pp ᪠.
     ( ᯥ䨪 )   ࠭ 뢮
ᯥ䨪  ࠡ祣 ४.  chdir:

   C>chdir
   C:\

        ன ப 砥,     ४਩
 ࠡ稬  ᪥ .
   ⮡  ࠡ稬 ४ਥ pp WRITE,   
p chdir   ᯥ䨪 :

   C>chdir \write

   䨪p       p pp,  ᫨ 
  ࠡ稬.  ..      ,   ࠡ稬 ४ਥ
 ୥ pp ᪠,     p⠢  ⠪:

   C>chdir write

     pp      chdir    稬      ࠡ祣
४ (WRITE):

   C>chdir
   C:\WRITE

                         ⠪ த⥫

     ४਩   ᠭ     p  ४ਨ.   pp,
४ਨ WRITE,  PROGRAMS   BUSINESS 室   ୥ p਩
᪠. ४p, 騥 ४ਨ, 뢠 த⥫᪨ 
⭮襭      ⨬   pp.   p   pp  
த⥫᪨  ⭮襭  ४ WRITE, PROGRAMS  BUSINESS.

                   祭 䠩  ४਩

   ⠪, p稬 pp  ४਩ WRITE. 襬  㤠
᪮쪮  䠩.  -,    pp  WRITE 㦭  䠩
wp.exe.   ⮣ ᪮㥬     . ⠭  ᪥  䠩
wp.exe  ᪮    :

   C>copy a:wp.exe c:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
     設⢮ 짮⥫ ꥤ ⥬ 䠩
    ⤥ ४਩, 㬥 p⭮
                  ᮢ     짮⥫᪨ 䠩.
                  , ᫨ 䠩 CONFIG.SYS  COMMAND.COM (..8 
                  .11)  p  p p MS-DOS,
                         .
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ᮮ⢥⢨    䠩 wp.exe     .
..   p  砥 ᯥ䨪  p㥬 䠩,
                                   - 21 -

 p樮 ⥬ ⠥,  䠩 室  ࠡ祬 ४ਨ
᪥  (  砥,   p pp). ..   
p  ᯥ䨪p   䠩,   㤥 ᠭ 
ࠡ稩 p਩ ᪠  (  砥,  ४਩ WRITE).
     祭    pp    ४਩  WRITE  
ᯮ짮    mkdir.  ,      ⮬  砥 㦭
   ᯥ䨪   ४.
       WRITE    ࠡ稬  ४ਥ,  ᯥ䨪   
४  LETTERS  (..3-4)  㤥  룫拉:   WRITE\LETTERS.
ࢮ         ࠡ祣 ४.   
p :

   C>mkdir letters

   筮,  祭 ४   ४਩ WRITE:

   C>mkdir book

   襬    ४ਨ  ᪮쪮 䠩  (.. p㥬 
᪥ ᪮쪮 䠩  稬    pਨ). ⬥⨬,  
४਩ LETTERS  ᮤp 䠩  hilburn.doc (.3-4).  稬 
४਩ ࠡ稬:

   C>cd letters

        ᪮  ⠭ ᪥   䠩  hilburn.doc  
 :

   C>copy a:hilburn.doc c:

   騬 蠣 ᪮㥬 䠩 start.doc     ४਩
.  稬    ࠡ稬  ४ਥ.        ࠡ稬
४ਥ    LETTRS.      ४  :  WRITE\BOOK.
, p   cd write\book  稬 ᮮ饭 "Invalid
directory".      ⮬,    த⥫  ४  LETTRS  
pp  WRITE.    MS-DOS  த⥫  砥   묨
窠  (..).    ࠧ    ᯥ䨪    룫拉
᫥騬 p:

   C>cd ..\book

   ⬥⨬,       ⠪: cd \write\book.
    start.doc  ஢ -  㤥 祭   ४਩
. ⨬ ᪥  ⨬ 䠩  ன⢮    :

   C>copy :start.doc c:

   pp  業 த ࠡ.
   -,  稬  p稬  ४ਥ  pp  WRITE. 
த⥫   ४      (..   襣  p祣  pp).
⥫쭮,    ⮣  ⮡  WRITE  ⠫ ࠡ稬 pp, 
 :

   C>cd ..

     ᠬ  p  ⠪: cd\write.
    pp   cd  稬   ୥ ४
 ࠡ祣:

   C>cd
   C: \WRITE

   ᬮp ᮤন ४ WRITE.  :

                                   - 22 -

   C>dir

       Volume in drive C has no label
       Directory of C:\WRITE

       .               <DIR>      9-17-88    11:42
       ..              <DIR>      9-17-88    11:42
       WP      EXE       72960    6-20-85     5:02p
       LETTERS         <DIR>      8-17-88     2:00p
       BOOK            <DIR>      8-17-88     2:00p
                5 File(s)     10262392 bytes free

     ,          窠      
४ 室   窨  (.)   (..) 窠  (.)   ࢮ
ப  砥  ࠡ稩  ४਩.  窨    ன  ப (..)
  த⥫  ࠡ祣  ४.  ᫥騥 p ᮤp
ᠭ 䠩 wp.exe  室  ४਩ WRITE pp.
     ⠢襩    ,  ࠦ    .3-4,
ந      p.   砫   p    ४਩
砥 p稬:

   C>cd \

      稭 ४ਨ PROGRAMS  BUSINESS:

   C>md programs
   C>md business

   ⥬  ࠡ稬  ४ਥ  砥  PROGRAMS. ᪥  䠩
gwbasic.exe  lifex.bas 頥  ᪮ .  .  
⮬᪨   ४਩ PROGRAMS:

   C>cd programs
   C>copy a:gwbasic.exe c:
   C>copy a:lifex.bas c:

   ᫥ ⮣ ࠡ稬 ४ਥ 砥 BUSINESS.  ன⢮ 
⠭  ᪥    䠩  gwbasic.exe    records.bas. 
  ⮬᪨ ॣp  ४ਨ BUSINESS:

   C>cd business
   C>copy a:gwbasic.exe c:
   C>copy a:records.bas c:

   ࠦ  .3-4  .

                         ᬠp p

     㢥祭  ⢠  䠩    ४ਥ  ᫮  
   ࣠樨.   祭 奬  ᪮ 
䠩 㦨  TREE.  ⥬ ᪥  ᪮ A  
pp 稥 䠩 TREE.COM.  :

   C>:tree c:\f

    ࠭  ᪮ 浪  ᯨ᮪    ᪥
४ਥ. 祢 ࠬ \f  砥,  ⥫쭮, ⠪  
᪮  ᫥⥫쭮,    ⮡p    騥 
᪥ 䠩.

                                   - 23 -

       C>:tree c:\f
       TREE: Full-disk sub-directjry listing-version 3.30.
       Copyrihgt (C)1987 XYZ Data Systems, Inc.

       C:\COMMAND.COM                                    17664 bytes
       C:\WRITE
       C:           \WP.EXE                              72960 bytes
       C:           \LETTERS
       C:                    \HILBURN.DOC                 4608 bytes
                1 File(s)
       C:           \BOOK
       C:                    \STARTING.DOC               15360 bytes
                3 File(s)
       C:\PROGRAMS
       C:           \GWBASIC.EXE                         57344 bytes
       C:           \LIFEX.BAS                            7808 bytes
                2 File(s)
       C:\BUSINESS
       C:           \GWBASIC.EXE                         57344 bytes
       C:           \RECORDS.BAS                          9088 bytes
                2 File(s)
                4 File(s)
                          10109816 bytes free
                          10593356 bytes total
      End of listing

    ଠ  ࠭  ᮮ⢥ .3-4.  ⬥⨬,  
⥫쭮 㪠뢠 ࠧ  䠩  .

                        pp

    㤠  ४ 㦨   RMDIR  (Remove DIRectory)
  ᮪饭  RD.    rmdir  (  rd)    ᯥ䨪   
㤠塞  ४.  ,    p 㤠 ४
室 㤠  騥 ⠬ 䠩.
   p,  㦭 㤠 ४਩  (.3-4).  砫
p    p騥  ⠬  䠩.    ⮣    ᯮ짮
 ERASE,    ᯥ樠 ᨬ *.* (..2).  ᫥
   p  pp:

   C>erase \write\book *.*
   Are you sure? (Y/N)                    y

   p ⢥ "yes" (y), 䠩 㭨⮦, ᫥ 祣 ४਩ 
㤠 :

   C>rmdir \write\book

                             

    䠩 -  p㯯 権 ( ४⨢),  p
᫥⥫쭮  믮  p  p樮  ⥬ ந
஥ 祭  .   䠩    ਪ
ணࠬ (ਬ,  ।), p稪  譥   MS-DOS 
 䠩  (ᠭ .  .5).      믮塞
䠩 MS-DOS,  ⢥, 롨p     ࠡ祣 ४.  ᫨
䠩 ⠬ ,   ४,  ஬ 室 䠩,   
। p樮 ⥬.  㭪  믮  PATH.
    path    ࠡ祣 ४  믮塞 䠩. 
 ᪮쪨 ᯥ䨪஢ ,  p 稥.
         (PATH)   ࠭ 뢮 ᯥ䨪
,   p ᫥  ᯮ짮 .  ᫨ ᫥  
    ⮫쪮  稥,         ᫥   p
ᯥ䨪p ⬥.

                                   - 24 -

                          -------------------

       p ਬ p樨  ᪨ 
䠩    ⪮  ᪥.    p  pᬠp   ,
騥  ᥣ    ᪮쪨  䠩    pp.  , 
p⨪  ⪨    p祭    p 讣 ⢠
䠩. ⮬   稢   ਬ஬  , ꥤ饩
᪮쪮 ⥭ 䠩.
   ।,  p   ।஬,  ⠢   뢠
  㬥 p  .  ਬ,   p ⠢
p㪮⢮   ᯫ樨 ,   ஬,  䨪p 
   ९,   ࠢ ଠ   p
⥫  .      p  ࠡ,      30 
p㪮⢠    30    ஬.  饥  ᫮  ⠢   㬥⮢
⠢ 400.  㬥   ᫥騥 ⥣ਨ:   ,
, ࠢ,   ࠧ.      㬥 ।⠢
ᮡ ⤥ 䠩. ⠪, ᥣ   460 䠩.
     ⢥  p쭮  ᯮᮡ  ࣠樨 pp 䠩.
 ⨬ p - p  , ஡
    p⨪  ,  ᫨      ᮢ襭,    .
ᬮp,   ᪠,   ᫥騩   p   pp.    ᢮
४਩    ⥣p 㬥⮢.    pp
室   ୥ ४.     ४਩ 襬 䠩
ᮮ⢥饣  ⨯.  , ⥫쭮,  ୥ ४਩ 襬
 ।.  pp p  p.3-5.

 ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 !                                                  !
 !____________________________________________________________________!
 ___!____ ____!_____ ___!___ _____!____ _____!____ ____!___  _____!____
 !wp.exe! !COMPUTER! !NOVEL! !PERSONAL! !BUSINESS! !WHALES!  !ALL.ELSE!
 -------- ---------- ------- ---------- ---------- --------  ----------
       .3-5.  ࣠樨 䠩  ⪮ ᪥

   ,  ᥫ  設, 訢 ࠡ  ஬.  㦭
p ᬮ ᪮쪮 祭 , ⮡ p  ᫥
祭.    p  p  ६    㤥 ᮢ
ᯮ    易  ஬ 㬥.
    砫  p稬 pp ᪠  ४਩ NOVEL:

   C>cd \novel
   C>

   ,  ⮡    ᯨ᮪  祭    ஬,  
  "dir  \w".    ࠭   ᮤন ४ NOVEL
(..3, ᠭ  DIR).

   C>dir\w

   Volume in drive C is HARD_DISK
   Directory of C:\novel
  .             ..            CHAPT01.DOC   CHAPT02.DOC   CHAPT03.DOC
  CHAPT04.DOC   CHAPT05.DOC   CHAPT06.DOC   CHAPT07.DOC   CHAPT08.DOC
  CHAPT09.DOC   CHAPT10.DOC   CHAPT11.DOC   CHAPT12.DOC   CHAPT13.DOC
  CHAPT14.DOC   CHAPT15.DOC   CHAPT16.DOC   CHAPT17.DOC   CHAPT18.DOC
  CHAPT19.DOC   CHAPT20.DOC   CHAPT21.DOC   CHAPT22.DOC   CHAPT23.DOC
  CHAPT24.DOC   CHAPT25.DOC   CHAPT26.DOC   CHAPT27.DOC   CHAPT28.DOC
  CHAPT29.DOC   CHAPT30.DOC
          32 File(s) 352224 bytes free
   C>

     ஬  p  ᪥ .  "copy  *.doc
b".  ⮫쪮  ஬.  ⠫ 䠩 ⢨  
 ࠭.
                                   - 25 -

    ਬ ,   ࠡ祣 ४ (NOVEL)  ""
p騥    pp  䠩    ⠫ 䠩  ᪥. ,
pᬠp pp  (.p.3-5)   pp 짮⥫  
p p㤭. ਬ, p 饭  pp   
:    "wp".  稢  ,  MS-DOS,  ⢥,  㤥  롨p
।    ࠡ祣  ४  -  NOVEL,    㦨 . ⮡
⮢  ।,  㦭    ⥫  ଠ    
⮭宦. -  p  PATH.
    p p饭  । :

   C>path c:\write

   p MS-DOS "",  ᫨ ॡ㥬 䠩  ࠡ祬 ४ਨ
,      㦭  ᪠    ४ਨ c:\write.   p 
  "wp" । 㤥 p㦥  p⮢.

                           APPEND

     ᯥ稢   ⮫쪮  믮塞 䠩  MS-DOS
(..    䠩    ७ﬨ  ,      ).   ⢨ 
ppp   䠩 .
     ᯥ祭  㯠    筮  䠩 (pp,  䠩 ⨯
"help")  㦨    APPEND  (।ᬮ७  ⮫쪮  MS-DOS ᨨ
3.3).  p    ᮢ    p⮬   .  pp,
᪠ ᫥ :

   append c:\programs

   p MS-DOS "",   ᫨ p㥬 䠩 (  믮塞,
⠪    筮)     p祬  pp   ,       室  
४ਨ PROGRAMS.
   APPEND - 祭 㤮 . ஡  ᬮp  3- 
.

                                   - 26 -

             4.     

     饭 ᬮ७ ⨫ FDISK. ⨫ 㦨 
樠樨  ⪮  ᪠  (..    ⮢     p 
p MS-DOS).  । ⥬,   ३   祭   ,
室    ਠ,      1-3. 
室   p⠢   p   BACKUP   RESTORE. 
 㦠  ᮧ 娢   䠩. 娢 䠩 -  
䠩   ᯥ樠쭮   p,   ।祭   ⮫쪮    ࠭
ଠ樨.   RESTORE 㦨   ⠭  p娢 䠩
(..  p  p⠢ 䠩  筮 p). 
BACKUP  RESTORE ᯮ  ᮧ p娢    㯯
䠩,  室    ⪮  ᪥.  ஡  ࠧ  
஢  p쥩  .

                      -᪨  ⨫ FDISK

   ⪨  ⮨    ᪮쪨 㣫 ⨭.  
⨭      孮,  ᯮ騥   ࠭ .
   孮   ࠧ      㯯  業᪨  㣮,
뢠  ஦.    ஦   p ⠢ 樫.
 㤫  業 ⨭ 㯯 ஦ ⠢ 樫 
஬ 0, ᫥   㯯 ஦ - 樫  ஬ 1  ..
⠭  10-    ⮨    306  樫஢  34 816
⮢.
   ⠯ ⮢  ⪮ ᪠   ࠡ  砥   ᥡ p楤p
p ᪠  -᪨ -  , ࠧ ।⢮
ꥤ ਬ몠     樫஢.  -  
ᯮ짮   p ⤥쭮  樮 ⥬,  pp,
p   p,  䠩 .
   ⨫  FDISK  㦨    ࠧ  -᪮.   
   ᪥   -᪮. p ⮬   -
   32 .
    MS-DOS 2   ࠧ ⮫쪮   -᪠.   MS-DOS
3.0-3.3        ᪥    p  -᪮.  
- pᢠ ᢮  ன⢠.  3.3  p⠢
 p    p   p騬 pﬨ -  
  p饭  pp᪠  p  -᪮ ( 
稭).  ਠ ᬮp   .
      ਠ MS-DOS   ࠧ  -᪮ ॡ
⥫  ࠩ  (ணࠬ,  㦨 譥 ன⢮).
ਬ,   COMPAQ   ᨨ MS-DOS  3.1 ॡ  祭 
p樮 ⥬ pp ENHDISK.SYS. 筨  㪮⢥, 㦭
  p  襩 設.

                   ⮢ ⪮ ᪠  ࠡ

   ।  ⥬,    p    ᠭ FDISK, ⬥⨬,  
᪮쪮 ਠ⮢  ⨫. ⮬      ⫨ 
pᬮp .  ,      砥 ନ  ਭ樯
p  묨.

   A>fdisk

   XYZ Data systems
   Fixed Disk Setup Program Version 3.30
   (C)Copyright 1983, 1987 XYZ Data Systems, Inc.

   FDISK Options

   Choose one of the following:
       1. Create DOS Partition
       2. Change Active Partition
       3. Delete DOS Partition
       4. Display Partition Data

                                   - 27 -

   Enter choice: [1]

   Press Esc to return to DOS

     ,    ⨫  FDISK    ᪮쪮  権 (०
ࠡ).    "Create DOS Partition". 믮 FDISK 
p 1  -    蠣  樠樨 ᪠.  ⬥⨬,   ப
"Enter  choice"  ࠧ  㪠뢠      㬮砭 ⢥. 
  ⨫  㤥  ᮯp  ⢥⮬   㬮砭. ᫨ 
⢥    p,      Enter.    ⨢ 砥
᭠砫  p  㦭  ⢥.    襬  ਬp 㦭 ⢥ - "1",
᫥⥫쭮,  Enter.

                       ࠧ -᪠

    ࠭  ⨭-   樨 "Create DOS  Partition".
᫨  -    ࠭  ࠧ,      MS-DOS  2.   
ᮮ饭    訡.
   ᫨   p訫   ࠧ 饣  -᪠ ( 
p), ୨    (⨭, 饩 ࠧ  ᫥
  FDISK) ⨥  Esc  롥p  3.  ⥬,
  p    -᪠    pp ᭮  
   롥p  1.
   砫  ⨫  p  ஢   稥 p ࠧ
-᪮.  ᫨      p,    뤠     p㥬
⢮  -᪮.    ⢥  "Y"  p  -,
騩  楫. ᫥ p -᪠  㦭  뢥
 ⨢ ﭨ  ଠ஢ (.).
   ᫨  㦭  ࠧ  ᪮쪮  -᪮,        (
⭮,  )      ⢮  ⮫쪮    ⪮  ᪠.
⢥ "N".  ࠭  ଠ ᫥饣 :

   XYZ Data systems
   Fixed Disk Setup Program Version 3.30
   (C)Copyright 1983, 1987 XYZ Data Systems, Inc.

   Create DOS Partition
   No partition defined

   Total fixed disk is 305 cylinders
   Maximum avaliable space is 305
   cylinders at cylinder 0.

   Enter partition size ...........: [ 305 ]

   Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

     FDISK 訢 ࠧ -᪠.  ꥬ  ⢮
  -      樫.   㬮砭  ࠢ 襬
᢮    㪠  p  "Enter partition size".  ᫨ 
祭    p,      Enter.   p⨢ 砥
pp⥫쭮 p 㦭 ⢥:

   Enter partition size ...........: [ 200 ]        <---- Enter

     FDISK  訢    砫쭮 樫 -᪠. 
㬮砭  p "Enter starting cylinder number" 㪠  ࢮ
樫 襣 ᢮  ᪥ ⪠. ᫨  祭  
p,      Enter.   p⨢ 砥 pp⥫쭮
  樫p:

   Enter starting cylinder number...: [  0]        <---- Enter

    ࠭  pp ᫥饥:

                                   - 28 -

   XYZ Data systems
   Fixed Disk Setup Program Version 3.30
   (C)Copyright 1983, 1987 XYZ Data Systems, Inc.

   Create DOS Partition

   Partition   Status   Type    Start    End    Size
         1        N      DOS       0      199    200

   Total Fixed Disk is 305 cylinders
   Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

   ଠ,  ᯮ    業  ࠭,  -    ᮮ饭  
p -᪠. ⨫ FDISK ᢮   1.  ⥪饥
ﭨ - N ( ⨢). - 稭  㫥 樫  
稢 樫஬ 199. p -᪠ - 200 樫p.
   ᫥ ࠧ -᪠  㦭 p  ⨢  ﭨ
 ଠ஢.

       -᪠  ।⥫쭮 ࠧ ⪨ 

   ᫨   ।⥫쭮 ࠧ  㣮 樮 ⥬, 
 롮 樨 1 (Create DOS Partition)  ࠭ :

   XYZ Data systems
   Fixed Disk Setup Program Version 3.30
   (C)Copyright 1983, 1987 XYZ Data Systems, Inc.

   Create DOS Partition

   Partition   Status   Type    Start    End    Size
         1        N      DOS       0      199    200

   Total Fixed Disk is 305 cylinders
   Max avail space is 205 cyls at cyl 100.

   Enter partition size........: [ 205]
   Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

   FDISK  訢  ࠧ  -᪠.    ꥬ ⢮ 
-      樫.    㬮砭    ࠢ   襬
᢮    㪠  p  "Enter partition size".  ᫨ 
祭    p,      Enter.   p⨢ 砥
p 㦭 ⢥   Enter:

   Enter partition size..........: [ 150]          <--- Enter

   FDISK 訢  砫쭮 樫 -᪠.   㬮砭
 p "Enter starting cylinder number" 㪠  ࢮ  樫
襣 ᢮   ᪥ ⪠ .  ᫨  祭  
ࠨ,      Enter.   ⨢ 砥 pp⥫쭮
 p 樫p:

   Enter starting cylinder number...: [ 100]        <---- Enter

    ࠭  pp ᫥饥:

   XYZ Data systems
   Fixed Disk Setup Program Version 3.30
   (C)Copyright 1983, 1987 XYZ Data Systems, Inc.

   Create DOS Partition

                                   - 29 -

   Partition   Status     Type    Start    End    Size
         1        A      non-DOS   000     099     100
         2        N        DOS     100     249     150

   Total Fixed Disk is 305 cylinders
   Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

   ଠ,  ᯮ    業  ࠭,  -    ᮮ饭  
p -᪠.  FDISK ᢮ -  2.  ⥪饥
ﭨ  -  N  (  ⨢).  -  稭  樫 100 
稢 樫஬ 249. p -᪠ - 150 樫p.

                ⨢  ଠ஢ -᪠

   ᫥  p  -᪠,    室  p  ⨢
ﭨ    ଠ஢.     ⨢樨  -᪠   室
    ⨫  FDISK    2.  ࠭ 㤥
룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

   XYZ Data systems
   Fixed Disk Setup Program Version 3.30
   (C)Copyright 1983, 1987 XYZ Data Systems, Inc.

   Change Active Partition

   Partition   Status     Type    Start    End    Size
         1        A      non-DOS   000     099     100
         2        N        DOS     100     249     150

   Total Fixed Disk is 305 cylinders
   The current active partition is 1

   Enter the number of the partition you
   want to make active................: [  ]

   Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

    ,     ⥪騩    ⨢  ﭨ 室
-   ஬ 1.   ⮣,  ⮡ ⨢  ⠫   - 2,
  "2".    ⠡,  pᯮ    業p  p, p
 -   p  "Status"   -᪠ 2   祭 "A".
⮡ p     FDISK,   Esc.   
  ࠧ  -  ⨫    p.    p  ⠭
⥬  (>).
     -  室    ⨢  ﭨ.     㦭
ଠ஢.  쪮  ᫥  ⮣    ᬮ  뢠    
ଠ. -     .  
 -     .
   ⮡  ଠ஢  -,  ⠭  ⥬  ᪥ 
᪮ . ⠪, 設 室  ࠡ祬 ﭨ  ⮢  ਭ
४⨢ (  ࠭ -  ⠭ ⥬  ).  
"format c:/s/v".  祢 ࠬ  /s   /v  易⥫묨.
ࠬ /s  砥,   - 㤥  ᯮ짮  p㧪
樮 ⥬. ࠬ /v 㪠뢠  砥, ᫨  -
ᢠ ⪠ ⮬.    p p⢠ "".  p
p ⪮ ᪠  ⥬.  ண ⪮ ᪠ - D  ..
   ᫥   FORMAT   ᮮ饭:

   Press any key to begin formatting drive C:

       p०           p      ଠ஢
ଠ஢ -᪠. ᫨  ⥯p  p訫  ⬥ ,
    Esc.    ⨢  砥   . 
᪮    ⪮  ᪠    窠  p. p
pp    ᪮쪮  .    砭    
  ᮮ⢥饥  ᮮ饭.  ᫨    p "Format"
                                   - 30 -

  ࠬ  /s,      p  㤥 㪠,   -
९ᠭ ⥬ 䠩. ᫨  ࠬ /v,    p
  ⪨ ⮬. ⥫쭮    ଠ 
襬 ⪮  ᪥, ᫥  祣   ⠭ ⥬ 
(>).   ⪨   ⮢  p.

              㧪 樮 ⥬  ⪮ ᪠

   ᫨    ଠ஢  襣  -᪠  Format 砫
ࠬ  /s,       -    ᯮ짮     㧪
p樮 ⥬. । 㧪 MS-DOS  ⪮ ᪠ 室
㡥   ⢨ ⥬  ᪥   ᪮ ,  ..  ⮬
砥    㤥  ந p㧪. ᫨ ᪥ 室  
᪮,  ᭨      p     Ctrl-Alt-Del.
MS-DOS 筥 㦠  ⪮ ᪠.

.    設  p㧨  ⪮ ᪠,
            ᫨ ⠬ ᠭ  ⥬ 䠩.  設
           㦠  ⮫쪮   ⥬  ᪥,  ⠭
            ᪮ A.

    ᫨  ⥬  ᪮쪮 ᪮  ⪮ ᪠,  
㧪  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮    ().

                   ⮦ -᪠

        ࠧ  饣   -᪠.  ,   p
室,    㭨⮦  騩  -   p
  -  p㥬  ࠧ.      ⮫  室
㭨⮦ -᪠, ᫨ p  樨   p樮  ⥬
  p  ⥫쭠  .  । 㭨⮦ -᪠
㡥  ⮬,       ࠭    䠩.
,  p 㭨⮦ -᪠     p
p.
   ⠭ ᪥  䠩 FDISK.COM  ᪮ .   
"FDISK".  稢  ᭮  ,  ⠭    樨 3.  ࠭
:

   XYZ Data systems
   Fixed Disk Setup Program Version 3.30
   (C)Copyright 1983, 1987 XYZ Data Systems, Inc.

   Delete DOS Partition

   Partition   Status     Type    Start    End    Size
         1        A      non-DOS   000     099     100
         2        N        DOS     100     249     150

   Total Fixed Disk is 305 cylinders
   The current active partition is 1

   Warning! All data in the DOS partition
   will be DESTROYED. Do you wish to
   continue.......................?  [N]

   Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

   ᫨  㢥७,     室 䠩,  
Y   Enter.   ⨢ 砥   Esc     Enter (.. 
㬮砭 㪠 祭 N).
   ᫥  㭨⮦  -᪠    ࠭    ᮮ⢥
ଠ. ᫨   쭥襬   ᮡࠥ  ࠡ  ࠢ
MS-DOS,  ᪮  ᫥ ⠭ ⥬ ᪥.

                                   - 31 -

                   祭 ࠢ筮 ଠ樨

   ⨫  FDISK      ࠢ  ଠ     
   ⪮ ᪥  -᪠.   ⮣ p祭  4-
 ⨫. ᫥   樨  :

   XYZ Data systems
   Fixed Disk Setup Program Version 3.30
   (C)Copyright 1983, 1987 XYZ Data Systems, Inc.

    Display Partition Information

   Partition   Status     Type    Start    End    Size
         1        A      non-DOS   000     099     100
         2        N        DOS     100     249     150

   Total Fixed Disk is 305 cylinders

   Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

     ਬ  ,    ⪨    ࠧ   -᪠. 
-᪥ 1 ᣥpp ⫨筠  MS-DOS 樮 ⥬,  
室   ⨢ ﭨ.  - 2  p⠥   p
MS-DOS. ஬ ⮣, 㪠:   ࠧp  -᪠  樫p  
p p  ᫥  樫 -᪠.  4  p⠢
⢥    -  祭  ࠢ筮 ଠ樨.  
⮬ ०,  ४஢ -. ⮡   
  FDISK,      Esc.  ⮡       ⢨
⨫,     p.

                   롮p p p祣 p⢠

   ᫨  ⥬   ᪮쪮 ᪮   ⪮ ᪠,  
    ⨫  FDISK  㤥    ப   p p祣
p⢠.   ⨫  ⮩ 樥 - 롮 p
ࠡ祣 ᪮.

   XYZ Data systems
   Fixed Disk Setup Program Version 3.30
   (C)Copyright 1983, 1987 XYZ Data Systems, Inc.

   FDISK Options

   Current Fixed Disk Drive:  1

   Choose one of the following:
       1. Create DOS Partition
       2. Change Active Partition
       3. Delete DOS Partition
       4. Display Partition Data
       5. Select next disk drive

   Enter choice: [1]

   Press Esc to return to DOS

   ⮡   ࠡ祣 ᪮, ᯮ ⮩  樥
⨫.

            ⥫   MS-DOS pᨨ 3.3

   MS-DOS 3.3 ⠪   ࠧ ⪨    -᪨. 
  ᪥    p     -᪮. ,  ⮩
pᨨ  -᪨        :     稭. 
⢥ ⥬ ᪠ ( p p p㧪 p樮
                                   - 32 -

⥬)  ᯮ     (⢥    ᪥)   -.
६    ⨢  ﭨ    室     
稭 -.
     㦨  稭  -᪮    ᪠ 祭 让
    p  ⥫  ࠩ.  ⢥⢥  ६
᪠ 䠩  ⠪ ᪠ 㬥蠥.
      -᪠ ࠭祭  32 .   pᢠ ᢮
 ன⢠.   稭  -᪠   ࠭祭. ,
    ࠧ    ᪮쪮  "᪨  ன".    
᪮ ᪠ p祭 32 . ᪮  ⠪ pᢠ
 ன⢠.

                                   - 33 -


                      5.  

   २⢠ ᫨⥫쭮  孨 pp  ᮡ 來,
   짮⥫   ⠫      室   ⭮
७      ⢨.  ᨬ  ⢠  権
設 ࠡ⠥   䥪⨢.  ,   
  ࠡ,  ⠥  稭  訡.
     p⠢  ᮡ  ᫥⥫쭮      設
.      p  p  짮⥫    p p室
p          .      砩   MS-DOS 
।⢠, 騥  ணࠬ.  :   ᫥⥫쭮
  ꥤ        䠩,  뢠饣
 䠩.   ᫥⥫쭮   믮  p
 p饭  䠩.
       ᠭ pp⨪   䠩, ᬮp
ᯮᮡ p  䠩  ⥫묨 p⢠  MS-DOS
(.ਫ  ,  ᮤp饥 ਬ   䠩, p
 ᯮ⥫ ⥬ 㦨).

                          ?

    䠩  -   ⥪⮢ 䠩  (   ASCII), 騩  
㯯  MS-DOS. ࠢ 䨪樨  䠩 ᮢ 
騬  ࠢ  䨪樨   䠩.  ⢥  ᪫祭   -
 䠩 ᥣ 뢠    ७ "." (BATch).
         䠩  ࠩ  .  ࠥ 
 -  䠩,     Enter. ᫥   
䠩 롨p   p祣  pp 㪠   ࠡ祣 ᪠.
᫨  p祬 pp  ,   䠩 㤥 p  
४,  ᠭ        APPEND.   (ᠭ 
ਢ  .3).
   p  宦  䠩  ࢠ       㦠  ,
⮡p     ࠭     믮.       
᫥⥫쭮    䠩 ( p  ᫥ ).
   믮  䠩   ࢠ   ,   
 Ctrl-Break.  ࠭  ᮮ饭:

   Terminate batch job (Y/N)?_

     "Y" 믮   䠩 pp뢠    ࠭
뢮  ⠭  ⥬  .     "N" ⬥
믮 ⮫쪮 ⥪饩 .

                      

     ᪮쪮  ᯮᮡ  p樨    䠩. 
 ᮧ     ⥪⮢ ।   ⥬  ணࠬ
EDLIN (..7).     ᯮᮡ -     ।⢥ 
.    ⮬  砥    ଫ 䠩  뢠 
.
    MS-DOS  뢠 "CON" (CONsole).  (ਭ   ⥬
祭  ன  ਢ     .6).     ࣠樨  䠩
ᯮ   "copy con:".       ᮧ
䠩. pp,  ᮧ 䠩 "sample.bat" :

   C>copy con: sample.bat

   ᫥  ⮣    ⠢騥  䠩  .  p ᫥
, p   Ctrl-Z ( 㭪樮 
F6)      Enter.    ࠡ祬  ᪥  ࣠   䠩
sample.bat. ᫨   ࠡ祬 pp 䠩  sample.bat 㦥 ,  
 䠩  .
    䠩 㤮 ᯮ짮, ᪠,  娢樨  ⥬
䠩   ஢  䠩 . ।,    
।   ࠡ뢠   䠩   "essay.doc".      p    p
                                   - 34 -

⥫쭠,  ⮬    p  䠩  ᫥  ppp.
p  䠩,      ⮩ ࠡ -  䠩 㤥
஢ ⮬᪨.   ।   襬  ਬ 뢠
"wp.exe".
    ᮧ  䠩 :

   C>copy con: backup.bat
   wp.exe
   copy essay.doc a:
   ^Z                <----    Ctrl-Z  Enter

   p ⨨  Ctrl-Z   Enter 砥 ॡ㥬  ᪮ 
 ᪥  p   䠩 "backup.bat".   ࠭ 뤠
ᢨ⥫饥  ⮬ ᮮ饭  ⠭ ⥬ p.
   ⮡   䠩,   :

   C>backup

   । 믮   䠩  뢮   ࠭. ⮬  ࠧ
᫥  "backup"  ࠭ :

   C>WP.EXE

    .  ᫥ 室   ।  ࠢ ।
MS-DOS.    ࠭  ⮬᪨  ⮡ࠦ  ⠭  ⥬
  ᫥  䠩:

   C>COPY ESSAY.DOC A:

     "essay.doc"      ᪥  A  믮 
䠩 蠥.  ࠭ 뢮 ⠭ ⥬   (C>)
- MS-DOS ⮢ ਭ .

                          

   p      䠩   ᪠   ᯮ짮  頥
pp.  ࠬ  -    ᨬ쭠  p,  ᯮ  
  p  ᫥    .    ᮤন   ⥫
ଠ,  室  p樮  ⥬  p  p⪥ .
pp,  ਬ,        䠩,    ஬  ⭮
⢨  .  頥  ࠬ  -   ᯥ樠쭠 ६,
p    p  믮     pp
(ਬ,    䠩).       䠩   頥  pp
砥   業 (%)   ன   0   9.   ࠧ,
  䠩             頥  ࠬ஢.
   p,   p祭         饣
ࠬ,    p  饭    䠩
- ࠥ  p (  䠩)  ᯨ᮪ pp   浪,
ᮮ⢥饬 ᫥⥫쭮 頥 ࠬ஢ p 䠩.
   ࠬ      浪  ᫥ ᨬ p 
  p.  ࢠ  p    ࠬ %1,  -
ࠬ  %2    ..    頥  pp  %0  ⮬᪨
⠢ ᯥ䨪  䠩.
   p   頥 pp   䠩  ⠭ 
.  ᭨      ਬ.  ।,     ᪥ 
᪮쪮 䠩, p 㦭 ஢ ᫥  ppp. 
ᬮ७  ਬ  䠩 ᯮ짮   ஢
p⭮ 䠩. ⨬   䠩  ᯮ짮   
p  䠩.   ⮬ 砥    㥬 䠩
⠢ 頥 pp.  p㥬 䠩 㤥 
  p  饭   䠩.
      䠩 "copyall.bat". :

   C>copy com: copyall.bat
   wp.exe
   copy %1 a:
                                   - 35 -

   ^Z        <----    Ctrl-Z  Enter

   p ⨨  Ctrl-Z  Enter  ᪥  ᮧ  䠩
"copyall.bat".
   p  饭    䠩  ࠥ        १ ஡ - 
p㥬 䠩 ( 襬 ਬ "shoplist.doc").  :

   C>copyall shoplist.doc

   C>WP.EXE

   砫    ।.  ᫥  室    pp ࠢ
p頥 MS-DOS   p    䠩.   ࠭ 뢮
 p :

   C>COPY SHOPLIST.DOC A:
        1 File(s) copied

   MS-DOS  ⮬᪨  ⠢    䠩      頥
ࠬ %1.
   ᫮    ਬ.    p㥬       䠩   "difnum.bat",
⮬᪨  騩    㪠  䠩   ᢠ騩 
 㪠 :

   C>copy con: difnum.bat
   wp.exe
   copy %1 a:%2
   ^Z
       1 File(s) copied

    饭  ⮬ 䠩    ,  㥬  䠩
( 襬 ਬ "new.doc"),    ("old.doc"):

   C>difnum new.doc old.doc

   砫    ।.  ᫥  室    pp ࠢ
p頥  MS-DOS,      p   ᫥  䠩
"difnum.bat":

   C>COPY NEW.DOC A:OLD.DOC
        1 File(s) copied

   ࢮ          p  ("new.doc")   ⠢  
頥 ࠬ  %1. ஥   ("old.doc")  -  頥
ࠬ %2.

                    

   pp    p      䠩  
 頥 ᨬ "?"   "*". ᫨ 頥  ᨬ 
 祭 㯯 pp,    믮   
pp  p㯯  (..  ࠧ    pp).  ᬮਬ
 䠩:

   C>copy con: display.bat
   copy %1 con:
   ^Z
       1 File(s) copied

     䠩      ࠭  (con)  䠩,  ᠭ   頥
ࠬ஬ %1.  㥬 䠩 㪠뢠   p  
饭   䠩. ᫨ 㪠 䠩 ,  ᮤন
뢮  ࠭.
   ⠪,  䠩 "display.bat" ᠭ  .  :

   C>display *.txt
                                   - 36 -


     䠩  ࠡ祣  ᪠    ᮮ⢥饩  ᯥ䨪樥  
뢥  ࠭ (ᯥ樠 ᨬ ᬮ७  .2).
   ᫨    p㥬  䠩  砥  祭 業,  p
        p    業  ࠥ  ࠧ
.  ਬ,    "hiho%.txt"      p    
p⠢  "hiho%%.txt".

                       USE

   ᫨ 室 ६ 뢠 믮  䠩,  
  ᯮ짮     PAUSE.       ⮩  
⪫뢠  믮  ⥪饩    䠩.  ࠭ 
ᮮ饭:

   Strike any key when ready...

       (p  Ctrl-C),   p p ,
믮 p 뫮 ⫮.
     Ctrl-C,   ᮮ饭:

   Abort batch job (Y/N)?_

     "Y" p p頥 MS-DOS,  ࠭ 
⠭ ⥬ . p  "N" p p頥 
 䠩 - ⫮  믮.
   騩 ਬ  뢠,   PAUSE 㤮  ᯮ짮, ᫨ 
p p   䠩    室 
᪠    p祬  ᪮.    䠩  copytwo.bat   믮
⭮ ஢  㪠 䠩. p ⮬ p  p
  pᢠ  ⨬ .    ࠧ
 ࠧ ᪨. ᫥ ᮧ ࢮ  믮  䠩
pp뢠    짮⥫  砥      ᪨  
ன⢥ A:

         C>copy con: copytwo.bat
         wp.exe
         copy %1 a:%2
         pause
         copy %1 a:%3
         ^Z
             1 File(s) copied

   p 饭   ⮬ 䠩   "copytwo", p p  - 
p㥬 䠩,  p   p .   Enter.
p p 䠩 㤥 䨪஢  ࠭.

         C>copytwo new.doc old1.doc old2.doc

         C>WP.EXE

   뢠 ।. ᫥ 室  । 믮  ᫥
 䠩:

         C>COPY NEW.DOC A:OLD1.DOC
                 1 File(s) copied
         C>PAUSE
              Strike any key when ready...5
         C>COPY NEW.DOC A:OLD2.DOC
                 1 File(s) copied

     ࠧ  ⬥⨬,    pp    p  p
 ᮮ⢥騥 頥  pp p   䠩.
 "new.doc"  p. ⥬   pause  ⪫뢠 믮
᫥饩  (copy). 짮⥫      ᪮
. ⨥     ( 襬  pp 5)  p p頥
                                   - 37 -

⫮   䠩 "new.doc" p  p.  ன
 蠥 ࠡ  䠩.
    PAUSE  㦨  뢮 ᮮ饭  p ᯫ.  
⮬ 砥 ᫥   १ ஡ ࠥ ⥪⮢ ப
    121  ᨬ.      ࠡ    䠩  ⥪
뢮  ࠭:

         C>copy con: copytwo.bat
         wp.exe
         copy %1 a:%2
         pause put disk number2 in drive a
         copy %1 a:%3
         ^Z
             1 File(s) copied

    ,    ⫨稥   ।饣 ,   믮  
PAUSE  ࠭  뢮 ᮮ饭:

         C>COPY NEW.DOC A:OLD1.DOC
                 1 File(s) copied
         C>PAUSE PUT DISK NUMBER2 IN DRIVE A
              Strike any key when ready...5
         C>COPY NEW.DOC A:OLD2.DOC
                 1 File(s) copied

                             REM

    REM  (REMark) 㦨  ᪫⥫쭮   뢮 ᮮ饭  
p  ᯫ    p  p    䠩.     
 䠩    ॡ㥬 ᮮ饭.  ᮮ饭   
ॢ 123 ᨬ. , pp, ᫥饥:

         C>copy con: copytwo.bat
         wp.exe
         rem making copy number 1
         copy %1 a:%2
         pause put disk number2 in drive a
         rem making copy number 2
         copy %1 a:%3
         ^Z
             1 File(s) copied

    rem   짮⥫ ᫥  室 믮
 䠩:

         C>REM MAKING COPY NUMBER 1

         C>COPY NEW.DOC A:OLD1.DOC
                 1 File(s) copied
         C>PAUSE PUT DISK NUMBER2 IN DRIVE A
              Strike any key when ready...5

         C>REM MAKING COPY NUMBER 2

         C>COPY NEW.DOC A:OLD2.DOC
                 1 File(s) copied

                             AUTOEXEC.BAT

     㤮⢠   짮⥫     ⥬  ।ᬮ७   ᯥ樠
 䠩  AUTOEXEC.BAT. ᫨   室   ୥  ४ਨ
ࠡ祣 ᪠,   p  p㧪 MS-DOS  ⮬᪨ 믮  
.  祭  䠩  -    ६  ( ⮨  筮
 p  p㧪 ).   饬  砥 AUTOEXEC.BAT p
ᯥ䨪p      pp,  砥  p稩 pp
  ᪠,    ⠪  p  p㧪  p饩   pp
                                   - 38 -

p樮 ⥬. ᫨ AUTOEXEC.BAT  砥  TIME  DATE,
 짮⥫ p p㧪 ᠬ p室  p  .
    ਢ  ਬ 䠩  AUTOEXEC.BAT.    , p
짮     ⨬  䠩.   ࢠ       (ECHO  OFF)
pᬠp  ᫥饬 p  .

         echo off
         rem
         rem Set prompt to display working directory of default drive
         prompt $p$g
         rem
         rem Set the search path and append path
         path c:\dos;c:\misc;c:\kermit;c:\procom24;c:\utils;
         append \e \x
         append c:\mltmate;c:\vedit;c:\masm
         rem
         rem Set environment variables
         set comspec=c:\command.com
         set procomm=c:\procom24\
         rem
         rem Establish default drive, working directories
         cd c:\book\newchp
         cd a:newchp
         rem
         rem Start text editor
         vplus
         rem
         rem XCOPY all new or changed files
         xcopy * a: \m

                        

    㦥  ⬥砫,    䠩  p⢥ p
믮  ⮡p    p.     ࠢ
뢮  .
    ECHO     䠩  ᫥饬  . ࠥ
  - "h"  p   p - on  off.    
ON   ⮡p   筮 (ᠭ  ) ०.   ECHO OFF
  뤠      p,      rem.  
࠭    ᮮ饭, pp㥬 ⥬   p
p  䠩.
   p ⢨      䠩   㬮砭  p⠥ p
"N". ᫨ ந諮  뢠 믮   䠩 (਩
 ଠ쭮),    ⮬᪨ 室  ० ON. 
   ("")  ࠭ ⮡ࠦ ०  ࠡ 
⥪騩  p. ᬮp p   pp  
䠩:

         C>copy con: example.bat
         rem  ᮮ饭 뢮  ࠭
         rem .. echo  p on
         echo off                  <---  室  ० ff
         rem  ᮮ饭  뢮  ࠭
         rem .. echo  p off
         echo                      <--- 뢮 p 
         echo on                   <---  室  ० on
         rem ho   p on
         echo                      <--- 뢮 p 
         ^Z
            1 File(s) copied

         C>example1

         C>REM     
         C>REM ..    ON
         C>ECHO OFF
                                   - 39 -

         ECHO is off
         C>REM ECHO    N
         C>ECHO
         ECHO is on

       REM  뢮   p, ..  echo  㬮砭
室    p  on.      p  echo  p off,
⮬  ᫥騥      rem    p   . 
 () ⮡ࠦ ⥪騩 ०  - off. 쬠 -  ॢ
  ० on.
   ᫨          䠩    ᮮ饭,  
  p  ᨬ  p p :

         C>copy con: example2.bat
         echo off
         rem  ᮮ饭  뢮
         echo   뢥  p
         echo on
         rem ᮮ饭   p
         echo   ⮦...
         ^Z
             1 File(s) copied

         C>example2

         C>ECHO OFF
             
         C>REM    
         >ECHO   ... 
           ... 

   ࢠ   ॢ    ०  off. ⮬  ࢠ rem  
뢮   p.    -  . ..   室  
० off,           p,  ᮮ饭,
室饥   ⢨  (  뢥  ࠭), 㤥
⮡p. ⢥⮩     ॢ   ० on   ⮬
᫥      rem    p.  ᫥ 
䠩  -  .        ࠭      ⭮騬  
ᮮ饭.

                

       p  ਭ  ,      p  묨
p,  ⤥騬    ᫮     p㣮.  
⮩ p   ᯮ짮   .   ᮦ MS-DOS
ᨩ 2.X   3.X   pᬠp  ⢥   p⮣ ᯮᮡ
p ⥪.
    "ECHO__" (ECHO   p) 뫠  p  p
 p 2.. ,    3.X    ࠡ⠥.   
 ᠬ p   "ECHO."   (ECHO  筠  窠). ⮡
짮  ⢥,    騬    pᨨ  MS-DOS ᯮᮡ,
p室   p.
    " ^H" (ECHO, p  p騩 ᨬ ^H) p⠥  
p 2.X,   p 3.X. ࠢ騥 ᨬ    䠩  
⥪⮢  ।.  ᫨     ।     ।ᬠਢ  ⠪
,    "ECHO *". ⥬ 맮 ணp DEBUG
  "*"  p騩 ᨬ ^H.  ^H -  ᨬ p
  ᨬ (祭 008   ASCII).

                          FF

   MS-DOS c 3.3  ⬥ 뢮 p  䠩 
p ᯫ.  ⮬ 砥  p ᨬ p    ᨬ
"@". ⨬  , ᪠,     p  ECHO
OFF,  ᫨      p    䠩.  
ࠡ  ᫥饣,  pp,  䠩    p      
                                   - 40 -

:

           @echo off
           rem  

    ⢨ ᨬ "@"   p ⮡p   echo off.
   ⮡  ந      ᠬ    p  2.X    3.X p 
᫥饬  ᯮᮡ.    ᯮᮡ  p,  ᫨   ⢥ pp
p   ᯮ   䠩   ANSI.SYS.     (祭  pp  
p樮 ⥬ pᬠp  .8).  䠩:

         echo off
         echo ^[[s^[[1A^[K^[[u

   ⬥⨬,        ᨬ  "^["  p⠢  ᮡ   
p騩  (  p騩     祧騬  ᨬ).   設⢮
।஢     ᨬ    䠩. ᫨  
।   ।ᬠਢ ⠪  ,     ⮩
ᨬ  ⥬    p騬, p⨢   pp DEBUG
(..9).  ( "^["   ⠭p⭮  ASCII  祭  IBH).
᫨    ⠡ 8-1,   ⠭ ᭮,   p  
।⠢ ᮡ ᫥⥫쭮 権  ࠩ  ANSI.SYS.
  樨:

^[[s -  ⠢ pp  ⥪饩 樨
^[[1A - ६   ப 
^[[  -  㭨⮦ ⥪, pᯮ ᫥ pp
^[[  -  p pp  砫 

       FF  ᢥ,    祧  p,  祬   
p.

                         GOTO

    㦨   ।  ࠢ   ࠭  ⢨
 䠩.  ⪠ ப   䠩  ⮨   
(:),    p  ᫥    1    8  ᨬ.  , ਬ,
᫥饥:

         C>copy con: example3.bat
         rem  ࢠ 窠
         rem   窠
         goto four
         rem   窠
         :four
         rem  ⢥ 窠
         ^Z
              1 File(s) copied

         C>example3

         C>REM   
         C>REM   

         C>GOTO FOUR

         C>REM   

   砫 믮    . ⥬  -    ⪮
"four".  த  ᫥⥫쭮 믮    
䠩.
   ⪠ GOTO   p⠢  ᮡ 頥  p.   ⮬
砥    室    ,       p
 䠩. ᬮp ਬ:

         >copy con: example3.bat
                                   - 41 -

         goto %1
         :one
         rem this is one
         goto finish
         :two
         rem this is two
         goto finish
         :three
         rem this is three
         :finish
         ^Z
             1 File(s) copied

         C>example3 three

         C>GOTO THREE
         C>REM THIS IS THREE

     砥 pp three. p 믮 ࢮ 
 䠩, 頥 p %1   "THREE".  
믮   祭 :three  -   rem (this  is three).
᫥ ப  䠩 -  ⪠ p.    ࠡ
 䠩 ⪨  뢮  ࠭.

                              IF

   筮  if ᯮ  뤥 , 믮  
砥, ᫨ 믮 p  ᫮.   ⨯
᫮, p  p  if:  IF EXIST; IF  p1
= p2; IF ERRORLEVEL.
    ⨯ ᫮ 뢠  ᫮ ⨯ EXIST.   ⮬ ᫮
p  ஢ઠ    ⢮  㪠  䠩.  ᫨ 䠩
,    ᫮  ⠥  믮    뤥  
믮. ᬮਬ :

         if exist somefile.dat type somefile.dat

     믮 ந ஢ઠ  稥 䠩 somefile.dat
 p祬 ᪥. ᫨ 䠩  ,  믮  type.  
⨢ 砥  type ய᪠  믮 ᫥  
p浪 .
    if exist  ᯮ짮  pp  䠩  
⮫쪮   p祬 ᪥.   ⮬  砥 ।   䠩 室
㪠  ᪮ (ਬ, :   b:).
   ,  室  ,    ஢ઠ  ந ⮫쪮 
䠩  ࠡ ४. ⮡ ந ஢ 䠩   㣮
४ਨ,  㦭      ࠡ稬.   (४ਨ ᬮp 
.3).

                    IF STRING1 == STRING2

   ன ⨯  ᫮ -  ஢ઠ 筮   ᨬ쭭 ப.
ᬮਬ  䠩:

         >copy con: example4.bat
         echo off
         if %1==roses goto roses
         if %1==candy goto candy
         if %1==perfume goto perfume
         echo   訥 ⭮
         goto finish
         :roses
         echo  ᫠ ஧.  ண⥫쭮.
         goto finish
         :candy
         echo  ᫠ .  ᫠.
                                   - 42 -

         goto finish
         :perfume
         echo  ᫠ .  ஬筮.
         :finish
         ^Z
               1 File(s) copied

         C>example4 perfume

         C>ECHO OFF
           .  .

       if  p  p  頥  pp  
ᨬ쭮  p.  ⬥⨬,      ࠢ     ⮦⢠
砥   ࠢ⢠  (==).   p  
p   pp -  ᨬ쭠 ६,  p   
ࠡ  䠩  ⠢  頥  ࠬ %1.
᫨ १ ࠢ  ⥫,  믮   
⢨    if.    襬  ਬ    室  
p  PERFUME.    ⨢  砥  믮 ᫥  浪
.
   ⬥⨬,  ࢠ    䠩  - echo off.  ⮬ 
࠭ ⮡ࠦ ⮫쪮 १  믮.

                     IF ERRORLEVEL n

   ERRORLEVEL   -         ६   樮  ⥬.  
pp  ࠡ    MS-DOS.  設⢮  ,  ᫨  
믮  ந諠   訡  (.⠡.5-1),   ᢠ  ERRORLEVEL
p  祭.     祭  (  訡)   ⠭  
ᨬ    ⨯   訡.  짮⥫  pp   ⠪  
p᢮  ᢮  祭  ६  ERRORLEVEL,  ᯮ   ⮣
ࢨ ।⢠ DOS - 㭪樨 31  4 (.ਫ ). 

         IF ERRORLEVEL n command

   砥,  ᫨ 祭  ERRORLEVEL   ࠢ  祭 n,
 믮  command.   p쥩    p pᬮp
  MS-DOS  p  祭  ERRORLEVEL     ⭮
.

                                                 5-1
         MS-DOS, p뢠騥 ६ ERRORLEVEL
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 MS-DOS ᨩ 2.        MS-DOS ᨨ 3.20        MS-DOS ᨨ 3.30
------------------------------------------------------------------------
     BACKUP                    BACKUP                    BACKUP
     RESTORE                   RESTORE                   RESTORE
                               FORMAT                    FORMAT
                               REPLACE                   REPLACE
                                                         GRAFTABL
                                                         KEYB
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                          IF NOT

     if  not  㦨    pp  p  ᫮. ,
   ⢨  if not 믮, ᫨  १ ஢ન
⥫. ᬮਬ :

       if not exist somefile.bak copy somefile.txt somefile.bak

     ந ஢   䠩. ᫨ 䠩   ,
 믮    ⢨ IF.  IF NOT  ᯮ짮
 ஢ન  ⨬ ᫮.

                                   - 43 -

                             FOR

      for    䠩  믮 ᪮쪮  ࠧ
 -  p    㯯  ࠬ஢.  for
 ᫮ ᨭ⠪, ⮬  砫 ᬮਬ ਬ:

         for %%a IN (file1 file2 file3) DO del %%a

    ।  稭   for.    ᫥  
६.    ६     䠩 砥 
 業 (%%). ⥬ ᫥ ᫮ IN, ஥ 易⥫쭮 
  묨  㪢.   ᫥  IN     ᪮  
ࠬ, ᫥⢨ p뢠 ᫥㥬    (del).
 㯯 ࠬ஢ 筮 ⮨   䠩.  襬 ਬ  
.  㯯   ࠬ஢  몠   ᫮  "DO",   ⠪  ࠭
묨 㪢. ⥬ ࠥ   -  襬 ਬ, "del
%%a".  믮   ࠧ, ᫥⥫쭮 㭨⮦ 䠩  file1,
file2  file3.
    for 뢠  ,     ॡ
p ᪮쪮 䠩,    ꥤ 頥묨
ᨬ.  ।,      ᪥    䠩:   example.bat,
program.txt    letter,        室 ᯥ. 
  "copy example.bat prn"  ,  䠩  pᯥ⠥,
⥬         䠩 program.txt,     
     쥣 䠩.  ⮬  ६ p
 .
     for,        䠩,      
६:

       for %%a IN (example.bat program.txt letter0 DO copy %%a prn

   Tp 䠩 pᯥ뢠  .
   ⢮  for   䠩  p祭.   
p    ⠭⭠   MS-DOS.  ᫨   ᯮ 
 䠩,  ⮩ ६  ।⢮ ⮫쪮 
 業 (%).
    䠩,  ᯮ㥬   ⢥ ࠬ   for,  
室    ࠡ祬  ४ਨ  ࠡ祣  ᪠.  稥 ४ਨ
ᬮ७  .3.

                              SHIFT

    SHIFT      ࠬ஢   
p   䠩  ⨯ "batch". ,    䠩
        頥  ࠬ஢.     ࠡ
  䠩  pp    p ᫥⥫쭮 
頥 ࠬ.   pp ⠢   頥
ࠬ  %1,  ன  -    %2    ..  頥  ࠬ  %0
१ࢨ ⥬  ᯥ䨪  䠩.
    shift ᬥ頥 ࠬ  p   ,  ..
 ࠬ  頥 pp %0, ன - %1  .. 
믮  shift    ࠧ  ந  ᬥ饭   ࠬ.
騩  䠩  ࠡ :

         C>copy con: example6.bat
         echo off
         echo %0 %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
         shift
         echo %0 %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
         shift
         echo %0 %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
         shift
         echo %0 %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
         ^Z
                1 File(s) copied

                                   - 44 -

         C>example6 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

         C>ECHO OFF
         EXAMPLE6 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
         00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
         01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
         02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

     p  믮    䠩    p    ࠧ
뤠 ࠡ稥 祭 頥  pp.   ࠧ  ࠬ
%0  (  echo)    ६  "EXAMPLE6",  pp %1 -
祭 00, %2 - 01  .. ன ࠧ, ᫥ 믮   shift
ࠬ  %0  ᢠ  祭  00,  ࠬ %1 - 祭 01,
ࠬ %1  - 02   ..  ⬥⨬,   ᫥ 믮 쥩 shift
祭 ᢠ ⮫쪮   頥 ࠬࠬ. 
ࠪ筮  ਬ  shift         ਬ
 䠩 INIT.BAT.

                              CALL

     饥  ६  楯  쭮  ணࠬ஢ 稫
祭  p  ppp.  ਭ樯  쭮   ணࠬ஢
⮨  ࠧ 让 ਪ ணࠬ  ᪮쪮  ⤥
ணࠬ  -  㫥,  ⠪  ࠧ,  ⮡    믮
  ⤥  㭪  (ਬ,  ࠡ  䠩, ஢
䠩  ..). ணࠬ    㭨ᠫ 㫨,  ..
⠪,           ᠬ ࠧp ணࠬ.
  ᯮᮡ    짮⥫    室   "⥭
".   २⢮ 쭮 ணࠬ஢ - 㤮⢮  
 ⫠ 쪮 ணࠬ  ࠢ  让. 饭 
 ⢫    CALL.
   ணࠬ஢    䠩  -    蠣    ᮧ
㭨ᠫ  㫥.  MS-DOS ( ᪫祭 ᨨ 3.3)  
।ᬠp  ⮣   ᯮᮡ  饭        .
ᬮਬ, ਬ, p樯 ࠡ ᫥  䠩:

         >copy con one.bat
         echo starting one
         two
         echo ending two
         ^Z
             1 File(s) copied

         C> copy con two.bat
         echo starting two
         echo ending two
         ^Z
             1 File(s) copied

     饭  䠩 ONE.BAT ந室 ᫥饥:

         C>one

         C>echo starting  one
         starting one

         C>two

         >echo starting two
         starting two
         C>echo ending two
         ending two

         C>

       䠩  ONE.BAT  뢮   ࠭ ⮢ ᮮ饭,
                                   - 45 -

⥬ p 饭   䠩 TWO.BAT.    ࠡ  ⮣
䠩   ࠭   ᮮ饭 砫   砭  ࠡ. 
p蠥  믮.  ,     設⢥  砥   ᫥  ⮣
ࠢ  p頥  MS-DOS,        䠩  ONE.BAT.  筮
ᮮ饭  ⠪          ࠭. ⮩ 訡  ,
  䠩 ONE.BAT.   :   饭   䠩 TWO.BAT
  CALL:

         >copy con one.bat
         echo starting one
         call two
         echo ending two
         ^Z
             1 File(s) copied

    ᫥ 襭 TWO.BAT ࠢ । ᫥饩 ᫥
CALL  䠩 ONE.BAT.

         C>one

         C>echo starting  one
         starting one

         C>call two

         >echo starting two
         starting two
         C>echo ending two
         ending two

         C>echo ending one
         ending one

     ਬ  p CALL ਢ    .

             ALL

     CALL  pᬮp  ⮫쪮    MS-DOS  ᨨ 3.3.  㣨
 饭   䠩 ⢫ p 㧪 ண
 . 믮 ண  䠩  p
  p  ண    .   ᨩ 2.  3.
ਥ  ᫥  䨪  䠩  ONE.BAT.    (   COMMAND
ᬮp  .3, ⠬  ஡ ᠭ ᯮᮡ 㧪   p
ண  ).

         >copy con one.bat
         echo starting one
         rem
         rem  "command /c two" 㦠 ன 
         rem ,  p p 믮 䠩
         rem two.bat. ᫥ 襭 ࠡ 䠩 ࠢ
         rem p頥  䠩 one.bat.
         rem
         command /c two
         echo ending one
         ^Z
             1 File(s) copied
         C>

                 

    䠩  MS-DOS   p뢠 ६묥  樮
।,  ᯮ        祭.    (樮  ।   
६ 樮 । ᬠਢ  .12).  饭  
६  p樮  p,  ࠥ    , 祭  
 業.   ࠧ,  "ECHO  %PATH%" 뢥   ࠭
                                   - 46 -

ᯥ䨪   ୥  ࠡ祣 ४.
     䠩  ADD2PATH.BAT     ᯮ짮     
饩 ६ 樭 p PATH 묨  ᯥ䨪ࠬ
.  䠩 뢠  ᫥饣 ଠ:

         add2path newpath1;newpath2;newpath3...

       ६  nwpath  -   ᯥ䨪  (ਬ,
a:\subdir2\subdir2).  䠩 ⮨  横, 믮饣 
 ६  newpath, p     ப.   ࠧ
᫥  믮  横    饬 祭 ६ p樮
p   祭 頥 ࠬ %1. ⥬  
SHIFT  ᫥  ६  ப  newpath, ⠢
  頥 ࠬ  %1. , ᯮ ᫥  ⪨
  横,  p  ஢    稥  p  newpath 
 ப.     ,   ࠬ %1  祭 
窨.

    echo off
    echo ^[[s^[[1A^[[K^[[u
    rem
    rem           ADD2PATH.BAT
    rem
    rem  䠩  ⥬ ६  
    rem ᯥ䨪஬ .
    rem ⠪ 饭  䠩:
    rem
    rem          ADD2PATH newpath1;newpath2...
    rem
    rem  ६ newpath1, newpath2... ।⠢ ᮡ
    rem ⥫ ᯥ䨪 , 塞  饩
    rem ⥬ ६ . ६ newpath  ⤥
    rem 稥, ஡, ᨬ ⠡樨  㣨 
    rem ᨬ
    rem
    rem  饭  ६   䠩 ।ᬮ७
    rem  "%path%". ⢮ ᨬ,  
    rem   ६ , ࠭稢 ᫥騬
    rem 䠪ࠬ: (1) ᨬ쭮 ⨬ ⢮ ᨬ
    rem  ப; (2) ᨬ쭮 ⨬ ⢮
    rem ᨬ,   樮 । (..12). 
    rem 襭 ᫥ ࠭祭 㤥 뤠 ᮮ饭:
    rem
    rem              Out of environment space
    rem
    rem    ᯥ䨪 ADD2PATH 
    rem ந 믮 横. ᫥ 롮ન 
    rem ᯥ䨪஢   ப, 䠩 p蠥 믮.
    rem  ࠭   祭 ६ p樮
    rem p .
    rem
    rem .  pp⭮ 믮 ன  echo
    rem            室, ⮡  ⢥ pp p
    rem            ᯮ짮 䠩 ANSI.SYS.
    rem
    :loop
    rem 室   exit, ᫨ ࠭  ࠬ 
    rem ப
    if "%1"=="" goto exit
    rem  %1  饩 path
    set path=%path%;%1
    rem   ࠬ 
                                   - 47 -

    shift
    goto loop
    :exit
    echo PATH=%path%
    echo

     ADD2PATH  㤮  짮  p  室  
६  PATH,    p    祭  p.  
祭 PATH  p (   "SET PATH=")  짮⥫
࠭祭  149-ᨬ  ஬  ,  ⮬     
  祭  㦭  .    ᯮ짮  䠩   ADD2PATH
ணࠬ  ࠭祭  ⮫쪮  ࠧࠬ  p 樮 ।
(   ன ⥯ ॣ㫨஢. ..12).
    䠩 ⠪  ᯮ짮 p  ᯥ䨪 , 
    ࠡ,      ॡ    p ⤥쭮
ணࠬ. 騩 䠩 ࠨ MS-DOS  ࠡ  ।஬  WP,
室騬  ࠡ祣 ४.

    echo off
    rem
    rem         WP_INIT.BAT
    rem
    rem  ࠨ MS-DOS  ࠡ  WP
    rem
    rem  c䨪  pp, 饣 WP,
    rem  饬 祭 ६ PATH
    rem
    call add2path \wp
    rem
    rem 祭 ࠡ ४ਥ
    c:
    cd \letters\aug_81
    cd a:\letters\aug_81
    rem
    rem 㧪 ।
    wp
    rem
    rem ஢  ᮧ  ।஢ 䠩
    xcopy *.* a: /m

    䠩 ᮥ ⥫ ᯥ䨪  ।  WP
 ⥪饬  祭 ६  樮 ।  PATH.   १
짮⥫  砥    ࠡ    ⥪⮢  ।஬,
p ᠭ   ४ਨ,   饬  p뢠 pp
䠩.

                                   - 48 -

                                6
             /,   

       뢮  -    , ⢫騥 뫪 室 
室  .  MS-DOS  ᨩ  2.   3. ।ᬠਢ 筮
᫮ ⥬᪮  ᯥ祭   ࠢ ⨬  ᠬ 
  짮⥫.  ࠢ  묨  ⢫     
楤, 뢠 ࠢ   뢮, 䨫   㭨樨.
ᯮ    楤,  짮⥫    ࣠ ᢮ 
। ଠ樨.     ਥ஢ ⮪  ଠ樨  
ன⢮,     , 㯮冷 ଠ,  ய⨢
  १  䨫,  ࠢ  ⥬  室  ⮪, ਬ,  室
⥬   ணࠬ      p稪   .        
ᬠਢ  楤  ࠢ  묨   ਢ ਬ 
ᯮ짮.

                   

     ଠ樨   設⢥ 砥 ᯮ .  
१ 믮 設⢠  権 祭   뢮
 ࠭ ᯫ.  ⮬  ⠥  ⠭ ன⢮
,  ࠭ - ⠭ ன⢮ 뢮.
   MS-DOS ।ᬠਢ ।⢠, 騥   ⠭
ன⢠    뢮,  ன⢠  뢠 ਩묨
ன⢠ /뢮,  ..    譨   ⭮襭  
設.

                    

    ⠭⭮ ன⢮, ࠬ⭮ 㪠뢠   .
 ன⢮ (ਬ,  ਭ)  ⠭⭮  ⥬ ,
⭮饥      ⮬  ன.    १ࢨ   
䨪⨢ ன⢠,  p ᯮ   ஢  ⥬.
⠭  ன ਢ  ⠡.6-1.

                                                      6-1
                    
------------------------------------------------------------------------
⠭⭮                          ਩ ன⢮
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   AUX                      ᨭ஭ 㭨樮 
1,2,3,4       ᨭ஭ 㭨樮   1  4
   CON                      ࠭ (CONsole)
LPT1,LPT2,LPT3            , ன  ⨩ ࠫ ਭ
   NUL                    ⨢ ன⢮ ( ஢)
   PRN                     ࠫ ਭ
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                           

   室  ଠ,  祭    १  믮  
MS-DOS, ।  ⠭⭮ ன⢮, ᫨    p
᫥      ">"  (ᨬ p 뢮)  
 ⮣ p⢠ (.p.6-1).

|--------|                               ⠭⭮ ன⢮
| MS-DOS |-------------> - - - - - - - - - >         뢮
|________|              \
                          \
                            \
                             \/
                    ਩ ன⢮

                .6-1. ࠢ 뢮 (>).

   ᬮਬ 楤  ࠢ 뢮   ਬ   TYPE.
                                   - 49 -

 뢮  ࠭ ᮤন 䠩.   "type  myfile",
 ࠭   䠩 myfile. ⮡ p    
ਭ, :

         C>type myfile > prn

              ⢥ ன⢠ 뢮 㪠
ਭ (prn),  䠩 뢮  ਭ,  ࠭ ⠥ .
       ன⢠,  ᫥   ⠡.6-1, ਩
ன⢮   䠩.  砥,  뢮  
    䠩.  室 ଠ  DIR, ਬ,  
ନ 䠩 "dir.lst".

         C>dir > dir.lst

   ᫨  䠩   ࠡ祬 ᪥,  뢮    
ன ଠ樨 (⥬ ᠬ  㭨⮦).  室 ࠭
ன  ଠ樨,    ᨬ  ">"    ">>".    뢮
   ண 䠩. ਬ,

         C>dir >> dir.lst

   室 ଠ  DIR    饬  䠩 dir.lst.
᫨  ࠡ祬 ᪥ 䠩 ,   㤥 p.
   筮  ࠢ   뢮  ࣠   ࠢ  
(..6-2).  ࠢ  - "<", .. ᨬ,  祭
⨢  ᨬ  ࠢ  뢮.    ᫥饬   ࠧ
pᬮp ᯮᮡ,    p ࠢ    뢮 
ய᪠ १ 䨫.

⠭⭮                                     |--------|
ன⢮  - - - - - /\--------------> ------>| MS-DOS |
                         /                          |--------|
                       /
                     /
                   /
                 /  ਩
               /     ன⢮

                .6-2. ࠢ  (<).

                                

     -    ⥬  ணࠬ    ,  뢠
  ன⢠  ,  ࠧ  㯮冷稢    ⥬
뫠      ன⢮  뢮.    MS-DOS ᨩ 2.  3.
।ᬠਢ    䨫樨:   SORT,  FIND   MORE.   
ᬮ७       㤥   ஢  ⠫쭮   㦤
楯樨 ࠢ /뢮.

                              SORT

     SORT  뢠      ன⢠ ,   
뫠    ன⢮  뢮.  ᬮਬ  ࠡ  SORT  ਬ
ᮧ  쪮  ⥪⮢  䠩  records.txt.    䠩  
࣠    copy con:  ( ᯮ EDLIN).  
  ᨬ ⠡樨, ..     १
ࠡ SORT.

         C>copy con: records.txt
         springsteen     bruce    born to run             1975
         floyd           pink     dark side of the moon   1973
         stevens         cat      tea for the tillerman   1970
         ronstadt        linda    heart like a wheel      1974
         ^Z        <------  Ctrl-Z
             1 File(s) copied
                                   - 50 -


   ,  ⥪⮢ 䠩, ᬮਬ ⢨  SORT.   SORT
 譥   MS-DOS.   砥,     p稪 
p㦠      㧪  p樮  ⥬.  ⮬  p
饭  SORT   ࠡ祬 ४ਨ ࠡ祣 ᪠   室
䠩 SORT.EXE  (ࠡ稥 ४ਨ  ᬮp   .3).    襬
ਬ   䠩  SORT.EXE  records.txt 室   ୥
४ਨ ࠡ祣 ᪠.
     뫪      室    SORT  ᯮ  ᨬ
ࠢ  (<). 室  - ᮤন 䠩  records.txt.
ଠ      䠢⭮  浪.   䠢 ਭ
᫥⥫쭮 ⠭⭮  ASCII (.ਫ F). ஢
ந    ࢮ  樨  ப.  ஢   ଠ
뢮  ࠭ - ⠭⭮ ன⢮ 뢮.

         C>sort < records.txt

         FLOYD          PINK     DARK SIDE OF THE MOON   1973
         RONSTDAT       LINDA    HEART LIKE A WHEEL      1974
         SPRINGSTEEN    BRUCE    BORN TO RUN             1975
         STEVENS        CAT      TEA FOR THE TILLERMAN   1970

    SORT  ஢    樨 ப   
䠢,  ⠪      浪,  ⭮ 䠢⭮ (.⠭ 
ASCII). ⮡ ந ஢  n- ᨬ ப,  ࠥ
:  sort /+n.  䠩 records.txt pp  17- 樨. 
⨭ ,  ன   䠩,  쭥襬  砥
窮 (*).

         >sort /+17 < records.txt
                         *
         SPRINGSTEEN    BRUCE    BORN TO RUN             1975
         STEVENS        CAT      TEA FOR THE TILLERMAN   1970
         RONSTDAT       LINDA    HEART LIKE A WHEEL      1974
         FLOYD          PINK     DARK SIDE OF THE MOON   1973

   ᫨    楫  ࠢ      ப ᨬ ⠡樨, 
१  ஢   㤥  ।᪠㥬,   ..  ᨬ   ⠡樨
ppp   ᨬ,  騩 ᬥ    
ᨬ.  ᬮਬ,    ந,  ᫨      ப  䠩
records.txt      ᨬ  ⠡樨.   ࢮ ப ᫮
"BRUCE" । 16 ᨬ:  ᫮ SPRINGSTEEN   ஡. 
ன  ப  ᫮  ""  ⠪  ।  16  ᨬ:   ᫮
"STEVENS"    ஡. ᫨   楫 ࠢ   ᨬ
⠡樨,   ᫮ "BRUCE"  ⠭ 12 ᨬ:  "SPRINGSTEEN"  
ᨬ ⠡樨,     ᫮ ""  - 8  ᨬ:   "STEVEN"  ᨬ
⠡樨.  T  SORT,  ஢  17- 樨  ப,
 멤  砫 㪢 ᫮ "BRUCE"  "CAT", .. ஢ 㤥
ந ࠢ쭮.
      ஢   䠢⭮ 浪     浪, ⭮
䠢⭮ (  ᮮ⢥⢨   ⠭   ASCII).   ᫥
砥  SORT 㤥 룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:  "sort /r+n", 
n -  ப,  ன ந ஢,  r -  ࠬ,
騩   冷 ஢.   "sort  /r" 砥,
  ஢  ந    ࢮ  ᨬ  ப    浪,
⭮ 䠢⭮.
      䠩 record.txt. ஢  ந
  52-  ᨬ  ப.  ப  pp    浪,   ⭮
䠢⭮:

         C>sort /r+52 < records.txt
                                                             *
         SPRINGSTEEN    BRUCE    BORN TO RUN             1975
         RONSTDAT       LINDA    HEART LIKE A WHEEL      1974
         FLOYD          PINK     DARK SIDE OF THE MOON   1973
         STEVENS        CAT      TEA FOR THE TILLERMAN   1970
                                   - 51 -


     ஢    ᫠    ⠭⭮ ன⢮
뢮.  ᫥饬 ਬ 䠩 records.txt pp  25- 樨
ப   䠢⭮ 浪.   뢮   ਭ.   PRN  -
⠭⭮  ࢮ ࠫ쭮 ਭ.

         >sort /+25 < records.txt > prn

    ਭ :
                                 *
         SPRINGSTEEN    BRUCE    BORN TO RUN             1975
         FLOYD          PINK     DARK SIDE OF THE MOON   1973
         RONSTDAT       LINDA    HEART LIKE A WHEEL      1974
         STEVENS        CAT      TEA FOR THE TILLERMAN   1970

    १       䠩. ,   ਬ,
 뢠 sorted.txt:

         C>sort /25+ <records.txt > sorted.txt

   ⮡  ᬮ  ᮤন  䠩  sorted.txt   ࠭, 
 "type sorted.txt".

                          FIND

    FIND -    䨫 MS-DOS.  ⮩   ந
᪠p  ⥪⮢  䠩,      p     p,
騥  ⠭ ᨬ. 室    ᫠
   ⠭⭮, ⠪     ⠭⭮ ன⢮  뢮.   FIND
 , 譥  ⭮襭   MS-DOS.  砥,   
p稪   p㦠      㧪 p樮 ⥬.
⮬  p  饭    FIND  室,  ⮡  ࠡ稩 ४਩
ࠡ祣 ᪠ 砫 䠩  FIND.EXE (ࠡ稥 ४ਨ ᬮp  
.3).   襬 ਬ    䠩 FIND.EXE   records.txt
室  ୥ ४ਨ ࠡ祣 ᪠.
         ᫥饬  p:    ࠥ "find", १
஡  ࠥ  祭    窨  ᨬ쭠  ६,  
ன ந  , ⥬  - ᯥ䨪   ࠡ뢠
䠩.    nter.  p᪠p㥬  䠩  records.txt.  
ந     ६  "BRUCE".     ப,   ᮤp騥  
६, 뢮  ࠭.

         C>find "bruce" records.txt

      ______________ RECORDS.TXT
         SPRINGSTEEN    BRUCE    BORN TO RUN             1975

     易⥫ 祢 ࠬ,    
  饭    FIND.  ࠬ  /v  砥,   ࠭ 뢮
ப ⥪⮢ 䠩,   騥   ᨬ ६.
⡥६, ਬ, ப records.txt,  ᮤঠ騥 ६ "FLOYD".

         >find /v "floyd" records.txt

        ______________ RECORDS.TXT
         SPRINGSTEEN    BRUCE    BORN TO RUN             1975
         STEVENS        CAT      TEA FOR THE TILLERMAN   1970
         RONSTDAT       LINDA    HEART LIKE A WHEEL      1974

   ࠬ  /c  뤠  ⢮  ப  ⥪⮢ 䠩, 
 ᨬ ६.  ⠥, ਬ, ᫮  ப 䠩
records.txt, ᮤঠ ६ "LINDA".

         >find /c "linda" records.txt

      ______________ RECORDS.TXT: 1
                                   - 52 -


       ࠬ  /n,  ஬  ப   ६, 
࠭ 뢮  浪 :

         C>find /n "born" records.txt

      ______________ RECORDS.TXT: 1

         [1]SPRINGSTEEN    BRUCE    BORN TO RUN             1975

   室    FIND    뫠  ⠭⭮ ன⢮
뢮.   ᫥饬 ਬ  ⡨ ப  records.txt, 騥
ᨬ p "1975"   뢠  䠩 "1975.txt".  
TYPE 뢮 ᮤন ⮣ 䠩  ࠭ ᯫ.

         >find "1975" records.txt > 1975.txt
         C>type 1975.txt
         SPRINGSTEEN    BRUCE    BORN TO RUN             1975

                             MORE

    MORE 㦨   뢮   ࠭ ᮤন 䠩.  
뢮 pﬨ  23 ப ( ࠭).   譥
 ⭮襭  MS-DOS.  砥,   p稪  p㦠  
  㧪 p樮  ⥬. ⮬ p 饭   MORE
室,  ⮡  ࠡ稩  ४਩  ࠡ祣  ᪠  砫   䠩
MORE.COM (ࠡ稥 ४ਨ ᬮp  .3).    ਬ
  䠩 MORE.COM  sample.txt 室  ࠡ祬  ४ਨ
᪠ C. 室  뫠 ᯮᮡ ࠢ .

         C>more < sample.txt

    믮   ᮤp  䠩 sample.txt  뫠 
䨫 MORE. ⥬ ﬨ  23 ப  뢮  ࠭  ᯫ
- ⠭⭮ ன⢮  뢮. ᫥ 뤠  ࢮ 樨   ࠭
  ।०:    --MORE--.        ,  
 ᫥  .  稢 ᫥ 室  
  䠩.
   室    ᫠  ⠭⭮  ன⢮ 뢮,
ਬ,  ਭ:

         C>more < sample.txt > prn

   ଠ pᯥ뢠 ﬨ  23 p. ᫥  p樨
⠥ pp --MORE--.

                            

   㭨 -   ᮥ   ⥬  ணࠬ  ,
    ணࠬ    .    ᮥ   ᯥ稢
 p뫪  室    ணࠬ     
室 㣮 ணࠬ   (..6-3).

                            ______________
        뢮    |              |            
  ⥬     ---------> |  | ---------->   ⥬
  ணࠬ                |______________|               ணࠬ

    .6-3. ८ࠧ 室   ணࠬ 
             室  㣮.

   , 騩  㭨 -  ⨪쭠 窠  (|). p
p뫪    p   ࢠ    (     ணࠬ),
⨪쭠 窠      (   ணࠬ). ࠭
  設. ਬ:

                                   - 53 -

         C>dir|find "-85"

   室    DIR 㯠   室 䨫 FIND.  
᪠p       ࠭   뢮  ப   ,  騥
ᨬ ६  "-85".   ࠧ,   稬 ᠭ  
䠩 ࠡ祣 ४,  ᮧ  1985  . ᫨   䠩 
४ 砥 ᨬ "-85",   ࠭ 뢮  p   
ᠭ.
    㪠 ᪮쪮 ᮥ塞 㭨ﬨ .  ਬ,
 ।饬 砥  室  FIND   ᫠   ᫥騩
䨫   室 㣮 :

         >dir|find "-85"|sort /+14

     १  믮  FIND  뫠    䨫   SORT.
ந   ஢   ப   pp      ᠭ   䠩,
࣠   1985 .   pp   ࠧ  
  (14-    ப).  ஢    뢮 
࠭. ᯥਬ  ᢮  䠩.  ,   䨫
FIND    SORT    譨   ⭮襭  p樮 ⥬,
⮬    ࠡ祬  ४ਨ  ࠡ祣  ᪠  室 䠩
SORT.EXE  FIND.EXE.

           /  

   ᭨ ࠧ稥   ࠢ /뢮   㭨樥.
ࠢ /뢮 -   뢠       뫪 
਩ ன⢮  (.⠡.6-1   .6-1   6-2). 㭨 -
 ᯮᮡ ⢨  ணࠬ   ⥬  (..
।    ந室    樮  ⥬)  (.6-3).
ந㥬   ࠧ:

         C>dir|find "-85"\sort /14 > prn

   뫪  室        DIR     室  䨫p  FIND
⢫ p楤p 㭨樨.    ⢫  ।
室  FIND  室 SORT. 室  SORT 뫠  
਩ ன⢮  (ࠫ ਭ).   ⮣  ਬ
楤 ࠢ 뢮.

                                   - 54 -

                                 7
                         EDLIN

   EDLIN  -    筮-ਥ஢  ⥪⮢ ।. 筮 
室  ᪥  MS-DOS   த   ஬.   EDLIN
      - 樮 ⥬,   p,
᭠饭 筮 묨 ⥪⮢묨 ।ࠬ.
   EDLIN   ⥪⮢ ।஬  ਢ筮 ᫥ ⮣ ᫮
      宦. ᫨  ࠡ⠥  묨  ⥪⮢묨
䠩, ।祭묨, ਬ,   ࠭ 㬥⮢,   
짮    p    ⥬  ⥪⮢  ।஬  (
᪫祭  EDLIN).  ,  ᫨      訩  㬥  
࣠樨  䠩, EDLIN -  ,  㦭.

                        EDLIN

    ࣠樨  䠩 㦨   "edlin".  ᫥   
१ ஡  ࠥ ᯥ䨪  ᮧ 䠩  (ᯥ䨪
䠩 ᠭ  .2). p   ࠢ 砥 pp
EDLIN.      㦠         設      .  砫
pᬠp      -   ஢   稥   䠩     
ᯥ䨪樥. ᫨  㪠 䠩   ,  EDLIN 뤠 ᮮ饭:
"New file"   ⠭  ।  - 窠 (*).   䠩
p, EDLIN ⮢ ਭ ᫥ :

         C>edlin newfile.txt
         New file
         *

------------------------------------------------------------------------
   .   ਢ     ਬ  p,
               짮⥫ 㯥 䠩 EDLIN.COM.  砥,
               䠩 EDLIN.COM 室  ࠡ祬 ४ਨ ᪠ C.
               ᮡ ⮣ ᫮ । ࠡ⮩ 室
               ᯥ䨪  ⮣ 䠩   
              PATH. ( ࠡ ४ ..3).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                      EDLIN

   p 騩   䠩   ⮫쪮   砥, ᫨
䠩 EDLIN.COM 室   ᪥ .   ⮢   EDLIN:
edlin + ᯥ䨪 䠩.  砫 EDLIN pᬠp    ᪠
㪠 䠩. ⥬  䠩 㦠   設. ᫨
䠩  让,    㦠    p,    75% ᢮
. ᫨  䠩 㤠  㧨 楫,  EDLIN 뤠  ᮮ饭:
"End of input file"  ⥬ ⠭ :

         C>edlin oldfile.txt
         End of input file
         *

   ᫨ 䠩  㧨 ,  ᮮ饭   뤠.  ࠭
ࠧ  ⠭  EDLIN (*).

                           

    室  砩,   ⥪ 㦠 䠩
  ࠢ騥  ᨬ  Ctrl-Z,  騥  ⪮   䠩.
㧪  䠩  ४頥,    ⮫쪮   ⥪ 砥 
ᨬ Ctrl-Z,   䠩 ⠥ 㦥. ⮡ ।
㧪  䠩,    ⮢    EDLIN     (
祢 ࠬ) /b.     ⥪  p:

         C>edlin oldfile.txt/b

                                   - 55 -

    EDLIN 㦠 䠩 oldfile.txt 楫,  ᨬ  
  ⥪ ⮪  䠩.

                          EDLIN

   1. 室  ࠭ 䠩. ᫨  稫 ࠡ뢠 䠩, 
  ।      END ( e).  ᫥ 
 ।஢ 䠩 뢠     ,  
⮢    EDLIN.    䠩  २뢠   ᫥騬
ࠧ:      砥  ७  ".BAK",   ᭮  ⠥
०.    EDLIN  頥  ࠢ  MS-DOS.   ࠭ 
⠭ ⥬  (C>).
   2.   室      ࠭   䠩.      뢠,    
।஢ 䠩 ࠭  㦭.  ⮬ 砥, ⮡  
EDLIN   QUIT ( q). ᫥    ࠭
  ᮮ饭   EDLIN,  ॡ饥   ⢥ত     㤠
।஢ 䠩.  ⢥ "Y" ( y) ।஢  䠩
㤠,  䠩  ࠭ ᢮ ०  .    ७
".BAK"     ᮧ.  ࠢ   頥  MS-DOS.     ࠭
 ⠭ ⥬ .
     ⢥  "N"  (  n)    ।஢  稢  
࠭  ࠡ⠭  䠩.    ஡    END  QUIT
ᬠਢ   .

                            EDLIN

   ०  祬    ࠡ    ।, 室  
騬   ࠢ.
    EDLIN     㪢.      ࠧ
(    ࠥ      ⥬   Enter). 設⢮
 ॡ     ⥫  ࠬ.
ࠬ -  筮 ᫮. ᫨  ᪮쪮 ࠬ஢,  
ࠧ  ⮩    ஡.        易⥫쭮
  .    ᬮ७      砨 ਢ
ᯥ樠쭮.
   ࠡ뢠        ப  ⠥ . 
ப  㦨    ।  ਥ஬.    뤠  ࠭ 樨
  ࠡ  ப  砥  窮,  ᯮ ᫥ 
஬ ப.
    ⪨ (#) ᯮ  祭 ᫥ 㦥
  ப 䠩. ⨬ 祭 ,   ந
⨯ ⢨   묨  䠩   ᫥ ப ⥫쭮.
ਬ,  "50#d" 㭨⮦  ப 䠩, 稭   50- 
稢 ᫥.
   EDLIN         ப       䬥᪮
ࠦ, 塞 ⭮⥫쭮   ࠡ祩 ப.   
(-) 㦨   祭  ப, ।  ࠡ祩 ப. 
  (+)  -    祭  ப,  ᫥    ࠡ祩.  
"-5,+5L", ਬ, 뢮   ࠭ 㯯  ப 䠩,   
 ப, ᯮ p  ࠡ祩 ப, ࠡ祩 ப   
ப, ᯮ ᫥ ࠡ祩 ப.
   EDLIN   ᪮쪮  p.  묨,
ᯥ樠쭮 p묨 ᪫祭ﬨ,   ᫥⥫쭮
 - ࠧ⥫ ᨬ. ਬ,  "1,10d  1,10L"
㭨⮦      ப  䠩    뤠  ࠭ ᫥騥
 ப.
    i (INSERT) 㦨    ࠢ ᨬ   ⥪
ࠡ뢠 䠩.    ᫥饬 p:  p
"i",      Ctrl-V,  ⥬  묨 㪢 ࠥ
㦭  ࠢ騩  ᨬ.  ਬ,  ⮡    ⥪  䠩   
p騩  ᨬ  Ctrl-Z,  㦭    ᨬ "i",  
Ctrl-V    Z.

                                   - 56 -

                                                          7-1
                        EDLIN
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                          
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A)PPEND      ᫮ ப 䠩,       [number]a
            ᠭ  ᪥,  䠩,              [number]
            㦥  
(C)OPY         ᪮쪮 ப          ,,line c
            㪠  ࠡ뢠 䠩     [line1],,line c
                                                  [line1],[line2],line c
                                           [line1],[line2],line, count c
(D)ELETE    ⮦ 㯯 ப                      d
                                                      [line1]d
                                                     ,[line2]d
                                                  [line1],[line2]d
EDIT         ப ࠡ뢠         [line]
            䠩
(E)ND       ⢫ 室  ।              e
            ࠭ 䠩
(I)NSERT     ப  ⥪                      i
            ࠡ뢠 䠩                       [line]i
(L)IST      뢮  ࠭ ப  㪠묨          L
            ࠬ                                    [line1]L
                                                       ,[line2]L
                                                     [line1],[line2]L
(M)OVE      ७   ᪮쪮 ப          ,,line m
             㪠  ࠡ뢠         [line1],,line m
            䠩                                    ,[line2],line m
                                                [line1],[line2],line m
(P)AGE      뢮  ࠭ ᮤন 䠩             p
                                                         [line1]p
                                                        ,[line2]p
                                                     [line1],[line2]p
(Q)UIT      ⢫ 室  EDLIN                q
            ࠭ 䠩
(R)EPLACE    㪠 㯯 ப p뢠      r
            䠩 ந                [line1]r
            ᨬ쭮 ६                ,[line2]r
             ᨬ ६           [line1],[line2]r
                                  [line1],[line2]r[string1] F6 [string2]
                               [line2],[line2]?r[string1]Ctrl-Z[string2]
(S)EARCH    ᬠਢ  㯯 ப,           s
            ⮡   ⥪ 㪠                [line1]s
            ६                                   ,[line2]s
                                                      [line1],[line2]s
                                                [line1],[line2]s[string]
                                               [line1],[line2]?s[string]
(T)RANSFER   ᮤন 㪠                t[filespec]
            䠩  ᮤন p뢠        [line]t[filespec]
            䠩
(W)RITE     뢠   p                w
            㯯 p㦥   ப          [number]w
------------------------------------------------------------------------

. ࠬ   ᪮ 㪠뢠 짮⥫. 
           ࠬ  易⥫묨.

                         INSERT

    INSERT 砥 ⥫   ⥪ p뢠
䠩.    ⠭    ।  (*)  ᨬ "i" (
"I"). ,  ਬ, ᪮쪮  ப    䠩.   ⮣  
⠭  ⥬ (>)    "edlin   ᮧ
䠩":

                                   - 57 -

         C>edlin demo1.txt
         New file
         *

   饭 "New file" 砥,    ࠡ祬 ᪥  䠩 "demo.txt"
  㦥.    EDLIN  ᮧ    䠩      "demo.txt". 
⠭   ।    "i"  (INSERT).  ࠭
    "1:*".    ᮮ饭    ᨣ  
ࢮ ப ⥪.
    ப    253 ᨬ. ⮡ ⬥  
ப,    Enter.  ᫥  ⮣     ப pp 
ࠢ騥 ᨬ ⠭⭮  ASCII:  ᨬ  ⪨  
ᨬ  室    ᫥  ப.   ᨬ  ⮡p 
p. p  । ப ⥪ EDLIN p㦠   
 뤠   ࠭.  p  ⠪ 뢮   ᫥饩 ப.
  த  ப,   ⬥ ⢨ INSERT,
६   Ctrl-Break.
    ਢ ਬ    䠩 demo.txt. p ⥪
⤥쭮 ப    Enter.  ப 1-11.

    C>edlin demo.txt
    New file
    *i
     1:* ࣠ 䠩   EDLIN
     2:* ⠭  EDLIN  "i". EDLIN 뤠
     3:*᫥饥: "1:*".  ᨣ   ࢮ ப ⥪.
     4:*ப    253 ᨬ.
     5:*            <---⮡   ப,  Enter
     6:*⮡  ப,  Enter. EDLIN p㧨 
     7:*   뤠  ᫥饩 ப.  
     8:* ᫥ ப  ⬥ ⢨ INSERT.
     9:*⮡ ⬥ ,  Ctrl-Break.
    10:* 砥 뢠 믮 , EDLIN 뤠 ⠭
    11:*.   ᫥ .
    12:*
    13:*^C          <---  Ctrl-Break

     *              <--- ࠭  ⠭  -
                        EDLIN ⮢ ਭ ᫥ 

   ᫨    "i"  㪠 ⥫ ࠬ, 
 ⥪ ᯮ ᫥ ࠡ祩 ப.  ப -  
᫥ ࠡ뢠  ப 䠩.   ।饬  ਬ ࠡ
ப -  ப   ஬ 13. ⮡   ⥪, 稭   13-
ப,  ࠧ ᯮ㥬  "i":

   *i
    13:*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
    14:* ப  ࠬ 13,14  15.
    15:*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
    16:*^C

   *

    ⮡ 뢥  ࠭  ⥪,  ᯮ짮 
LIST (L ):

    *L
     5:
     6:⮡  ப,  Enter. EDLIN  
     7:  設  뤠  ᫥饩 ப.  
     8: ᫥ ப  ⬥ ⢨ INSERT.
     9:⮡ ⬥ ,  Ctrl-Break.
    10: 砥 뢠 믮 , EDLIN 뤠 ⠭
    11:.   ᫥ .
                                   - 58 -

    12:
    13:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
    14: ப  ࠬ 13,14  15.
    15:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

    *

   ⮡  ⠭    ப    ࠭,    
Ctrl-NumLock. ⮡ ⠭ ,   .  ⮡
⬥ ⢨ ,   Ctrl-Break.  ( LIST  ஡
ࠧp  ᫥饬 ࠧ).
       INSERT   㪠   ப,   ன
㤥  ⥪.  ⮣  ப ࠥ ।⢥
। 㪢 "i".   ࠧ, ⥪ ⠢   騬
ப  䠩.  ப,  ᯮ  ᫥  ⥪, 
७㬥஢. ਬ,

  *11i
    11:*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    12:* 3 ப 祭  ⥪ 䠩, 稭  11- ப
    13:*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    14:*^C

  *

      "5L",  ࠭ 뢮 ⥪, 稭   ⮩
ப 䠩:

  *5L
     5:
     6:⮡  ப,  Enter. EDLIN  
     7:  設  뤠  ᫥饩 ப.  
     8: ᫥ ப  ⬥ ⢨ INSERT.
     9:⮡ ⬥ ,  Ctrl-Break.
    10: 砥 뢠 믮 , EDLIN 뤠 ⠭
    11:*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    12:* 3 ப 祭  ⥪ 䠩, 稭  11- ப
    13:*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    14:.   ᫥ .
    15:
    16:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
    17: ப  ࠬ 13,14  15.
    18:!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

    *

    , , 稭  11- ப,   ப  
⥪. ⬥⨬,  ᫥   ப, 䠩  ७㬥஢.
   ᫨  ।  祭    "i"    ᫮,   祭
ॢ饥  ᫥ ப  䠩,   ⢥   ப
㪠 ᨬ  "#",            䠩
(᫥  ᫥ 㦥   ப).

                          LIST

     LIST  (  L)  㦨    뢮    ࠭  㯯 ப
p뢠  䠩.  ᬮp  ⢨  ⮩   ᫥饬
ਬ.   䠩:

         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
            ..........
        14:  ப 14
        15:* ப 15
        16:  ப 16
                                   - 59 -

            ..........
        24:  ப 24
        25:  ப 25
        26:  ப 26

    ப (᫥ ࠡ⠭) 祭 窮.   襬
ਬ    ப  15.      LIST    ࠡ祩   ப
࠭  ⮩  ப.
   ᫨ "L"   ⥫ ࠬ஢,   ࠭  
11 ப, ᯮ   ࠡ祩 ப,  ࠡ ப   11 ப,
ᯮ  ᫥  ࠡ祩  ப  -  ᥣ  23 ப, ⠢
 ࠭ (ᨬ쭮 ⢮ ப,   ࠭).

  *L
         4:  ப 4
         5:  ப 5
         6:  ப 6
            ..........
        14:  ப 14
        15:* ப 15
        16:  ப 16
            ..........
        24:  ப 24
        25:  ப 25
        26:  ப 26
  *

   ᫨ ࠡ祩 ப ।  襥 ⢮ ப,   ࠭
 묨  ப, ⠪  ⮡  饥  ⢮ ࠢ﫮
23.
   ⮡   ࠭  㯯 ப,    
㪠뢠    ࢮ    ᫥  ப    㯯. ᫠
ࠧ  ⮩    ஡     ।⢥ ।
祭    -  "L".  ਬ,  뢥    ப
襣 䠩:

  *1,4L
         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
         4:  ப 4
  *

   ᫨ । L 㪠   ᫮ -  ப,   ப 뢮
稭  .  饥 ᫮ ப  ⠢ 23. 뢥  23 ப,
稭  ன ப 䠩:

  *2L
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
            ..........
        15:* ப 15
            ..........
        23:  ப 23
        24:  ப 24
   *

   ᫨ । L  㪠     ப,    ࠭ 뢮
᫥ 㯯:   11 ப, ।  ࠡ祩, ࠡ ப  
  ப  㪠 ஬ ⥫쭮.


  *,16L
         4:  ப 4
         5:  ப 5
         6:  ப 6
                                   - 60 -

            ..........
        14:  ப 14
        15:* ப 15
        16:  ப 16
  *

   ᫨   ࠡ祩 ப  ॢ蠥 㪠  祭,  
ࠡ⠥ 筮  "L":

  *L
         4:  ப 4
            ............
        15:* ப 15
            ..........
        26:  ப 26
  *

        ᯮ짮  p   p뫪       ਭ.
஡ ᯥ    । ਠ⮢.   ਭ,
  Ctrl-PrtSc,  ࠭  LIST. 뢮 
࠭ ଠ p 뫠  ਭ.
   ᫨  p  ᯮ짮  LIST  ॡ  뢥  24 ப, 
ப        ࠭  ᭨    p浪 ⠭
஢. ⮡ ⠭ ,   Ctrl-NumLock.  ⮡
  ⠭,      .  ⮡  ⬥   ⢨
,   Ctrl-Break.

                          EDIT

    EDIT  ᯮ   ।஢ ப.  ⮡ 㪠
  ࠡ뢠  ப,          .  
祭 ࠡ祩  ப   筠 窠.   祭
ப, ᫥饩 ᫥ ࠡ祩,  Enter.
   p        ࠭  뢮    ⥪ 㪠
ப.  ப  ப . ਬ,

  *6
     6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be.
     6:*

   ⮡  ।஢  ப,  ࠥ   ⥪  
 Enter.  ப 頥  䠩  砥   ࠡ祩
ப 䠩. ᫨   訫 ࠭   ⥪ ப,   
Enter   Esc    Ctrl-Break.  ⥪
࠭, ᫨ ⠢   砫 ப   Enter.
   ᫨ EDIT 室  㯯  EDLIN,     ப,
  ࠧ 窮  ⮩. ਬ:  "22;1,5 d".  
 ।஢  22- ப  䠩,   ⥬ 㭨⮦ 
  ப.
   p    ࠡ뢠  ப,   ⥪ 㦠  
ᯥ樠쭮 ⢥   ,  ࠧ ࠡ   ப,
稢    .      ।஢  
ࠡ  .     ⥪,   室騩     䠩,  ⠥
.  ᫥  ᥭ  ,  ⥬  頥  䠩 
   ன   ப.      ࠧ,   p      
pp   ࠭ 뢮  ⥪ ࠡ뢠  ப. 
ப ।祭  ⥬.

                     EDLIN

   㭪樮  MS-DOS  ᯮ짮  p ।஢
 䠩.  EDLIN ८।  F1, F2, F3, F4, F5,  Ins
 Del.
   F1    뢥    ࠭    ᨬ  ⥬.  
⨥  ⮩    (    設    "--->") 
뢥  ⥬    . ਬ:
                                   - 61 -


  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be.   <--⥬
  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what          <--F1  33 ࠧ

    ⨨ Enter  ப  頥  䠩  砥  
ࠡ祩  ப.    ⨨  Esc      ன ப 
  - ᥭ     ⥪.

  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be.   <--⥬
  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what          <--F1  33 ࠧ
                                                         Esc

   F3  뢥  ࠭ 祭 ⥬  樨  
 ப:

  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be.   <--⥬
  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be._  <--F3 
                                                              1 ࠧ

   F2    ஢  祭  ⥬   ࢮ  㪠
ᨬ. ᫨ ⥬ 砥 ᪮쪮  () ᨬ,
 ஢ 稢  ࢮ  . ᫨ ⥬  ᮤন
㪠  ᨬ,    ஢    ந室.  ᫥饬 ਬ
᫥  F2   .   ᪮஢  ⮩,  
   ப:

  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be.   <--⥬
  6:*The old gray mare_                           <--F2  1 ࠧ
                                                      

   F4    ஢  祭  ⥬    ࢮ  㪠
ᨬ   p. ᫨ ப  ᮤন 㪠 ᨬ,  
⥪ p  楫.   ப   ᫥饬 ਬ  祭
᫥⥫ ⨥  F4  "s".  १ 㭨⮦  ⥪
 砫 p   ࢮ ᨬ  "s".  F4   ⮡ࠦ 祭
⥪  ࠭. ⮡ ᬮ  ⥬,   F3:

  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be.   <--⥬
  6:*She ain't what she used to be._             <-- F4, "s" 
                                                         ⥬ F3

     Ins  㦨    祭  㯯 ᨬ  ⥪ ப.
    ࠧ,  砥 ० ⠢.  ⠢
⬥  ୮  ⨨.
    ० ⠢  ⥬    ࠭  ᨬ.
 ᨬ ⠢  ⥪,   p ᨬ.  ࠡ 
筮  ०    ࠭  ᨬ    騥  ᨬ
⥬.
   ᬮਬ   ਬ.   ࠧ  F1, ⥬  
 Ins.  ⥪ ⥬  5 ᨬ:  4 㪢   ஡.
⠫쭮 ⥪ ⥬    F3:

  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be.   <--⥬
  6:*The very old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be._  <--
                                                    F1,Ins," very"  F3

    Del  ய (㭨⮦)  ᬢ ⥬:

  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be.   <--⥬
  6:*The old gray mare, he ain't what she used to be._  <--20 ࠧ 
                                                      F1, ⥬ Del  F3

      F5   ⥬ 뢠 ப,  
  室  ࠭. ப, ᠭ   ⥬,
,  p  䠩.   ⮩ ப 頥 ᨬ  @,
騩   ப  ⥬. ᫥  F5,   ப
                                   - 62 -

 ।஢. ᫥  Enter,  ப  p뢠
 䠩.
      ப ⥪   ࠡ뢠  䠩.   ⨨ F5
 ப     ⥬.    ।஢, ᯮ
।⢠, ᠭ    ࠧ. ᫨  ᫥  襩  F5 ࠧ
  Enter,    ப   䠩, 稢  
 ࠡ祩 ப:

  6:*The old gray mare, she ain't what she used to be.   <--⥬
  6:*And now for something completely different@   <--࠭ 
                                                    ⥬;  F5

   ,  ⭮,  ,       㭪樨 ।
 - ᫨誮 嫮⭮. ࠧ        ⥪,
祬    ࠧ  ᯮ,    祣 ।祭   .
, ᫨   ६  ७஢,  , ᪮쪮 
䥪⨢  ᯮ짮.

                          DELETE

     DELETE  㭨⮦      ᪮쪮  ப 䠩. ᫥
믮   ࠡ祩  ப 砥 ப, ᫥  
᫥  㭨⮦.  ப,  pᯮ  ᫥  ࠡ祩 ப,
७㬥஢뢠.
   ⮡ ᯮ짮 ,  ⠭  EDLIN  
d  D:

         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
         4:  ப 4
         5:* ப 5
         6:  ப 6

    *d
    *L
         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
         4:  ப 4
         5:* ப 6
    *

   砫 ࠡ祩 ப 﫠 ப  p 5. ᫥  d
  뫠  㭨⮦,        稫  ப,   pᯮ
p⢥    ᫥  㭨⮦.  ⠢訥  ப   뫨
७㬥஢.
   ⮡ 㭨⮦ 㯯  ப, ।⢥ ।   
㪠뢠    ࢮ    ᫥  ப  ⮩  㯯.   
ࠧ  ⮩    ய᪮.  ப,  ᫥    ᫥
㭨⮦, 砥  ࠡ祩:

         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
         4:  ப 4
         5:* ப 5
         6:  ப 6

    *2,4d
    *L
         1:  ப 1
         2:* ப 6
    *

                                   - 63 -

     ਬ 㭨⮦ ப  p 2-5. ப  ஬
6 (᫥ 믮 DELETE - N 2) 稫  ࠡ祩.
   DELETE   ᯮ짮   㭨⮦ 㯯  ப, 稭  
ࠡ祩    稢  .    ⮬  砥  ।  
㪠뢠         ᫥    p㯯  ப.   ப,
pᯮ p⢥  ᫥ 㭨⮦, 砥 
ࠡ祩:

         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 6
         3:  ப 7
         4:* ப 8
         5:  ப 9
         6:  ப 10

    *,5d
    *L
         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 6
         3:  ப 7
         4:* ப 10
    *

    १ ࠡ   뫨 㭨⮦  ப:  ࠡ  (
஬ 4)  ப 5.  ࠡ祩 ப 稫 ப,  
஬ 6 (⥯  4).

                             SEARCH

     SEARCH  (s    S)  ᪠  㯯 ப 䠩  室
ப, 騥   ᨬ ६. ࢮ  p㦥
ப pᢠ  ࠡ祩 p 䠩.
        㪠  ࢮ   ᫥ ப
ᬠਢ 㯯.   ࠧ ஡   ⮩. 
   㪠   ᨬ   ६,      ன   ந
᪠஢.   p p p p ᫥ 
.  ६ ⬥砥 ⨥ Enter.
   ᬮp    ⥪,  騩    ப  ࠬ 2-6. 
᪠஢  ந     ᨬ쭮  ६  "and".   ࢠ
p㦥 ப 뢮  ࠭:

    1: This is a demonstration file that will be used
    2: to show how the SEARCH command operates. The
    3: SEARCH command may be very handy. Imagin that
    4: you are writing a paper and you realise that you
    5: have been misspelling the word "gigolo". You could
    6: use the SEARCH command to locate the gigolos in
    7: your paper.

  *2,6 sand
    2:*to show how the SEARCH command operates. The
  *

   ஢ 稭  ன ப. 쭠 ६ "and"
  ᫮  "command".  ப  砥  ࠡ祩  
뢮  ࠭.
   ᫨            ࠬ     㪠,    EDLIN
pᬠp  䠩.  p  ६, ᫥ ࠧ
p  SEARCH  REPLACE. ᬮ ⥪ 稭  
ப, ᫥饩   ࠡ祩,  稢  ᫥ 㦥  
 ப 䠩.
   ᭨   ਬ 襣 䠩.  p 䠩 - ப  
஬ 2.   "s", 䠩 㤥 pᬠp, 稭   3-
ப. 롮p p 㤥 p  ᨬ쭮 ६ "and":

                                   - 64 -

  *2,6 sand
    2:*to show how the SEARCH command operates. The

  *s
    3: SEARCH command may be very handy. Imagin that
  *s
    4: you are writing a paper and you realise that you
  *s
    6: use the SEARCH command to locate the gigolos in
  *s
  Not found
  *

     ࠧ  ᫥      "s"   ࠭ 뢮 ப,
ᮤp騥 ६ "and" - ப  ࠬ 3,4  6. ᫥  
  ⢥ ࠧ ப  ⮩ ६ 㦥  뫮,  
࠭  ᮮ饭 "Not found".
   ⮡ ⠪  p ᪠஢ 䠩, 筮  
"s"    ࠧ,  ⠢  ।    ⥫  .  EDLIN
㦨  ப    㪠  ६,    ࠭  p:
"O.K.?".  ᫨   ⢥  "y"          Enter,   
᪠஢  ४    ࠭  ப     ࠡ祩
ப  䠩.    ⨨    㣮   ᪠஢
㤥  த.    砭  ᬮ  䠩    ࠭  
ᮮ饭:  "Not found":

  *2,6 ?sand
    2:*to show how the SEARCH command operates. The
  O.K.? n
    3: SEARCH command may be very handy. Imagin that
  O.K.? n
    4: you are writing a paper and you realise that you
  O.K.? y
  *

   ६  "and"  뫠      ࠧ.   ࠧ ᫥ 뢮
p    p  뤠      த  pᬮp. 
᪠஢  ⠭,   ⢥  ⢥⨫ "y".
         㪠뢠 砫    
ப. ᫨ 饭 砫 ,  䠩 ᬠਢ, 稭  
ப, pᯮ p⢥  ᫥ ࠡ祩 ப  䠩. ᫨
饭  ,  䠩 ᬠਢ  ᫥  㦥
   ப 䠩  ⥫쭮. ᫨  㪠뢠 ⮫쪮  筮
,  ।  ⠢ .
   ᫨    SEARCH       ப   㯯
   ।,         ᨬ쭮   ६,    ன
ந ᪠஢, ⬥砥 ⨥  Ctrl-Z.

                        REPLACE

    REPLACE  (R   r) ᪠  㯯 ப  䠩   室
ப,  騥     ᨬ   ६.  p   
 p   p  ६.  ந
    p㦥     ⥪  ६.   ᫥  ப,
ࠡ⠭  REPLACE, 砥  ࠡ祩 ப.
       㪠  ࢮ  ᫥  ப 
ᬠਢ 㯯.   ࠧ ஡   ⮩. 
⠪ 㪠 塞   ६.   p 
 pᯮ  ࠧ ᫥      ࠧ ⨥
 Ctrl-Z.   饩 ६ ⬥砥  ⨥ 
Enter.
   ᬮp    ⥪,  騩    ப  ࠬ 2-4. 
᪠p   ந      ᨬ쭮   ६   "you".  
㦥 ⮩ ६  ⥪,   ६ "we":

                                   - 65 -

    1: This is a demo file to show how the REPLACE command
    2: operates. REPLACE may be very handy. Imagin that you
    3: are writing a paper and you realise that you have
    4: misspelled "gigolo" as "jiggloh". You could use the
    5: REPLACE command to locate the jigglohs in your paper
    6: and replace them with gigolos.

 *2,4 ryou^Zwe
    2: operates. REPLACE may be very handy. Imagin that we
    3: are writing a paper and we realise that you have
    3: are writing a paper and we realise that we have

   ⬥⨬,   塞    ६    ப
ࠧ ᨬ ^Z.   ᨬ  ⨥   F6 
  Ctrl-Z.   ᫨       祭   㭪樮  
(..8),   ਤ 짮 ⮫쪮 蠬 Ctrl-Z.
     ६  "you"     ६  "we".   ப  
  ⥪⮬  뢮    ࠭.  ⬥⨬,     ப
뢮  ࠧ -   ⮩ p ६ "you"   .
⢥ ப  ᮤন ६  "You",      ந室,
.. p 㪢 ⮩ p - .
    REPLACE (  SEARCH)    ⥫ ,
࠭ ।⢥ । ᨬ "r". । ᥭ  
 ⥪  ப, EDLIN  뤠 ᮮ饭:   "O.K?".   ⢥  "y" 
⨨  Enter,        ⥪. p ⨨  㣮
   ப   p   .       砥  
᪠஢    ,        ᬮ७    ப
 㯯. ᭨ ᪠,  pp 襣 䠩:

    2: operates. REPLACE may be very handy. Imagin that we
    3: are writing a paper and we realise that you have
    3: are writing a paper and we realise that we have

 *2,4? rwe^Zyou
    2: operates. REPLACE may be very handy. Imagin that you
  O.K.? y
    3: are writing a paper and you realise that we have
  O.K.? y
    3: are writing a paper and you realise that you have
  O.K.? y
  *

         㪠뢠 砫    
ப. ᫨ 饭 砫쭢 ,  䠩 ᬠਢ, 稭  
ப,  pᯮ  p  ᫥  ࠡ祩  ப 䠩. ᫨ 饭
  ,    䠩  ᬠਢ    ᫥ 㦥 
  ப  䠩  ⥫쭮.  ᫨  㪠 ⮫쪮  筮
ப, ।  ⠢ .
         ,      㪠뢠  塞    饩
६.  ᫨  饭    ६,      塞
६    ᬠਢ  ⥪  㭨⮦.    塞
६   ப  ⬥砥 ࠢ騬 ᨬ ^Z.  ᫨
饭  ६,  EDLIN ᪠ 䠩  ६, ᫥
ࠧ   SEARCH   REPLACE. 饩 p  㦨
६, ᫥ ࠧ   REPLACE.
   ᫨   REPLACE      ப    㯯
  ।,      饩 ६ ⬥砥 ⨥
 Ctrl-Z.

                            WRITE

    p⪥ p 䠩, EDLIN 㦠   . ᫨  䠩
让,   㦠   p,   75% ᢮  .
᫨ 䠩 㤠  㧨 楫, EDLIN  뤠 ᮮ饭:   "End of
input file"  ⠭  (*). ᫨ 䠩 㦥 , 
p  ⮫쪮 ⠭  EDLIN.
                                   - 66 -

     WRITE  (W    w)  ᯮ   砥  㧪
䠩.   뢠    㯯  室    ப,
᢮    ⮬      .      
   APPEND   㯯 ᥩ   ᪠  (p 
p㦠).
    WRITE p  砥, ᫨ 㦠 䠩 楫  
頥  !
       p,  稭    ࢮ  ப  䠩. 
       㪠   ⢮  p뢠   ப,
pᯮ  ᫮  p⢥  ।   . pp, 
    100 ப 䠩  :

     *100 w
     *

   ᫨      p  ࠬ    㪠,    
pp頥,  ⠥  ⮫쪮  , 
25% ᢮  設.   믮, ᫨ 䠩  
襥 ⢮ . ᫥ pp饭 p樨 , ⠢訥
     ப  ७㬥஢뢠   -  ࢮ   p㦥  ப
ᢠ  1.

                          APPEND

     APPEND  (A    a)        ᪮쪮 ப 
p뢠  (㦥    )  䠩. 筮  ᯮ,
p ᢮ p      WRITE.
    APPEND 믮 ⮫쪮  砥, ᫨ p뢠  䠩
楫  頥  ! ᫮,   㤮 짮
APPEND  WRITE, ஡ pp  ।饬 ࠧ.
   APPEND   , pᯮ     ᫥, 室饩 
,    䠩.          㪠   ᫮
塞 ᥩ,  p   p⢥ ।   .
,  ਬ, p뢠 䠩 100 ﬨ  ᪠:

   *100 a
   *

   ᫨ ᫮  ப   㪠,   䠩   ,    
 75% ᢮  . ᫨ 䠩   75% ᢮  ,
  믮.   ( 室 ᢮ ⮪  ,
ᯮ  WRITE).
   p       ᫥    䠩,   ࠭ 뤠
ᮮ饭 "End of input file".

                            END

    END (E  e)  ⢫ 室  ।   ࠭
䠩. p   ।஢ 䠩 뢠  .
  pᢠ  ,        p  
EDLIN.    䠩  २뢠:     pᢠ ७
".BAK", ᭮   䠩  p. ⥬  ࠢ 頥
MS-DOS. ᫨ ࠡ뢠  䠩,   䠩  ७ ".BAK"  
ᮧ.
   ᫨ ।஢  䠩   頥   ᪥,  ࠭
⮫쪮  . ⠢  㭨⮦.  䠩 뢠
      ७  ".$$$".  p ⮬  (ࠡ⠭) 䠩
࠭  p .

                              QUIT

    QUIT (Q  q) ⢫ 室  ।  ࠭
䠩.    ᯮ,  ᫨  ᥭ       p⪨
  㦭   p 䠩. p    ࠭
 p  㤠 p⠭ 䠩.  ⢥ "Y" ( y)
।஢  䠩  㤠,    䠩  ࠭  p
                                   - 67 -

.   ७ ".BAK"  ᮧ. ࠢ  頥
MS-DOS.   ࠭   ⠭ ⥬  .  ⢥
"N"  (   n)     ।஢  稢     ࠭
ࠡ⠭ 䠩.

                              MOVE

    MOVE  (M   m) ७  㯯 ப  ⥪⮢ 䠩  
㪠  䠩. ⥬ ࢮ  㯯 p pᢠ 
ࠡ祩 ப 䠩, ᫥ 祣 p ७㬥஢뢠.
       㪠 p 砫쭮  筮  ப
⥪⮢ .  ஬   ࠬ஢,    ப, ।
ன 頥 . ࠬ ࠧ ⮩.
    ᬮਬ 䠩:

         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
         4:  ப 4
         5:* ப 5
         6:  ப 6
         7:  ப 7
         8:  ப 8
         9:  ப 9
        10:  ப 10

     ⥪⮢   ⠢ ப  2-5. ⨬   ।
ப  ஬ 9.    ७㬥:

   *2,5,9 m
   *L

         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 6
         3:  ப 7
         4:  ப 8
         5:* ப 2
         6:  ப 3
         7:  ப 4
         8:  ப 5
         9:  ப 9
        10:  ப 10
   *

   ᫨          ࠬ  ,   㤥
稭  ࠡ祩 ப.  ᫨  ன ࠬ,   㤥
稢 ࠡ祩 ப.
   ᬮਬ  "1 m".     砫쭮 ப   㪠,
  稭  ࠡ祩  ப 䠩.      
᫥  ப,        -    ࠡ祩 ப. 
ࠧ,  ⮨    ࠡ祩  ப.  믮  
ࠡ ப   ।  ப   ஬ 1.  । 楩 
 p   砥  ⠢  .

                           COPY

    COPY (C  c) 㦨  ஢ ⥪⮢  
ࠡ뢠 䠩.
       㪠  砫쭮  ᫥ ப
㥬 . ஬  ࠬ஢ 㪠뢠  ப, ।
ன  頥  .  ࠬ  ࠧ ⮩  ஡.
ࢠ  ᪮஢ ப 砥  ࠡ祩 p 䠩:

                                   - 68 -

         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
         4:  ப 4
         5:* ப 5
         6:  ப 6
         7:  ப 7

   *1,2,6 c
   *L
         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
         4:  ப 4
         5:  ப 5
         6:* ப 1
         7:  ப 2
         8:  ப 6
         9:  ப 7
   *

    p 믮  ⥪⮢ , 騩  ப  1
  2,    ᪮஢    p饭  । ப  ஬ 6. 
  ७㬥 ப.   ࠡ祩 ப 稫  ࢠ
 ᪮஢ ப (p 6).
   ⮢   ஢ ᪮쪮 ࠧ.  ⮣   
ப    ⥫  ࠬ  count (稪).  
p    pᯮ  p      ᫥  ப,
। ன ࠧ頥 . ᫨ ப 1  2 㦭 ⪮஢ 
ࠧ,    ਭ  :   "1,2,6,2 c".  ࠢ   
।饩.  ⢨ 稪 ஢ ந ⮫쪮 
ࠧ.
             砫     
ப. ᫨  p   㪠,    㬮砭     ஬
ࠡ祩 ப:

         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:* ப 3
         4:  ப 4
         5:  ப 5
         6:  ப 6
         7:  ப 7

   *1,,6 c
   *L
         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
         4:  ப 4
         5:  ப 5
         6:* ப 1
         7:  ப 2
         8:  ப 3
         9:  ப 6
        10:  ப 7
   *

   ⮢ , 騩 ப   ࢮ  ࠡ,   
p頥 । ப 6.  ࠡ祩 ப pᢠ  ࢮ
 ᪮஢ ப.

                        PAGE

    PAGE (  p) 뢮 ᮤন 䠩  ࠭ ᯫ.  
                                   - 69 -

⢨  ⫨砥    LIST ⮫쪮 ᫥騬:  LIST  
  ࠡ  ப,  PAGE  . ᭨   ࠧ稥 
ਬ:

   *1,5 p
         1:  ப 1
         2:  ப 2
         3:  ப 3
         4:  ப 4
         5:* ப 5
   *

   ᫨  砫쭮 ப  ᬠਢ   㪠,   
㬮砭   ᫥騬 p:  ( ࠡ祩 ப + 1).
᫥ 뢥 ப 砥  ࠡ祩.
   த ਬ. 祩  p  ப   ஬ 5.  p
  PAGE   砫쭮 ப ⥪⮢ , 䠩
筥 뢮  6- ப. ᫨    筮  ப,
  ࠭  23 ப ⥪ (稭  6-) -   p.
祩 ப 砥 ப 28:

   *p
   6:  ப 6
   7:  ப 7
      ..........
  27:  ப 27
  28:* ப 28
   *

     ᫥⥫쭮    *p,  ࠧ  
23 ᫥騥 ப  䠩. த    ᠬ    LIST. 
    ("*L")    ࠭    p 뫠   ᠬ 23
ப.  ⮨    ⮬,    ᯮ짮  "L", 
ࠡ祩 ப ९   ப   p p 䠩.

                        TRANSFER

    TRANSFER (T  t) ᫨  䠩  ࠡ뢠.
               㪠      (  ப
ࠡ뢠 䠩),  । ன  p頥   䠩. ᫨
  ࠬ  饭,    ᮤন    䠩  pᯮ
p⢥ । ࠡ祩 ப ।㥬. ਬ,  
"100 t b:demo.txt" ᫨ ᮤন 䠩 "demo.txt", 室饣  
᪥ b,  ࠡ뢠  䠩.  p頥 ।  ⮩ ப
pp㥬 䠩.
    䠩  室  ࠡ祬 ४ਨ ࠡ祣 ᪠.
    ࠡ稩  ४਩    室   EDLIN!  ( ࠡ
४ ..3).

                                   - 70 -

                           
          

         뢮   ࠭ ᯫ  ⢫
   ࠢ   ࠩ   ANSI.SYS.      ANSI.SYS  ⭮  
⥫쭮  ⥬  .ᯥ祭     p  p   設
室  ᪥  MS-DOS.
   ࠩ ।⠢ ᮡ  ⥬ ணࠬ, ⢥   
MS-DOS  ਩ ன⢮, ਬ,  ਭ஬, ᪮ 
᮫.  (஡ ࠩ  ᬠਢ  .14).    
ᮤন ANSI.SYS  ᬠਢ,  ⮬  㤥  ।⠢
      ୮  騪,  ਭ饣  ଠ     
뢮饣       ࠭  ᯫ  (.8-1).   ࠩ  ।⠢
짮⥫  ப    ࠢ  ன    ࠭,
 p     .    pᬠp
   ࠢ   ஬,   ࠭   ࠭,   ।  
८।  㭪権    ,  祭   ਡ⮢
࠭.

   |-----------------|
   |       |
   |-----------------|
          |
          |                    ---------------------------
          |                      |                         |
          |                            |                         |
          \/                           |                    |
    ------------------                 |                  |
  /                 / |        |                         |
  ------------------- |          |                         |
  |xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx| | -------------> |                         |
  |xxx ANSY.SYS xxxx| |                |                         |
  |xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx| /                |                         |
  -------------------/                 ----------------------------

    .8-1. ANSY.SYS 뢠     뫠
             室   ࠭ ᯫ.

                         ANSI.SYS

    㧪 p樮 ⥬ 易⥫쭮 ந  饭
  䠩  CONFIG.SYS,      室  ୥ ४ਨ
⥬ ᪠.   CONFIG.SYS  -   ⥪⮢ 䠩,  ᮤঠ騩 
 㦠    ࠩ஢. ⮬  蠣   㧪
ANSI.SYS  p   ppp (᫨  䠩 )
䠩  CONFIG.SYS  ⠪  ࠧ,  ⮡    砫   ᮮ⢥饥
ᠭ  ANSI.SYS.    ⮣,    CONFIG.SYS - ⥪⮢ 䠩, 
 p  ⥪⮢ । (ਬ, EDLIN),  
COPY.    ppp  䠩  ⠪   ᯮ짮 EDLIN 
㣨 ⥪⮢  ।஬.      䠩 CONFIG.SYS ᮧ
 COPY.  ⢥  ன⢠ 㪠뢠 CON.
     祭  CONFIG.SYS    ୥  ४਩  ⥬ ᪠
᭠砫  ᯮ㥬    CHDIR  (CHange  DIRectory).   
᮪饭 - "CD".   襬 ਬ ࠡ稬 ᪮   C:

         C>cd \
         C>copy con: config.sys
         device=ansi.sys
         ^Z               <-----  Ctrl-Z  Enter
              1 File(s) copied

   ࢠ  (cd \) 砥,   䠩 CONFIG.SYS 㤥 ᠭ  
୥ ४਩.   ᮧ  䠩.   ᮤp
ᥣ   ("device=ansy.sys").

                                   - 71 -

.  ppp p 䠩 CONFIG.SYS  ⥪⮢
           ।,  䠩  ப "device=ansi.sys". ।
           ⮩ p楤p 室 㡥  ⮬,  CONFIG.SYS
           室  ୥ ४ਨ ⥬ ᪠.

   ப  ᠭ  ANSI.SYS     ᯥ䨪   
 ன⢠. ਬ, ᫨ ANSI.SYS 室  ୥ ४ਨ
᪠ ,   㤥  :

         device=b:ansi.sys

   ᫥  ᮧ     ppp   䠩  CONFIG.SYS   室
ந  १㧪  p樮  ⥬  -  ⮫쪮  ᫥  ⮣
ANSI.SYS p㦠   設. ᫨ ⠭ ⥬ , 
pp㧪 p p ⨨  Ctrl-Alt-Del.

                          ANSI.SYS

   ,   ,  뫠   設   
   ᨬ   ⠭⭮      ASCII.    ANSI.SYS  p
pp      .   ।  樨  ᨬ
     ࠩ,  p,     ᢮   p,  
ﬨ    ࠡ⪥  .     ANSI.SYS 稭 
祧饣 ᨬ (祭 27   ASCII).  p p  
뢮  ࠭ ᯫ.
   ANSI.SYS  믮    ⨯  p権:    ࠢ   樥
;  ࠭  ࠭      p;  ९   㪠
ᨬ  ६    ।묨  蠬;  祭   
ਡ⮢ ᯫ.  ⠡ 8-1 - 8-5 ਢ ᯨ᮪  ࠩ:
  ⪮ ᠭ  .

                                                        8-1
                    
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ESC[#;#H    ६頥   㪠 .
                               p ࠬࠬ "#;#".
                               ࠬ 㪠뢠  ப,
                              ன -  樨   ப.
                              ᫨ ࠬ 饭,  ॢ
                               砫 . ᫥ ᨬ
                                  "".
       ESC[#A      ६頥     ᫮
                              ப, ࠭ ⥪  ப.
                              ࠬ # 㪠뢠 ᫮ ப, 
                              ஥ ᬥ頥 .  㬮砭 
                              祭 ࠢ . ᫥ ᨬ
                                  "A".
        ESC[#B      ६頥     ᫮
                              ப, ࠭ ⥪  ப.
                              ࠬ # 㪠뢠 ᫮ ப, 
                              ஥ ᬥ頥 .  㬮砭 
                              祭 ࠢ . ᫥ ᨬ
                                  "B".
 ࠢ      ESC[#C     ६頥   ப ࠢ.
                              ࠬ # 㪠뢠 ᫮ 権, 
                              ஥ ᬥ頥 .  㬮砭 
                              祭 ࠢ . ᫥ ᨬ
                                  "C".
        ESC[#D     ६頥   ப .
                              ࠬ # 㪠뢠 ᫮ 権, 
                              ஥ ᬥ頥 .  㬮砭 
                              祭 ࠢ . ᫥ ᨬ
                                  "D".
                                   - 72 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ਧ⠫쭠/   ESC[#;#f     믮塞 㭪 筠 
⨪쭠                  " ". ᫥ ᨬ
                          筠 "f".
       ESC[s        ⥪  . 
樨                    ⠭
                               ⠭ 樨. ᫥
                              ᨬ    筠 "s".
⠭    ESC[u       ⠭ ࠭  
樨                  . ᫥
                              ᨬ    筠 "u".
뢮      ESC[6n      p p  ANSI.SYS  p
ன⢠                    樨 . ᫥ ᨬ
                                  筠 "n".
饭        ESC[#;#R    뤠 ⥪  . 
樨                ࠬ 㪠뢠  ப,  p
                              室 . ன ࠬ - 
                                ப. 饭 뤠 
                                "뢮 
                              ன⢠".
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                      8-2
                      ,  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 ࠭    ESC[2J       頥 ࠭,   
                              砫 . ᫥ ᨬ
                               -  "J".
 ப   ESC[K       頥 ப    ⥪饩 樨
                              pp. ᫥ ᨬ  -
                               "K".
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                     8-3
                ,   
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          
------------------------------------------------------------------------
⠭      ESC[#;...#m   砥 ਡ ᯫ.  
᪨                      ᪮쪮  ਢ
ࠬ                      ࠬ஢. ᫥ ᨬ
                                 筠 "m".
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                        8-3
                                                       (த)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
()               
------------------------------------------------------------------------
        0         ਡ  . ଠ쭮 ࠦ.
        1         ࠦ 襭 મ
        4         祭 ࠭⥫. ࠭⥫  ࠡ⠥ 
                  梥 ࠦ
        5         饥 ࠦ
        7         ⮥ ⮡ࠦ ଠ樨
        8         ⮥ ⮡ࠦ ଠ樨. ࠦ 
       30          
       31          
       32          
       33          
       34         㡮 
                                   - 73 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
()               
------------------------------------------------------------------------
       35         ⠫쭮 
       36          
       37          䮭
       40          䮭
       41          䮭
       42          䮭
       43          䮭
       44         㡮 䮭
       45         ⠫쭮 䮭
       46          䮭
       47          䮭
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                    8-4
             ,    
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          
------------------------------------------------------------------------
     ESC[=#h     ⠭ ० ࠡ ᯫ 
                              ᮮ⢥⢨   ࠬ஬ #.
                              ᫥ ᨬ   
                              筠 "h". ( ஡ 
                              ᬮ७  ࠧ "ࠢ ࠭"
                                 ).
⬥    ESC[=#l     ⬥ ஥ 祭   砥
                  ᮮ⢥⢨   ࠬ஬
                         #. ⭠  " ",
                               ᪫祭 ,  #=7. ࠬ
                              #=7 砥,   ࠧ⥫
                              ப (  ப   ᨬ
                               ⪨). ᫥ ᨬ
                                 筠 "l".
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                         8-4
                                                        (த)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
()               
------------------------------------------------------------------------
        0         4025   ୮-
        1         4025   梥⭮
        2         8025   ୮-
        3         8025   梥⭮
        4         320200 梥⭮
        5         320200 ୮-
        6         640200 ୮-
        7          ࠧ⥫ ப
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                   - 74 -

                                                    8-5
                     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          
------------------------------------------------------------------------
।    ESC[#;#...;#p        ९  襩,祭
८।                    ࠬ஬ #, 
        ESC[#;"६";p  ᨬ ६. 쭠
                                     ६ 뢠 ⠫묨
                                     ࠬࠬ  p. ᫨
                                      ࠬ #=0,  
                                     ।  ࠬ஬.
                                     ( ஡  p᢮
                                     祭 蠬 . ࠧ.
                                     "ࠢ ன"  
                                      ). ᫥ ᨬ
                                        筠 "p".
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                            

     ࠭  ࠭  (⠡.8-2)  ⮨    㯯   ᨬ
⠭⭮    ASCII:    ESC[2J.  ,    ⠭   "ESC"
।⠢ ᮡ 祧騩 ᨬ -  ᨬ  ASCII (   
- "E", "S"   "C").    ⮩   pp ANSI.SYS 頥
࠭.    祭  .  ,      ANSI.SYS  稭
祧騬 ᨬ,  뫪 ண  ࠭  
㤭.
   筮  (᫨     襩  ⥬     ।ᬮ७  ⥫쭮
.ᯥ祭)  Esc     祧饣 ᨬ
  .    ⨨  ⮩    ⥬  ⬥  ⢨
      室    ࠡ⪥ ᫥饩. ⮡ -⠪
  祧騩   ᨬ,  ஡㥬   ਬ  ᫥騩   ᯮᮡ.
࣠㥬 ⥪⮢ 䠩, 騩  饭 ࠭.  ⮣
ᯮ㥬  copy con:

         C>copy con: erase.txt
         \   <---- ⨨ Esc  ࠭  ᨬ "\",
                   㦨 ᨣ 室  ᫥ ப
         [2J
         ^Z
              1 File(s) copied

         C> type erase.txt
         [2J

    TYPE 뢮 ᮤন  䠩  ࠭.   ,
    ᨬ     ᨬ ESC.  ᫨  䠩 砫
  ࠭ ࠭,  TYPE   ⨫.
   ᫨  ⥬      祧騩  ᨬ    ,
⠩ ᥡ ⫨稪:     ANSI.SYS   ⠢ 
 㤠. ਬ, ।騩 䠩  ࣠ ⠪ ࠧ:

         C>copy con: erase.txt
         ^[[2J <---- ⨨ Esc  ࠭  ᨬ "^[",
                      祭 祧饣 ᨬ
         ^Z
              1 File(s) copied

                   

     ᯮᮡ p樨 䠩, 饣 祧騥 ᨬ, -
 p  䠩   ய᪠    .  ᫥ ᮧ 䠩
ய᪨  祧騬 ᨬ   ⥬  ணࠬ
DEBUG (..9).  㤮,   ⠪ ᠬ  ᯮᮡ.
                                   - 75 -

   ⮡      祧騩   ᨬ      ⥪⮢   䠩,  
ᯮ짮  PROMPT.    㦨    
⠭⭮    ⥬.  ࠥ        ᨬ쭠
६,   쭥襬 㤥 뢮  ⢥  ⥬
. ਬ, ⮡ ⥬  ࠦ    ६
"ROCK AND ROLL",  ᫥饥:

         C>prompt ROCK AND ROLL
         ROCK AND ROLL_

     ⮢ ⥬ ਭ  㤥 ⮡ࠦ 
"ROCK AND ROLL".
     PROMPT  ᬠਢ    쥩   .   
ᥩ ⢥ ⮫쪮   -     p ࠬ
"$e"  砥  祭  祧饣  ᨬ    ⠭   
⥬. ।,  ⠭  ⥬   :   C>.
 :

         C>prompt $e[2J

   ᬮਬ  ⢨  ⥬.    뢮    p  ଠ
pp⥫쭮 뫠 ࠩ ANSI.SYS (.8-1).  ⥫쭮,
। ⥬,   뢥  ࠭  ⠭ , MS-DOS  뫠
 ࠩ.     ⥬   -    饭 ࠭
pp ANSI.SYS,    㤥 믮 - ࠭ . ⥬
   㤥 뢥   ࠭  (   ࠩ). ࠭ 㤥
    ࠧ    ⮢  p樮  ⥬   p
( ⠭p⭮ ⥬ p).
     쭥  ਬ    祧饣  ᨬ  p
 PROMPT, ⠪   設⢥ 砥    
᭠  ⮣ ᯥ樠쭮 襩.
     ⠢ ࠧ ਢ ਬ ࠪ᪮ ᯮ짮
ANSI.SYS  ᥭ   ࠡ ⥬.

                       

   ANSI.SYS    ᯮ짮     ८।     
(⠡.8-5).    ८।,           ࠩ,
稭  祧騬  ᨬ,      ᫥  ⭠
᪮.  ᫥  ⭮  ᪮  㪠뢠  祭   
ASCII  (.ਫ  F).  ਬ,  ᫨     祭
 "",   㤥  :  ESC[97.
   ᫥ 祭       ᪮쪮  祭 
  ASCII.    襩,  祭    ,   p
祭 ᫥ .   ࠧ 窮  ⮩.  
蠥 筮 㪢 "p".
   ।,      ""  "apple".   ,
 , ⮡   ⨨ ""   ࠭ 﫮  ᫮ "apple".
 ⮣ ᫥  ᨬ ESC[97  㦭  祭 "", "p",
"p", "l"  ""   ASCII.  蠥 筠 "p":

         esc[97;97;112;112;108;101p

   ⮡  祧騩 ᨬ, ᯮ㥬  PROMPT $e:

         C>prompt $e[97;97;112;112;108;101p

    ஢ન    "". ᫨   ࠭    ᫮
"apple", , ,   㦥 ANSI.SYS. ᫨   㦭 
 㧪 ࠩ,    砫  .    ⮭ -
  祭  p  ⮫쪮    筮  "".   "A"
࠭ ᢮ 祭.     ,  ᫥ 믮
  ࠭   ⠭ ⥬  -  
 祭  祭 襩 .  ࠩ,   ,
 뢮  ࠭ ᯫ. ⮡  ⥬   ०
, :
                                   - 76 -

         prompt
         C>

   ⮡    筮  ""    ०  祭, ANSI.SYS 
 :  ESC[97;97p:

         C>prompt $e[97;97p  <---  "" pᢠ 祭 ""
         prompt <--- ⠭ ⥬  ਢ   "C>"
         C>

    ।饬 ਬ  ᫮ "apple"  ஢    㪢.
,    ⮣    .    p  
ᨬ ६  筮 .   ⮬  砥   砥 
窨.  ࠧ, ⮡ p  襩 "" 祭 "apple"
 :

         esc[97;"apple"p

   p    ஢ ᠭ ᯮᮡ. 
, ਬ, ⮦ p  襩 " 祭 "apple":

         esc[97;"appl";101p

                          

   ᫨  ࠬ  (   ASCII) ࠢ ,   ,
 ASCI.SYS 㤥  ࠡ뢠 㭪樮   (F1-F10). 
  ।    ࠬ஬  .   ਬ, ᢮
 F1 祭 "dir":

         esc[0;59;"dir"p

      ᫠ ࠩ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

         C>prompt $e[0;59;"dir"p
         prompt
         C>

   ਫ F  ᮤন ᯨ᮪   ASCII   ப 㭪樮
.    ᫥饬  ࠧ  ਢ ᪮쪮 ਬ஢ p
 ESC[#;#...;#p  pp 㭪樮 .

                            

   ᬮ७  ᯮ  p  㭪樮묨
蠬    㯮ॡ塞 㭪権. 㭪樥   
㦨   ᪮쪮  MS-DOS.  MS-DOS   
ᨬ쭮 ६,     128 ᨬ.
   ।,   p ࠡ  ᯮ ⥪⮢  ।
,  p  ⮣,  ⫠  ணࠬ    BASIC.  ⮡  ⮢
।,    "wp". ⮡ 㧨 ࠭ -  
"gwbasic".  㭪樨  p  㭪樮묨 蠬.
    砫 ᢮ 祭  "gwbasic" 㭪樮쭮  F2.  
  ASCII    砥    0,60  (.ਫ  F).   ⮬
砫묥 ᨬ  pp - "ESC[0,60".  
ᨬ ६:

         esc[0;60;"gwbasic"

   p  ⨨ F2 ANSI.SYS 뤠  ࠭ ᫮ "gwbasic". ⮡
MS-DOS   c   㧨   "gwbasic"       設,  室
⥫쭮  ᨬ  ⪨.  ᨬ  
  p  pp .  祭   
ASCII p 13. ,  ⥫ ᨬ "p",  㤥
 :
                                   - 77 -


         esc[0;60;"gwbasic";13p

     祧饣 ᨬ, ᯮ㥬  prompt $e:

         C>prompt $e[0;60;"gwbasic";13p     <--- ⢥ 
                                                    pp
         prompt    <--- C⥬  ਢ  ⠭⭮ 
         C>

     ⨨ F2 ࠭ 㤥 㦥   設.
   ᢮ 祭 "wp"  㭪樮쭮  F3.    ASCII  
砥  0,61 (.ਫ F):

         C>prompt $e[0;61;"wp";13p
         prompt
         C>

    ᢮ 祭 "DIR/w" 㭪樮쭮  F1  (祭
0,59   ASCII):

         C>prompt $e[0;59;"dir/w";13p
         prompt
         C>

     ⨬    ᬮ७       䠩.
    AUTOEXEC.BAT,      㤥  ⮬᪨ 믮 
㧪 ⥬.  㤮⢠ 稬    TIME  DATE, ⮡
  ६   ᠬ.

         C>copy con: autoexec.bat
         date
         time
         rem
         rem 祭 㭪樨 F1
         prompt $e[0;59;"dir/w";13p
         rem
         rem 祭 㭪樨 F2
         prompt $e[0;60;"gwbasic";13p
         rem
         rem 祭 㭪樨 F3
         prompt $e[0;61;"wp";13p
         rem
         rem ⥬  ਢ  ⠭⭮ 
         prompt
         ^Z
             1 File(s) copied

         C>

    䠩 㤥 ⮬᪨ 믮  㧪 ⥬,  ᫨
     ୥  ४਩  ⥬ ᪠. 㭪樮
蠬      ᢮   ᮮ⢥騥   祭  ⮫쪮  ᫥
ଠ쭮 믮   䠩.

                             

   ࠩ ANSI.SYS  ᯮ짮  ࠢ 樥  ,
  ⠪, ⮡  ⠭  ०  ⮡ࠦ  ଠ樨   
ਡ  ࠭  ᯫ.    ࠢ  ࠭  ਢ   
⠡ 8-2 - 8-5.
       㤥  ᬠਢ    ਬ  䠩,
࣠  ।饬 ࠧ.  䠩 ⥫쭮   
    PROMPT,    ᮤp  ᪮쪮    ࠢ
࠭ pp ANSI.SYS. ᫥ 믮 䠩 ⠭  ⥬
 㤥    㯯 ,      ᫥
                                   - 78 -

PROMPT.    १,        믮  p 
  ⠭p⭮    MS-DOS.    ⮬  ࠭  ࠧ
㤥 뢮 १  믮.
   ⥫쭮      䠩   pp ANSI.SYS
ந  ᫥騥  ⢨:    1)  ६     砫
  (ࢠ    ࢮ  ப);  2)     ப
࠭; 3) ॢ ࠭  ०  襭 મ ࠦ; 4)
뢥  ᮮ饭   ࢮ ப  ࠭; 5) ६   
  25-  ப; 6) 뢥  ⠭  MS-DOS;  7)
  ଠ쭮 ० ࠦ; 8)  ⠢ 
25- ப (᫥   MS-DOS).  饩 ᫮  p権,
  ந ⢥  PROMPT.
   ⠭      砫쭮  樨  ࠭.   ࠢ
஬ ਢ  ⠡.8-1.   ६饭    㪠
 - ESC[#;#H.  ,    ࠬ (#) 㪠뢠  
ப,    ॢ ; ன  -  樨   
ப.    ⢨  ࠬ஢,    p頥   砫
. ᫥  ᨬ   -   "H". ⥫쭮 
 㤥  룫拉 ᫥騬  ࠧ:   ESC[H.   ࠧ, 
।    㯯    䠩.
   ⨬  ப ࠭.  ⮣ ᯮ㥬   ESC[K
(.⠡.8-2). ᫥ ᨬ  -  "K".
     ESC[1m   ॢ  ᯫ     ०   襭  મ
ࠦ (⠡.8-4). ᫥ ᨬ  - 筠 "m".
   ⠪,   :

        esc[H                esc[K                 esc[1m
          |                    |                     |
        Home                 Erase              High-Intensity

     祧騩 ᨬ  뫠 ࠩ  PROMPT,  
    ꥤ  :

   prompt $e[H $e[K $e[1m

   ⠪,    ⠭      砫  , ⨫ 
ப ࠭  ॢ  ࠭  ० 襭  મ ࠦ.
 㦭  ᫠ ᮮ饭     ப ࠭.  ନ 
 襩  prompt:

   prompt $e[H $e[K $e[1m directory-f1

    㦭 ६    ᥬ  権 ࠢ   뢥
஥  ᮮ饭.  ६饭    p   "
ࠢ" - ESC[#C,  ࠬ  (#) 㪠뢠 ᫮ 権,   
ᤢ  .    㬮砭  #=1.  ⮡ ந ᬥ饭  8
権,   ESC[8C.  ᫥ ᨬ  -  
"":

   prompt $e[H $e[K $e[1m directory-f1 $e[8C basic interpreter-f2

           ᥬ  権 ࠢ  뢮 ᫥
ᮮ饭:

   prompt $e[H $e[K $e[1m directory-f1 $e[8C basic interpreter-f2
   $e[8C word processor-f3

   ⠭   砫 25- ப.  ᯮ㥬  
६饭      㪠    (ESC[#;#H).    ⫨稥  
।饣 , 㪠 ࠬ:

   prompt $e[H $e[K $e[1m directory-f1 $e[8C basic interpreter-f2
   $e[8C word processor-f3 $e[25;1H

   뤠  ࠭   MS-DOS, ୥ ᯫ   ଠ쭮 ०
ࠦ  ⨬ ⠢  25- ப:
                                   - 79 -


   prompt $e[H $e[K $e[1m directory-f1 $e[8C basic interpreter-f2
   $e[8C word processor-f3 $e[25;1H ENTER COMMAND: $e[Om $e[K

        䠩  ।饣 ࠧ.  
㤥 ⢥⮩     PROMPT.  ᫥  믮 ⮣
䠩 ⥬  㤥   㯯 ⮫쪮  ᬮ७
, ।⠢  ᮡ 樨  ࠩ ANSI.SYS.   ࠧ
  뤠      ࠭  ᯫ,    믮,
ᮮ⢥騬 ࠧ ६   ⮡ࠦ  ᮮ饭.
   ⮡  ⢥ PROMPT   䠩, p㥬 ⥪⮢
। EDLIN (..7):

   C>edlin autoexec.bat  <--- ஢ 䠩  ।饣
                              ࠧ
   End of input file     <---  㦥   設
                                  (ᮮ饭 EDLIN)
   *L

      1:*DATE
      2: TIME
      3: REM
      4: REM   F1
      5: PROMPT $e[0;59;"dir/w";13p
      6: REM
      7: REM   F2
      8: PROMPT $e[0;60;"gwbasic";13p
      9: REM
     10: REM   F3
     11: PROMPT $e[0;61;"wp";13p
     12: REM
     13: REM      
     14: PROMPT
  *              <--- EDLIN  ᫥饩 

   砫   㤠   ,   p   ⥬     
⠭⭮ , .. 㤠  ப 䠩:

  *12,14d     <---  ப 12-14
  *1L         <--- ন 䠩 뢮  ࠭

      1:*DATE
      2: TIME
      3: REM
      4: REM   F1
      5: PROMPT $e[0;59;"dir/w";13p
      6: REM
      7: REM   F2
      8: PROMPT $e[0;60;"gwbasic";13p
      9: REM
     10: REM   F3
     11: PROMPT $e[0;61;"wp";13p

    ⢥p  PROMPT  ਨ (᪮쪮  REM):

  *12i   <--- 祭 ⥪  12- ப
     12:*rem   <--- ࠥ ப   Enter
     13:*rem 稢  PROMPT,  ࠩ ANSI.SYS
     14:*rem ந ᫥騥 ⢨:
     15:*rem ⠭   砫쭮 樨, 頥 
     16:*rem ப ࠭, ॢ ᯫ  ० 襭
     17:*rem મ ࠦ, 뢮 3 ᮮ饭  ࢮ ப
     18:*rem ࠭, ॢ   砫 25- ப, 뤠
     19:*rem ⠭  ⥬, 頥 ᯫ  ०
     20:*rem ଠ쭮 મ ࠦ  頥 ࠢ 
     21:*rem 25- ப.
                                   - 80 -

     22:*rem
     23:*prompt $e[H $e[K $e[1m directory-f1 $e[8C basic interpreter-f2
   $e[8C word processor-f3 $e[25;1H ENTER COMMAND: $e[Om $e[K
     24:*^Z <---  Ctrl-Z, ⮡    

   ᫥   䠩   -  MS-DOS CLS.   
饭 ࠭:

  *24i  <--- 祭 ⥪  24- ப
     24:*rem
     25:*rem  頥 ࠭.  稢 ࠡ 
     26:*rem 頥 ࠢ MS-DOS.
     27:*cls
     28:*^Z <---  Ctrl-Z, ⮡    

  *1L         <--- ন 䠩 뢮  ࠭
      1:*DATE
      2: TIME
      3: REM
      4: REM   F1
      5: PROMPT $e[0;59;"dir/w";13p
      6: REM
      7: REM   F2
      8: PROMPT $e[0;60;"gwbasic";13p
      9: REM
     10: REM   F3
     11: PROMPT $e[0;61;"wp";13p
     12: REM
     13: REM   PROMPT,   ANSI.SYS
     14: REM   :
     15: REM     ,  
     16: REM  ,     
     17: REM  ,  3    
     18: REM ,     25- , 
     19: REM   ,    
     20: REM       
     21: REM 25- .
     22: REM
     23: PROMPT $e[H $e[K $e[1m directory-f1 $e[8C basic interpreter-f2
   $e[8C word processor-f3 $e[25;1H ENTER COMMAND: $e[Om $e[K
     24: REM
     25: REM   .    
     26: REM   MS-DOS.
     27: CLS
  *e        <---  室  EDLIN  ࠭ 䠩  ""
  C>

   ᫥  ⮣  䠩  AUTOEXEC.BAT  뢠   ୥ ४਩
⥬  ᪠.    㤥  ⮬᪨  믮    㧪
p樮  ⥬.    ஢ન  ந  १㧪.  
 Ctrl-Alt-Del. ᫨  p 뤠     ६
  ,    AUTOEXEC.BAT  믮.      PROMPT
p  蠬 F1,  F2  F3 ᮮ⢥騥  㭪樨. ⢥
PROMPT  p  ᬮ७    ⮬ ࠧ ⢨ (믮
  p  p).    CLS  頥  ࠭,   
믮 䠩. ࠢ 頥 MS-DOS.
   ⢥騬 ᮬ MS-DOS ᨣp  ⮢ ⥬  
ࠡ.    襬  砥    ।⠢  ᮡ 㯯 権
ANSI.SYS,  ᫥  PROMPT.
     .8-2      ࠭  ᫥  १㧪.   룫廊
⠭   ⥬.   MS-DOS    浪.
 "dir", "gwbasic"   "wp"   ⨥  ᮮ⢥饩
㭪樮쭮  (F1, F2  F3). ⥬ 㤥 ந  
 直 ࠧ  ⮢ ਭ । .  
    PROMPT    ६.

                                   - 81 -

      _________________________________________________________
      |                                                       |
      | DIRECTORY-F1  BASIC INTERPRETER-F2  WORD PROCESSOR-F3 |
      |                                                       |
      |                                                       |
      |                                                       |
      |                                                       |
      |                                                       |
      |                                                       |
      |                                                       |
      |                                                       |
      |                                                       |
      |                                                       |
      | ENTER COMMAND:                                        |
      | ENTER COMMAND:                                        |
      |                                                       |
      ---------------------------------------------------------
       .8-2.  ࠭ ᫥ 믮 䠩 AUTOEXEC.BAT.

   . ᫥  믮 AUTOEXEC.BAT  ⥬   뤠
 (  १ 믮  䠩   ⥬ -     
⥬). ⮬   ப  (ENTER COMMAND)   㭪 ࠦ
 ࠧ.   㣮  砥 "ENTER COMMAND"  ⮫쪮  
ࠧ.  ⮡    ७   ⮩  ப    㧪,   
 ⢥ PROMPT ᫥騬 ࠧ:

   prompt $e[H $e[K $e[1m directory-f1 $e[8C basic interpreter-f2
   $e[8C word processor-f3 $e[24;1H $e[K $e[25;1H ENTER COMMAND: $e[Om
   $e[K                    -------------

    ભ    ࠦ ᥭ .

                                   - 82 -

                         
                           DEBUG

   DEBUG -   ⥬  ணࠬ,   p ⭮
஢      ࠡ  ᪮  䠩   設.
DEBUG ⠪  ᯥ稢   믮 ⫠  ணࠬ
訬 pﬨ.   ⮬  ணࠬ 믮   ""
p.
    稭   ࠧ   .     ࠡ
 室  ।⠢  p樯 ணࠬ஢ 
몥 ᥬ 8086/8088.  ⮬ 㦤 ࠡ  DEBUG ࠧ
    (ࠧ).  ࢮ   - "।⠢   ",
ᬠਢ  ஢ 樮  設. 
 ⠭  짮⥫,  ணࠬ  ᥬ,  
    筮 ᯮ짮 p.
    , "⠫쭮 pᬮp DEBUG", 饭  ᬮ७
  窨 ७ ⫠ ਪ ணࠬ.   ᥬ
⥫쭮,   易⥫쭮   ਠ ⮣ ࠧ.

    ਢ ⪮ ᠭ 㭪権 .
   1. ந 㧪 ணࠬ  䠩    設.
   2. 뢮   ࠭  ᮤন ⪮    ⭠筮
ଠ   ଠ  ASCII.
   3.  ᮤন ⪠ .
   4. ७    㪠  .
   5. ,  pp   뢮   ࠭  ᥬ,
室騥   設.
   6.   믮  ⫠ ணࠬ. ⮡ࠦ  
 ᮤন ॣ஢  . ࠭ ᮤন  ⪠
     ⪨ ᪠.    ஥  
ந ⭠筮 ᫮  ⠭.

                         DEBUG

   DEBUG -  ணࠬ,  ࠡ  p樯 "  - ⢨".
 ,  ⮡ ந       
ᮮ⢥  .    ⢥  ᨣ    ⮢   ਭ
,  뫠  ࠭ ⠭ .  MS-DOS  ᨩ
1 p p ।⠢ ᮡ   (>).  ᨩ 2.  
3. -   (-).  ਬ   ᯮ .
   p  祬  ३    ᬮ७  ,     騬
ᨭ⠪ᮬ  ᠭ.    稭  㪢 - 
ࠢ,    筮.      ॡ  
⥫  ࠬ஢.  ᫨      ᯮ  ࠬ
 ᫠,    ࠧ ஡  ⮩.   ⨢
砥 ࠬ   ⤥    㣮.  (  ᫠ 
  ⭠筮 ।⠢).
   ⮡  ந஢  ᪠,  ᬮਬ     㭪樮쭮
 .  ( 㤥 ⠭  ᫥  믮塞
 㭪樨):

         -D 100 L20

   砥   ᠬ,  

         -d100l20

   室  ,      冷    ࠬ, 
⭠묨  ᫠,    ࠧ  ⮩  ஡!
 ⮬ ஡  ᫥饬 砥 易⥫:

         -SCS:0100 23 45 57

   ᫥   襩   ७஢      㤥   ᮡ     ࠢ
⮬᪨.  쭥襬, ⮡   訡,  㤥  ࠧ
஡  ࠬ DEBUG.
                                   - 83 -

   .9-1 ᮤন ᯨ᮪    䠢⭮ 浪.  
   ࠧࠥ ஡.

                                                      9-1
                    

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A)SSEMBLE    ॢ  ᥬ             a[start]
               設 
(C)OMPARE     ந ࠢ               c[start1][end][start2]
                .             c[start1]L[length][start2]
(D)UMP        뢮  ࠭ ᮤন                  d
              ⪠                               d[start]
                                                        d[start][end]
                                                        d[start][list]
(E)NTER          設 ᯨ᮪             e[start][list]
              ᥫ / ᨬ ६.
              뢮  ࠭ ᮤন ⪠         e[start]
               ,  室,
              ppp .
(F)ILL                         f[start][end][list]
              ᫥⥫쭮 ᥫ         f[start]L[length][list]
              / ᨬ ६
(G)O          C                             g
                                                       g=[start]
                                                    g[breakpoint(s)]
                                                g=[start][breakpoint(s)]
(H)EXADECIMAL ந ᫮ 
䬥. ⠭  ⭠     h[number1][number2]
              ᥫ
(I)NPUT       뢠  뢮                    i[port]
              ࠭  
              㭨樮 
(L)OAD        ந 㧪 䠩                   L
                設.                         L[start]
              ந 㧪             L[drive][sector][number]
              ᥪ() ᪠         L[start][drive][sector][number]
               設
(M)OVE        ७              m[start1][end][start2]
                            m[start1]L[length][start2]
              㣮
(N)AME         䠩                     n[filespec]
              (ᢠ  ).
               ࠬ.                  n[param]
                ࠬ          n[param1][param2]
(O)UTPUT      뫠                          o[port][byte]
               㭨樮 
(Q)UIT        ⢫ 室                 q
(R)EGISTER    뢮  ࠭                              r
              ॣ   䫠  ﭨ.
              뢮  ࠭  ppp        r[register name]
              祭 ॣ()
              뢮  ࠭  ppp               rf
              䫠 ﭨ
(S)EARCH      ᬠਢ             s[start][end][list]
               ᯨ 祭          s[start]L[length][list]
(T)RACE       믮   ணࠬ                t
               ࠢ DEBUG                       t=[start]
              믮 ᪮쪮                  t[number]
              ணࠬ  ࠢ DEBUG            t=[start][number]
(U)NASSEMBLER ॢ 設                         u
               ᥬ                      u=[start][end]
                                                      u[start]L[length]
                                   - 84 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(W)RITE       p  䠩                        w
                                                    w[start]
              ந   ᥪ       w[drive][sector][number]
              ᪠                      w[start][drive][sector][number]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
     . ࠬ   ᪮  짮⥫.
                 ࠬ  易⥫묨.

                       

       ࠧ  ᠭ  p楤p  ᪠   室 
, pᬮp ᯮᮡ 祭  ࠭ ᮤন ⪠ 
    .  몠 ᥬp 易⥫쭮.

    

   ⮡ ⮢  ,    DEBUG.  ᫥ ⮣  
㦠   設  뤠 ᮮ饭  ⮢ -  (-).
(  ਬ      ।,     䠩 DEBUG.COM
室  ᪥ ):

   C>debug
   -

     ⢥  ࠬ      p   
ࠡ뢠 䠩:

         C>debug textpro.com
         -

   ᫨  䠩    ᠭ    ࠡ祬  ४ਨ  ࠡ祣 ᪠,  
 p 室  㪠  ன⢠  / ᯥ䨪
 p뢠 䠩.

     

   ⮡          ।  ࠢ  MS-DOS,    
⠭    q:

         -q
         C>

         

     ।⠢ ᮡ  ᨢ.  
  砥  䨧᪮    ,   ஬  ࠭
    ଠ樨  ().    MS-DOS      
.   ᥣ ⮨   64  000   (64 ), ⠢
 뢭 ⮪  . 㠫    ᥣ
뢠   砫.  ᯮᮡ 樨 뢠  ⪮
樥,     - ⪨  ᮬ. ᫨ ணࠬ  
   ᥣ ,     饭   ࠧ ⠬
ணࠬ p樮 ⥬  ᯮ  .  ⪨
 ࢮ  ᥣ - 0, ண - 1  ..   
⮨   () ᥣ     ᥣ  (
⪮ ).           ⪨
. ,    ஥   ᯮᮡ  樨, ᬮਬ
⢨  DUMP (뤠 ᮤন ⪠ ).
    DUMP (d  D)  㦨  ⮡ࠦ  ࠭  ᮤন
⪠ .  祭 祪   -  , ।⠢  ᮡ
᫥⥫쭮 祭 ⮢  ⭠筮 p⠢,  
⠪ -   ASCII. 㥬 :
                                   - 85 -

   C>debug
   -

   ,      -    ⠭   (ᨣ 
⮢  p  ).     ⥬ ᮬ p
   (>).  "d"  ᬮਬ ॠ :

   C>debug
   -d

958:100 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:110 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:120 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:130 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:140 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:150 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:160 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:170 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
   -

. - ⮣,      頥  ப,
             ਬ   ࠦ   㫥. 
            ᠬ    ᥣ    
            ⢮  4 樨. ਬ,  958:100 
            ⢨⥫쭮  p 뢮 0958:0100.  ⥪ 
             ਢ ⠪,   ॠ쭮 ࠦ 
            ࠭.

   ࢮ ᫮  孥  㣫 ࠭ (0958:0100) -   砫
 .   ⠥ ᫥騬 ࠧ:   "ᥣ   0958,
   ᥣ 0100".        襩
設,  ࠭   㣨 p 祭.
     , ᫥騥  ᮬ, ,  祭  
ᮬ  0958:0100  ࠢ  00.  騥        ⮩   ப
,  祭    ᮬ,      ।饣
(0958:0101),  ࠢ  00.    㭪  ,   饥 ᫮ ⮢ 
ப  ࠢ  16.  ,  16  ᫥⥫쭮  ᯮ  
⮢      祭 00.  ⮬  砫쭮  
 ப ࠢ 0958:0100,  ᫥ - 0958:010F.
   ᫥騥  7  ப  (  ப  ।   ࢮ 
ப  )  -    ⠢    .   , 
祭  ⮡ࠦ ᮤন 128 ᫥⥫쭮  ᯮ
⮢. 砫   - 0958:0100,  - 0958:017F.
   ⥫  । ப  -  ਥ஢ 窨.  8 ⮢
 16 室   ஭   ࠧ⥫, 8 -  .   
  ப  室    16    祪.   ࠭⢮,
⢥  ।⠢     ASCII. 祭,   騥
ᨬ쭮 p⠢   ASCII,  筮  窮.
 ⮩   ࠭ 室 ⮫쪮  窨, ᪮    ASCII 
  ᨬ  祭 00.
     DUMP  ࠧ:

   C>debug
   -d

958:180 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:190 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:0A0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:1B0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:1C0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:1D0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:1E0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:1F0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
   -

                                   - 86 -

    ࠭  㫨   窨.  ⨬  
  !      砫    ⮣  ,    稫
।騩.
   ᫨      "d"    㪠뢠  ࠬ஢,  DEBUG   㤥
᫥⥫쭮 뢮  128  ⮢ .    砫 
 㤥    ॢ   ,  祭 
   ।饩      "d".   ᫨      "d"   
p砫쭮,      뢮,  稭   ,  p 
㦥   ࠡ뢠   䠩.      (   ஡   ."⠫쭮
ᬮ७ DEBUG").
     p  㪠 砫  .  ⮨ 
 ᥣ     p  ⮣ ᥣ, ..  㪠뢠
  .    ᫠  ࠧ 稥. 뢥,  
ਬ,  128  ⮢  ,  稭      0000, 室饣 
ᥣ 0958:

   -d 0958:0000

958:000 CD 20 00 20 00 9A EE FE-1D F0 34 02 68 06 62 20 M . ..n .p4.h.b.
958:010 68 06 E2 04 9C 05 9C 05-01 01 01 00 02 FF FF FF h.b.............
958:020 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF-FF FF FF FF 65 06 BC 2A ............e.<*
958:030 68 06 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 h...............
958:040 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
958:050 CD 21 CB 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 20 20 20 M!K..........
958:060 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20-00 00 00 00 00 20 20 20         .....
958:070 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00         ........
   -

   ⬥⨬,      稭    㪠  . 뢮 128
᫥⥫쭮 ᯮ 祥 .   ࠧ  ᮤন 
⮫쪮  㫨      窨.  祭  ࢮ   ( ᮬ
0958:0000), ਬ, ࠢ CDH.
   ᫠,  騥 ᨬ쭮 p⠢   ASCII, ᯮ
 ࢠ 祭   00   7FH (.ਫ F).   DEBUG ⠥
80   祭, ॢ饣 7HF. 祭 ࠧ  뢮
 ࠭   ASCII.  CDH   80H ࠢ 4DH.   ASCII  祭
4DH  ᮮ⢥  㪢  "M".  ⮬    ࠢ   ࠭ 
ᨬ  "M".  祭 ண   ࠢ 20.    ASCII
 ᮮ⢥ ஡. ⮬  ࠢ  ࠭  ᨬ
뢮  ஡.  祭  쥣    -  00.   , 
⠥ ᨬ  ASCII. ⮬ 쨬 ᨬ  ࠢ  
 筠 窠.
   祭        ।⠢  ᮡ , ⠪ 
⮨      易    ᮡ  ᨬ     祪.
஡㥬   -   ᫥.   ⮣   ஥
६ ⠢    ୥   MS-DOS. ⮡    ,
  "q":

         -q
         C>

      ࠭  ⠭ ⥬ ,   ।,
    室    MS-DOS.    ᯮ㥬 EDLIN  ࣠㥬
-   ⥪⮢  䠩  (..7).  ᫨      EDLIN,
  ᫥ 訬 .
    䠩    ᪥   250 ⮢. 襬    ࠡ稩
४਩ ᪠ C.  :

         C>edlin dbugpro.txt

    㦠  EDLIN   ᮧ 䠩  dbugpro.txt.   EDLIN 뤠
ᮮ饭:

         New file
         *

                                   - 87 -

    p.  EDLIN  ⮢ ਭ ᫥ .   Li
( li)   ⥬  - ⥪  襣 䠩,   Enter    
ப.  5 ப   Ctrl-Z:

         C>edlin dbugpro.txt
         New file
         *Li
   1:*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
   2:*This text file will be used to demonstrate DEBUG.
   3:*The file will be loaded into memory when DEBUG is started.
   4:*DEBUG is easy to use after some practice.
   5:*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
   6:*^Z
         e*           <----  ""
         C>

     室    EDLIN      "".  ⥬   C>
砥,  ࠢ p饭 MS-DOS.  dbugpro.txt p
 室  ᪥ C.   , ⮡ ᬮ ⮫쪮  
ᮧ 䠩.  :

         C>debug dbugpro.txt
         -

    - ⠭  , ᫥⥫쭮, ணࠬ  DEBUG
 䠩  dbugpro.txt 㦥     設. ⮡  뢥  ࠭
ᮤন 䠩, :

    -d

958:100 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B-2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B ++++++++++++++++
958:110 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B-2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B ++++++++++++++++
958:120 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B-2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B ++++++++++++++++
958:130 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B-2B 0D 0A 54 68 69 73 20 +++++++++..This
958:140 74 65 78 74 20 66 69 6C-65 20 77 69 6C 6C 20 62 text file will b
958:150 65 20 75 73 65 64 20 74-6F 20 64 65 6D 6F 6E 73 e used to demons
958:160 74 72 61 74 65 20 44 45-42 55 47 2E 0D 0A 54 68 trate DEBUG...Th
958:170 65 20 66 69 6C 65 20 77-69 6C 6C 20 62 65 20 6C e file will be l
   -

    ⮡     , ୮   d:

   -d

958:180 6F 61 64 65 64 20 69 6E-74 6F 20 6D 65 6D 6F 72 oaded into memor
958:190 79 20 77 68 65 6E 20 44-45 42 55 47 20 69 73 20 y when DEBUG is
958:0A0 73 74 61 72 74 65 64 2E-0D 0A 44 45 42 55 47 20 started...DEBUG
958:1B0 69 73 20 65 61 73 79 20-74 6F 20 75 73 65 20 61 is easy to use a
958:1C0 66 74 65 72 20 73 6F 6D-65 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 fter some practi
958:1D0 63 65 2E 0D 0A 2B 2B 2B-2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B ce...+++++++++++
958:1E0 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B-2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B ++++++++++++++++
958:1F0 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B-2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B 2B ++++++++++++++++
   -

   ,      d  뢮    ࠭ 128 祭.  業
࠭  室  ᮤন  䠩  dbugpro.txt     ⭠筮
p⠢,  ࠢ   - ᮤp 䠩   ASCII.
   砫      p ᫥騬 ࠧ:

    -d 0958:01AA 01D2

958:1AA 44 45 42 55 47 20                               DEBUG
958:1B0 69 73 20 65 61 73 79 20-74 6F 20 75 73 65 20 61 is easy to use a
958:1C0 66 74 65 72 20 73 6F 6D-65 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 fter some practi
958:1D0 63 65 2E                                        ce.
   -
                                   - 88 -

       稭      0958:01AA    稢  ⮬
0958:01D2. 砫       p DUMP.
⬥⨬,     砫     ।⠢     ᮬ  
(0958:01AA),   - ⪨ (01D2).
   ᫨    ᥣ  室         ॣ஢   ᥣ
(.ࠧ  "    䫠"    ࠧ  "⠫쭮 ᬮ७
DEBUG"),            ப  㪠  ⮣
ॣ.    (砫      ⪠  
। ᫥騬  ࠧ:    ᥣ  ᠭ   ॣ DS;
⪨  ࢮ  ࠢ 01AAH, ᫥ - 01D2H):

    -d DS:01AA 01D2

958:1AA 44 45 42 55 47 20                               DEBUG
958:1B0 69 73 20 65 61 73 79 20-74 6F 20 75 73 65 20 61 is easy to use a
958:1C0 66 74 65 72 20 73 6F 6D-65 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 fter some practi
958:1D0 63 65 2E                                        ce.
   -

     ,    砥      ᥣ  ॣ, 
짮  ⪮  樥.      "dump"    ⪨
ᠬ,  ⠥,   ᥣ 室  ॣ DS:

   -d 01AA 01D2

958:1AA 44 45 42 55 47 20                               DEBUG
958:1B0 69 73 20 65 61 73 79 20-74 6F 20 75 73 65 20 61 is easy to use a
958:1C0 66 74 65 72 20 73 6F 6D-65 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 fter some practi
958:1D0 63 65 2E                                        ce.
   -

    ,  筮   㪠 ⢮ 뢮
⮢.  ᫥    砫  ᮬ  ࠥ   L  ᫮.
뢥, ਬ, 41  (29):

    -d DS:01AA L29

958:1AA 44 45 42 55 47 20                               DEBUG
958:1B0 69 73 20 65 61 73 79 20-74 6F 20 75 73 65 20 61 is easy to use a
958:1C0 66 74 65 72 20 73 6F 6D-65 20 70 72 61 63 74 69 fter some practi
958:1D0 63 65 2E                                        ce.
   -

    

      ⢫      ENTER (e   E). 
    ⭮  ppp  ᮤন  .  ENTER
  ᯮ짮    樨      NAME  WRITE - ⮡
ࠡ⠭    (   ENTER)  䠩   뫮  
.
     ⮨    㪢  e   (  E)      ࢮ   
ppp㥬 .  ᫨ 㪠  ⪨ ,     ᥣ
롨ࠥ  ॣ DS.
     ⠪    ப.  ।⠢
ᮡ ᫥⥫쭮 ᥫ   ⭠筮 p⠢  /
ᨬ  ६,  ࠧ  ஡    ⮩. 
६      .  ᫥⢨   ⭠
祭 䮢   ६    設.
   ந㥬 ࠡ ENTER  ᫥饬 ਬ:

  -e 0958:0000 20 2A 44 41 54 41 20 'IS' 20 48 45 52 45 2A 20

     16  祭.  ᫥⥫쭮   
(⭮),  稭      0958:0000. ୠ ⮢ 
᫠   ⭠筮 ଠ,     ⢮  ᨬ
६ 'IS'.
                                   - 89 -

   ⮡ ᬮ   ,   ᯮ짮  
DUMP. 뢥 16 (10) ⮢:

    -d 0958:0000 L10
0958:0000 20 2A 44 41 54 41 20 49-53 20 48 45 52 45 2A 20 *DATA IS HERE*
    -

   ⬥⨬,   ᨬ ६ 'IS' ⢮  0958:0007
 0958:0008.  ࠢ  ࠭  ।⠢   ASCII.
     ENTER    ᯮ짮    ⮡ࠦ  ,   砥
室, ppp 祭  ⭮ .   ⮬ 砥
 ⮨   㪢  e (  E)   ᫥饣    .  
   ࠭      祭:

    -e 0958:0000
    0958:0000 20.

   p  ⨨      ஡    ࠭     祭
᫥饣 :

    -e 0958:0000
    0958:0000 20. 2A.

   祭         .      ⮣      
⭠筮  ᫮.  ,  ᨬ  ६  ⮬ 砥
 :

    -e 0958:0000
    0958:0000 20. 2A.   21 <---  짮⥫

    0958:0001 (2A) ᫥  ᫠ 21 ⠫ ࠢ 21.
     ⭮  pᬮp      뢮    ࠭ 
 쬮   砫 ᥣ:

    -e 0958:0000

    0958:0000 20.   2A.21 44.   41.   54.   41.   20.   49.43
    0958:0008 53.48 20.41 48.4E 45.47 52.45 45.44 2A.   20.

    ⮬ ਬ ppp  0001H  0007H-000DH.  ⠫
- p ᢮ p 祭.
   ।騩              (-).  
室   ⪮ppp  ᯮᮡ:

    -e 0958:0000

    0958:0000 20.   2A.21 44.   41.   54.   41.   20.   49.43
    0958:0008 53.48 20.41 48.4E 45.47 52.45 45.44 2A.   20.-
    0958:000E 2A.

   ⬥⨬,    ஬  祭     ࠭ 뢮  
.
   ⮡  p  믮  ,    Enter.  
  (-)  -  ⠭⭮    ,  ᢨ⥫  
⮢ ਭ ᫥ :

    -e 0958:0000

    0958:0000 20.   2A.21 44.   41.   54.   41.   20.   49.43
    0958:0008 53.48 20.41 48.4E 45.47 52.45 45.44 2A.   20.-
    0958:000E 2A.21   <---  Enter

   ⮡ ᬮ ᥭ ,  ᯮ짮 
DUMP:

                                   - 90 -

    -d 0958:0000 L10
0958:0000 20 21 44 41 54 41 20 43-48 41 4E 47 45 44 20 21 !DATA CHANGED!
    -

                     DEBUG

   ᬮ७  ⠢      ॡ   ⥫
    ன⢥  p樮  ⥬.   室  
p孮⭮  ⢮     p樯   ppp     몥
ᥬ. ,  ਠ ࠧ  ஥ ⠪,  ⮡ ࠧ 
   窨. p  祬 ३  㦤   ,
⠭   ᭮ 楯 p 設.

     

   楬 pᮭ쭮      (CPU).   - 
 設, ⢥  믮  䬥᪨   ᪨
権;    ࠢ  뫪    ⥬. 
      ,  뢠  .  設⢮
設,  ࠡ    ࠢ  MS-DOS,        13-
ॣࠬ.  뢠:  AX, BX, CX, DX, SP, BP, SI, DI, CS, DS, SS,
ES  IP.  CS, DS, SS  ES 뢠 ॣࠬ ᥣ.
   ᫨    ࠡ⠥    ࠢ  MS-DOS,   
 9  .   -   ,      믮
ࠧ ⥬  権   "頥",   "⠭"
( 祭  pp ).     ᯮ짮 
ᬮ  ppp 祭 ॣ஢  䫠 .

    

         ,    設 㦠
䠩 DEBUG.COM.  ⮣ 롨ࠥ 訩  ᢮,  
䠩 ⪮. ⥬ p 砥 ࠢ  p   
   (psp).   PSP ।⠢ ᮡ  뢭
  ,  ᯮ㥬  p樮  ⥬  p殮 p
.    ⮣    -  256  (100) ⮢.  ( ஡
pp psp ᬠਢ  .11).

     

    REGISTER (r  R)  뢮  ࠭  ppp  祭
ॣ஢    䫠  ﭨ  .      ⠪ 뤠
ଠ  ᫥饩 믮塞 . 筥 ᬮ७ REGISTER
   .  ࠡ稬 㤥  C.  :

         C>debug
         -

     ࠭  ⠭       -  .     r  
஠㥬 १:

   C>debug
   -r

AX=0000  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0958  ES=0958  SS=0958  CS=0958  IP=0100    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0958:0100  0000        ADD             [BX+SI],AL             DS:0000=CD
   -

    ࠭ 室  ⭠ 祭   13- ॣ஢
.  ᥣ (DS,  ES, SS  CS)  ᮤঠ     
᫮ 0958.    襣 ᢮  ᥣ .   襩
設     㣨.
   祭 ॣ SP ࠢ FFEEH,  ॣ IP - 0100H.   ⠫
ॣ ᠭ 㫨.
                                   - 91 -

     ࠢ    ன  ப  室  祭  쬨  䫠
ﭨ  .    㧪     䫠 . 
⠡.9-2 ਢ ᯨ᮪ ᨬ,  ﭨ  䫠.
 p᫥  ⮬  浪,    p.
   믮塞 ணࠬ ।⠢ ᮡ ᫥⥫쭮  
   (,   p      設   ).   樨
।⠢      設.  ⤥쭠   ᪮쪮
 . 設  , p 㤥 믮  ᫥饩,
࠭     , ᠭ  ॣ  CS  IP.   襬
ਬ   CS:IP=0958:0100.
    쥩 ப p 室 ଠ  ⮩ .  ,
ᠭ  ॣ CS:IP,  pᯮ     㣫. 騩
ࠬ -  p㯯 ⮢,  ᮤp 設  .   襬
ਬ    祭  00    00  (।⠢    0000).  ⮬
設  ᮮ⢥    ᥬ,  뢥 
業 쥩 ப, - "ADD[BX+SI],AL".

                                                       9-2
                      
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
९ (/)                              OV         NV
ࠢ (㬥襭/㢥祭)                DN         UN
뢠 (/)                   EI         DI
 (⥫/⥫)                 NG         PL
 (/)                                      ZR         NZ
䬥᪨ ७ (/)                    AC         NA
⭮ (筠/ ⪫)                   PE         PO
७ (/)                                   CY         NC
------------------------------------------------------------------------

   , pᯮ  쥩 ப p, ந  ᫥騥
⢨:    祭  ॣ  AL  (ࠩ  ࠢ   ॣ AX)
᪫뢠    祭    DS:0000.    뢠 
 DS:0000. 饥 祭  DS:0000 뢮   ࠢ
㣫 p.
       "r"      祭  ॣ.  ⮬ 砥 
 ப  㪠뢠   . 祭  ॣ 뢮  
࠭.     ᫮. ⮡ ࠭ p 祭
ॣ,  Enter.

   -r
   CX 0000
   :245D

   -r
AX=0000  BX=0000  CX=245D  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0958  ES=0958  SS=0958  CS=0958  IP=0100    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0958:0100  0000        ADD             [BX+SI],AL             DS:0000=CD
   -

     ॣ஢  CS  /  IP    ਢ  ࠬ᪮
१, ⠪      ॣ  p   , p
㤥 믮 ᫥饩:

   -r
   IP 0100
   :0000

   -r
AX=0000  BX=0000  CX=245D  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0958  ES=0958  SS=0958  CS=0958  IP=0100    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0958:0100  CD20        INT       20
   -

                                   - 92 -

     ॣ CS  IP 室  0958:0000.  ⮬ 
室 設 , ᮮ⢥騩  CD 20.    
뢠 20.
    "rf"  뢮   p 䫠  ﭨ .  稢
祭  䫠,      .    ⮣      
᪮쪮  祭  (.⠡.9-2).  祭   
  浪  १  ஡        ࠧ⥫.  ⠭,
ਬ, 祭 䫠 ९,   ७:

   -rf

NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC   -OV NG CY   <----- ભ⮥ 
                          ----------            짮⥫
   -r

AX=0000  BX=0000  CX=245D  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0958  ES=0958  SS=0958  CS=0958  IP=0100    OV UP DI NG NZ NA PO CY
0958:0100  CD20        INT       20
   -

        

   ,        믮塞    ணࠬ    p⠢    ᮡ
᫥⥫쭮   (p権)    設.   
      ᪮쪮  ⮢.  ஢  設    -
, ᫮   ⭮ ணࠬ.
       設  ஢   ணࠬ஢ -  
ᥬ.      ᠭ    ணࠬ      ᥬ    
ᨬ᪨ ﬨ,   ᨬ ।⠢ 設
⭠筮   .      ᨬ᪨   樨  ()
뢠   ᥬ.    祫   ࠧ
  設  .  ਬ,    "read data"  ᥬ
룫廊  "RD". ,  ᥬ  ⥭ 設.  ⮡
ᤥ ணࠬ ⭮  ,  㦭 ॢ  設
.    뢠 ᥬ஢   ந ⥬
ணࠬ, 뢠 assembler.
    뢠 室     (ॢ 設   
  ᥬ).      ந ⥬ ணࠬ
unassembler  뢠 ᥬp.
    UNASSEMBLER (u   U) 㦨   ॢ 設   
 ᥬ.    ⢫ ॢ  ,  "宦"
  ᥬ. ⫨稥 砥   UNASSEMBLER  
  筮  ணࠬ  砥    ᫥饬.  筮   ணࠬ
⢫ 室  ணࠬ   ⮪. ⪨ -  讥
ᯮ    ணࠬ  ᥬ.  UNASSEMBLER  
  ॢ    ⮪  ⠢  ᫮     室.
 ⨭ ⠪ ணࠬ  ࠧ ᫮.     
 㬥⮬  ⫠  ppp ணࠬ.
    ਬ,  ॢ    ᥬp   䠩  DEBUG.COM.
砫  MS-DOS 㧨 䠩   設.  ࠡ稬 㤥 
C.  :

         C>debug debug.com

. ᫨  ந   ᠬ 樨  襩 設 
            ⫨ १,  ,   p⠥ 
           㣮 ᨥ DEBUG.COM. ,  ஢  襣
           䠩   ᯮ짮  ⮤.

       ᢨ⥫    ⮢   ࠡ.
  p      psp,  ᫥   ᯮ 䠩
DEBUG.COM.  ⥬    ᠫ    ᥣ  psp    
ᥣ ॣ஢.
   뢥  ࠭   80 (50)  ⮢ 䠩 DEBUG.COM.   ⮣
ᯮ㥬  DUMP.    㪠 砫 
䠩.  ,  ⪨   DEBUG.COM - 100 (129-  , ..
                                   - 93 -

 128  psp; ,  㧪 䠩 ᥣ  ந
  砫  ᥣ).    ᥣ  ࠭       
ᥣ ॣ஢. ⮬     ᥣ  
    :

   -d CS:0100 L50

96C:100 EB 09 56 65 72 73 20 32-2E 31 30 B4 30 CD 21 86 k.Vers 2.1040m!.
96C:110 E0 3D 00 02 73 09 BA 69-2B B4 09 CD 21 CD 20 B4 '=..s.:i+4.M!M 4
96C:120 51 CD 21 89 1E 4F 2B BC-D4 2A A2 D5 2C B4 52 CD QM!..O+<T*"U.4RM
96C:130 21 8C C8 8E D8 8E C0 E8-F1 00 B0 23 BA 62 02 CD !.H.X.@hd.0#:b.M
96C:140 21 8C CA B8 03 2F D1 E8-D1 E8 D1 E8 D1 E8 03 D0 !.J8./QhQhQhQh.P
   -

   ⠪,  ࠭  80 ⮢ 設  ணࠬ  DEBUG.COM.
 ᥣ (096) p⠢ ॣ஬ CS.  㤨, ᫨  
襩 設   ॣ   㣮  .   ,   䠩
㦥  㣮 ᥣ.
   祭    ⥭  設.  ⮡  ணࠬ  ᬮ   
祫,  ॢ        ᥬp. ᯮ㥬 
UNASSEMBLER.    ⢥  砫쭮    㪠  砫   
祭 :

   -u CS:0100 L50

096C:0100     EB09           JMP    010B
096C:0102     56             PUSH   SI
096C:0103     65             DB     65
096C:0104     7273           JB     0179
096C:0106     2032           AND    [BP+SI],DH
096C:0108     2E             CS:
096C:0109     3130           XOR    [BX+SI],SI
096C:010B     B430           MOV    AH,30
096C:010D     CD21           INT    21
096C:010F     86E0           XCHG   AL,AH
096C:0111     3D0002         CMP    AX,0200
096C:0114     7309           JNB    011F
096C:0116     BA692B         MOV    DX,2B69
096C:0119     B409           MOV    AH,09
096C:011B     CD21           INT    21
096C:011D     CD20           INT    20
096C:011F     B451           MOV    AH,51
   -

    ⨭   33-  ⮢ DEBUG.COM     ᥬ.
  (ࢠ  )  㪠      . ⥬ (
)  -  祭  ⠢    ⮢   設 . 
쥩    ⢥⮩    室  ᮮ⢥騩  ⮬  
 ᥬ.
   ᬮਬ  ப ⨭.    - 096C:0100.
  設    ⮨      ⮢    祭ﬨ  EBH  09.
⢥騩 ⮬     ᥬ -  "JMP 010B".   
 ᥬ,  ,   砥.   ணࠬ
  ⨭    ࠧ,    ࠡ⠥   ணࠬ.  ᫮,
 "JMP 010B" 砥 室    ⪨ ᮬ 01.
      p UNASSEMBLER     㪠뢠 砫  
ࠡ뢠  .  ᫨  㪠  ⪨  ,   ᥣ
롨p  ॣ CS. ᫨     ,   設 
ࠡ뢠    ⮣  ,    稫  ࠡ⪠  ।饩
 UNASSEMBLER.  ᫨ ᫥        
  ࠧ        p    砫  ,  
ࠡ⪠ 設  p   CS:0100.
   ࠡ뢠 ⮪    p 砫   
ᠬ.      ⪨.  ᫨ 筨   
室   ᫥   ,    ࠢ  ஢뢠
:
                                   - 94 -


   -u CS:0100 0104

096C:0100     EB09           JMP    010B
096C:0102     56             PUSH   SI
096C:0103     65             DB     65
096C:0104     7273           JB     0179

   p  ,   樨 "L"  p ⢮
p뢠 ⮢.  㬮砭  ࠡ뢠 ⪠  ࠢ
32 ⠬. ᫨    室  ᫥   ,
  ࠢ ஢뢠 :

   -u CS:0106 L4

096C:0106     2032           AND    [BP+SI],DH
096C:0108     2E             CS:
096C:0109     3130           XOR    [BX+SI],SI

    祭  ᪮쪮 ᫮. ᫨  㪠뢠 砫  ,
 室, ⮡  室  砫 .  ⨢ 砥
祭 ⨭   ᫥.
   ⮡  ᯥ  ⨭,  ।    UNASSEMBLER   
 Ctrl-PrtSc.

                 

    GO  (g   G)    ஫஢ 믮
ணࠬ.    ᬮਬ  ࠡ  ⮩      ਬ  쪮
믮塞 ணࠬ (.. ணࠬ  設 ),   襬
    DEBUG. ⠪, 㧨  ᪠ C  㥬 DEBUG:

         C>debug
         -

    祭 ⭮  ᫥饥:

    -e CS:0100 B0 01 BF 00 02 B9 1D 00 FC F2 AA B0 24
    -e CS:010D AA 06 1F BA 00 02 B4 09 CD 21 CD 20

    㧨   ᫥⥫쭮 設 , ⠢
ணࠬ.   p ⮩  pp 頥 ࠭,    
뢮   ᫥⥫쭮    ᯥ樠   ᨬ    (론
䨧). ⥬ ணࠬ p蠥 믮  ।  ࠢ
.
   p 祬   ணࠬ  믮,  ᬮਬ  ⨭  
 ᥬ.   UNASSEMBLER:

   -u CS:100  117

0966:0100     B002           MOV    AL,01
0966:0102     BF0002         MOV    DI,0200
0966:0105     B91D00         MOV    CX,001D
0966:0108     FC             CLD
0966:0109     F2             REPNZ
0966:010A     AA             STOSB
0966:010B     B024           MOV    AL,24
0966:010D     AA             STOSB
0966:010E     06             PUSH   ES
0966:010F     1F             POPG   DS
0966:0110     BA0002         MOV    DX,0200
0966:0113     B409           MOV    AH,09
0966:0115     CD21           INT    21
0966:0117     CD20           INT    20
   -

                                   - 95 -

     GO        ⥫ ࠬ஢.  ⮬
ணࠬ 稭 믮   CS:IP. ⮡ ஢ ﭨ
ॣ஢, ᯮ㥬  REGISTER:

   -r

AX=0000  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0976  IP=0100    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0100  B001        MOV             AL,01
   -

       ॣ CS   IP ࠭   砫 ணࠬ, 
  GO:

   -g
   

   ।    30 론 .  뫠 ᮮ饭:

   Program terminated normally
   -

   饭 砥,  ணࠬ 訫 ଠ쭮  । 
ࠢ .
    GO  㦨  祭 祪 ⠭   ⫠
ணࠬ.  窨  ⬥  뢠  ଠ쭮 믮饩
ணࠬ. ⮡   ⠭  ணࠬ,  
ப 㪠뢠   .    GO     
祪  ⠭.  ᫨  㪠뢠  ⪨  ,    ᥣ
롨p   ॣ CS.   祪  ⠭ ࠧ ஡
 ⮩.
     ଠ쭮  믮  ணࠬ    窥  ⠭ ந室
뢠   ࠭ 뢮 ᮤন ॣ஢  䫠 ﭨ.
  祪  ⠭    ணࠬ  ᮡ  ࠢ  ⫠
ணࠬ  ࠧ⢫ ,  ⠪  砥, ᫨ -  
設    ॡ  ࠡ⪨   TRACE ( ).
( TRACE pᬠp  ᫥饬 p).
     襩  ணࠬ      0109  室  ,  p 
 ࠡ ணࠬ 믮 30 p p. ஢  ⮩
  (蠣  ᫥      믮)  -   
⮭    p騩  ଠ樨   ࠡ ணࠬ.  
祪  ⠭       ஢    ⮬     
⠭ 믮 ணࠬ, ਬ,  窥 010.
   ⮡ ᫥   室  믮     ணࠬ,
ᯮ㥬   TRACE. ⮡   ஢   
 0109, ᯮ㥬  GO    ⠭  
010.

   -t
AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=0102    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0102  BF0002      MOV       DI,0200

   -t
AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=0105    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0105  B91D00      MOV       CX,001D

   -t
AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=0108    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0108  FC          CLD

                                   - 96 -

   -t
AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=0109    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0109  F2          REPNZ
0976:010A  AA          STOSB

   -g 010b

AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=010B    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:010B  B024        MOV       AL,24
   -

   쭮    0109  010A 믮  30 ࠧ. 
祪 ⠭  ந "஥" 믮   
ࠢ .
    GO      ,   ன   
믮 ணࠬ.  ࠧ, ணࠬ  ᪠  ⮫쪮
    砫쭮    (CS:IP).    ⮬  砥  ᫥  ᨬ "g"
ࠥ    ࠢ⢠  (=)     . ᫨ 㪠 ⪨
,   ᥣ 롨ࠥ  ॣ CS.
   ᫨ ᫥ ந 権    "g",   믮
ணࠬ        CS:IP (0958:010). 稢 砫
 ணࠬ     p GO,   ९    ᠬ
砫:

   -g=100
   

     ࠭  뢮     론  䨧    ᮮ饭   
ଠ쭮 襭 ࠡ ணࠬ.

    

    TRACE (t  T) ⢫ 蠣 믮 ணࠬ 
設  .    ஢  ᫥  믮     
ந ⠭ ࠡ  ணࠬ    ࠭ 뢮 ॣ  
䫠  ﭨ  pp.  祭  ⨭ 筠 ⨭,
砥    REGISTER.  砥 ⮫쪮  ⮬,
      TRACE  ।    ⨭, 믮 
 ⫠ pp.
   ந㥬 ࠡ TRACE  ਬ 襩 ணࠬ. ᫨   
p㦥  ,  㥬 DEBUG  :

    C>debug

    -e CS:0100 B0 01 BF 00 02 B9 1D 00 FC F2 AA B0 24
    -e CS:010D AA 06 1F BA 00 02 B4 09 CD 21 CD 20

   ⮡ 㧭 p ணࠬ,   REGISTER:

   -r

AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0250
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0976  IP=0100    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0100  B001        MOV             AL,02
   -

     "t" 믮    CS:IP. ᫥ ⮣  
࠭ 뢮 ॣ  䫠 ﭨ:

   -t
AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0250
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0976  IP=0102    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0102  BF0002      MOV             DI,0200
                                   - 97 -

   -t
AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0200
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0976  IP=0105    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0105  B91d00      MOV             CX,001D
   -

     p trace   㪠  믮塞  . 
⮬ 砥 ᫥ t ࠥ   ࠢ⢠ (=)  㦭  . ᫨
㪠 ⪨ ,   ᥣ 롨ࠥ  ॣ CS:

   -t=0100

AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0200
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0976  IP=0102    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0102  BF0002      MOV             DI,0200
   -

   믮    0100.  ᫥饩   室
 ॣ CS:IP.  ࠢ 0102.
     trace  p ஢ ᪮쪮 
⫠ pp.  ⮣   "t"  㪠뢠 
⢮.  ᫥  믮        ࠭   
⨭   ᮤp ॣ஢   䫠  ﭨ. p  p
࠭      뢮       , ᤢ  
孥   । p. ⮡ ⠭    
࠭,      Ctrl-NumLock.  ⮡  ,
  .
    ⨨ Ctrl-C ஢ ४頥   ࠭  
⠭  :

   -t6

AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0200
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=0105    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0105  B91D00      MOV       CX,001D

AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0200
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=0108    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0108  FC          CLD

AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0200
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=0109    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0109  F2          REPNZ
0976:010A  AA          STOSB

AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0201
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=0109    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0109  F2          REPNZ
0976:010A  AA          STOSB

AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0202
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=0109    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0109  F2          REPNZ
0976:010A  AA          STOSB

AX=0001  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0203
DS=0976  ES=0976  SS=0976  CS=0958  IP=0109    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0976:0109  F2          REPNZ
0976:010A  AA          STOSB
    -

   ஢      襩  ணࠬ.   ⮬   
믮﫠  ࠧ.   믮 "REPNZ STOSB"  ᮤন
ॣ CX 㢥稢   .    ࠡ ணࠬ  
  믮  30  (001DH)  ࠧ  .   ⥬ 믮
                                   - 98 -

᫥. ਤ⨪⭮  ஢      
६. ⮬  ஢  ⠭.
     p      "t001D",  塞 ६  宦
  ࠭. ⮡  p p, ᯮ   GO
(  ⠭).

        

     MS-DOS  ᨩ  2.    3.  ᯮ짮  
஢ ᥬ  8088/8086/8078 ।⢥     設.
 ASSEMBLER   ᯮ짮 p ⠢  ⪨ ணࠬ
 ᥬ,  ⠪ p ᥭ   騥  ணࠬ.
          ᥬ ।⢥ 
,         室  ࠭᫨஢  (ᥬ஢)
ணࠬ.    ⥪       ⪨ p室  ⮬
.
   p  , 室   "" , १  ஡, 
ࢮ   p㦠 pp.  ᫨ 㪠  ⪨ ,  
 ᥣ 롨ࠥ  ॣ CS. ᫥  "",   ࠭
 砫 .  ᨣ   ࢮ .  ᫨
   訡,  ࠭ 뤠  ᫥饩   
    室    ०  .  砥 訡 
砥  ᯮ. ᫨    ணࠬ,  
 Enter  -   ASSEMBLER 稢  ࠡ   p頥
p p.
   ᬮਬ   ࠡ   ASSEMBLER      ਬ   ணࠬ,   
ᯮ짮   । ࠧ.   襩  設   ᥣ
  ⫨  祭 :

   C>debug
   -a100

0976:0100  MOV    AL,01
0976:0102  MOV    DI,0200
0976:0105  MOV    CX,001D
0976:0108  CLD
0976:0109  REPNZ STOSB
0976:010B  MOV    AL,24
0976:010D  STOSB
0976:010E  PUSH   ES
0976:010F  POPG   DS
0976:0110  MOV    DX,0200
0976:0113  MOV    AH,09
0976:0115  INT    21
0976:0117  INT    20
0976:0119          <----  Enter
   -

   ,  ୮,  㧭  祭  ணࠬ.  ᯮ짮 
ᬮ७    GO    TRACE.              
।⢥    設  .           몥
ᥬp ॢ  設   ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣ 㦠  
 設.

                         

    NAME (n   N) pᢠ  p뢠  䠩. ⥬
 䠩 㦠      LOAD  뢠   
 WRITE.  (LOAD  WRITE ᬠਢ ).
   ⮡  ஢  䠩,     "n"  ,  १  ஡   -
ᯥ䨪  䠩.       ᯥ䨪樨  䨪
ᥣ ணࠬ   0080.   ᯥ䨪 뢠  
psp   0081.  ᫥ ⮣ ᯥ䨪 䠩   ஬
ன⢠    psp   005CH.
   ᯮ㥬 NAME, ⮡ ᢮ 襩 ணࠬ  "mytest.pro".
⥬   DUMP ᬮਬ ᯮ   :
                                   - 99 -


   -n mytest1.pro
   -d 0050 L40

958:050 CD 21 CB 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 4D 59 54 M!K..........MYT
958:060 45 53 54 31 20 50 52 4F-00 00 00 00 00 20 20 20 EST1 PRO.....
958:070 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00         ........
958:080 0B 4D 59 54 45 53 54 31-2E 50 52 4F 0D 00 00 00 .MYTEST1.PRO....
   -

   砫  p    -  50.    室   । 䨪
ᥣ  ணࠬ.    ᯥ䨪樨  ᠭ       0080.
䨪 ()  䠩 -     0081. 䨪, 
஬ p⢠, -    005.  襬 pp   005 ࠢ
00.  砥,   ⥭   ⮣ 䠩 饭 㤥
ந  ࠡ祬 .
    NAME   ᯮ짮    ࠬ஢ pp
(믮塞  䠩).   ,     ਬ,  ணࠬ   "mytest1.pro"
ந      樨      䠩     "file1.dat"  
"file2.dat".      䠩      ।     pp
"mytest1.pro".  MS-DOS   p뢠 䠩    
p  :

         C>mytest1.pro file1.dat file2.dat

   ᫨  "mytest1.pro"  p⠥    ࠢ  ,     
ࠬ ।  ணࠬ  NAME.    뫠
   ଥ. ࠬ ࠧ ஡  ⮩:

   -n file1.dat file2.dat
   -d 0050 L50

958:050 CD 21 CB 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 46 49 4C M!K..........FIL
958:060 45 31 20 20 20 44 41 54-00 00 00 00 00 46 49 4C E1   DAT.....FIL
958:070 45 32 20 20 20 44 42 54-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 E2   DAT........
958:080 14 20 46 49 4C 45 31 2E-44 41 54 20 46 49 4C 45 . FILE1.DAT FILE
958:090 32 2E 44 41 54 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 46 49 4C 2!DAT...........
   -

   ,      p NAME,     
0081  p䨪 ᥣ  pp.  ࠬ   ஬
ன⢠  뢠:   -   005CH, ன -  
006CH.  ⮡       ࠡ뢠  䠩,   "mytest1.pro"
p 饭  ⨬ ᠬ.
   p p   p  ⮩   p  p,
饭 ᬮ७  LOAD  WRITE.

    

    LOAD  (l   L) p祭   㧪  䠩  
設. p  ⮬ ᯥ䨪  㦠 䠩   室  
䨪  ᥣ  ணࠬ      005.  ⮡  ᫮
ᮡ,  室    ᯥ䨪     p
 p ,     NAME.
   ᫨ ᯥ䨪  䠩 室   psp     005CH,   䠩
 㧨    "L".   p   㪠
砫  ,    ஬  p㦠  䠩. ᫨ 㪠 ⪨
,      ᥣ  롨ࠥ    ॣ CS.  ⢨
砫쭮  ,  㧪  ந      CS:0100. ,
   㧪 䠩, .
   ᫥ 㧪    ⢮ ⮩  䠩 
( )  ॣ BX  CX.  䠩  ७ .EXE  .HEX 
᫮  ⢨⥫쭮 ࠧ 䠩.  ਬ, 㧨  
䠩 "dbugpro.txt"   CS:0100:

                                   - 100 -

   C>debug
   -n dbugpro.txt
   -L
   -r

AX=0000  BX=0000  CX=0000  DX=0000  SP=FFEE  BP=0000  SI=0000  DI=0000
DS=0958  ES=0958  SS=0958  CS=0958  IP=0100    NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC
0958:0100  2A2A        SUB             CH,[BP+SI]             SS:0000=CD
   -

    ॣ BX  CX  室 祭 207 (000000CFH).   ,
 䠩   207 .    p     
ᯥ䨪樨 䠩    p  p   ("debug
dbugpro.txt").  ᫥ 砥 p   LOAD  易⥫쭮
㪠뢠 砫  p㧪.
   ,   LOAD p  㧪 䠩,  ᯥ䨪 
ᠭ  p䨪  ᥣ pp    005. p  
p      NAME,      ᯥ䨪   .   ⮬
४   ᯮ짮   NAME   ।⢥   ।  㧪
ᠭ  䠩.
    LOAD   ᯮ짮   㧪     ᮤন
᫥⥫쭮   ᯮ   ᥪ஢   ᪠.      (  ᪠
ᬮp   .11).    p  㪠뢠 砫  
㧪  (⠪  ,      㧪  䠩),   ᪠,  ண
뢠  (0=ࠡ稩 , 1=A, 2=B, 3=C  ..),  ࢮ
ᥪ  ⢮  㦠 ᥪ஢. ᨬ쭮  ᫮ ᥪ஢
ࠢ 80:

   -L 0500 0 00 02

    㦠    ᮤন  ᥪ஢ p祣  ᪠.
砫  㧪 CS:0500.  뢠, 稭   ᥪ
00 ( ᥪ ᪠).

      

    WRITE (w   W) p뢠    ,  롨p  
.   ⮬ ᯥ䨪  ᮧ 䠩   室  
䨪  ᥣ  ணࠬ      005.  ⮡  ᫮
ᮡ,  室    ᯥ䨪     p
 p ,     NAME.
   ।        ॣ  BX    CX 뢠 ࠧ
 䠩    (⭠筮 ᫮, 饥 4
).  ⮬   ।  ᯮ짮   WRITE     蠥  ஢
ᮤন  ॣ஢ (  REGISTER).
      ப WRITE   㪠  砫   , 
஬ ந ⥭    ᫥饩      .
᫨ 㪠 ⪨ ,   ᥣ 롨ࠥ  ॣ CS.
᫨ 砫   㪠,  ⥭ ந, 稭  
CS:0100.
     䠩  ᢠ  ,  롨ࠥ   䨪 ᥣ
ணࠬ   005. ᫨  ᪥  䠩  ⨬ ,  
  뢠   .  ଠ  ࠥ.
⮡            ଠ樨,  ࠩ  
ᯥ䨪    䠩  (    NAME)  ।⢥   ।
p樥 .    ७ﬨ ".EXE"  ".HEX"   
    WRITE.
   ᬮਬ  ਬ.  襬     ॣ  BX    CX   祭  256
(00000100).   NAME 襬  ᯥ䨪 䠩  psp   
005.  ⥬      WRITE  ९襬     256 ⮢ ,
뢠          CS:0100.     䠩  ᢠ  
"dbugtxt.pro"   ࠭  뢮 ᮮ饭  ⢥  ९ᠭ
 ( ).

                                   - 101 -

  -r
  BX 0000
  :0000
  -r CX
  CX 0000
  :0100
  -n dbugtxt.pro
  -w
  Writing 0100 bytes
  -

     WRITE    ᯮ짮         㪠
ᥪ ᪠.     ப WRITE  㪠뢠   , 
஬  ந  ⥭  ,    ᪠,    p   
뢠 (0=A, 1=B, 2=C  ..),  ࢮ ᥪ   ⢮
塞 ᥪ஢.  (ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ᥪ஢ ࠢ 80).
   襬,  ਬ,        (1) , ᯮ  
CS:0700.    p,  稭   ᥪ 50 (᮫
 51)    20 ᫥⥫ ᥪ஢:

   -w 0700 1 50 20

       p⢥    ᥪ  -  魮  ।⢮  p
ppp  ᮤন  ᪠.    짮  ⨬ ।⢮
室    ᮡ  ஦,  ⮡    ।  
ଠ樨. ।     ᥪp ᪠ ᫥  㫥
஢    ࠬ     p. ᬮ⥫쭮 
᪠ 祭 .

     

    COMPARE (c  C) 㦨  ⭮ ࠢ ᮤন
 ⪮ () .  १ 믮    
ᮤন ᮢ  祭 ⮢ 뢮  ࠭ ᯫ.
   ࠢ  ந    砫쭮    ࢮ . ᫨ 
 ப 㪠 ⪨ ,   ᥣ 롨ࠥ  
ॣ  DS.        㪠,  ࠢ    "L"  
⢮  ⮢    .  ⥬  ࠥ 砫  ண
.  筮,  ᫨  㪠  ⪨  ,      ᥣ
롨ࠥ  ॣ DS.
   ࠢ, ਬ,   ࠧ஬  16 .  ࢮ 
CS:0000,   ண -  CS:0030. ⮡  ᬮ ᮤন ,
ᯮ㥬   DUMP. ⥬   COMPARE.   ࠭ 
  祭 ᮢ ⮢:

   -d CS:0000 L10

958:000 CD 20 00 20 00 9A EE FE-1D F0 34 02 68 06 62 02 M . ..N .p4.h.b.

   -d CS:0030 L10

958:000 68 06 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 h...............

   -c CS:0000 L10 CS:0300

0958:0000  CD  68  0958:0030
0958:0001  20  06  0958:0031
0958:0003  20  00  0958:0033
0958:0005  9A  00  0958:0035
0958:0006  EE  00  0958:0036
0958:0007  FE  00  0958:0037
0958:0008  1D  00  0958:0038
0958:0009  F0  00  0958:0039
0958:000A  34  00  0958:003A
0958:000B  02  00  0958:003B
                                   - 102 -

0958:000C  68  00  0958:003C
0958:000D  06  00  0958:003D
0958:000E  62  00  0958:003E
0958:000F  02  00  0958:003F

         ,  㪠     ࢮ .
   易⥫쭮    ⪨.    ।
  ண , ⠪  ࠧ   ᮢ. 
⮬ 砥 COMPARE    ᫥饬 :  "c CS:0000  000F 0030".
᫨ ᮤন  ᮢ,  ᫥ 믮    ࠭
  ⠭      -      ᫥
.

    

    SEARCH (s  S) ᪠ ⮪ () .  
p 砥  ᯨ᮪   祭.   ஢ 稥
⮣ ᯨ᪠  㪠 .  砫   ⠪   
  ப.  ᫨  㪠  ⪨  ,       ᥣ
롨ࠥ  ॣ DS.
            ᯮᮡ. -,  
  . -,     ப  
"L"  ⢮ pᬠp ⮢.
   ᮪ 祭  ⮨   ᥫ   ⭠筮 ।⠢
/  ᨬ  ६.  ᫠  ࠧ ⮩  ஡.
 ६   .   ࠡ 
ᨬ  ६  ॢ    ⭠  祭 
ASCII.
     宦  ᯨ᪠    祭,    ࠭     ࠧ
뢮      pᬠp .  ᫨ 㪠  ᯨ᮪ 
 ,    ࠭ 뢮 ⠭p   :
 ࠡ⠫, p ⮢ p ᫥ .

   -s CS:0000 015F 44 4F 53 20 33 2E 33

   0958:0004
   -

    ᬮ५  , 砫  ண CS:015F.  ᮪
 祭 ⮨   ᥬ ⭠ ᥫ.   ⮣
ᯨ᪠   -  CS:0004.     ।⠢  :   "s
CS:0000 L160 'DOS 3.3'".

    

    MOVE (m   M) ⢫  p     
    㣮.  ६饭  ந   㪠 . ᫨
,  㤠  ७  ,  ᯮ    ⮣  ,  
室  ࠭.
   砫  ६頥     ப. ᫨
㪠 ⪨ ,   ᥣ 롨ࠥ  ॣ DS.
          ᯮᮡ.  -,   
 . -,     ப  "L"  
⢮ ⮢  .
   ᬮਬ ᫥騩 ਬ. 뢥  ࠭ ᮤন  
( DUMP). ७ᥬ    㪠  ( MOVE).  
 DUMP ஢ਬ ࠡ MOVE:

   -d DS:0500 L20

958:0500 CD 21 CB 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 M!K............
958:0510 4c 53 20 20 20 41 53 53-00 00 00 00 00 20 20 20 LS  ASS......

   -m DS:0500 051F DS:2000
   -d DS:2000 L20

                                   - 103 -

958:2000 CD 21 CB 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 20 M!K............
958:2010 4c 53 20 20 20 41 53 53-00 00 00 00 00 20 20 20 LS  ASS......
   -

    १ ࠡ  MOVE,  ,  砫    
ண ᮮ⢥⢥  p DS:0500   DS:051F,  ७ᥭ   
DS:2000. ६饭   ,  ,   ஢, ⠪  
᫥ ७ 室  ࠭.     :
"m 0050 L20 2000".

    

     FILL  (f    F)        ᯨ᪮ 
祭. 砫      ப. ᫨ 㪠
⪨ ,   ᥣ 롨ࠥ  ॣ DS.
          ᯮᮡ.  -,   
 . -,     ப  "L"  
⢮ ⮢  .
   ᮪    祭  ⮨    ᥫ     ⭠筮
।⠢ / ᨬ ६. ᫠ ࠧ ⮩ 
஡.    ६      .  
ࠡ    ᨬ  ६  ॢ  ⭠
祭  ASCII.
   ᫨  ᯨ᮪    㪠    ,    祭 ᯨ᪠
㡫     . ᫨ ᯨ᮪   , 
   ᯨ᪠      . ⠢ 
ᯨ᪠ p뢠.
   ᬮਬ ਬ.     ᯨ᪮  祭  
뢥 ᮤন   ࠭:

   -d DS:0100 017F 21 23 24 25

958:100 21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25-21 23 24 25 21 23 24 24 !#$%!#$%!#$%!#$%
958:110 21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25-21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25 !#$%!#$%!#$%!#$%
958:120 21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25-21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25 !#$%!#$%!#$%!#$%
958:130 21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25-21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25 !#$%!#$%!#$%!#$%
958:140 21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25-21 23 24 25 21 23 24 24 !#$%!#$%!#$%!#$%
958:150 21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25-21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25 !#$%!#$%!#$%!#$%
958:160 21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25-21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25 !#$%!#$%!#$%!#$%
958:170 21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25-21 23 24 25 21 23 24 25 !#$%!#$%!#$%!#$%

   砫    -  DS:0100,    -  DS:017F. ᮪
祭 ⮨  ᥫ:  21H, 23H, 24H  25.     
:  "f 0100 L80 '!#$%'".

       

   ய      易      譨   ஬  (譨
ன⢠)   १   㭨樮   .  ਬ,  
ਢ易   , ࠭ -  㣮, ਭ -  쥬  ..
   ᢮ 㠫  (筮 ⠬ ) 
⨬  ⫨砥    㣨  ⮢.  ⠭  ᮢ  ⮢   
.      設    ᢮.  ⮡  㧭  
⮢,    ﭨ        㬥,    ਫ        設
ମ-⮢⥫.
   ய 砥   ਩ ன⢠  (ਬ,
 ),  뢠    㭨樮  . 筮, 
뫠      ਩  ன⢮  (ਬ,  ਭ)
१ ᮮ⢥騩 㭨樮 .
    OUTPUT (   ) ⢫  뫪    室
㭨樮 .  p ⮬     p 㪠뢠  
  祭 뫠 . ࠬ ࠧ ஡ 
⮩. 諥, ਬ, 祭 3  㭨樮  62:

    -o 62 3c
    -
                                  - 104 -


       

     INPUT  (i    I)  뢠         㪠
㭨樮    뢮   祭   ࠭.  p ⮬  
 p  㪠뢠   .   ਬ, ⠥   
㭨樮  62.  祭 (03) ⮡ࠦ  ࠭:

    -i 62
    03
    -

       

    HEXADECIMAL  (h   H) ந  䬥᪨ 樨 
 ᫠  ⭠筮 ।⠢ (᫮   ⠭).
᫠    1-4 ⭠ .   ப
 ࠧ ⮩   ஡. ᫠  ᪫뢠,   
ࢮ ⠥ ஥.  뢮  ࠭.
   ,   ਬ, 05CDH   320FH   稬  37DCH. ⥬   05CDH
⥬ 320FH  稬 2C42H:

   -h 320F 05CD
   37DC  2C42
   -

   ᫨ ஥ ᫮  ࢮ,   ࠧ 뢮    
ᮯ殮 ⠢ (.  ᥬ).

                                   - 105 -

                              10
                         LINK

      pᬠp ࠡ ⥬ ணࠬ LINK.  LINK
ᯮ    p  pp⪨  ணࠬ.  p  痢  (
騪)    ᯥ祭      ᥬ  .ᯥ祭  MS-DOS.
,    ⠢      ࠭ࠬ,  p 
    ⢨  LINK.         ਠ
p⠭    騪.

                            LINK

   ࠭ 몮 ᮪    ஢ ॢ ணࠬ  
 ,       設    ॡ騩 쭥
८ࠧ.  LINK -   ࢨ᭠  ணࠬ MS-DOS,  pp
ணࠬ  ()    ꥪ⭮    ⠪  p, ⮡  ⠫
.      -    믮塞  ணࠬ  
ணࠬ  (     設),    㤥   ଠ쭮  ࠡ
ᨬ   ᯮ  .
   LINK ⠪  ᯮ p  ꥤ ⤥쭮  ⪮஢
ꥪ 㫥     ६頥. 祭  ६頥 
      "믮塞   䠩".   室  ,  
騪 ࠡ뢠 ணࠬ  ꥪ⭮ .
   ࢠ  楤,  p  騪,  -   㪠
    ࠡ祬    㪠  ᪥.  ᫨   , LINK
뤠  ᮮ饭:    "  ᪨   㪠 ன⢥  
Enter".
     ᮮ⢥饩 ४⨢, LINK ᮧ ⥪⮢  䠩,
ᮤp騩  p    㥬  믮塞  䠩.     ⠪
⢫    ࠧ襭   譨  뫮     㪠  
⠭p ⥪ pp.

                              VM.TMP

    樨 ६頥   騪 ॡ  ᢮
. ᫨ ⥬    ।⠢ 筮 ꥬ  ,
    ࠡ祬  ᪥  p  ६  䠩  VM.TP   ࠭
 ᮮ饭:

         VM.TP has been created

   ᫨  ॡ㥬     㯭     LINK   砥     
ନ஢  ६  䠩,      䠩  VM.TP  ࠡ祬 ᪥
.  VM.TP 㭨⮦ p 室  ।.

                       

      ᯮᮡ   LINK.      䠩 LINK.EXE
  室    ࠡ祬  ४ਨ  ⥬ ᪠.  ਬ
    ਭ,      䠩 室  ࠡ祬 ᪥.
   ⮢ 楤  LINK p⠢     
  ᪮쪨    䠩.  祬,     ।⢮ 
ன⢠ / ᯥ䨪  㪠 䠩.

                          

     link      Enter.  ᫨  䠩 LINK.EXE  ᠭ 
ࠡ祬 ᪥,   । ஬ p⢠.

         C>link

   騪  㦠      設      ࠭ 
-ᮮ饭:

     Object Modules [ .OBJ]:

                                   - 106 -

    ᨣ      ᪮쪨 ꥪ 㫥,
  ⠢  믮塞 䠩 (६頥  ). 
ࠧ  ஡        (+).  ꥪ  
MS-DOS 筮   ७  ".OBJ".   ⨢ 砥  ७
室 㪠.
     ᭥  ᪠,  ᬮਬ  ਬ.  ।,   
१   ࠭樨      稫       "example1.obj"  
"example2.obj". ⮡ ꥤ   믮塞 䠩,   
pp 痢 㦭   :

     Object Modules [ .OBJ]: example1+example2

      ᮤp ७,  ᫥⥫쭮   ᪥ 䠩 LINK
  ७ ".obj".
    ᫥騩  騪   ६頥 :

     Run File [EXAMPLE1.EXE]:

   ᫨   ⢥⨫   (  Enter),  ६頥
    㬮砭  ᢠ    ࢮ  ꥪ⭮   .
७   ".EXE".   㣨 ७ .
    ࠭ - ᫥騩 :

     List File [NUL.MAP]:

   ᫨  室,  ⮡  騪  p  ⥪⮢   䠩,
騩    믮塞  䠩,    ⮣  䠩. 
ᮤন  ᫥  p:       ६頥   䠩,  ᯨ᮪
   ᥣ⮢   ⠪ ᯨ᮪   ।஬  訡.
(  ୥   ᬮ७  䠩, 뢠  ).
1     ७,    ७ ".MAP".
᫨   㦥,   Enter.
    , ᫥  । 痢:

     Libraries [.LIB]:

   㦭        䠩,     뫮 
㬮砭.
     ࠭  ਢ易    ⠭p⭮ ⥪, 
ᬠਢ 騪   ⨨  Enter. ᫨  ⮩ ⥪
  ࠡ祬 ᪥,   ᪠,  p  室,  
࠭஬.
    㪠  쬨  ⥪. ᫨  ⥪   
७,    騪      ७  ".LIB". 
ࠧ ஡    (+). ᫨ । ᯨ᪮  㪠
 ன⢠,     ந   ᮮ⢥饬 ᪥. ᫨
  ன⢠  饭,     ᬠਢ  ࠡ稩     
࠭஬ .

     Libraries [.LIB]: c:mylib+yourlib+a:hislib+c:

     ४⨢ ᫥,  䠩 "mylib.lib"  "yourlib.lib"
室    ᪥  C;  䠩  "hislib.lib"  -   ᪥ A; ⠭p⭠
⥪ (᫨  ) -  ன⢥ C.
       䠩  ந    浪,   ஬ 
p᫥   p. ⠭p⭠ ⥪ ᬠਢ 
᫥  ।.  ᫨  LINK  室  p㥬    㪠
᪥,      ࠡ뢠;    ⨢  砥 뤠  
  ன⢠ ( p 室 㪠 ⥪).
    ⢥    騪,     ४⨢ 
⠢ .   ⮬ 砥 ᫥  ४⨢  p  
⮩  ப,    .

     Object Modules [ .OBJ]: example1,
     List File [NUL.MAP]: example1
     Libraries [.LIB]:
                                   - 107 -


   ࢠ  p⨢  -       ꥪ⭮  .     ᫥
"example1" 砥,   ⮩  ப 室 ⢥   ᫥騩
 騪 ("  ६頥 ").  襬  砥
 ६頥      㬮砭  㤥  ᢮
  ꥪ⭮  .  ⬥⨬,    ன      ࠭   
. ।᫥  ४⨢ -     p 
"example1.map",   ᫥   -         ᬮ   ⠭p⭮
筮 䠩.
      ᠬ     ᫥饬 :

     Object Modules [ .OBJ]: example1,,example1
     Libraries [.LIB]:

    ⮬  砥 ᫥  ࢮ p⨢  p     
ᯨ筮  䠩.  ⬥⨬,      ࠭   뢮  ன, 
⨩  । 痢.
   ᫨  室 ⢥    騪,    
।饩  ४⨢    窠    ⮩.   ⠫
४⨢  ਭ    㬮砭    ᮮ⢥騥    
뢮  ࠭. ਬ,

     Object Modules [ .OBJ]: example1;

         ꥪ⭮    (example1.obj).   ४⨢
稢 窮  ⮩, ⠫   뢮  ࠭.
 ⮬   㬮砭  믮塞 䠩  ᢠ  ꥪ⭮
 (example1.exe),   p  ᬠਢ  ⮫쪮
⠭p⭠ ⥪.

                          

   p ᪥ 騪  ⨬ ᯮᮡ,   ᬮ७ ४⨢
      p    p link. 冷 ४⨢ 
 ப   ᮮ⢥⢮  浪   ᮢ 
࠭  (Object  Modules,  Run  File,  List  File, Libraries). ४⨢
ࠧ ⮩.
   ᫨   ப ய饭   ᪮쪮 ४⨢,   
࠭  ᮮ⢥騥 :

     C>link example1,,example1

     Microsoft Object Linker V2.00
     (C) Copyright 1982 by Microsoft Inc.

     Libraries [.LIB]:

    ⮩  LINK  㦠   設.  ⥬ 騪
室 ꥪ  "example1.obj", ࠡ뢠    㬮砭
ᢠ  祭  ६頥     "example1.exe". 
⮬ ନ  "example1.map". ⬥⨬,    
 뢮  ࠭.
   ᫨ ४⨢   ப 稢 窮  ⮩,  
    ४⨢   ਭ  騪     㬮砭  
ᮮ⢥騥    뢮  ࠭. ਬ,

     C>link example1;

     Microsoft Object Linker V2.00
     (C) Copyright 1982 by Microsoft Inc.

   ⮩    㧨  LINK      㪠  ꥪ⭮
 (example1.obj).     稢 窮   ⮩,
  ⠫      뢮    ࠭.   ⮬  㬮砭
믮塞 䠩 ᢠ   ꥪ⭮   (example1.exe),
  ᮧ  ᬠਢ ⮫쪮 ⠭p⭠ ⥪.
                                   - 108 -


                          

   ⨩  ᯮᮡ  砥    ᫥饬.    ⢥     
騪  뢠    ⥪⮢  䠩   浪,  ஬ 
筮 . ⥬        ⮣  䠩 
 ப.  ⨬ ᯮᮡ  㤮 짮  p 室
    ४⨢,   뢠騥  㯯  ꥪ   㫥.
४⨢        ᪮쪮  ப.  ⢥ ᮥ⥫
ப ᯮ   (+).
     ४⨢   ࣠   MS-DOS  "copy  con:
  䠩".    䠩    ।⢮   ன⢠ /
ᯥ䨪 . ᫥  ,     
䠩.
   ࣠㥬, ਬ, 䠩 "sample1.txt":

    C>copy con: sample1.txt        <---  Enter
    example1+example2+example3,,;  <---  Enter
    ^Z                             <---  Ctrl-Z  Enter
        1 File(s) copied

   , ⮡ ⮢ 騪  link, ஡, ᨬ @,
ࠧ ᫥ ண -  ⥪⮢  䠩. ᫨ ᨬ @    䠩
ࠧ ஡,  騪 㤥 ppp   
ᨬ  䠩:

     C>link @sample1.txt

     Microsoft Object Linker V2.00
     (C) Copyright 1982 by Microsoft Inc.

     Object Modules [ .OBJ]: example1+example2+example3
     Run File [EXAMPLE1.EXE]:
     List File [EXAMPLE1.MAP]:

   ४⨢ (⢥  ) ࠭  䠩 "sample.txt". 
⮬᪨ ⢫  䠩 "example1.obj", "example2.obj" 
"example3.obj". ᫥ ࠡ⪨  䠩, 祭 믮塞  䠩
  㬮砭  pᢠ    "example1.exe".       ࠡ
騪  ࣠    "example1.map".    
  ⥪    뢮    ࠭  -   ᫥ ४⨢
㪠  窠    ⮩.    㬮砭 । 痢 ᬠਢ
⠭p ⥪.

                      LINK

     騪   ⥫  ࠬ.
ᯮ짮  ࠬ஢  易⥫쭮.          砥
⥫   騪, ந   ஢
६頥 .  ᥣ ࠬ஢  ᥬ.     
 ᨬ  (/)   pᯮ     ப.
  ࠬ஢ ᯥ稢   ᯮᮡ ᪠
騪. ࠬ   㪠뢠      ४⨢.
  ।⢮  ࠬ!

                           /HIGH

   ६頥  砥 ଠ   ⮬,     
 室 㧨.    ନ 騪   ⥬
롨 MS-DOS. 筮    ᯮ짮 襣  
㯭 ⪮.  (⪠  訬 砫 ᮬ).  ࠬ
/high  -         ᯮ짮    㤠   (
訬 砫 ᮬ)  㯭 ⪮    㧪
䠩.
   ਢ            ६頥     
"example1.exe"  ꥪ 㫥 "example1"  "example2"   ନ
                                   - 109 -

   "example.map".    ᬠਢ   ⠭p⭠    ⥪.
믮塞 䠩 㦠   㤠  㯭  ⪮
:

     C>link example1+example2,,example1;/h

   ࠬ /h ⥫쭮 ᯮ짮  ࠡ⪥ ꥪ 㫥
᪠  ࠭.

                          /Dsallocate

      ࠬ /Dsallocate  (/d)   믮塞 
ࠧ      ᥣ  (..    ᥣ 롨ࠥ ᢮
⮪  訬   㯭 砫 ᮬ). ᫨  ࠬ 
㪠,  㧪  㤥 ந  砫 ᥣ   
᢮  ᥣ  訬  㯭 砫  ᮬ.
ࠬ  ᯮ    ࠡ⪥  ꥪ  㫥  ᪠  
࠭.

                          /Linenumber

       짮⥫  騪    ନ஢  .
筮    ᮤp   ᯨ᮪  ᥣ⮢,     믮塞
pp,    ⠪    ⭮⥫  砫     .
 -  뢭 ⮪ 믮塞 䠩, 騩  64 
.    ࠢ,  ᥣ  ᯮ  p  ࠧ  䠩 
㭪樮 ⠢騥.  ணࠬ 砥  ᢮   
ᥣ  ꥪ⭮  .    ஢ ६頥 
騪  ᥣ  ᮮ⢥⢨   ᮬ.
       ᥣ  -    ࢮ 
ᥣ ⭮⥫쭮  ࢮ   ६頥 .  ᫨ 
  ᥣ  ᮢ      ⮬  ६頥  ,  
⭮⥫ 砫   ᥣ ࠢ 0.   
  ᥣ  -      ᫥  ᥣ ⭮⥫쭮
ࢮ    ६頥  .  ਬ,  ᫨  ᫥  
ᥣ   100- ⮬  ६頥 ,   ⭮⥫
  ᥣ ࠢ 99 (99 ⮢  砫 ).
     ࠬ  /linenumber  (/l)  砥,   ᯨ 䠩
㤥   ࠬ ப   ⭮⥫묨  ᠬ ஢ 
室 몥 ணࠬ஢ (஢ 室 ).  ࠬ
ਬ   ꥪ 㫥,     ஢
室 .   㫨  묨  ࠭ࠬ,
ਬ, ࠭஬ 몠 ᨪ.

                           /Map

   ᪨   (ਬ,   ६)   ⢮
 ᪮쪨  ꥪ 㫥.     뢠 "騬".
  樨  ꥪ⭮          ࠭஬  
"public".      ࠬ  /map   騥 ᨬ᪨ 
ࠡ뢠 騪 ꥪ 㫥   .
    ᭥ ᪠ ࣠㥬  "example.map" (  
LINK)  뢥   ࠭ (  TYPE):

     C>link example1,,example1/m

     Microsoft Object Linker V2.00
     (C) Copyright 1982 by Microsoft Inc.

     Libraries [.LIB]:

     C>type example.map

                                   - 110 -

     Start   Stop    Length  Name      Class
     00000H  000C7H  00C8H   STACKSG   STACK
     000D0H  000D5H  0006H   DATASG    DATA
     000E0H  000F2H  0013H   CODESG    CODE

     Origin  Group

     Address        Publics by Name

     000D:0004      AAA
     000D:0002      PRICE
     000D:0000      QTY

     Address        Publics by Value

     000D:0000      QTY
     000D:0002      PRICE
     000D:0004      AAA

     Program entry point at 000E:0000

     ࢮ    䠩  ()  室  ,  ,   ,
砫     ᥣ 믮塞 .
      "Origin Group".  ⮨   
᪮쪨   ᥣ⮢,       ꥪ묨    ﬨ.   㯯
। ணࠬ⮬   ࠭樨  ணࠬ.   㯯  
⭮⥫ 砫   ६頥    
    .    襬  ਬ ६頥  㯯 
砥.
     쥩      ᮤঠ  騥  ᨬ᪨   
६    䠢⭮  浪      ⭮⥫    
६頥 .
   ⢥       砥   ᯨ᮪     ᨬ᪨
६, 㯮冷祭  ᠬ.
    ᫥ ப  室 ⭮⥫  窨 室
६頥 . 窠 室 -   ࢮ  .

                          /PAUSE

   ࠬ  /PAUSE  (/p)  ᯮ   pp뢠 ࠡ ।
痢  ,    ந  믮塞 䠩 
.    ⠪  ०  ࠡ  騪  짮⥫   砥
    ᪨    ࠡ祬  ன⢥.  ⮡   ᭨
ᯮ짮 ࠬ, ᬮਬ ਬ. :

     C>link example1,,example1/p

     Microsoft Object Linker V2.00
     (C) Copyright 1982 by Microsoft Inc.

     Libraries [.LIB]:
     About to generate .EXE file
     Change disks           <--- ᫥ ᬥ ᪮  Enter

    ᭨  , ᫨     뢠   / 䠩
VM.TMP.

                      /Stack:[Number]

     -    ᥣ    ६頥  ,    
믮  ணࠬ   ࠭  .     樨   ࠭
  砥   ꥪ   ଠ,  ᮮ⢥⢨  
ன LINK 뤥  ॡ㥬 ࠧ. ࠬ  /Stack:[Number]
㦨  ८। ࠧ .
                                   - 111 -

     p     p 祭   0001H
 FFFFH. ᫨  ᫮,  襥 0200 (512),  騪  
ࠢ 뤥  ⮪   0200 .   ਬ,  ⮡   
ࠧ஬ 0300 ,  :

     C>link example1,,example1/s:300

                            /No

   ࠬ   /No   (/n)   ⬥   ᬮ   ⠭p⭮  ⥪
ࠧ襭  譨  뫮.  ਬ,   ᪥ 騪 
ࠡ⪨ ꥪ 㫥 ᪠  ᫥  । 痢
    ࠬ  /n.  ⥪ "pascal.lib" ᬠਢ 
㤥.

                                   - 112 -

                               11
              

      ᬠਢ  䨧᪠  ᪮ MS-DOS  
ᯮᮡ    㦨  樮  ⥬.   㦤
ନ ""  㤥 ⭮     ⪮ ,  ⠪    
᪥,  ᪫祭 ᯥ樠쭮 ਢ 砥.
   ਠ ⮩   ।祭   祭   ⮫쪮  ⥬
ணࠬ⮬.   ⠭   짮⥫,    
㡮   ஥ 樮  ⥬. 訬  ᯮ쥬
   祭   ਠ      ⢮    ⭠p筮
䬥⨪    ணࠬ஢   몥  ᥬ. ⢨ 
, ,  蠥  ᭮ 楯権 .

                         

     ࠧ  ᬠਢ  ᯮᮡ  ࣠樨      ᪥.
஡  㦤   ᮤp       ⥬,   p
४ ᪠   ⠡  ࠧ饭 䠩.   祭  
᪠ ਢ ᪮쪮 ਬ஢  p .

     

    ⮣, ⮡     ᠭ  ,   孮
室  ஢  -  ..  ࠧ    ᥪ   ஦.
 -  業᪥ 㦭, 뢠騥 孮  ᪠.
襩   ᪠ ஦ ᢮  0, ᫥饩   - 1  
.. ᫨ ᪥ ஭,   ஭㬥஢    ஭. 
ࢮ ஭ - 0,  ன - 1.
    ஦ p  ⪨, 뢠 ᥪࠬ. ࠬ
⠪  ᢠ  .  ࢮ  ᥪ  ஦ ᢠ
 1, ஬ - 2  .. 筮 ᥪ  512 .

    

    ⠭⭮  5 1/4-  ᪥ ஦  ࠧ   8   9
ᥪ஢.    MS-DOS  ᨩ  1.  ᯮ  ᪥,  騥   8
ᥪ஢      ஦.        ᨨ  MS-DOS  ।
ᯮ짮 ᪥   ࠧ ஦    ᥪ஢.   
 ᪥   40 ஦ (  ஭).   2.  
3.    ࠡ    ᪥⠬,  騬   8 ᥪ஢  ஦.
᪥  9 ᥪࠬ  ஦ ਣ  ᨩ 1..
   5 1/4- ᪥ 㯫⭥  ଠ   15  ᥪ஢ 
஦   80 ஦    ஭.  ᪥  ॡ 
ᮮ⢥ ᪮,  ⮫쪮  ⥬ ᨨ 3.3.
   MS-DOS ᨨ 3.3  ᯮ짮   ⨯ ᪥ - 3  1/2
- ஭ ᪥, 騥   ஭  80  ஦
  9  18 ᥪ஢  ஦.  ⠡.11-1 ਢ  ࠪ⨪
 ᪥, ᯮ㥬  MS-DOS.

                                                  11-1
                      MS-DOS

------------------------------------------------------------------------
   - ஭   - ஦   - ᥪ஢  ꥬ 
᪥     ᪥        1- ஭      ஦       ᪥
------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 1/4      1               40              8/9           160/180
5 1/4      2               40              8/9           320K/360K
5 1/4      2               80               15             1.2M *
3 1/2      2               80                9             720K *
3 1/2      2               80               18             1.44M *
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                   - 113 -

    

   ⪨   ⮨      ᪮쪨 㣫  ⨭. 
࠭  ଠ樨  ᯮ    孮  ⨭.   
孮  ࠧ    ஦,  ஦,    ᢮  ।, - 
ᥪ. ஦  ࠤ ⠢ 樫.   ࠧ,
 㫥 ஦ ⠢ 樫  ஬ , ஦  ஬
1 - 樫  ஬ 1  ..
   ⠭  10-    ⮨      ⨭  -  306
樫஢ ( 4 ஦  樫    17 ᥪ஢  ஦).  饥
᫮ ஦  ᪥ - 1224  (306 樫஢  4 ஦). 饥  ᫮
ᥪ஢ - 20 808 (1224 ஦  17 ᥪ஢). 饥 ᫮ ⮢ -  10
653 696 (20 808 ᥪ஢  512 ⮢). 1 樫  4 ᥪ  
⠢ 樫஢ १ࢨ  ⥬ 짮. ⮣ 
࠭  ⠥ 9 994 240  .

                       

    FORMAT 㦨  ࠧ  ᪠  ஦  ᥪ.  
⮬      뢠  ,  室  p    쭥襬
ᯮ짮.   ᫥ ࠧ  ஡ ᬠਢ  ࠡ
⮩ .

     

    㫥 ஭   ᪠   ࢮ ᥪ 㫥  ஦
  FORMAT  ନ  ᮡ    -    MS-DOS. 
⮨ :
   1) ⠡, ᮤঠ饩 ଠ  ᪥;
   2) 設 , 㦠饣 䠩 IO.SYS  MSDOS.SYS (.ࠧ
"⥬ 䠩")   .
    4   ⮢    設  .  
뫠 ⥬    ⮢ ,  p 室  
㧪  ⥬  䠩.  ,  ᮤঠ  ଠ   ᪥,
ᠭ  ஬⪥  ⮩    㧪.

       

      FORMAT pp ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩 (FAT)
  ४਩  ᪠.        ᭮ 易  ࣠樥
㯠   䠩.    ᪥      FAT.  ⠡
 ᪫⥫쭮 祭  㦨 䠩, ⮬   砥
 ࢮ  FAT, ⥬ 砥   ன.
     ⠭⭮  ᪥,  饩    8  ᥪ஢    ஦, FAT
 1 ᥪ.  ⠭⭮ ᪥  9- ᥪࠬ  ஦ 
⠡  ⢮  2  ᥪ.    10-⭮  ⪮  ᪥  FAT
 8 ᥪ஢.
    ⠭⭮ ஭  ᪥ 4 ᥪ   ४਩.
  ஭  ᪥      7  ᥪ஢.   ஭
᪥ 㯫⭥  ଠ -  14 ᥪ஢.   10-⭮ ⪮
᪥ - 32 ᥪ.
     ⠡.11-2  ਢ  䨧᪨   ⮢  MS-DOS,
⠡ ࠧ饭  䠩   ४   ⠭ 5  1/4-
᪥   ᥪࠬ  ஦.

                                   - 114 -

                                                    11-2
         ,  
             5 1/4- 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  8 ᥪ஢  ஦         9 ᥪ஢  ஦
------------------------------------------------------------------------
              ஭  ஭   ஭  ஭
                  ᪥       ᪥         ᪥       ᪥
------------------------------------------------------------------------
      1       1         1       1
                 ஦ 0     ஦ 0       ஦ 0     ஦ 0
                               ஭ 0                     ஭ 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAT, 1-     2       2         2-3    2-3
                 ஦ 0     ஦ 0       ஦ 0     ஦ 0
                               ஭ 0                     ஭ 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAT, 2-     3       3         4-5    4-5
                 ஦ 0     ஦ 0       ஦ 0     ஦ 0
                               ஭ 0                     ஭ 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
४਩        4-7    4-7      6-9    6-9
                 ஦ 0     ஦ 0       ஦ 0     ஦ 0
                               ஭ 0                     ஭ 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  1-3    1-3                    1-3
                 ஦ 0     ஦ 0                     ஦ 0
                               ஭ 1                     ஭ 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    

   ᫨       p   FORMAT  㪠   ࠬ  /s,     
ଠ㥬  뢠  ⥬ 䠩.  MS-DOS 
 ⥬ 䠩 - IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS  COMMAND.COM.  ⥬  PC-DOS
䠩  IO.SYS  뢠  IBMBIO.COM,    䠩  MSDOS.SYS  - IBMDOS.COM.
⥬ 䠩 ࠭   ᪥,  ண 㦠  樮
⥬.  뢠  ண । 浪   p
। ᯮ.
   IO.SYS  p頥  p⢥  ᫥  ४  ᪠.  
ᮤন ࠡ稥 ࠩ 樮 ⥬. ࠩ -   ணࠬ
 設 , ᯥ稢 䥩  樮 ⥬  
਩ ன⢮ (..14).   IO.SYS ⢥砥    
䨧᪨  ன⢠,          쭮   
 ⥬  ⮬ 筮 ࣠ ମ-⮢⥫.
   MSDOS.SYS 뢠 p⢥ ᫥ 䠩 IO.SYS.  MSDOS.SYS
-   樮 ⥬.  ⡨ࠥ     ࢨ᭮
㦨 (ਬ, ⨥  ⥭ 䠩)  ।    䠩
IO.SYS. ⮪ ⢨  MSDOS.SYS  IO.SYS  祭 ⮪
⢨    樮  ⥬.  ⮬ ⠥,  䠩
MSDOS.SYS ᨬ   ஭  㤮 (譨  ன 
ᠬ ).
    COMMAND.COM   ஬   MS-DOS.   㦨
䥩ᮬ  樮  ⥬  짮⥫.   䠩
뢮   ࠭ ⠭   ⥬,  ࠡ뢠 ᫠ 
    (ॢ    設  )    ..  COMMAND.COM
⮨   :   १⭮, ६   樠饩
(..12).

     

   筮 ⥬ .ᯥ祭 DOS   ⭮ 設.
 ⮬   ⠪,  ⮡      設,
ᮢ⨬   .   (ਬ,   樮 ⥬  PC-DOS 
MS-DOS   ᨩ   COMPAQ      Cordata).   ⢥  ,  
.ᯥ祭 ࠧ  樮 ⥬  ᨫ쭮 ७஢,  -
                                   - 115 -

 䠩 IO.SYS.  ,    ।⢥ 易   䨧᪨
ன⢮ ஭ 㤮   ࣠ ᨬ  
ମ-⮢⥫.  ,  ஭  㤮  ࠧ ⥬
室  ᢮  ஥,    ᯥ稢 ᮢ⨬ IO.SYS  
᭮ ࠬࠬ.
     ⠪  ᮢ⨬  짮⥫     㤭
ᬥ 樮 ⥬  ᢮ ᫨⥫쭮 設. , 
室   ⥬ ᫥  ,   ⥬ 䠩,  
ࠢ, ⫨  ࠧ   ⥬ 䠩 ⥬,  ࠡ⠢襩
࠭.  ᫨  ⥬  䠩    ⥬   ⥬ 䠩
।饩 ( 㪫뢠  ⢥ ।饩 ⥬ ),  
室   p樮 ⥬   ந.  ,  
    樮    ⥬    ।ᬮ७    ணࠬ    
⮬᪨ 楤ࠬ,   ⠭  ண ।
ࠧ  ⥬ 䠩.  ᫨ ࠧ ⥬ 䠩 ⮩
 㣮 ⥬  ᮢ,  楤  樮  ⥬
 ࠡ뢠   뫥⠥.

               (FAT)

    ࢮ   ࠧ  ⠫쭮 뢠   ४ 
⠡  ࠧ饭  䠩.    ன   ਢ ᭨⥫
ਬ  ᯮ짮 .

    

   ४਩ -  ⠡-ᠭ ᮤন ᪠.  䠩  
⠡ ᮮ⢥  .   32 , ࠧ 
8  ⪮     .          뢠   ଠ,
ᯮ㥬  ⥬    㦨  䠩.  ⠡.11-3 ਢ
⪮ ᠭ ᮤন  .

                                             ⪨ 
                                      -------------------
                                      |  䠩       |  0-7
                                      -------------------
                                      | ७      |  8-10
                                      -------------------
                                      | ਡ        |  11
                                      -------------------
                                      | 㦤 ⥬ |   12-21
                                      -------------------
   ४                    | ⪠ ६   |  22-23
-----------------------------         -------------------
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |         | ⪠       |  24-25
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |         -------------------
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |         |砫 |  26-27
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |         -------------------
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |         |  䠩    |  28-29
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |         | ࠢ ᫮    |
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |         -------------------
--|--------------------------         |  䠩    |  30-31
  |                                   |  ᫮     |
  |--->  ४             -------------------

    .11-4.   ४

                                   - 116 -

                                                      11-3
                     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             ᠭ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  0-7     䠩. ᫨  ⮨ , 祬  8 ᨬ,  
          ஡. ᫨  ࢮ   室 
          ᫥ 祭,  砥:
         00       ࠭  﫠 묨.
              ᫨ MS-DOS 㦨 ⠪ ,   楫
              ய᪠,  ᮪頥 ६ ᪠ ॡ㥬 䠩.
         5   ⭮  㭨⮦ 䠩.  㭨⮦
              䠩 䨧᪨ ⠥  ᪥,   ᮮ⢥饩 
               ४   " 䠩"  祭
              ࢮ . ணࠬ ⠭ "" 䠩
              ᭮   ⮩ ᮡ.  MS-DOS ᨩ 1.
              祭 5   ᢮ () .
         2   ⭮  ४  ४. ᫨
              ன  ⮣     祭,   26  27
                 ᠭ  ࢮ 
              த⥫᪮ ४. ⥫᪨ ४਩ 
              ୥, ᫨   ࠢ 00. (p ஢
              ᬠਢ ).
  8-10   ७  䠩. ᫨ ७   
         ⮢,    ஡.
   11    ਡ 䠩. ਡ p 樥 ⮢ 11-
          . ⥬ ⠥,  䠩 ᢮ 
         ਡ, ᫨ ᮮ⢥騩  ࠢ 1. ᫨  ࠢ
         0, p,   ਡ  ⠭.

                   ਡ 䠩 (᫨ 祭  ࠢ 1)
          1   " 䠩".    DIR  䠩  ⨬
              ਡ⮬  뢮  ࠭. ( . ࠧ
              "  ਡ " 䠩").
          2   "⥬  䠩". ⥬ 䠩 ᯮ 
              㧪 MS-DOS.

               MS-DOS ᨩ 1. 䠩    ᫥
              ਡ⮢ (ᮮ⢥騩   ਭ ⮫쪮
              㫥 祭):

          0   "쪮 ⥭".   ⮫쪮 .  
              ⪥   䠩,  ᮮ饭  訡.
          3   "⪠ ⮬". ६   " 䠩"  "७"
              ⠢   ᪠.  ⠫  ⮩
                pᬠਢ.   室 
              ୥ ४਩    ᪥ ⢥.
          4   "४਩".  ⭮  ४.
          5   "娢". 砥,    䠩  ࠡ⠭,  
              ⪮஢  BACKUP.  ᯮ짮 BACKUP
               ஢ 䠩, 娢  頥.
 12-21   ࢨ MS-DOS  ⥬ 짮.
 22-23   "pp ६". ন ६ ᮧ 䠩  ᫥
          ppp. 㬥 ⮢ 稭  ࢮ 
         22- .  22 砥  0-7,  23 -  8-15. 
          11-15 뢠 祭  (0-23),   5-10 -
         祭  (0-59),   0-4 - 祭 ᥪ㭤 (0-59).
         ᫠ ࠭  筮 ।⠢.
 24-25   "pp ". ন  ᮧ 䠩  ᫥ 
         ppp. 㬥 ⮢ 稭  ࢮ  24-
         .  24 砥  0-7,  25 - 8-15.  9-15
         ᯮ  ࠭ 祭  (1980=0),  5-8 -
          ࠭ 祭  (1-12),  0-4 - 祭 
          (1-31). ᫠ ࠭  筮 ।⠢.
                                   - 117 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             ᠭ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 26-27   "砫 ".  祭 ⮣  ।
         砫  䠩  ᪥.  pᬠp 
         ᫥饬 ࠧ.
 28-31   " 䠩".  ࢮ ᫮ ( 28  29) ࠭
         ᫥  祭,  ஬ ( 30  31) - ࢠ.
            ࠩ 騩  - .
------------------------------------------------------------------------

   ⮡   ᬮ   䨧᪮   ஥   ४,       
ᯮ㥬 ஬.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
|               " "            |
|                                                                      |
|    ATTRIB (..3)   祭  ਡ⮢|
|"⮫쪮 ⥭"  "娢". ATTRIB    祭    |
| " 䠩".                                                  |
|     ணࠬ  ᥬ, ਢ  ⨭    |
|11-1,  ᯮ짮  .  ணࠬ HIDE.COM  ⠭ |
|p "p 䠩" (祭  p 1).  ணࠬ UNHIDE.COM|
| 頥 (祭  ࠢ 0).                                  |
|   ⮡  ⠭  祭  ,   "hide [filename.ext]".|
|⮡  - "unhide [filename.ext]". ⬥⨬,  ⥬ 䠩|
| 묨  ᫥ ⪨   ਡ. ⮡ ""  |
|䠩,  㦭       ਡ⮢ - "⥬"  "|
|䠩".                                                                |
|    祭 ணࠬ ⨭ 11-1  ,  砫  |
| 祭 ᨬ " " (ਬ, \int 20\).       |
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                             11-1
   HIDE.COM  UNHIDE.COM.     
         " "

      C>debug
      -a
  68D8:100  \mov cx,[0080]\        ; ணࠬ  
  68D8:104  \xor ch,ch\            ;⪠ 襣 
  68D8:106  \dec cx\               ;⮥ ணࠬ 
  68D8:107  \mov si,0082\          ;⥫ ࢮ 㪢  䠩
  68D8:10A  \mov di,0159\          ;⥫ 
  68D8:10D  \repnz movsb\          ;饭 ணࠬ  
  68D8:10F  \mov byte ptr [di],00\ ; 00   䠩  
  68D8:112  \mov dx,0159\          ;⥫ 1- ᨬ  
  68D8:115  \mov ax,4300\          ;饭  㭪樨 ਡ 䠩
  68D8:118  \int 21\               ;饭  MS-DOS
  68D8:11A  \jc 012c\              ;室  砥 訡
  68D8:11C  \or cx,0002\           ;⠭  ਡ
  68D8:120  \mov ax,4301\          ;祭 㭪樨 ਡ 䠩
  68D8:123  \int 21\               ;饭  MS-DOS
  68D8:125  \jc 012c\              ;室  砥 訡
  68D8:127  \mov dx,0135\          ;⥫ ᮮ饭 ଠ..
  68D8:12A  \jmp 012f\             ;室  砥 訡
  68D8:12C  \mov dx,0143\          ;⥫ ᮮ饭  訡
  68D8:12F  \mov ah,09\            ;⮡ࠦ ப 㭪樨
  68D8:131  \int 21\               ;饭  MS-DOS
  68D8:133  \int 20\               ;뢠 ࠡ ணࠬ
  68D8:135                 <---  Enter
   -e 135 'File hidden' Od Oa '$' 'Unable to hide file' Od Oa '$'
   -f 159 L40 00                   ;砫 
   -n hide.com
   -rcx
   CX 0000
                                   - 118 -

   :60
   -w 100
   Writing 0060 bytes
   -a 10a
  68D8:10A  \mov di,0174\
  68D8:10D                 <---  Enter
   -a 112
  68D8:112  \mov dx,0174\
  68D8:115                 <---  Enter
   -a 11c
  68D8:11C  \and cx,fffd\          ;祭 fffd   fff9 
                                    ⥬ 䠩
  68D8:120                 <---  Enter
   -a 12c
  68D8:12C  \mov dx,0150\
  68D8:12F                 <---  Enter
   -e 135 'Hidden attribute removed' Od Oa '$'
   -e 150 'Unable to remove hidden attribute' Od Oa '$'
   -f 174 L40 00
   -n unhide.com
   -rcx
   CX 0060
   :1b4
   -w 100
   Writing 01B4 bytes
   -q

   C>

     

   ४਩  -     ⠡-ᠭ   ᮤন  ᪠.   
ࠧ饭 䠩 ।⠢ ᮡ    ᠬ 䠩   ᪥.
 䠩   ⠡  ᮮ⢥ 㯯  ᥩ, 뢠 
䨧᪮ ᯮ  ᪥.
   MS-DOS p 䠩  .  ⠡.11-4 ਢ  ⢮
ᥪ஢      ⠭ ᪠  MS-DOS.    
⪮  ᪥      ⢠  -᪮,     
ࠧ  ଠ஢.

                                                        11-4
                
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    
------------------------------------------------------------------------
⠭⭠ ஭ ᪥                       1
⠭⭠ ஭ ᪥                       2
᪥ 㯫⭥ ଠ                            1
10- ⪨                              8
( -  ⢮ 楫)
------------------------------------------------------------------------

   ࠬ  ᢠ      ᮮ⢥⢨       䨧᪨
ᯮ    ᪥.     ᯮ p⢥ 
४ਥ, ன - p⢥   ஬  ..
     ஭  ᪥    ஢      浪
⠭  ஢   ᥣ⮢.     ᫥⥫쭮  
ᥪ  ஦ ᪠.  ஬, 騬 ᫥ ᥣ  
஦, ᫥  , 騩   ᥣ  ᫥饩 ஦
(.11-5).  ⮬   㢥稢  1.
    ஭ ᪥ 㬥 ந ᫥騬 ࠧ. 
0- ஭     ⠥   浪 ⠭ ஢
ᥪ. ⥬  稭   ஦  ⥬  ஬  
஭  1,      㬥  ஢  ⠥  ⮬ ஢
ᥣ⮢.  ஦  ஭ 1,  த  
                                   - 119 -

᫥ ஦  ࢮ  ᥣ  ஭ 0.  㬥 ஢
⠥ 뢭 (.11-6).
    MS-DOS   ᯮᮡ 祭 ᮤন ⠡ ࠧ饭
䠩.    ᯮᮡ  ᫮  ண.    筮  ᯮ 
쪨 ᪮ (  20  ).  ன ᯮᮡ ᯮ  
 ᪮.     祭 ,    孮
ࢮ ᯮᮡ.

                                
   1       2       3       4       5       6       7       8       9
------------------------------------------------------------------------
||  FAT  |  FAT  |  FAT  |  FAT  |४- |४- |४- |४- |
|p| 1| 1| 2| 2| ਩ | p | p | p |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                ஦ 0


------------------------------------------------------------------------
||       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
   1   |   2   |   3   |   4   |   5   |   6   |   7   |   8   |   9   |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                ஦ 1

------------------------------------------------------------------------
||       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
   11  |   12  |   13  |   14  |   15  |   16  |   17  |   18  |   19  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                ஦ 2
   .................................................................

------------------------------------------------------------------------
||       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
  344  |  345  |  346  |  347  |  348  |  349  |  350  |  351  |  352  |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                ஦ 39

   .11-5.  ᯮ      ⥬,  ⠡ ࠧ饭
䠩,  ४  ᪠    ஢    ⠭⭮  ஭
᪥   ᥪࠬ  ஦

     .11-5    11-6  ,    ⠭ ᪥ 頥
  300  ஢.      ⠡  ࠧ饭 䠩 (FAT)
          .  ⥫쭮,    
। ᨬ  祭    (訩  
      㪫뢠      ).  ᨬ쭮  祭,
饥    ,  -   256  (ࢠ  祭     00-FFH).
⥫쭮,   室  ᯮ짮   ⢥  
FAT.  ᨬ쭮  祭,  饥      ,  -  65 536
(0000H-FFFFH).    祭     ॢ蠥  ॡ㥬.   ⮬
pp稪  MS-DOS  訫    ᪮     ⢥ 
  FAT  1,5    .  ࢠ  祭    1.5  ⮢ -
000H-FFFH.      ᯮ짮         ਢ筮   
짮⥫,    室  㤠  -    祭 ᫮ 
   ४᭮ ࠡ⠥   ࠪ⨪.  ஬ ⮣, ᨬ쭮
祭  1.5 ⮢ - 4096, 室  ᪥ 㯫⭥ ଠ
(ᮤঠ 2 371  )    10- ⪨ ᪮  (2 587
஢).

                                   - 120 -

஭ 0                             ஭ 1
   ------------------   ------           ------------------   ------
 1 ||    |    |   |    |           |४-| 9  | 18 |   |350 | 1
   ||-|-|   |-|    |਩ |    |    |   |    |
   |------|||   || (-  |------|----|----|   |----|
 2 | FAT  | 5  | 14 | . |346 |  - |४-|    |    | . |    | 2
   |1|    |    | . |    |   )   |਩ |-|-| . |    |
   |------|----|----| . |----|           |------||| . |351-|
 3 | FAT  |    |    | . |    |           |४-| 10 | 19 | . |    | 3
   |1|-|-| . |-|           |਩ |    |    | . |    |
   |------||| . ||    |------|----|----| . |----|
 4 | FAT  | 6  | 15 | . |347 |   |      |    |    | . |    | 4
   |2|    |    | . |    | 2 ᥪ | - |    |    | . |    |
   |------|----|----| . |----|           |--|-11-|-20-| . |352-|
 5 | FAT  |    |    | . |    |           |  2   |    |    | . |    | 5
   |2|    |    | . |    |           |      |    |    | . |    |
   |------|-7--|-16-| . |348-|           |------|----|----| . |----|
 6 |४-|    |    | . |    |           |      |    |    | . |    | 6
   |਩ |    |    | . |    |           | - |    |    | . |    |
   |------|----|----| . |----|           |--|-12-|-21-| . |353-|
 7 |४-|    |    | . |    |           |  3   |    |    | . |    | 7
   |਩ |    |    | . |    |           |      |    |    | . |    |
   |------|-8--|-17-| . |349-|           |------|----|----| . |----|
 8 |४-|    |    | . |    |           |      |    |    | . |    | 8
   |਩ |    |    | . |    |           | - |    |    | . |    |
   |------|----|----| . |----|<-- |--|-13-|-22-| . |354-|
 9 |४-|    |    | . |    | த |  4   |    |    | . |    | 9
   |਩ | 9  | 18 |   |350 |  - |      |    |    |   |    |
   ------------------   ------    1    ------------------   ------
   -  - -    -           -  - -    -
    0   1  2     39           0   1  2     39

   .11-6.  ᯮ      ⥬,  ⠡ ࠧ饭
䠩,  ४  ᪠    ஢    ⠭⭮  ஭
᪥   ᥪࠬ  ஦

    ᫥      ⠡  ࠧ饭 䠩 
蠣  MS-DOS    祭    ࢮ  䠩. 
  室    26-27    ᮮ⢥饩     ४
(.11-7).  ⥬      ண  .     ⮣
祭  ࢮ    㬭    1,5  楫  祭
ந ᬠਢ   ᫮  ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩
(.11-7b).  ᫮ ।⠢ ᮡ ࠡ⠭   
(뢠    ).
   ⥬ 祭 ᫮  ࠡ뢠 ᫥騬 ࠧ.  ᫨ 
ࢮ   ,    ᫥饣   -   ᫮ 
    ⭠    ᫮.  ᫨   , 
  ᫥饣     ⮨             ᫮
(.11-7c).
   ⮡   ᫥饣  ,  ண   
㬭  1,5. ⥬  , ࠢ 楫  ந, 
⠡ 롨ࠥ  ᫮   ࠡ뢠   ࠧ:   ᫨
  ண    ,  뢠    ,   ᫨
  -  .  祭  ⭠筮  ᫮   
ਭ   ᫥饣 .
          ,   祭   १
᫮    ࢠ 祭 FF8-FFF.   ⨬  祭ﬨ
 ᫥   䠩.  㣠  ⠭ 
᫥.  ᬮ७ ਬ, ਢ  ᫥饬  ࠧ,
 ⠭  ᢮ .
   楤  ᫥        ᪠  让 
筠 ᬮ७.  讬  ᪥ 頥 4 096  ஢,
⮬  ⠡ ࠧ饭      1,5 ⮢.  
 ⢮ 2 .  ࢮ  뢠   ४
  ⥬  㢥稢  .  ந  ᬠਢ  
᫥饣   ⠡.   ᫮ (2 )  祭
                                   - 121 -

१⮬  ।⠢  ᮡ    ᫥饣  .   
⠡ ᠭ 訩 ,  - 訩.

                            
                 |-------------------|-|--------|
                 0                  26 27       31
                 |<-----  ४ ---->|

         (A)  26  27  ࠭  ࢮ 

                       
                               YY'  XX'
               |-------------------|---|-----------|
               0                   *
               |<---    --->|
                 ࠬ ஢

   (B)    ࢮ      1,5  =  ந.    
ந -    FAT,  ࠭ p p p (*).

         ,      FAT = XX'YY'

 2-  = XX'Y  <-------|       |--------|
(᫨  1- )          |    |--|----|   |
                                    |----| X|X' Y|Y' |----|
                                      |--|----|   |    |
                                            |--------|    |
 2-  = X'YY' <-----------------------------|
 (᫨  1- )

   (C)  ࠡ⪠  ᫮,  室饣    ⠭  ,  
祭  ᫥饣 

   .11-7. ᫥⥫쭮 権 MS-DOS   FAT

     ⠡.11-5  ਢ  ᯨ᮪  ஢  , 
p樮 ⥬ ᮡ ࠧ.

                                                 11-5
  MS-DOS  1,5-  2-  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(0)000                        
(F)FF0-(F)FF6                , ᯮ㥬  ⥬ .
(F)FF7                       祭 
(F)FF8-(F)FFF                ᫥  䠩
(X)XXX                        室  楯
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                   

     ࠧ  祭  ᪠ ᯮ  -
ࢨ᭠  ⨫  MS-DOS.    ஡  ᬠp  
४   ⠡ ࠧ饭  䠩   ⠭⭮ 5  1/2-
᪥.     த p  p p楤p
 ᢮ 設.  ⮡ ९     ,  pᬮp
 .
     ਬ  ᯮ   ࠡ    ⥬,   ᠭ  
⠭⭮ ஭ ᪥  9- ᥪࠬ  ஦ (᪥, 
ன 㦠 MS-DOS).  ࠡ  ⪨ ᪮    ᪥⮩
㯫⭥ ଠ, १  ⫨  祭. ,
⮤ 祭  ᪠ ⠥ .

                                   - 122 -

   

   㧨  設,  ᫨    ⮣      ᤥ.   
⠭⭮   ⥬   debug    Enter. 
㧨     ࠢ.  ⠭⭮ 
 () 砥  ⮢  ࠡ.

         A>debug
         -

    砫 㧨    ᥪ ४. ,  
 ࠡ⠥   ஭  ᪥⮩   9- ᥪࠬ   ஦.  
.11-6 ,     ᥪ ४  -    ᥪ  
㫥 ஦ 㫥 ஭ ᪥.
     ।    ᥪ  ⭮⥫쭮  ᥪ 1  㫥
஦   㫥   ஭   ᪥,     MS-DOS  ᯮ  ନ
    .  ⭮⥫  ᥪ  0 ᮮ⢥
ᥪ  1    㫥  ஦  㫥 ஭ ᪥. ⭮⥫
ᥪ  1  ᮮ⢥  ᥪ  2   㫥 ஦ 㫥 ஭
᪥,  ..   ᥪ 9,  饣 ⭮⥫ ᥪ஬  8. 
   2.      3.   ᫥騩   ⭮⥫   ᥪ  (9)  㤥
ᮮ⢥⢮ ᥪ  1   㫥 ஦  ஭ 1.   ᨨ 1.
ᯮ   㣠   奬   㬥樨:      ⭮⥫    ᥪ
᫥⥫쭮  㬥  ᭠砫    ஭  0,   ⥬ 㬥
த  ஭ 1.
     ⮬,   㧪 ᥪ஢     
⭮⥫쭮  㬥樥.  ਬ,  ᫥    㦠  
 CS:100  ⭮⥫ ᥪ (.. ⮩ ᥪ   㫥
஦ 㫥  ஭ ᪥   ᪮  ). ᫨   ࠡ⠥ 
᪥⮩  ᨩ 1.,   "05" 㦭 ⠢ "03":

    -L CS:100 0 05 01
    -

       ⮩      ᥪ ४ 㦠 
 設.
   뢥   ࠭   48 ⮢  㦥 ᥪ.  砫쭠
 ,     㤥 ⠫쭮  ᬠਢ,  ࢮ
 ४.     뢥  .   ⮣
।       㦭    Ctrl-PrtSc   (  祭
ਭ).

  -d CS:100 L30
976:100 49 4F 20 20 20 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 IO      SYS'....
        -----------------------                         --------
976:110 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 4E-65 08 02 00 E4 13 00 00 ......CNs...d...
976:120 4D 53 44 4F 53 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 MSDOS   SYS'....

      p ᯮ   .  㣮 設  
  p㣨 . ࠫ쭠  -  ᮡ⢥  .
ন  ⮡ࠦ  ⭠筮 ।⠢.
   ᬮਬ   ஡:
       ( 0-7  8-10). ભ   ࢮ
ப -   ᥬ  ⮢ .  ᥬ ⮢  ⠢
 " 䠩" ࢮ   ४. ⬥⨬,   ⮨  
ᨬ  ஡.  ࠢ  ࠭,  室  ।⠢
ᮤন    ASCII,    䠩 - "IO".
    ᫥騥  ⠢   "७  䠩"  (53 59
53).  ࠢ  ⠥ - "SYS".
     (11-  ).  騩    -   ਡ⮢ 䠩.
ਡ ।⠢ ஬ 祭 ⮢  .

  -d CS:100 L30
976:100 49 4F 20 20 20 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 IO      SYS'....
                                         --                        -
976:110 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 4E-65 08 02 00 E4 13 00 00 ......CNs...d...
976:120 4D 53 44 4F 53 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 MSDOS   SYS'....
                                   - 123 -

   祭 ⮣   -  27.   ⮢ ᬮ७ ⮣
祭, 砥:

   :       7 6 5 4   3 2 1 0
   祭:  0 0 1 0   0 1 1 1

     ⠭    ࠬ 0, 1,  2  5.   砥, 
䠩  IO.SYS  ᢮  ਡ  "⮫쪮  ⥭",  "   䠩",
"⥬ 䠩"  "娢" (.⠡.11-3).
    ( 12-21). 騥 10 ⮢ ( 祭  00)
⠢   ⮢,  १ࢨ㥬    㦤  ⥬.     
p pp稪 MS-DOS.
    ( 22-23).    ⠢  "pp  ६" (43
4),    ६  ᮧ   ᫥ ppp 䠩.
⮡  祭 , 室  ⮢ ᬮ७.

  -d CS:100 L30
976:100 49 4F 20 20 20 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 IO      SYS'....
976:110 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 4E-65 08 02 00 E4 13 00 00 ......CNs...d...
                          -----                               --
976:120 4D 53 44 4F 53 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 MSDOS   SYS'....

   祭   ⮢ 뢠   "⭮"  浪 ("p"
p冷  ᠭ  ).  ⠪,  ⮢ ।⠢ ⭠筮
᫮ (2 )  祭 4 43:

   祭:   1  1  0  0      1  1  1  0     0  1  0  0     0  0  1  1
   :       15 14 13 12     11 10  9  8     7  6  5  4     3  2  1  0
              |<----  ---->| |<----  ---->|  |<-- 㭤 ->|

     11-15 室  祭     筮 ।⠢.
 祭  ࠢ 1+8,   9.   5-10  ᮤঠ 祭  . 
襬 ਬ   ࠢ  2+16+32=50.   0-4 -  祭 ᥪ㭤.  
ࠢ 1+2=3.
   p  祭   १,  稬   ६  ᮧ   
᫥ ppp  䠩 (  筮    ᥪ㭤):   9:50:06
.
    ( 24-25).   ⠢  "pp " (65  08),
    ᮧ   ᫥  ppp 䠩. ⮡
p 祭 , 室  ⮢ ᬮ७.

  -d CS:100 L30
976:100 49 4F 20 20 20 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 IO      SYS'....
976:110 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 4E-65 08 02 00 E4 13 00 00 ......CNs...d...
                                -----                           --
976:120 4D 53 44 4F 53 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 MSDOS   SYS'....

   祭  ⮢  뢠    "⭮"  浪. ⠪, ⮢
।⠢ ⭠筮 ᫮  祭 08 65:

   祭:   0  0  0  0      1  0  0  0     0  1  1  0     0  1  0  1
   :       15 14 13 12     11 10  9  8     7  6  5  4     3  2  1  0
              |<-------  -------->|  |<-  ->|  |<---  --->|

    9-15  ᮤঠ 祭     筮 ।⠢  (
ந  ᫠  1980). 祭   ࠢ 4.   砥, 
䠩 IO.SYS ࣠   4+1980=1984 .  5-8  ᮤঠ 祭
.  襬 ਬ  ࠢ 1+2=3.  0-4 ᮤঠ 祭  
.  ࠢ 1+4=5. p 祭 १, 稬  
ᮧ  ᫥  ppp 䠩:   5  1984  . ⠪,
䠩 IO.SYS  ᮧ 5  1984   9:50:06 .
     ( 26-27).   ᫮ ᮤন  ࢮ
 䠩 IO.SYS.  祭 ᫮ ᠭ   "⭮" 浪  
p 00 02 ( ⭠筮 ।⠢).

                                   - 124 -

  -d CS:100 L30
976:100 49 4F 20 20 20 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 IO      SYS'....
976:110 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 4E-65 08 02 00 E4 13 00 00 ......CNs...d...
                                      -----                       --
976:120 4D 53 44 4F 53 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 MSDOS   SYS'....
       (  28-31).    ᫮  ⠢  ,  
࠭ ࠧ  䠩    . 祭  ᠭ 
"⭮" 浪  p 00 00 13 E4  ⭠筮 ।⠢
( 筮 ।⠢ - 5 092 ).

  -d CS:100 L30
976:100 49 4F 20 20 20 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 IO      SYS'....
976:110 00 00 00 00 00 00 43 4E-65 08 02 00 E4 13 00 00 ......CNs...d...
                                            -----------             ----
976:120 4D 53 44 4F 53 20 20 20-53 59 53 27 00 00 00 00 MSDOS   SYS'....

   ⠪,    蠥  祭      ४ MS-DOS.
 pᬮਬ  FAT   祭 ⠡ p饭  䠩 
樮 ⥬.

     

     .11-6  ,      ᥪ஬ ࢮ  FAT 
ன  ᥪ     㫥   ஦  㫥   ஭  ᪥.  
⭮⥫  - 1. 㧨    設    CS:300.
᫨   ࠡ⠫ ࠫ쭮   ஬,      㦥,  
⥬ ᪥ 室  ன⢥ A.  :

  -L CS:300 0 01 01

   ᫥ ⪫祭 ᪮ :

  -d CS:300 L20

    ࠭   ⮪:

976:300 FD FF FF 03 40 00 05 60-00 FF 8F 00 09 A0 00 0B ....@..'........
976:310 C0 00 0D E0 00 0F 00 01-11 20 01 13 40 01 15 60 @..'........@..'

         32  ⮢  ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩.  
⠭    ᮮ⢥⢨    ⨯ ᯮ㥬 ᪠ (.⠡.
11-6).   襬 砥  祭 ࢮ   砥 ஭
᪥   ᥪࠬ  ஦.  祭 ࠢ FD. ன  
⨩  ⠡ ᥣ ࠢ FFH.

                                                     11-6
                FAT    
------------------------------------------------------------------------
祭                          ᪥
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    FF                    ஭, 8 ᥪ஢  ஦
    FE                    ஭, 8 ᥪ஢  ஦
    FD                    ஭, 9 ᥪ஢  ஦
    FC                    ஭, 9 ᥪ஢  ஦
    F9                    ஭, 15 ᥪ஢  ஦
    F8                    ⪨ 
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ।饣  ࠧ ⭮,     ࢮ   䠩
IO.SYS ࠢ 02  (  2).  ᫨  ண  . 
⮣ 02 㬭  1,5. 祭 ந (3  3) 㦨  
⥬ ᮬ   砫  ⠡,   ࠭ ᫮, ࠡ뢠
 祭   .  ⥬ 롨ࠥ   ࠡ뢠  ᫮
ᠭ  FAT  ⮬ :

                                   - 125 -

  -d CS:300 L20
976:300 FD FF FF 03 40 00 05 60-00 FF 8F 00 09 A0 00 0B ....@..'........
                 -----
976:310 C0 00 0D E0 00 0F 00 01-11 20 01 13 40 01 15 60 @..'........@..'

    襬  ਬ 祭  03 40  ᠭ   쥣   ⠡
(  ࢮ    ࠢ  0).      祭  뢠   
"⭮" 浪,   ᫮ ⠥  4003.    FAT
⮨  1,5 ⮢. ⮬ 祭 祭 ८ࠧ. ᫨
 ।饣   ( 襬 砥 2),  뢠
 . ᫨  ,  뢠 .
    ࢮ   ࠢ 2 -   . 뢠  
  ᫠  4003    砥  003.     ண . 
᫥   쥣   㬭    1,5.  ந
ࠢ 4,5. ⥬ 뢠 ",5"  ⠥,  "4" -   
⠡,  ࠭ ᫮  ஬ .

  -d CS:300 L20
976:300 FD FF FF 03 40 00 05 60-00 FF 8F 00 09 A0 00 0B ....@..'........
                    -----
976:310 C0 00 0D E0 00 0F 00 01-11 20 01 13 40 01 15 60 @..'........@..'

   , ᠭ  4- , ᮤন 祭 40 00. 쭮  
祭 0040.    ।饣  , 뢠
   砥 ᫮ 004.   쥣  IO.SYS.
   筮   ⢥⮣  - 5   ⮣ -
6. ᬮਬ,   ந   ᫥   ⮣  .
   ।饣    1,5:   61,5=9.  ⢥饥
᫮  ⠡ - FF F8:

  -d CS:300 L20
976:300 FD FF FF 03 40 00 05 60-00 FF 8F 00 09 A0 00 0B ....@..'........
                                   -----
976:310 C0 00 0D E0 00 0F 00 01-11 20 01 13 40 01 15 60 @..'........@..'

    ᫮ ᮤন  ᫮ 8FFFH.     ।饣  
 ,   뢠    ⮣ ᫠ (8).  
室  ࢠ 祭 FF8-FFF   થ஬   䠩.
  祭 ᫮ 砥 ᫥  䠩 IO.SYS.
     ⠡  ࠧ饭  䠩  MS-DOS  ⢫   
䠩   ᪥, ᢮  ਥ ।  ⢠ ஢.  FAT
⮫쪮    p    ᪮  樨,       ᪥
࣠         .   ।,        
।祭  ᯮ짮  砥 ० ࢮ. ,  
稭,  ⮫쪮 ࠧࠡ稪 MS-DOS,    
ᯮ.

                     

   MS-DOS ᯥ稢   孮 㦨 䠩.  ࢠ 뫠
ࠧࠡ⠭    ᮧ  ᨩ  1..    孮  ᭮   
ᯮ짮    ,  뢠    ࠢ 䠩
(FCB).      ६  饥  設⢮  ஢ ࠡ⠫ 
ࠢ   樮   ⥬   CPM.      FCB   ᯥ稢
ᮢ⨬  䠩  MS-DOS    䠩  ⮩  ⥬.  ࠧࠡ⪥
MS-DOS  ᨩ  2.,    뫠  ।  ᪠   
࣠樨 䠩, 뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭  孮   㦨.
 ᭮   ᯮ짮 뫮   ࠢ  䠩   
ॡ ࣠樨 FCB. ᫥ ⮣,   孮 뫠  ஡
  樮  ⥬  UNIX,    稫 ப ࠭.
 ࠧ 砥 ᠭ  ⮩,  㣮 孮.

      

      ࠢ   䠩   ।⠢   ᮡ   36-  ,
pᯮ      設.    ࠧ    10 ⤥ ,
ᠭ  ਢ  ⠡.11-7.
                                   - 126 -


                                                  11-7
                     
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            ᠭ 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   00         . 뢠 ணࠬ⮬.
             0 ࠡ稩 ᪮
             1 ᪮ A
             2 ᪮ B
             3 ᪮   ..
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 01-08         ( 㤥 ᮧ,   㤠
             㤥 ⢫ ). 뢠 ணࠬ⮬.
             ᫨  砥  쬨 ᨬ,  
             ஡.   ⠪  ⨬ 
             ன⢠ (ࠧ⥫ - 稥 -  ⮬ 砥
             뢠).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 09-0B       . 뢠 ணࠬ⮬. ᫨ ७
             砥   ᨬ,   ஡.
 0C-0F         .  ⮨  128 ᥩ.
               ࠭   0EH  0FH  ࠢ
             䠩. 㬥  ந ⭮⥫쭮 ࢮ
              䠩 ( ࢮ  䠩 ࠢ 00). 
              樨  䠩  ࠡ뢠
              ᢠ 祭 0.  
             ᫥⥫쭮 ⥭    ।
              ⢫    (20-  FCB) 
              ࠡ뢠  (..  室 
             ࠡ뢠 ).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 0E-0F         .   樨 
             䠩   뢠 祭 80.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 10-13          .    䠩 
             ࠧ 롨ࠥ  ४  頥   ,
             祬 襥 ᫮ 뢠   10-11, 
             襥 -   12-13. ணࠬ   
              祭.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 14-15        ᮧ  ᫥ ppp 䠩. 祭
              ⠪ 롨ࠥ  ४   
             䠩. ணࠬ     祭.

            : |<-------- 15H --------->|    |<-------- 14H ------->|
            :  15 14 13 12    11 10  9  8    7  6  5  4    3  2  1  0
                  |<---   1980 --->| |<-  -->| |<--  --->|
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 16-1F         ⥬ 짮. ணࠬ 
              ppp 祭 ⮣ .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  20           ࠡ뢠 .   室
             ⭮⥫   (0-127) ࠡ뢠 
             ( 0CH-0DH).    䠩  
             ࠡ뢠.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 21-24       .   ᯮ  䠩 אַ ࣠樨,
               㬥  ᮮ⢥⢨   樥 
             ⭮襭  ࢮ  䠩.  ࢮ  ࠢ 0
________________________________________________________________________

   ᫨  䠩  p᢮      ᪮쪮  ਡ⮢,      
㦨  ࣠  ७     ࠢ  䠩.   
⠡.11-8 ,   ७   ⮨   ⠭⭮  ,
       7  ⮢.  㬥   ⮢  
                                   - 127 -

ந ⭮⥫쭮 ࢮ (0-)  ⠭⭮ FCB.  
 ⥫ 祭.

                                                      11-8
             
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            ᠭ 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   -07     .  祭 ࠢ FFH.  砥 砫 
           ७ FCB.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-06 - -02  ࢨ ⥬
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   -01       䠩:
           02  "" 䠩
           04  "⥬ 䠩"
           00  䠩  㣨 ਡ⠬
________________________________________________________________________

    FCB

   p 祬 ந    䠩, 室   
室    FCB  ଠ.  ࠧ  ᫥  ࣠樨    (
), 짮⥫ ந   ᥣ FCB  ॣ DS
    FCB    ᥣ  (⪨  ) -  ॣ DX. 
ࠧ, 祭 DS:DX   pᬠp   , p騩
 ᪥  ࠢ 䠩.
   ᫥  ⮣    ॣ  AH  室   祭 ࢨ᭮
㭪樨  (.ਫ  )    ⠭ 砫 祭 ॣ஢,
⢮      ࠡ  ⮩  㭪樨.  ⥬ p樮
⥬ 뫠    뢠 21  (⭠筮 ᫮).
뢠 21 -   㭪-ᯥ.  뫠 ⥬   ॣ
AH,    ᮮ⢥⢨   祭  ॣ ந 㦨
.    ࢨ    㭪樨    MS-DOS    ᯥ稢   믮
ᯮ⥫ 権 MS-DOS.
   ᫨      뢠  21  砥 믮塞 ணࠬ, 
ࠢ  ।  MS-DOS.    䠩     FCB 믮
ࢨ᭠  㭪    ࠢ  頥  ⭮     ணࠬ.
ணࠬ த ଠ쭮 믮.
   訬  ⪮     믮  ࢨ  㭪権   
ॡ ࣠樨 FCB   䠩.  MS-DOS 2  ⮪
࠭  뫪  ࠢ  䠩.

       

    MS-DOS ᨩ  2.  3.  ࠧࠡ⠭ 㯯 ࢨ  㭪権, 
ॡ ࣠樨  ࠢ 䠩. । 樥  
  ᮧ  䠩      p  ,    
ன⢠, ᯥ䨪  ,    ७  ⮣ 䠩.  ⥬ 
ॣ  DS    DX  頥      .   ࠧ,
祭  DS:DX    㦨  ஬  p    ᪥. , ,
ந 饭     㭪樨 ᮧ  (㭪 3),   
㭪樨  (㭪 3DH) 䠩. ᫥ 믮 㭪樨  ॣ
AX  뢠      -  16-⮢  祭  -  뫪   
ࠢ .    ᫥⢨ ᯮ  p ࣠樨
㯠    䠩.  ⥬        ᮢ. ணࠬ
⠥  ᯥ稢 ᮮ⢥⢨ 뫮 p뢠 䠩.
   ᨨ 2.  3. ᯥ稢   䠩   ࢮ 孮.
ࢠ  ࠧࠡ⪠  祭    ⥬    ᮢ⨬   ணࠬ,
ࠡ    ࠢ  p  ᨩ  MS-DOS,     
ﬨ p樮 ⥬. ணࠬ, ᠭ    ,
  ࠡ   1..

                                   - 128 -

                              12
                 

     ᫥        ⠫    ।⠢   
    ᯮᮡ  ࠢ   樮 ⥬.
    ।⠢  ᮡ  騩    ᠬ ࣠樨
,    ⠪    ࢨ  権  ⥬.    13 
ਠ ࠡ뢠 ࠪ᪨   ਬ ᮧ  ணࠬ TSR
(१⭮ ணࠬ).

                          

    ⮨  讣 ⢠ ⤥ ⮢,   
 ।祭   ࠭  쭮   ଠ樨 -  1
.   ᮮ⢥ 㭨 ᫮ . ࢮ
  ᢮    0,  ஬  -  1    ..,  ᫥
, 祩  । 騬 ⢮ ⮢  
. 筮   p  ⭠ ᫮  ( ⥪
⭠  ᫠      "", ਬ, 10). 
.12-1 ਢ     1  .

                           

       (CPU)          ,  뢠
ᥣ⠬.      ᥣ      64         ᥣ
ᮮ⢥ 㭨 ᫮ .    ॣ
ᥣ.    -    ७  pp,  p祭  
࠭  ଠ樨.    ᥣ  ।祭     ࠭
ᮢ  ⤥  ᥣ⮢.    뢠  CS  (ᥣ  ), DS
(ᥣ  ),  SS  (ᥣ  )   ES (᭮ ᥣ). ஬
㪠,        9  ॣ஢.    ᫥
⬥  ॣ  IP  (㪠⥫  )    SP  (㪠⥫  ).
 CS  IP   ⠢   ,   㤥
믮 ᫥饩.  SS  SP   ⠢   
.

                          

       祩     ⢫  ।⢮   ᮥ
ᮤন ॣ  ᥣ   ᮤন ⮣   㣮 ॣ.
 ࠧ  ।   ॡ㥬 ⪠  . ਬ,
  ᫥饩    ।  ᮤন  ॣ஢  CS   IP
(뢠 "CS:IP"). ᫥ 믮    㤠  
ᮤন IP   ⠪, ⮡   ॣ CS:IP 室  
,  㤥 믮 ᫥ .
   ᮡ ꥤ ॣ஢  ।  祩   
뢠  ࠭祭     ⢮   㯭  .   孥
࠭祭      䨧᪮  ஥    (..  饣
⢠ 祥).   ᨨ MS-DOS ࠧࠡ뢠   
Intel 8088 CPU.   ॣ ⮣   ⠭   ࠭
16-⮢ ᫠.    CPU 8088  ᮤন  ᥣ⭮
ॣ  (᪠,  CS)    ᮤন  㣮  ॣ  (᪠, IP),
 20-⮢   ,   ࠭稢  㯭  
220 ⮢  1 .
     ᮢ襭⢮ ᨨ MS-DOS  ᮮ⢥⢥ 
ᮢ襭⢮      CPU   80286      80386,  騥
p      祩,  pᯮ    p楩 p 
. , ࠭祭  1     ( ࠩ   ᨨ
3.3)    㤠  ,        ᭮ ⪮
樮 ⥬.

                                   - 129 -

                            ᯮ짮      ᪨ 
1  (࠭祭 ----> -----------------------------  FFFFFH
 㯭 )    |                           |
                        | १ࢨ஢  BIOS  |
                        |---------------------------|  E0000H
                        |                           |
                        | १ࢨ஢  BIOS  |
                        |---------------------------|  CC000H
                        |                           |
                        |                           |
                        |---------------------------|  C8000H
                        |                           |
                        | ᪮ , BIOS    |
                        |---------------------------|  C0000H
                        |                           |
                        | EGA BIOS                  |
                        |---------------------------|  BC000H
                        |                           |
                        | CGA, EGA Text             |
                        |---------------------------|  B8000H
                        |                           |
                        |                           |
                        |---------------------------|  B4000H
                        |                           |
                        | ஬ ᯫ       |
                        |---------------------------|  80000
                        |                           |
                        | ᯫ EGA               |
   ࠭ RAM -------> |---------------------------|  A0000H
                        |                           |
                        |  ਪ ணࠬ    |
                        |            DOS            |
                        |                           |
                        |                           |
                        |                           |
                        -----------------------------  00000

   .12-1. ᯮ짮    1  

     ࠬ,  ਢ     .12-1,  㪠   ⥫
࠭祭  ᯮ짮 㯭 . 稭    A0000H,
 ᯮ  ⥬ -ᯫ   ணࠬ  ROM (⥭
⮫쪮  ).       㯭     짮⥫.  ⮬
ਪ ணࠬ   ᯮ  ⮫쪮 640     (00000 -
9FFFFH).  ᫥ ६ 뫮 ࠧࠡ⠭ .ᯥ祭, 饥
  ࠭祭.

                           MS-DOS

    㧪 ⢫  ᫥騬 ࠧ. 砫   
㦠      ⥬,  ⥬  -  ⥬ 䠩 IO.SYS,
MSDOS.SYS  COMMAND.COM (..11).
     祭  設  (   ⥬) ࠢ ।
pp ROM (⥭  ⮫쪮 ). pp  ஢ p쭮
pp    p樮  ⥬   ⥬ ᪥. ᫨
        ᮤp  訡,    㦠   
砥 ࠢ.
     ஢,   䠩 IO.SYS  MSDOS.SYS 묨
䠩    ᪥.  ᫨  १  ஢ન  ⥫,   䠩
㦠    ,  祬  롨ࠥ  ᢮  ⮪   ᠬ
訬 ᮬ.  ⥬ ࠢ  । 樠饬  
䠩 IO.SYS. ᫨ 䠩 ᠭ  㣮      ᪥, 
࠭  ᮮ饭:

         Non system disk
         Replace and press any key
                                   - 130 -


------------------------------------------------------------------------
|   MS-DOS 䠩 IO.SYS  MSDOS.SYS  ࠭  ᫥⥫쭮|
|pᯮ ᥪp  pp뢭 㬥p樥.  ࠭祭    |
|⭮  ᨨ 3.3.                                               |
------------------------------------------------------------------------

   樠騩  । ࠢ 䠩 MSDOS.SYS,  ன
p 砫 ࠬ   ᪠     ࠢ
묨, ᯮ㥬  믮 ࢨ ணࠬ. ணࠬ 䠩
⠪  p        ந  樠   ஭
㤮   .    ᫥   ⮣    ࠢ   頥
 樠騩  IO.SYS.
   樠騩  ஢ 稥 䠩 CONFIG.SYS  ୥
४ਨ  ⥬  ᪠  (..8).  ᫨  䠩    ᮤন
    ᪮,   㪠  ᪮  
.
   騬   蠣       㧪   ⥬       饭
樠饣      㭪樨  DOS  4BH.    㭪  뢠
⥬ 稪, ⢫騩  㧪 ணࠬ    設.
᫥  㧪  ணࠬ,    筮 । ࠢ. 稪
뢠 EXEC.  襬 砥 EXEC 㦠 䠩 COMMAND.COM. ,
  㧨  㣮   (  pp).
 ⮣ ᯮ  SHELL (..3).
   ,  COMMAND.COM 砥  ⠢騥:   樠樨,
१    ६.    EXEC  㦠 १ ⠢,
,  ᢮ ।, 㦠 ६. ⭠  ⠢
ᮤন  ணࠬ  ࠡ⪨  訡  /뢮    뢠  22
(뢠     ),  23   (뢠     Ctrl-Break)     24
("࠭ 訡").
   樠   ⠢    䠩   COMMAND.COM    㦠
।⢥ ᫥ १⭮.   ⠢ ᮤন  ணࠬ
ࠡ⪨  䠩  AUTOEXEC.BAT  (..5).       ந
      ६    .  ᫥ 믮 ணࠬ ⮩
⠢饩,  ࠥ  .
    㧪 ६  ⠢饩 롨ࠥ ᢮  ⮪ 
ᠬ  訬  㯭  ᮬ.  ணࠬ  ⮩  ⠢饩 䠩
COMMAND.COM 뢮   ࠭  ⠭   ⥬, ⢫
믮  譨    p    MS-DOS,    ⠪ p
㧪  믮 ६頥 㫥.
   ᫥   㧪   ६   ⠢饩     ࠭  
⠭  ⥬, 㪠뢠騩  襭   㧪
  ⮢  p樮  ⥬    ࠡ.   .12-2 ࠦ
     襭 㧪 MS-DOS.

                                   - 131 -

  --------------------------------------- <-- ࠭ RAM
  | ६ ⠢ COMMAND.COM |
  |-------------------------------------|
  |                                     |
  |  ணࠬ ६ ⠢.|
  |                                     |
  |-------------------------------------|
  | ⭠ ⠢ COMMAND.COM|
  |-------------------------------------|
  |      ᯮ㥬 ࠩ          |
  |-------------------------------------|
  |      ࠢ騥  䠩        |
  |-------------------------------------|
  |                                |
  |-------------------------------------|
  |                                     |
  |            MSDOS.SYS                |
  |                                     |
  |-------------------------------------|
  |              BIOS                   |
  |-------------------------------------|
  |          뢠          |
  |-------------------------------------|

   .12-2.   設  襭  㧪

                      

   । 㧪  ணࠬ ( 䠩 COMMAND.COM)  稪
롨ࠥ      ᢮  ᥣ    ᠬ  訬 ᮬ. 
ᥣ 砥 ᥣ⮬ ணࠬ.  ࢮ (0-)  ᥣ
ନ   䨪   ᥣ   ணࠬ   (psp).     ⮨  
265-⭮ (100)    ᯮ  ⢥  裡
 믮塞 ணࠬ  樮 ⥬. ᫥ ନ஢
䨪 EXEC 㦠  ணࠬ  ࠭  ᥣ    100
(.. p⢥  䨪ᮬ ᥣ ணࠬ).
    ⠡.12-1 ਢ  ᯨ᮪  psp.  ⬥⨬,    
ᠭ    p     㬥樨 IBM,    㬥樨
Microsoft. ,    2.0-3.3  믮   㭪樨.
ᠭ, ਢ   ⠡,  ᮣ   묨, 祭묨 
ࠧࠡ稪 DOS.

                                                   12-1
                        
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 00-01     .    psp ᥣ ᮤঠ
          祭 CD  20.   ⭠ ᫠ 
           뢠 "ଠ쭮 襭 ணࠬ" (INT 20H).
          ⥬ 뢠 ਢ  ਫ .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 02-03     .   室 砫쭭  ᥣ⮢
          (ᠭ  "⭮ 浪") ᢮ ⪮ 
          (  믮塞묨 ணࠬ 짮⥫).  
           믮塞 䠩 筮 ⢮  ᢮ , 
           ᮤন  ࠭  (  㯭
          ).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  04       00.   樠 㬥  祭: "
          ⥬ 짮",   筮  ᯮ.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   - 132 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 05-09     . ᮤন  饭  ⥬
          ᯥ 㭪権.  ᯥ稢 ᮢ⨬ 
          ணࠬ CP/M. ணࠬ, ᠭ   p, 
           ᯮ짮 祭 ⮣  p 饭 
          ᯥ 㭪権.
             ᮤন  樨 饭. ன 
          ⨩ - ⪨  ᯥ ( "⭮" 浪).
           ᫮ ⠪ 砥 ⢮ ᢮ ⮢ 
          ᥣ ணࠬ.  ⢥⮬  ⮬  室
           ( "⭮" 浪) ᥣ ᯥ. ᯥp
          㭪権 ஡ ࠧࠥ  ਫ A.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 0A-0D     .    ( "⭮" 浪) 室
          ,   । ࠢ p 襭
          ࠡ ணࠬ. ᫨   ࠡ ணࠬ ந
            pp뢠,     ⠭ 
          祭   ( 祣    ।ᬮ७).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 0-11     Ctrl-Break.  ᮤন  (ᠭ 
          "⭮" 浪),  p । ࠢ 
          ⨨  Ctrl-Break. ᫨   ࠡ pp
          ந  ⮣ ,     ⠭
           祭  .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 12-15      .  ᮤন  ( "⭮"
          浪),  p । ࠢ  砥
          p᪮ 訡. ᫨   ࠡ pp
          ந  ⮣ ,     ⠭
           祭  . p᪨ 訡 ஡
          ᬮ७  ਫ A.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 16-17    PSP  .   ࠭  ᥣ psp
          뢠饩 ணࠬ ( "⭮" 浪). ਬ, ᫨
          COMMAND.COM 뢠 EXEC, ⮡ 㧨 p
          ਪ ணࠬ,     psp ⮩ ணࠬ
          㤥 ᮤঠ  ᥣ psp 䠩 COMMAND.COM. 
          COMMAND.COM 㦠   㧪 ⥬   
             뢠饩 ணࠬ. ⮬    psp
          䠩 COMMAND.COM ᮤন   ᮡ⢥ ࢮ
          ᥣ.
                ᠭ  㬥樨  IBM  Microsoft.
             樠쭮  祭 " ⥬ 짮".
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 18-2         .  ᯮ
           ࠭ 뫮  ࠢ騥  䠩, 
            . ᫨ 뫪  ⢮,  
          祭 ࠢ FFH. 祭, ⫨筮  FFH, -  p
            ⠡ 䠩,  室 p,
          뢠  䠩.  ⠡  
          FILES=nnn.
            ⮢  १ࢨ  ⠭⭮ /
          뢮, ⠭⭮ 訡, ⠭ 譨 p 
          ⠭ ਭ஢. ᫨ -   ன
          ,  ⥬  ᮮ⢥  
          ⠡.
           ⠡ ࠭祭  뫪. , 
          ࣠    ꥬ ⠡.  ⨣
          ᫥騬 ࠧ: (1) ࠧ  ⠡   psp 
           32; (2)    ⠡   psp 
           34; (3) ᮤন ன ⠡ ७  .
                ᠭ  㬥樨  IBM  Microsoft.
             樠쭮  祭 " ⥬ 짮".
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   - 133 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 2C-2D     .  ᮤন  ᥣ ( "⭮"
          浪) p樮 ।  ணࠬ. ⨥ ।
          pp .
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 2E-31    ࢨ  ⥬ 짮.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 32-33          .  
          ᮤন ࠧ ,  ⠡楩 뫮 
          ࠢ  䠩. 砫쭮 ⥬ ⠭
           ࠧ ࠢ 20. (.ᠭ  psp 18H-2BH).
                ᠭ  㬥樨  IBM  Microsoft.
             樠쭮  祭 " ⥬ 짮".
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 34-37      .      ᮤন
          ⪨  ⠡ ( "⭮" 浪).  
           -  ᥣ,  ஬ ᯮ ⠡ (⮦
           "⭮" 浪).
                ᠭ  㬥樨  IBM  Microsoft.
             樠쭮  祭 " ⥬ 짮".
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 37-4F    ࢨ  ⥬ 짮
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 50-52      -.  ᮤন 設 
          饭  㭪樨-ᯥ    㭪樨 - CD
          21 CB.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 53-5B    ࢨ  ⥬ 짮.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 5C-6B      .    ᯮ, ᫨ 
          ࠬ஬   ப ᫥  ணࠬ 
           䠩.
 6C-7B      .   ᯮ, ᫨ 
          ࠬ஬   ப ᫥  ணࠬ 
           䠩.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 7C-7F    ࢨ  ⥬ 짮.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 80-FF      , DTA.  ࢮ   ᮤন
           墮  ப (  ப, 
          室  ࠬ).  뢠  ண
           .  ⠪ 㦨 ࠡ祩  裡  ᪮
          (,  p ⢫  묨  ᪮). 
          ⮬ ⢥  ᯮ, ᫨ 믮塞 ணࠬ
          ॡ ନ஢ DTA,    뫠 ࣠ ࠭.
           ࣠樨 DTA 墮  ப ࠥ.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ᥣ psp  뢠 䨪஬    PID.
  ணࠬ,   ࠡ     ࠢ  MS-DOS,   뢠
ᮬ.    ᮮ⢥  㭨 PID,   ஬
 ࠧ  p樮 ⥬.   ᥣ  psp ᥣ
ᮢ     PID.     ࠧࠡ⪨  MS-DOS   뫨  ⠭   
ࠢ⥫쭮 쪨  ꥬ  ᮭ , 
    㦨  ६      . ᫥
ࠧࠡ⪨ ࠧ 魥.  MS-DOS ᮢ६ ᨩ  ᯥ稢
믮       ᪮쪨  १  ணࠬ   (⠪  
Sidekick)  ६    믮  ਪ ணࠬ. 楯
    樮  ।  ࠥ  ᪫⥫쭮   ஫. 
  ⮫    室,      楯樨  ᪠  
  ,           㭪権  psp.   ஡
p   PID ᬠਢ   ࠧ "।
".
                                   - 134 -

    MS-DOS ᨩ 3.  ⥬ 㭪 62. 㭪 뢠
ணࠬ  p  室  祭    ᥣ psp (PID). 
ਫ A ਢ  ணࠬ  몥  Turbo Pascal, ᭮  
ᯮ짮 ⮩ 㭪樨.
     MS-DOS  ᨩ  2.      襤 p  樠쭮
㬥樨  㭪,    ⠪   ᯮ짮  祭
  ᥣ  psp.  㭪  51  (      3.)
頥    ᥣ  psp    ॣ  .  ணࠬ    몥
Turbo-Pascal,  ਢ    ⨭  12-1, ᭮  ᯮ짮
⮩ 㭪樨.  (  ⥬ 㭪樨 ᠭ  ਫ A).

   㭪 50 砥 ࠡ稩 psp.  㭪     2.
 3., ,    ᠭ   樠쭮 㬥樨.  ᬮ 
⢨ ࠧ襭  IBM   Microsoft,  ப  p 
ᠭ  १  ணࠬ.  ᫨  १⭠  ணࠬ 砥
ࠢ (ਬ,  ⨨  "祩" (hot) ),   ࠡ稬
psp  ࠢ  ⠥ psp ਪ  ணࠬ. ⮡ ࠡ稩  
p᢮   psp   १⭮   ணࠬ,   ᯮ  㭪  50.
筮, ᫨ १⭠ ணࠬ 頥 ࠢ ਪ,
  ࠡ稬  psp    ࠢ  ⠥  psp १⭮ ணࠬ. ⮡
ࠡ稩  p᢮ psp ਪ ணࠬ, ᯮ  㭪
50.

       12-1. PsPeep -  ணࠬ  몥 Turbo Pascal
                     ᯮ짮 ⥬ 㭪樨 51.

  program PsPeep;

   {   㭪樨 51   ࠭  뢮 ଠ   psp 
ணࠬ.    樠쭮    ᠭ  㭪    ᢮ ⢨
筠 㭪樨 62  ᨩ 3.. 㭪  51     2. 
3.}.

  type
     registers = record
                 ax,bx,cx,dx,bp,si,di,ds,es,flags: integer;
                 end;
     HexString = string[4];
  var
     dosreg  : registers;
     psp_seg : integer;
  function hex (i : integer) : HexString;
  {⢫ ८ࠧ  ᥫ  ⭠}
  const
     h : array[0..15] of char = '0123456789ABCDEF';
  var
     low,high : byte;
  begin
     low  := Lo(i);
     high := Hi(i);
     hex  := h[high shr 4]+h[high and $F]+h[low shr 4]+h[low and $F];

  function VerNum : integer;
  { 㭪 頥  ࠡ饩 ᨨ MS-DOS}
  begin;
     dosreg.ax:= $3000;        { ॣ AH 뫠 祭 30.}
     MsDos(dosreg);            {饭  DOS}
     VerNum:= Lo(dosreg.ax);   { ᫮  ॣ AL}
  end;

  procedure GetPsp;
                                   - 135 -

  {ᯮ짮 㭪樨 51  祭  ᥣ psp 
  ணࠬ}
  begin;
     dosreg.ax := $5100;
     MsDos(dosreg);
     psp_ := dosreg.bx;
     writeln('PSP: ',hex(psp_seg));
  end;

  procedure TermAddr;
  {뢮  ࠭   뫪 뢠}
  begin;
     write ('Termination address: ');
     write (hex(MemW[psp_seg:$0c]));
     write (':',hex(MemW[psp_seg:$0a]));
  end;

  procedure ParentPsp;
  {뢮  ࠭ psp 뢠饩 ணࠬ}
  begin;
     write ('Parent PSP: ',hex(MemW[psp_seg:$16]));
  end;

  procedure EnvSeg;
  begin;
     write ('Environment begins at: ');
     writeln(hex(MemW[psp_seg:$2c]),':0000');
  end;

  procedure FileHandles;
  {뢮  ࠭   ⠡ 뫮  ࠢ  䠩.
  ଠ ⠡  ᠭ  樠쭮 㬥樨}
  var;
     AliasSeg,AlisaOff6FileCnt,
     i,j                        : integer;

  begin;
     AliasSeg := MemW[psp_seg:$36];
     AliasOff := MemW[psp_seg:$34];
     write ('Handle alias address:  ');
     writeln(hex(FliasSeg),':',hex(AliasOff0);
     write ('Size of alias table: ');
     writeln(hex(MemW[psp_seg:$32c]),'bytes');

     FileCnt := 0;
     for i := 0 to 9MemW[psp_seg:$32] - 1) do
     begin
         j := Mem[psp_seg:$18 + 1];
         if not (j in [$FF, 0..2]0 then
            FileCnt := FileCnt + 1;
     end;
     writeln('Number of open file handles: ',FileCnt);

  end;

  procedure GoPeep;
  begin
       TermAddr;
       ParentPsp;
       EnvSeg;
       FileHandles;
  end;

                                   - 136 -

  {砫 ணࠬ}
  begin
       if VerNum < 2 then
              writeln('DOS 2.0 or later required')
       else begin
              GetPsp;
              GoPeep;
       end;
  end.

                        

     ਪ  ணࠬ  MS-DOS  ࠡ뢠  ।஬ 痢
(..10).  痢 LINK ଫ ணࠬ   믮塞
䠩, । ᯮ ⤥  ⥩   設
 ⠭     ⨬ ﬨ.  ⥬ ᭠  ଠ
뢠    砫 믮塞 䠩. ᥬ  ࠡ⠭
।஬ 䠩 ᢠ ७ ".EXE".
   ᫨ 䠩 ⨯ EXE  㤮⢮ ६ ᫥騬 ॡ,   
 ८ࠧ   䠩  ⨯ COM:   (1)  䠩 (ணࠬ   )
  64   ; (2)  設 ,     ணࠬ
    ⮬  ᥣ; (3) ⪨  ࢮ  
ணࠬ ࠢ 100 (   砫 䠩).   ८ࠧ 䠩
⨯ EXE   䠩  ⨯ COM  㦨 ⨫  EXE2BIN.   ⨯ COM  
 .
    㧪 䠩  ⨯ OM ᥣ  ᯮ, 稭   
100  砫 ᥣ ணࠬ.  100 ⮢ ᥣ ⢮
  psp.    ᥣ  ணࠬ  뢠    ᥣ
ॣ.  祭  100  -    ॣ  IP.   SP ᮤন 
孥  ࠭  ᥣ  ணࠬ.  ⥬   ᫥ 2  
頥 祭 00  ࠢ । , 室饩  
 CS:100. ணࠬ 稭 믮.
    㧪  䠩 ⨯  EXE,   䠩 頥   ᥣ
ணࠬ, 稭   100. ⠢  䠩 ᯮ 
ᮮ⢥⢨  묨 .   CS, IP, SS  SP  
⠪ ᮮ⢥⢥  .  DS  ES ᮤঠ 
 psp.  ⥬ ࠢ  । ,  室饩  
CS:100. ணࠬ 稭 믮.

                         

    ணࠬ, ࠡ  ࠢ MS-DOS,   p
饭  ⥬  ணࠬ EXEC, ⮡  㧨  믮  
 (뢠) ணࠬ.  ணࠬ, p 饭   EXEC,
뢠  뢠饩    த⥫᪮    ⭮襭    㦠
ணࠬ. 㦠 ணࠬ 뢠 뢠   稭.
뢠 ணࠬ ।  ᫮ 믮 뢠,  뤥
ᯥ樠  ,    .
   । ⮨  㯯 ஢ :

   ६ । = ᨬ쭠 ६

       ।    ᯮ    p       묨   
騬 ணࠬ. ਬ,  "PATH=search path"  -
   ᠭ   ४,      ஬   室  䠩;  
"COMSPEC=d:[path]" ।  ᯮ ६   䠩
COMMAND.COM    ;      "LIB=[path]"  뢠 ⥪
ࠧ襭 뫮 । 痢.
     ।  ࠧ  ⮬,  祭  ண ࠢ 00.
᫥    稢    ⠬  00.     3.
p⢥  ⨬   ⠬ ᯮ:  稪  ⮢,
 ன⢠,    ७ ணࠬ, p饩 ।.  
। ࠭  psp   2CH.

                                   - 137 -

                        

    ।     32   .   㧪 ⥬ 
䠩  COMMAND.COM  뤥  ।    160  ⮢.    ।
  祭  .    砥  ९       ࠭
 ᮮ饭:  "Out of environment space".
       3.1-3.3  짮⥫     ࠧ । 䠩
COMMAND.COM.  ⮣  䠩 CONFIG.SYS  pp:

         shell=[d:][path]command.com/p/e:xxxx

    SHELL pᬠp  p쥩  .
     2.  3.0 ⠪    ࠧ ।
䠩 COMMAND.COM. , p ⨬ 室   䠩 
,    筮  ந        (..9).
⠭ ⥬ ᪥  ᪮ A   :

         A>debug a:command.com

    㦠     設   㦠 䠩 COMMAND.COM.
⥬ ᬠਢ ᮤন  COMMAND.COM  ।  ⮪, 
p ᠭ ࠧ ।.   ⠭⭮   DEBUG,
 :

         -s 100 L 4500 BB 0A 00 B4 48 CD 21

    㤥 ᬠਢ 䠩,    ⮪   
᫥⥫쭮  .    ࠭  뫠   ⮣ ⪠,
ਬ:

   39D3:0ECE
   -

     ᢮  設      p㣮 p.  㦭 ॢ
設         ᥬ.       (筮
।饬,  襩 設 ᭠    ᮢ):

   -u 39d3:0ece
   39D3:0ECE  BB0A00       MOV     BX,000A
   39D3:0ED1  B448         MOV     AH,48
   39D3:0ED3  CD21         INT     21
   39D3:0ED5  E890F7       CALL    0668
   39D3:0ED8  E8DCF7       CALL    06B7
   39D3:0EDB  89166909     MOV     [0969],DX
   39D3:0EDF  A16709       MOV     AX,[0967]
   39D3:0EE2  2D5900       SUB     AX,0059
   39D3:0EE5  90           NOP
   39D3:0EE6  A3B10B       MOV     [0BB1],AX
   39D3:0EE9  E861F3       CALL    024D
   39D3:0EEC  8916B70B     MOV     [0BB7],DX
   -

    "MOV BX,000A"  p ⢮ ࠣ䮢  (16-⮢
) ।. ணࠬ 뢠,   㬮砭  10  (000AH)
ࠣ䮢.  饩    ᫮  ࠣ䮢       64
(0040).  । 롨ࠥ  ⮬ ⢥ ࠭祭 - 
    ॢ  32  .  ,    p뢠 ⮫쪮
⭠ ᫠.   ᫮,  32   -   32 768  ⮢  2048
ࠣ䮢.

   -a 39d3:0ece
   39D3:0ECE  mov     bx,0040
   39D3:0ED1              <---  Enter
   -

   ,  ⮡  ஢  ᥡ,  ॢ       ᥬ
⪮ppp  設  COMMAND.COM:
                                   - 138 -

   -u 39d3:0ece
   39D3:0ECE  BB4000       MOV     BX,0040
   39D3:0ED1  B448         MOV     AH,48
   39D3:0ED3  CD21         INT     21
   39D3:0ED5  E890F7       CALL    0668
   39D3:0ED8  E8DCF7       CALL    06B7
   39D3:0EDB  89166909     MOV     [0969],DX
   39D3:0EDF  A16709       MOV     AX,[0967]
   39D3:0EE2  2D5900       SUB     AX,0059
   39D3:0EE5  90           NOP
   39D3:0EE6  A3B10B       MOV     [0BB1],AX
   39D3:0EE9  E861F3       CALL    024D
   39D3:0EEC  8916B70B     MOV     [0BB7],DX
   -

   ⮡    ᮤন 祭 䠩,   
WRITE. ⥬, ⮡   ,  Q. १㧨 ⥬
 ᪥ A, ⮡ 㡥  ४⭮ ந 権. ᫨
⥬  㦥,  ᪮    COMMAND.COM   ୥ ४਩
⥬ ⪮ ᪠.

             

   p p饭  EXEC 뢠饩 pp   pp
㪠⥫  (p)    p樮  p  - , p 㤥
ᯮ짮  뢠   pp.  p   -     p,
p⠢  ᮡ  p     (    砥  p   
p樮  p).  뢠  pp    p  p
 pp (⥫쭮   32 ).   ⮣ ᯮ  㭪
pp    (.᫥騩  p).  ,  ᫥  ⮣ 
뢠   pp   p頥   p   뢠饩,    pp
p樮 p 뢠饩 pp p  (  p
 砫쭮). ⮬ ᠭ ᯮᮡ    ᯮ짮
  pp p樮 p 뢠饩 pp.
   ⠭  祭  p   p  ,  뢠   pp
p  뢠        ᢮  p樮   p.  
,  p    p樮  p  뢠 pp,
  pp,          p樮 p
뢠饩 pp.
   ,      砥   室,   뢠   pp  
ppp   p樮   p   뢠饩.       ᯮᮡ
ppp  砥     ᫥饬:        뢠  pp
뫠 ,  p  psp 뢠饩 pp 뢠  
psp 뢠     16.   p p樮  p 뢠饩
pp 뢠  ᠭ   psp 뢠  pp  p
2.  p, 뢠 pp 砥  㯠  
p樮 p 뢠饩 pp.
      p樮 p  뢠饩 pp  ⠪   
祭 p ᯮ짮   p ,  pᬠp 
᫥饬 p.

                       

     ᠬ ᫮ pᮢ  p樮 ⥬ - 㦨
.  易  ⥬,  MS-DOS   ⪮  p⠢
 ⮬,     室   p,    - 㯭  
ᯮ짮.  p 㭤⠫ p, p 
⢥ p樮 ⥬ p p  :
  1. 뤥 ᢮  (pp )  p
pp.
  2. p 室  pp p pp .
  3. ᢮ ᯮ㥬  p p襭 믮 
 pp (ppp ).
   ⮡  㤮⢮p  p᫥  p,    MS-DOS  
p㯯 ᯥ樠 㭪権.  㭪樨 48 (pp ),  49
(⪠ )  4AH (ppp ). ᯮ p  
                                   - 139 -

p饣  p.      pp  p樮 p 䠩
COMMAND.COM ᯮ짮  㭪 48.       p樮
p 䠩 뤥 ᢮  .
   p  pp    뤥塞    ⢮     
p  (mcb).  p   뢠  祭
4DH,    5AH.  ᫨  p      p  4DH,  mcb 
p 童 楯窨, 뢠饩 mcb  ⢮  .
᫨  p 5AH,   mcb  ᫥  楯窥.
   p  p⨩  mcb ⢮  䨪p p (PID),
饣       (祭   䨪p  뢠   
"p⭮ p浪").  ,   PID -   p  ᥣ psp (
p ᥣ pp).
    ⢥      mcb  뢠 ⢮  pp䮢 
      (祭  뢠    "p⭮  p浪").
뢠  祭  pᮬ  mcb, 砥 p  ᫥饣
mcb  楯窥.
    ⬥砫 ,    mcb  MS-DOS ⢫   
p ⥬ 㭪権. p IBM  Microsoft  p p  
mcb  p.  p  p    p,  ⠪  p   ᨫ쭮
p㤭. pp,  p pp     p뢠 mcb.
,  pp  pᬮp ᮤp 㦭  mcb 
ᯮ짮 p饩   p樥.
    ,   樠쭮 pᬮp ᯮᮡ  㯠
  mcb.      ⮫쪮  p  ᠭ .
, pp 諨 ᯮᮡ 㯠   p   -
   ⥬ 㭪樨  52.   㭪 p頥  㪠⥫ 
p mcb  楯窥 pp  .  ᫨  p
,   p᫥  楯.
   ᬮp,   ᯮ짮 p   mcb.  ⮣
   p. p  DEBUG (  debug)    
p (-).      "assembler" ( "a 100").
 p  pp ᫥饥:

   -a 100
   1259:0100    <---  Enter

   p   ᥬp:

   1259:0100 mov ah,52
   1259:0102 int 21
   1259:0104     <---  Enter
   -

    g 104.  ⮩  p 믮  ᥬp 
⠭  p 104:

  -g 104

AX=5200 BX=0026 CX=0000 DX=0000 SP=FFEE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000
DS=1259 ES=022B SS=1259 CS=1259 IP=0104  NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC
1259:0104  6F        DB        6F

   쪮  p p p饭  㭪樨 52.  p  
pp ES   BX  室   p .  祭 (ES:BX-2)
p⠢ ᮡ  p ᥣ  p mcb   楯窥 pp
. 饩   祭 뢮  p:

   -d es:0024 L2
   022B:0020        73 09

   祭    砥,    p  mcb  室     p
0973:0000. ,  mcb ᥣ 뢠  砫 ᥣ (
p⪨ p p 0000).  p  ᬮp ᮤp  p
mcb:

                                   - 140 -

   -d 973:0 l10
973:000 4D 08 00 EF 02 07 03 00-36 C6 06 08 03 00 36 C7 M.......6.....6.

   p   ⮣   뢠 ⠭騬  ( 祭
  p   4DH,   5AH;  襬  砥    p
4DH,    砥,      mcb     ᫥  楯窥
pp).     p     p쥬     ᮤp  祭
䨪p  p  (祭  ᠭ    "p⭮   p浪"),
饣   . ⬥⨬,   䨪p  p , 
p 室 pp, ᠭ   䠩 CONFIG.SYS, ᥣ  p
0008.
   ⮡   ᫥騩 mcb,     祭 p  祭,
ᠭ  ⢥p⮬  ⮬   襣 .  p  
p   ⭠p筮 p p:

   -h 973 2ef
   0C62 0684

   p ᫮ -  㬬,  p - p. p ᫥饣  mcb -
0C62:0000:

   -d C63:0 l10
C63:000 4D 64 0C D3 00 EA 75 07-3B FD 73 19 AA EB F3 4E Md....u.;.s....N

   祭  - mcb  p     楯窥 pp.
   뤥   䠩 COMMAND.COM.   p   p쥬  
ᮤp p psp ⮣ 䠩 - 0C64:0000. ᬮp  ᮤp:

   -d C64:0

C64:000 CD 20 00 80 00 9A F0 FE-1D F0 B2 02 64 0C 3C 01 ............d.<.
C64:010 64 0C 56 05 64 0C 64 0C-01 03 01 00 02 FF FF FF d.V.d.d.........
C64:020 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF-FF FF FF FF 3C 0D 1D 08 ............<...
C64:030 64 0C 14 00 18 00 64 0C-FF FF FF FF 00 00 00 00 d.....d.........
C64:040 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
C64:050 CD 21 CB 00 00 00 00 00-00 00 00 00 00 20 20 20 .!...........
C64:060 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20-00 00 00 00 00 20 20 20 .....
C64:070 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20-00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ........

    p⠢ ᮡ 砫  psp 䠩 COMMAND.COM.    
㧭 p  ᥣ   p樮 p  䠩 (p⪨  p
 - 2).  p,       mcb  
pᬮp  楯,  p p (..  ) 
   p樮 p  -   襬 砥    p 䠩
COMMAND.COM.  , ᥭ    ,   p 
 pp, p㦠   ⮣ 䠩.

                          

     砫      ⬥砫,   p樮 ⥬ 
ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 640  .  IBM-PC   p뭪, ⮣
⢠   筮  -. , p  p
p  ⢠    p襩  ᫮  pp p祭  640 
⠫ p쥧 p  pp⮢.
   p祭      㯭      㤠     p⢮
ᯮ짮  ⥫쭮  .        ⢫ 
 ᯥ樠쭮  .ᯥ祭, 뢠  bank switching.  
 ᯮ짮   8      pאַ  p樥 㯠.
⥫쭠    p    ,  뢠  p栬.
p   16   .      p p 
 祭   16- p⥫ p  p ⠭p
640   (⠭p⭮ 㯭   p樮  ⥬). p  
ᮮ⢥饩  p饩  ,  p㯯  p,  祭  
p⥫,   ⠭   㯭      ᯮ짮  (
⠭p ).
                                   - 141 -

   p    ⥫쭮    뫠  pp⠭   ᮢ⭮
p Lotus, Intel   Microsoft.     뢠  EMS 
LIM.   p⠭   p p⥫  p.   p, 
⮩   ᭮     64  ⥫쭮.
   p  뫠 pp⠭  p AST, Quardian   Ashton-Tate.
  뢠 AQA   EEMS.  ᯥ稢 ᯮ짮   64
p⥫ p (1 ).  p⨪ p ᯮ짮 64
p    -  ⮣,          MS-DOS  
pp, 㦨騬 p p㤮.
    p.12-3 p    p  ⬥祭  ⪨,
p      p⥫ﬨ p   EMS   EEMS.
 ,  , 㯭   EMS, 室  ⠢  㯭
  EEMS.  p ⮬ pp  ⥬ EMS   p
 p ⥬ EEMS.

                                EMS 4.0

    짮⥫,  pp稪 MS-DOS ⭮ᨫ  ᮢp襭⢮
 ⥫쭮    . p稭 ⮬ 㦨
,       뫠 p  ⠭p. p⪠   
  쭥襬    㦭 p⮩. ,  
뫠  p    ᯥ䨪      p樮  ⥬ 
⥫쭮 ,  p    ⠭p⮬,  p騬 
p諥.

   ---------------- FFFFFH
   ||
   ||
   |--------------| F0000H       ----------
   |\\\\\\\\\\\\\\|              || - , 㯭 
   |\\\\\\\\\\\\\\|              ||   EMS  EEMS
   |\\\\\\\\\\\\\\|              ----------
   |\\\\\\\\\\\\\\|              ----------
   |\\\\\\\\\\\\\\|              |\\\\\\\\| - , 㯭 
   |\\\\\\\\\\\\\\|              |\\\\\\\\|   p⥫ p
   |--------------| A0000H       ----------    EMS  EEMS
   ||                           p ⥫쭮
   ||                             p,
   |--------------|                           ⮡   pp뢠
   |              |                           BIOS  p, ᯮ.
   |              |                            p権 /뢮
   |              |              ----------
   |              |              |        | - , 㯭 
   |              |              |        |    EEMS, ᫨
   |              |              ----------   㯭 ⠭p⭠
   |              |
   |              |
   |              |
   |              |
   |              |              .12-3. , p  
   |              |                       ᯮ짮  p⥫
   |              |                       p  EMS  EEMS
   |--------------| 3FFFFH
   ||
   ||
   ||
   ||
   ||
   ---------------- 00000

   p  Lotus,   Intel     Microsoft  pp⠫   p    
⥫쭮     EMS 4.0.   뫠 p  
⠭p  設⢮  p-⠢騪  ⥬᪮   ᯥ祭,
 AST, Ashton-Tate  Borland.  EMS 4.0 ᯥ稢  -
p (⠪    EEMS)    ᯮ짮   32  .
 pp p p pp, pp 譨 p
                                   - 142 -

 p稪  pp뢠.   ᥬ p祬,  pp, ᠭ  
ᮮ⢥⢨  ᯥ䨪樥 EMS 4.0,  p  ⥬ EMS   EEMS,
᫨  p-⮢⥫    ⥬     묨 pp,
pp⠭묨   pᨨ EMS  4.0.   , ⥬  pᨨ EMS 4.0
ᯥ稢 ᪮ pp 痢 - 㬨⥫쭮 ⢮,
饥  ⥬  pp⠬  ᮧ  ꥤ   pp
(family), p           ,
ᮤp騬 pp .
     p⥫쭠  p  ⥬  EMS  4.0  砥     
⠭p⭮,  室  p  p  p⢥,    p
p祭  㯭  (640 ). p稪 ,    
⥬    襭  p,    짮⥫  㢥p,   
쭥訥  pp⪨  ⥬    p    ᮮ⢥⢨ 
p⮩ ᯥ䨪樥.

                           

   室 ⫨ ⥫   pp. p
  -    䨧᪠  ,  室    p  p
     p     㯭  짮⥫     p
ᯮ짮  pp  ⨯  80286    80386,  p   p
.   MS-DOS    p   ⮬  p. ⮬ pp
  㯭    pp,  p    p MS-DOS.
 p  pp 㪠 ⨯   ⢫
    pp    p  ⥬  ROM  BIOS.   設
pp,  ᠭ    ᪠    p  RAM,  pp  
㯭.

                                   - 143 -

                                13
                              TSR

   pp,  騥      p  ᫥    p쭮
p襭,  뢠  p묨    pp  TSR. 
  p⥩    pp,  稭    ⥬   ⨫,
pp, PRINT.COM  APPEND.EXE,  稢 묨  p묨
pp  "pop-up",  ⠪    Sidekick.      饭
pᠬ  ᮧ  p   pp.    p   p  
p⠢  p, p묨  pp  p
pp  TSR       設  ᫥    p襭,     ᯮᮡ
ᯥ祭 㯠   pp     p ᪠.   p
p p  뢠 p,  p 室  ᮡ, 
ᮡ   MS-DOS,   p   室   뢠,  p  ᮧ
p饩 p⭮  pp.   ,     p
pp pp TSR.
       p       室     ⪮
p⠢  p p⪨  pp뢠  p樮 ⥬  
 p樨  p饭   㭪 MS-DOS.  p  p⠢
ᮡ  p    p⪥  ⥬  pp뢠.    
pp뢠 ⠪ pᬮp  p .
   ⭠ pp POPCLOCK, p  p쥬 p  ,
ᠭ   몥 ᥬp.  ⮬ p  pp pp 室
 ⮣  몠 ppp.   p   ᥬp
ᮤp  p .

                             

    p,  pp TSR  ⮨    ⥩.   p 
p 砫 ᫮ p pp  ᮤp  p樨
   p ᪥.   믮     - p  p㧪
pp    設. p   TSR 믮 p   
᪥.        ᥣ  ⠢  㯭   MS-DOS.
    pp - ⥬ ᫥饣 p.

                       TSR

   p  p㧪    pp      믮  ⢮   
᢮  p. 設⢮ pp    
 p襭 ᢮ p. p쭮 p襭 p  pp
稢  p饭    p稪  pp뢠  20  ⥬
㭪樨  4.    p稪   pp뢠,    㭪  4   pp
ᯥ樠         p樮   ⥬,  ⮡  ᢮
 pp   ᤥ  㯭  p㣨  pp
(p.13-1).
   pp TSR  p p㧪  ⠪ ⢮   ᢮  .
  p襭 稢  p饭  ⥬ 㭪樨  31.
  㭪   p⠢       ⢮   ,
p饥    pp  ᫥    p쭮  믮.   p
p饭  31 TSR     pp DS pp  p㥬 
. p 㪠뢠  pp   16 .  砫 
ᥣ 뢠 psp pp.  p, 砫 p  
-  p psp TSR (.p.13-2).
                                   - 144 -

                -------
                |:::::| - , ⢮ 
-----------     -------   psp pp                    -----------
||     -------                                    |         |
||     || - , ⢮             |         |
||     -------   p pp             |         |
||     -------                                    |         |
||     |     | - , 㯭             |         |
||     -------   p㣨 pp                  |         |
||     -------                                    |         |
||     || - ,  DOS           |         |
||     -------                                    |         |
||                                                |         |
||                                                |         |
||                                                |         |
||                                                |         |
|---------|                                                |         |
|:::::::::|                                                |         |
|---------|                                                |---------|
||                                                ||
||                                                ||
||                                                ||
||                                                ||
-----------                                                -----------

. p p㧪 pp       . p p쭮 p襭 pp
   ⢮  ᢮            p饭  㭪樨 31 
   .                           p稪 pp뢠 20, 
                                        ᢮.

.13-1. p  ppp  p樮 ⥬

   , pp, ᠭ pp,  3200 ⮢.   
室 뤥:  200 pp䮢   pp  16 pp䮢  
 psp. ⮬ p p饭   㭪樨 31  pp  DS 室
 祭 216.  p   ᫥ :

   mov    ah,31h      ;⥬ 㭪 p⪨ pp뢠
   mov    dx,216      ;᫮ pp䮢, p饥  TSR
   int    21h         ;p饭  MS-DOS

    -------------    -------
    |           |    |:::::| - , ⢮  psp pp
    |           |    -------
    |           |    -------
    |           |    || - , ⢮ pp 짮⥫
    |           |    -------
    |           |    -------
    |           |    |     | - , 㯭  p㣨 pp
    |           |    -------
    |           |    -------
    |           |    || - ,  DOS
    |           |    -------
    |-----------|
    ||
    ||
    ||
    |-----------|
    |:::::::::::|
    |-----------|
    ||
    ||
    ||
    -------------

.13-2. ᫨ pp p蠥 p饭  ⥬ 㭪樨 31,
             p p  .
                                   - 145 -

   pp  p⠫,    ⥯p    뤥     216
pp䮢.     ᯮ짮 p㣨 pp.
   ᮡ p pp     p
᪠  pp㧪   設. ⮬ p p筮 p㧪
pp 室 p  p p樨 ⨯  樠樨,
⮡ ᯥ   p ᪠. 筮   p樨
 ⠡ p pp뢠.

                 

     ⨯  pp뢠    p樮 ⥬ ᮮ⢥ ᢮
   ᢮  . p稪 pp뢠  -
  pp,  p뢠  ᨣ   pp뢠. p稪 
 pp MS-DOS, pp  ROM BIOS  pp,  ᠭ
짮⥫ (᫥ 砩   㤥 pᬠp).
   p   pp뢠   p⠢   ᮡ   㪠⥫  (p)  
p稪 pp뢠.  MS-DOS  p pp뢠 ᮡp  ⠡
p pp뢠.     ⠡ ⮨    p
ᮮ⢥饣 p p稪.
   ⮡ p  ⠡ p p㥬 pp뢠, ᯮ
⥬  㭪  35.  pp,  ᫨  짮⥫  室 p
p稪 pp뢠  9,   p p  p饭  㭪樨
35.  p  p饭    pp  AL  뢠  p pp뢠.
㭪  p頥  祭  p  pp뢠    pp  ES:BX.
p pp p饭  㭪樨 35  ᯮ짮 p:

   C>debug
   -a                     ;ᥡp
   1226:0100 mov ah,35    ;p饭  㭪樨 31H
   1226:0102 mov al,9     ; p pp뢠  pp AL
   1226:0104 int 21       ;p饭  MS-DOS
   1226:0106           <---  Enter

   -g 106
   AX=3509 BX=E987 CX=0000 DX=0000 SP=FFFE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000
   DS=1226 ES=F000 SS=1226 CS=1226 IP=0106  NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC

   1226:0106 6D       DB      6D
   -q

   C>

   p  pp ES:BX ᠭ p pp뢠 9.
   ⮡      ⠡ p  pp뢠, ᯮ
⥬ 㭪 25. ᫨ 짮⥫ ᠫ p稪  pp뢠,
    p頥     ⮩  㭪樨,  ⮡     p  p
p稪 (饣  MS-DOS  ROM BIOS)  p  - ᢮.
p  p饭    25    pp  DS:DX  뢠 p 
p稪,      pp  AL  -  p  ᮮ⢥饣  pp뢠.
騩 p  pp -   pp  p饭   㭪樨 25. 
p  p  㭪樨  祭  p  pp뢠  9   ⠡
p pp뢠   1010:2234.

   mov ah,25h            ;p  㭪樨 25h
   mov al,9              ; p pp뢠 9
   mov ds,1010h          ;p ᥣ  p稪
   mov dx,2234h          ;p⪨ p  p稪
   int 21h               ;p饭  MS-DOS

     樠p饩    TSR  㭪樨  25   35 ᯮ 
p  ᫮  p  ᪠  pp.  ,  pp,
  p稪  ⠪,  ⮡    믮  p     ⨨
p 樨 ,    祭  p pp뢠
9, ⮡   p⠢ ᮡ 㪠⥫    p稪.   p
  ⨨  襩  樨    TSR 㤥 믮. p
믮 TSR  室 pp  p쭮   p .
                                   - 146 -

᫨   p p,   pp  믮.   p⨢
砥 p  p   p p  p稪 pp뢠
(.. ᯮ p p  pp뢠),   p뢠   
p ⠭p p. ᭨ ᪠  pp -奬:

:
                ..................
              -  p pp뢠 9   㭪樨 35
              - p p ᥣ p p稪
              - p p⪨ p p p稪
              -  p pp뢠 9   㭪樨 25
                - p p饭:
                 pp DS  p ᥣ  p稪
                 pp DX  p⪨ p  p稪
              - p饭  㭪樨 25

 :
                ..................
              - p   
              - ᫨  p㥬 , p p
              -  p p 맢 p p稪
                ..................

   ,      p,  p⠥  pp  TSR  ⨯   "p稪
pp뢠".  ,    p  TSR  p  ᫮.  
ᯥ祭  ᮢ⨬  TSR    p樮  ⥬,  p饩
p쭮 p pp   p㣮 TSR, p  p
p쭮      ,   室   뢠   p  䠪p.
ᬮp  䠪p  饭 ᫥騩 p.

                     TSR

     pp  TSR  砥  "pp"  DOS.   pp
室   ⠪      p稭. -p, p樮
⥬  p⠭    p    -p.   ,   
p    p  ⮫쪮    pp.  ᫥ p襭
p pp      頥     ᢮ 
p㦠 p㣠 pp   .. p  㦨 ᪮쪨
pp p - 室   p ⥩ MS-DOS.  ⮬,
⮡ ᠭ TSR p⠫, 㦭   p祭.
   -p,    p  p  pp  㦤  p  
⥬ 㭪樨,  p   p   樠쭮 㬥樨 IBM
 Microsoft.  p p 묨 ᫥⢨ﬨ.  ,
  ᥣ譨     p㣮  롮p  .   pp  p室
  ᢮ ᬥ  ᬥ ᢮ .
     ⠪    Microsoft  p  㡫 ᪮쪮 ᮢ⮢ 
ᠭ p pp, ᠢ 設⢮ p,  pp
  .  p ⮬ p   㭪権 MS-DOS,  pᬮp 
, ⬥祭  뫨. ,   p    ᯮ
設⢮   pp⮢,      pp⪮   p
pp. ⮬     ᠭ   㭪権 ⮢p, 
 p,     p⭮.
   室  ,        樠쭮     㬥p
ᮡ ⥬ 室 ᯮ짮   p  p  
p pp, ⠪   IBM  Microsoft p⭮  pp,
  (᫨  )   㬥p 㭪権 MS-DOS   
ᯥ稢  ᫥  p.
   ᫥ ⮫ pp 㯫 p pᬮp  pp
TSR.  p p pp p室 p p . p
  易  ᯮᮡ  ⠡ p pp뢠.  
  ⠡  p  孮 " 楯窮".
   ᯮᮡ       p蠥   楫⭮   p樮    ⥬,
⢮襩   ⠡.
   p   易   ᯥ祭 p  ᪠ pp.
  -  ᯮᮡ ⥬ p  ⥪饥 p祥
ﭨ  砥, ᫨ p襫 ᨣ  pp뢠. ⮡ p 
                                   - 147 -

⨬   砬,    㦭   p           㬥   ᯮ짮
㬥p 㭪樨 MS-DOS.
   p   -    ᯥ祭  㯠 pp  TSR  ᪮
䠩.  㤥  ,    ⢫ 㯠   䠩 
  뫮    p     pp 室 
⥫ ppp騥 pp.

                             

   ᫥ ppp ⠡ p pp뢠, pp TSR (
p稪 pp뢠)     p 裡   p  p稪
pp뢠.  楯窮 p⠢ ᮡ p, p p 
p稪 pp뢠 ᫥  믮 p p饭   p.
p饭 p   㪠⥫  p p稪.  筮
p  㪠⥫  p    祭  樠樨  TSR. .13-3
㦨 p樥 ᠭ p.

 p
pp뢠
---------------
| | | | | | | |    --------------
|-------------|    | p稪 |
| | | | | ||-|--->| pp뢠 |
|-------------|    |            |
| | | | | | | |    --------------
---------------

---------------    -------------
| | | | | | | |    |           |    --------------
|-------------|    |           |    | p稪 |
| | | | | ||-|--->|     --------->| pp뢠 |
|-------------|    | pp |    |            |
| | | | | | | |    |    TSR1   |    --------------
---------------    -------------

---------------    -------------    -------------
| | | | | | | |    |           |    |           |    --------------
|-------------|    |           |    |           |    | p稪 |
| | | | | ||-|--->|     --------->|     --------->| pp뢠 |
|-------------|    | pp |    | pp |    |            |
| | | | | | | |    |    TSR1   |    |    TSR2   |    --------------
---------------    -------------    -------------

.13-3.  楯窮 pp 㦨  p稪

    楯窮 易⥫쭠, ᫨ p ᮢ⨬  p
pp.  ⮡    室  ⠫ ⭮, pᬮp p
p㧪      pp TSR.  ᫨      祭
    ⮣    p    ⠡ p,   p 㤥
㪠뢠    pp,  p㦥  ᫥.    ᫨  ⥯p  
pp    㤥  易    p,    p     㤥
믮.  楯窮   ⢫ ⠪  p, ⮡
pp TSR   믮  ᨬ   p浪,   p
 p㦠  .

                         

   pp p饭    ⥬ 㭪権 뢠  室
 p樮 ⥬. ᫨ p 室  p樮 ⥬ p室
pp뢠    p稪  pp뢠  p  p饭  ⥬
㭪樨,      p  뢠  p 室  p樮
⥬. p 室  ⥬  맢  ᠭ. ⮬  
砥 室 p 室 p p  pp
 p ᫮, p p  . ⮡ ,  ⠪
p       p, 㦭  p⠢  
p  p樮 ⥬.
                                   - 148 -


                         MS-DOS

   ⮡ ᯥ p饭  ⥬ 㭪, MS-DOS 뤥  p
p .  p  ᯮ  p饭   㭪
00-0DH.      ⠪  ᯮ    p⪨ pp뢠 25
(᮫⭮  ⥭  ᪠),  26  (᮫⭠      )   28
(.᫥騩 p).
     p    ᯮ    p饭   㭪 01-0. 
MS-DOS  pᨩ  2.    ⠪  ᯮ  㭪ﬨ  50 (⠭
䨪p p)   51 ( 䨪p  p). 
㤥  ,    ᯮ짮      ᫥ 㭪ﬨ
p㤭 p pp TSR.
     p  p  㭪樮p,    MS-DOS  "롨p",  
  p⠢    p⪨   p    㭪.     ⠪
ᯮ 㭪樥 59 (뤠 ⥫ p   訡).
 ,   ᯮ     N2 p  p饭 p稪
p᪮   訡      p樮   ⥬   (    
pᬮp  p).
    MS-DOS    堭  p ᮤp  p
.  ⮬  p  p  室    ⥬ 室  
p 뢠   p.  ᫨   p p  室
㤥 ᯮ짮   묨 묨,   p樮 ⥬  
让 ⥯ p⭮ p ᡮ.
   MS-DOS      樠쭮  㬥p묨 ᢮⢠,
p  ᯮ짮 p  p樨 p 室. p  
 -    ⥭ 稪, 祭 p  㢥稢
p 室  p樮 ⥬  㬥蠥 p 室  . p
-  ᨣ  pp뢠, pp㥬 MS-DOS  砥,  
p  ᯮ짮    p    (..   
᢮).

                         INDOS

     p  p  MS-DOS  pp  p  稪, 祭
p 㢥稢 p 室   ⥬  㬥蠥 p 室  
. pp  뢠   -p,   ⠪     ᠭ 
㬥樨,        樠쭮  p.
  設⢥  砥      뫠     "INDOS FLAG", 
p쭮    䫠 (p  饭,  ⠭),  
p⠢  ᮡ  稪  (..    祭       
⥫쭮 ᫮).
        稪     ⢫       樠쭮
㬥p ⥬ 㭪樨 34.  㭪 p頥  p
ᥣ 稪  pp ES,    p⪨ p -  pp  BX.
p饭   㭪樨 ᫥  p   p 樠樨 TSR.
p  INDOS  FLAG  pᢠ  쭮  p  (pᯮ
p pp).  p p ᪥ TSR  稪 
p  p,    p    㭪樨  34.   
  祭,  ..  맮  㭪樨  34  p  p
室  ⥬  ᫥騬  ᠭ.
   祭  䫠  INDOS    業.    ᭨,  
ᯮ.   ⠭   ᮡ 稪. ᫨ 
p ᢥ祭  ⠭p p  ⥬,   祭 INDOS  ᥣ
 . ᫨ TSR p⠥  p 祭 稪, p  ,
⭮,        㤥  㭪樮p, ᫨  p 室
⠭p  ⥬  p.  ⮬    p  ᪠   TSR
p  ⥫   p.     設⢥  砥   ⮣
   pp뢠 28.

                            28

   ᫨  祭  䫠  INDOS        p樮   ⥬
p뢠 p    ⥬ 㭪権  p 01-0, 
MS-DOS pp pp뢠 28  ⮩ 18.2 p  ᥪ㭤.   
    㭪樨    p    ,  pp뢠 28
                                   - 149 -

㦨 ᨣ  ᢮ ᯮ짮    p.
   ᫨   TSR ⢫   pp뢠 28, ᭮,  
  p  p饭     㭪  01-0.   pp뢠  28
pp 㯭    1   3.     2   뢠
砥 ᥣ  ,   p饭       㭪権 p 
ᡮ p樮 ⥬.
   ᭮ p㤭,  p ᯮ짮 pp뢠 28  
᪠ TSR,  砥   ᫥饬. 設⢮  p pp
襭    p饭    㭪  01-0.  ⮬  祭
p  pp pp뢠 28   pp.  ᪠
TSR    ⠪ p pp  筮 ᯮ p㣮  ⨯
pp뢠.  p  믮  TSR  室, ⮡ p稪 ⮣
pp뢠 pp 祭  䫠 INDOS. pp  p, ⮡
᭨  ﭨ  p    p樮 ⥬,  p
祣 ⭮   p樨 pp뢠.
    ᢮  p ᤥ 뢮:  ᫨ 祭 INDOS p  ,
 TSR   p     ⥬ 㭪樨.  , ᫨  TSR
᪠    pp뢠 28,   祭 INDOS ᥣ  
,  p饭  㭪 01-0  让 p⭮ 맮 ᡮ
⥬.    㭪樨   p饭ﬨ  pp ROM
BIOS,    砥 p ᥣ ⠪  ᤥ.

                          

   p᪠ 訡 p室,  p饥 p樮 ⥬
pp  p⢮    㯭.  筠  p᪮
訡 - p pp  p p誠 ᪮, 騥  
p⢮ 室  ⨢ ﭨ (ﭨ offline).
    樨 p᪮ 訡 p樮 ⥬ ⠭ 䫠
p᪮  訡    뢠  p稪  pp뢠  24,   p
⢥砥    室    襩  樨.  設 짮⥫
 ᮮ饭 "Abort?  Retry?  Fail?", 뫠 p稪, ᫨
p p誠 p祣 ᪮.
    pp TSR  樨 p᪮ 訡  맢 ᡮ
p樮 ⥬.  ⮬ p  ᪮ TSR  室 pp
ﭨ 䫠 p᪮ 訡.  ᫨  饭,   pp 
᪠. p 䫠    㬥p  ⥬
㭪樨 5DH (㭪 6). p ᥣ 䫠 p頥  pp
ES, p⪨ p -  pp BX. p饭  ⮩ 㭪樨 祭  
pp, p    .
   pp  室  㬠,      TSR 㤥 p뢠
 p᪮  訡. p⥩訩  p -   p뢠  
.     p  㤥   ⢫  騩     ⥬
p稪.  p  ⮬  p쭠  p  TSR  ᯥ祭, ᫨  
p p饭  ᪠ (p権 /뢮). ᫨    TSR
p⠥  ᪠,      ᢮ p稪  p᪮
訡. p   ᪥  TSR   祭 p  pp뢠
24,  㪠뢠  p  襣  p稪.    p襭  p  TSR
p頩 p p 祭.

              TSR      

   p p㧪 pp    p樮 ⥬ pᢠ  
䨪p p (process  id). 筮 䨪p  p⠢
ᮡ p  ᥣ psp  p㦠 pp.  稩 䨪p
p  -    䨪p  pp,  p饩    
p.  MS-DOS p     p殮 p pp 
ᯮ  㯠   ᪮ 䠩, ᫨   ⢫ 
 뫮   p  䠩.    12  뫮 ,
  psp  pp pᬮp   p   뫮.
᫨  p樮  ⥬  砥  p    p  䠩, 
pp,      䨪p   p      p稬,   
䨪p p psp   psp 室 ᮮ⢥ 뫪.
       p  p  pp  TSR  p樮  ⥬ 
  p稩  䨪p  p  䨪p TSR. 稬
䨪p ⠥ 䨪p p饩 p  pp.
                                   - 150 -

p      pp TSR.     ᫥騬
p:
   1.    祭  p祣  䨪p  p  p  
㭪樨  51.  㭪  p頥  祭  䨪p  pp,
p⠢襩   ᪠ TSR.  祭 p頥  pp BX  
  쭥襣 ᯮ짮.
   㭪 51  ᠭ 樠쭮.    MS-DOS pᨩ 2. 
3.  筠 㭪樨 62  MS-DOS pᨩ 3..
   2.  ⮡  p᢮     p祣  䨪p   p  psp
p饩  TSR,  ᯮ  㭪   50.     ⠪    ᠭ
樠쭮. p p饭   㭪樨  pp BX  뢠 p
psp TSR.
   稢   p祣 p,  TSR   ᯮ짮 뫪 
p騥  䠩, p騥   psp.
   3.  ᫥  믮,  TSR  ⠭  p稩   䨪p
p (pp, 믮襩  p饭  TSR)   ⮩  
㭪樨 50.
     㯮  p,    MS-DOS  pᨩ  2.  㭪樨  50   51
ᯮ p  p .  ⮬ p  ꥤ
  p㯯    ⥬묨  㭪ﬨ  01-0,  ᯮ짮 p ⠪
᫮  p  pp.  ⮬  p  p    p 2. 
㭪  50    51      p.     ᯮᮡ
"p" MS-DOS  ᢮ ⨬ 㭪ﬨ 짮.
   ᫨  䫠  p᪮  訡  ⠭,    MS-DOS ⠥, 
p p⪠  樨 p᪮  訡.    ⮩ 樨
  p  ᯮ  p p.  p,  TSR,
p    p  MS-DOS  pᨩ  2.,  ⠭ 䫠
p᪮ 訡, p p饭   㭪樨 50  51   ᫥
p⪨ 㭪樨  .

               TSR -  POPCLOCK

   pp  POPCLOCK.ASM   (⨭  13-1)     㦨   pp
pp  TSR.    p   p  pp    p   ᯫ
ᢥ稢  p  ᮢ    㪠  筮  p.   ᫥
p㧪 ⮩ pp    設  p 㤥   
p    p  p  p  ⨨  p   
"Shift".  POPCLOCK  p  p MS-DOS  pᨩ,
稭   pᨨ 2.0.     㭪樮p 室  p
p    p  CGA    EGA.  pp   p⠥, ᫨ ᯫ
室  p᪮ p.
   POPCLOCK  p,  ⮡  ppp  ᮡ   p
pp TSR,   p p頫     .   
⨭  p,   p TSR,  p, 
訬 pp. ,  ⬥,  ⥪  pp
  饭    ⮬  ᫥,        ᯮ짮 p
ᠭ  p㣨  pp.    ⥪   TSR,  , 
  p  ᮧ ᫥饩 㦥 p.
    p p쥬 ⥪ POPCLOCK.ASM  p     
  pᬮp  ⤥쭮.    p   ⮨  p 22-72,
p -  p  73-202, p -   p 203-483,  ⢥p  - 
p 484-589.
   p 22-72  ⠢   塞 p.  祭 
p 㤥 ᭥  室 pp pp.
   p  73-202       p稪  pp뢠   pp
POPCLOCK.  p p pp ᯮ p稪 ᫥
pp뢠:

                         
              8            p
              9              p
             10            㦨  ⥬ ROM BIOS
             13            㦨 ᪮ ⥬ ROM BIOS
             28H            p騪 MS-DOS

   p 203-483  ⠢ p  (᭮ )  TSR.   p
믮 ⮩  pp  p  p.
                                   - 151 -

   p   484-589   -      樠p    pp.  
믮    -  p p㧪  pp   ,   ⥬
p.
   p  pᬮp 樠p  pp, ⥬ p
 p稪 pp뢠  ᫥ ⠢  p.
   POPCLOCK   믮      p樯   䠩  COM.  ⮬  p
믮塞   pp   室   p 100   
砫. ⮡  ᫮ 믮﫮,  pp pᬮp 
org100h. p 믮塞  (p ⨭ 20) -  p室 
p楤p  init.  樠  稭  p饭    㭪樨  34
(p 495-498). 㭪 p頥   p 稪 INDOS.  
p p  pp pᬮp   p.
   ⥬ p  p饭   㭪樨 5DH  (㭪樨 6), p
p頥 p 䫠 p᪮ 訡.  p p⪮ p
䫠    pp  pᬮp  쭠  p   errflag_off.
⬥⨬,   ᫥ 믮  㭪樨 室  ⠭ pp
DS, ⠪   쭥襬   ᯮ  祭 p  ᥣ
䫠  訡.  p  ᥣ   䫠  p᪮  訡     
p, ⠪   䫠 ᥣ 室   ᥣ   䫠
INDOS.  ( p⨪ 䫠 p᪮ 訡  뢠 INDOS2).
        pp  (p   529-574)  p祭   
 ⠡  p pp뢠.     p (
pp뢠 8, 9, 10, 13  28) p   㭪権 35  
25. 㭪 35 ⢫    ⠡ p,  p祬 
p砫쭮  祭  p  p    pp   
p.  㭪  25  ᮡ⢥    祭 p. 
p ⠭ 㪠⥫   p稪 pp뢠.  ᬮp
 p  p  pp   p.
   筥    531-  p.  祭  35  頥  pp AH, 
祭  08  -    pp  AL.   p p p饭 
㭪樨 35  ( p  pp뢠)   㪠뢠 p  㦭
p -  8. 㭪  p頥 祭  p pp뢠:   p
ᥣ p稪 pp뢠 8 -   pp ES, p⪨ p  - 
pp BX.  祭  p,   pᢠ  
p POPCLOCK.ASM (p 533  534).
     p  536 p   祭 25   pp A 
祭 08 -   pp AL.    p  p饭  㭪樨
25 (⠭ 祭 p pp뢠)  㪠뢠 p 㦭
p -  8. p  ⨬ p⪨  p   p 頥  
pp  DX,    p  ᥣ  -    pp DS. p楤p new8_hndlr
    p稪  pp뢠  8.  ⮬    pp   DX
뢠 p⪨  p ⮩  p楤p,   pp DS  -   p
ᥣ. ⬥⨬,   p  ᥣ    㪠뢠,  ⠪   
pp DS 㦥 ᮤp p㥬 p.  p p  㭪樨
p楤p new8_hndlr ⠭  p稪 pp뢠.
   ᠭ p  p    ⠫  p稪 TSR.
⥬ pp pp ᮮ饭  砭 p  樠樨
 p㧪  뫠   p (p 578-580).  , 
  ⮩    pp    뫮     ᯮ짮 ⥬
㭪権  01-0.        p  樠樨  pp   TSR
⢮   ᢮ ,   p樮  ⥬ 㦨 
    p  pp,     p饭    ⨬   㭪
p . 㭪樨 01-0 筮 ᯮ p p
᪥  pp  ᫥    ⠡  p pp뢠, ᫨
pp襭  p 室  p樮 ⥬.
   뤠祩   ᮮ饭   稢   p  樠樨.  p
pp ⮢  p襭  祭  TSR (p  582-587).
,  p  p饭  㭪樨  31 p, ⮡  ⢮
, 室   TSR ᫥   p㧪, 㪠뢠   pp
DX.    p  pp  TSR    pp,  p   
p    ,  稢  ⮩  p (p 482).
p    ,  ᪮쪮  ⮢    :  p 砫
pp  ⠥     p   ⮩  p.     
祭 祭  15- ⮢  p, ⮡   訡
p        pp.    p  585 p 
祭 祭  16  楫  p p  ᫮
pp䮢  .  ,  pp AX 뢠 p 㭪樨 -
                                   - 152 -

31     p  p饭     MS-DOS.   ᫥  ⮣  p
p頥  p樮  ⥬,    POPCLOCK  p  .
樠p  pp 㭨⮦.   p頥  
pp, ⮡  뫮  p ᫥ p㧪.

                       

   ᫥  p襭  p   樠樨       p稪
pp뢠 p室   ⨢  ﭨ. ᬮp     ,
稭  p⥩襣.

    10

    p稪 pp뢠 10 ⠢ p 146-152.  ,
 p稪 pp뢠 10 -  pp 㦨  ⥬
ROM  BIOS.    p稪  ⠭  䫠 pp뢠 p 
ᨣ    pp뢠  10.    p  p p pp
祭  䫠.  ᫨  䫠  ⠭,      p⠥  pp
㦨  ,    p    㤥  ᢥ稢. 
p    p  p  㦨饩  pp     맢
ᠭ ᯫ.
   室,  ⮡    p稪  ᯥ稢      p
(.p  "  楯窮").    p⨢  砥  p pp
㦨     p뢠. p p饭   p
p稪  pp뢠  10    p笪      
ᮤp pp 䫠  ﭨ (p 147).  p pp
   , ⠪   p  p稪 ⠥,   p饭 
  p室  p⢥    pp뢠,       p
p楤p    p稪.  ⮬  ᫥     p
p稪    iret  (    ret).  ,     iret
롨p        p    ᮤp  䫠.    ᫨ 
pp⥫쭮    뫨   ᠭ    ,          롥p
p쭠  p,      筮  ⮣  p  ᠭ
p.
   ᫥  ᠭ  p楤p    p稪  㢥稢  祭
video_flag     p p饭  p  p稪. 
砭  p  p  p稪  祭  video_flag  
㬥蠥,      p稪  稢 ᢮ 믮 
iret.

    13

      p稪   (p   157-165)   pp뢠  13  (pp
㦨 ᪮ ⥬ ROM BIOS)  祭  p稪
pp뢠  10.        pp饬 砥, 䫠 ﭨ disk_flag
⠭ p   p饭     p稪.  p
p p  pp 祭  䫠. ᫨  䫠 ⠭, 
 p⠥ pp 㦨 ᪮,  p ᮢ  㤥
ᢥ稢      p.      p    p  p
㦨饩 pp  p  p p樨  ᪥.
   ,  p稪 pp뢠  13  10 ᪮쪮  ⫨
p  p㣠.  ⬥⨬  p.  p p稪 pp뢠  13
⠭  祭  pp  䫠  ﭨ    ᮮ⢥⢨   
ᮤp p  p᭮ pp.   p稪  ᠭ ⠪,
⮡ p  ᮤp p p稪. ⨬,   䫠
ﭨ p뫠     p 161. ⥬  p
㬥襭  祭  䫠    .   p p 祭
䫠 p. ⥬ 䫠 롨p    믮 
ret 2.  ⮩  p p頥  뢠 pp  
ᮤp  ⮢   㭨⮦. p 㦭 ⬥,  
new13_hndlr   p⮬  far.  砥,   p 믮
  ret      롨p    p 䫠 ﭨ. 
p襭         ᮤp   pp  䫠,  p
頫   p p p饭   p稪.

                                   - 153 -

    9

   pp뢠   9      ᨣ   p    p㤮,
pp㥬  p    ⨨    ᪠   p.
  p稪  (p  122-144)  ᠭ ᫥騬 p. 砫
ᯥ稢   "   楯窮"      p   p稪.  ⥬
p p饭  㭪樨  2 p稪 pp뢠 16.  㭪
p, 뫠     p     "Shift".
 뢠  祭    p  0000:0417   p頥  
pp AL.    p 祭:

 p ⨨       ⠭ 祭 
      Insert                           7
      Caps Lock                        6
      Num Lock                         5
      Scroll Lock                      4
      Alt                              3
      Ctrl                             2
      Left Shift                       1
      Right Shift                      0

   ᫥ ⮣  믮   and al  0fh (p  130).   ⮩
 p ⮢ ⪠ pp AH. p pp AL
p.  ᫥饩 p  ᮤp pp AL p  
祭   3.   (p   pp   p   ⮬  祭,  ᫨
p  뫨    p      Shift,  
ᨣ    뤠    p  p).  ᫨ p p
p⥫ -     뫨, -  ⢫ 室 
 p楤p p稪 (p 133).
   ᫨   p   ⥫,      믮  ᭮  
p稪.  p 135 pp 祭 䫠 running_flag.  
䫠  ⠭    p  믮  p  TSR  -  p 
"᪠" p.   p襭  TSR 䫠  頥. ⮬,
᫨  ⠭ (..   祭  p ),    砥,
 p   p  㦥 .   ⮣   pᬮp
室         p稪.   ᫨   䫠   饭  (p  
ᢥ稢),  p稪 pᢠ p hotkey 祭  18.
⥬  p  p    iret  (p  133), p饩
p   p楤p.      쭥襬   p   hotkey  ᯮ
p稪 pp뢠 8  28.   祭 p, 뫠  
 p㥬  . 祬  pᢠ 祭 18,
᭨ .

    8

   pp뢠   8      ᨣ   p    p㤮,
pp㥬 ⠩p p.  뫠  ⮩ 18.2 p
 ᥪ㭤. ⢥⢥, ᫥ p㧪   pp POPCLOCK, 
⠪    ⮩   ⢫  p饭       p稪
pp뢠 8 (p 76-117).
   p   p稪 (p 77-78) ᯥ稢  "
楯窮"  p. ⥬ pp 祭 p hotkey.  ᫨
 p ,  ⢫ 室  p楤p p稪.
   ᫨  祭  hotkey  㫥,   p pp 祭
䫠  ﭨ  video_flag    disk_flag.  ,     䫠
  ⠭ 묨  p稪 pp뢠 10   13.
᫨    䫠  ⠭ (..  祭   p ),
  ᢥ稢  p    㦭.  ⢥⢥ ⮬  p楤p
⢫  p室    dec_hkey  (p  114)    祭 hotkey
㬥蠥  .   p稪 뢠 pp 18 p  
ᥪ㭤,   祭 hotkey  ⠥ 㫥   p殮  ᥪ㭤
(᫨ ⠭   䫠:  video_flag  disk_flag!).
   ᫨   䫠 饭,  믮 ᫥騩 蠣 (p  88).
   ᮤp pp  DI   ES p      ᮤp
  p  稪   indos,    p   pp  祭
稪. ᫨  祭  ,  ᮤp pp ES  DI
                                   - 154 -

롨p    ,  p  hotkey  㬥蠥       
⢫ 室  p楤p.
   ᫨ 稪 饭,  p稪 p p.  p
pp 祭 䫠 p᪮  訡 (p 100-101). ᫨  䫠
⠭,  p  ᢥ稢, ᮤp ES  DI 롨p
  ,  p  hotkey  㬥蠥     ⢫
室  p楤p.
   㫥 祭 䫠 p᪮  訡 砥 ⮢ TSR  
ᢥ稢 p.  ⮬ 砥 ᮤp ES  DI 롨p  
  (p  104-105),  p  hotkey    p
p饭  p楤p do_it - p pp POPCLOCK.

    28

     p稪  pp뢠  28  (p  170-201)  pp
筮  p稪 pp뢠 8. ⢥ p  
 - ⢨ pp 稪 indos  p稪 pp뢠  28.
   ⥬,   p饭   p稪  ⢫
 p 㫥 祭 稪.
   ⬥⨬,      ⮩   TSR ⥬  㭪樨 01-0  楫
pp  ᯮ짮.
   p  p稪,  , ᯥ稢 " 楯窮"
  p.  ⥬  pp  祭  p  hotkey    䫠
ﭨ  video_flag    disk_flag.  pp  p   筮
pp      p稪   pp뢠   8.  ᫨  p  pp
⥫,  pp 祭 䫠 p᪮ 訡. ᫨ 
饭,   p hotkey     뢠 p楤p  do_it
(p 197).

    TSR

    pp, ⢥  ᢥ稢 p,  p⠢
ᮡ p楤p    do_it (p  206-408).  ,  
  p楤p  砥   p,  p  ﭨ   ⮫쪮
pp CS  IP.  ⠫ pp p 祭, 室訥
⠬     p㥬 樨 . ⮬   p饭
p楤p    pp  DS,  SS     ES,    祭     
⪮ppp.
   p 蠣 pp ⠭ 䫠 running_flag. ᫨ ⮣ 
ᤥ,  p稪  pp뢠 9    p 뤠   p
p  祭 p hotkey (.p 135-136).
   ⮡    p  p  pp    MS-DOS     砩
p祭, do_it pp ᢮  (p)  (p 211-217).  
p ᫥騬  p.   砫 p   pp뢠
(p  211).  室  p  pp뢠  ᫥騬:
᫨ ᨣ   pp뢠 p  ⮣,   pp SS  SP
  ⪮ppp,    ⥬  ᭥.  ⥬   ppp
pp SS   SP.  p SS  pᢠ 祭  pp CS,  
pp  SP  -  p⪨  p  p    pp.   ⠪,
p  p,   p  pp뢠 ⬥  (p
217).
   p  pp  p    p     p楤p
(p 219-227).  ⥬, p⢮  p饭   cp pp
ROM  BIOS  p  p  p  ᯫ  (p  231-236). ᫨
ᯫ  p⠥    p᪮  p,   ⢫ p室 
p 240:   ᮤp  pp ⠭   ᮮ⢥⢨ 
祭ﬨ, 室騬   p  .   MS-DOS p室 
⨢  ﭨ,  ᫥  祣  믮    ret, p
p    p稪  pp뢠  8     p稪
pp뢠 28.  p稪 稢  iret (p  110
 200), ⢫饩 室  pp POPCLOCK.
   ᫨ ᯫ p⠥   p᪮ p,   p  뢮
p ᮢ.  p 259-263  ⠢ ,  p騩 p ⮬
  pp pp   p. ᫥ 室  POPCLOCK   
pp pp   ⠭.

                                   - 155 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 ROM BIOS

       ᯮ짮  ⥬  㭪権  01-0     p
pp p ⥫쭮,  p 뢮 p樨  p  
 p饭   ⨬  㭪 p饭ﬨ   p pp
ROM  BIOS.      ⨬  pp  ⢫ p p稪
pp뢠 10. p p饭   p稪  pp   頥
p p㥬  㭪樨.   p ,      pp
p p饭.   p  p pp  ROM BIOS,
ᯮ㥬    pp  POPCLOCK.    p   p 
⠫쭮 ᠭ p  pp뢠ﬨ ⥬ ROM BIOS.

                             10

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        
------------------------------------------------------------------------
     01H            . p p饭  㭪樨 
                  p 4  pp CH 뢠 p
                  砫쭮,   p 4  pp CL - p
                  筮 p 墠 pp.
     02            . p p饭  㭪樨 
                  pp  뢠 p p,  pp DH -
                   pp  誠 y,  pp DL -  
                  誠 .
     03H            . p p饭  㭪樨 
                  pp   p p. 㭪 p
                  p 砫쭮 p 墠 pp () 
                  pp , p 筮 p -  pp CL,
                  p ()  誠 y -  pp DH,
                  p  誠  -  pp DL. ⬥⨬, 
                  p 砫쭮  筮 p p pp
                   ⢨ pp,    .
     07          C  . p p饭  㭪樨  pp
                  AL  ⢮ p,  p ᤢ
                  ,  pp  - 祭 p, 뢠饣
                  ᢮ pp⢮,  pp CH - p
                   p y ,  pp CL - p 
                  p ,  pp DH -   p
                  y,  pp DL -   p . ᫨ p
                  p饭  㭪樨 ᮤp AL p ,  
                  頥.
     08H                . p
                  p饭  㭪樨  pp   p
                  p.  pp AH p頥  p⮢,
                   pp L -  ᨬ쭮  ASCII.
     09                . p
                  p饭  㭪樨  pp AL   
                   ASCII,  pp  - p p,  pp
                  BL -  p⮢,  pp  - ⢮ ᥩ
                  ᨬ.  㭪 p pp  樨,
                  p 뫠 ⠭  p饭  09.
     0AH            . p p饭  㭪樨
                   pp AL     ASCII, 
                  pp B - p p,  pp BL - 
                  梥 p (᫨ ᯫ p⠥  p᪮
                  p),   pp CX - ᪮쪮 p ᨬ 㤥
                  ᠭ.
     0FH            . 㭪 p頥 ⢮
                  権  p p  pp ,  pp AL
                  - p ᯫ,  pp  - p p뢠
                  p.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

                                   - 156 -

   p 276-295  p⠢ ᮡ  p 横,  p祭
      ᮤp      p,   p   p뢠
p⮬. p  横 p⠭      ᨬ,
譨 -   p.
     pp,  pp  ,  p⠢ p 299-316.
⮡  pp        p⥫  ᯮ p稪
pp뢠 10   㭪  07. 뢮   p  ⥪, ᮤp饣 
p 62-63, ⢫  p 320-366.
     p  371  p  p饭    p楤p gettime (p
449-480).  ⮡    筮  p ᯮ ⥬ 㭪
2. p 㭪樨    p 01-0, ⮬  p饭 
  p ⥫ p pp.
   p 368-396  p祭   뢮   p 祭  筮
p  (-!!).      p  㦠  p,
  p 64-71.
   ﭨ p  pp p饭   p  pp
BIOS (p 394-395). ᫨      ,  p頥
BIOS 㫥 䫠 ⠭.  ⮬ 砥 p pp ⠥
⥫ (true),   믮  横 p  p. ᫨
 ,   p頥  䫠 饭   p  pp
p⥫  (false).    ⮬  砥  ⢫ 室  横.
⥬ ᨬ,   p 짮⥫, p뢠, ⮡
     p pp, 믮 p  㤥 p
᫥ p襭 p POPCLOCK.
   p  401-433  ⠭  ᮤp  p.  p 435-443
⠭ pp   pp.
     ,  p室    p  445  p頥     p 240.
⠭  pp      MS-DOS.   뢮  ⨢
ﭨ.  ⥬  믮    ret  (p  255),  p
p  p稪  pp뢠 8,   p稪 pp뢠
28. p楤p     p  iret,  p饩
p        pp,  㤠   p p室 p
⨨   p  Shift.

        ⨭ 13.1. pp pp TSR - pp POPCLOCK

   1  ;****************************************************************
   2  ; ⭠ pp, 뢠  p 筮 p 
   3  ; p p ᮢ. pp p⠥  MS-DOS
   4  ;             pᨩ (稭  pᨩ 2.).
   5  ;  ᪠ pp  :
   6  ;     C>masm popclock ;;;
   7  ;     C>link popclock ;;;;
   8  ;     C>exe2bin popclock popclock.com
   9  ;     C>popclock
  10  ;
  11  ;                        POPCLOCK.ASM
  12  ;****************************************************************
  13
  14  cseg      segment        para public 'code'
  15
  16  assume   cs:cseg
  17     org 100h              ;  䠩 ⨯ com
  18
  19  begin:
  20     jmp  init
  21
  22  ;****************************************************************
  23  ;      p, ᯮ㥬  pp
  24  ;****************************************************************
  25  old8_hndlr    label dword    ;p p稪 pp뢠 8h
  26  old8_off      dw        ?
  27  old8_seg      dw        ?
                                   - 157 -

  28  old9_hndlr    label dword    ;p p稪 pp뢠 9h
  29  old9_off      dw        ?
  30  old9_seg      dw        ?
  31  old10_hndlr   label dword    ;p p稪 pp뢠 10h
  32  old10_off     dw        ?
  33  old10_seg     dw        ?
  34  old13_hndlr   label dword    ;p p稪 pp뢠 13h
  35  old13_off     dw        ?
  36  old13_seg     dw        ?
  37  old28_hndlr   label dword    ;p p稪 pp뢠 28h
  38  old28_off     dw        ?
  39  old28_seg     dw        ?
  40
  41  hotkey        db        0    ; 0, ᫨  㦭 
  42  video_flag    db        0    ;䫠 pp뢠 10h
  43  disk_flag     db        0    ;䫠 pp뢠 13h
  44  running_flag  db        0    ;p p pp p 
  45
  46
  47  indos_off     dw        ?    ;p⪨ p 䫠 indos
  48  indos_seg     dw        ?    ;p ᥣ 䫠 indos
  49  errflag_off   dw        ?    ;p⪨ p 䫠 p.訡
  50
  51  cur_pos       dw        ?    ; pp
  52  cur_size      dw        ?    ;pp pp
  53  sp_save       dw        ?    ;㪠⥫   MS-DOS
  54  ss_save       dw        ?    ;ᮤp pp SS
  55  screen_buf    dw 174 dup(?)  ;p  p. ᮤp p
  56
  57                db 255 dup ("#")  ; 
  58  stk_top       db         ("#")  ;砫 p 쭮 
  59
  60  load_msg      db "POPCLOCK Installed",0dh,0ah
  61                db "Right & Left to activate",0dh,0ah,"$"
  62  brk_msg       db "Any key to continue"
  63  time_msg      db "Current time is "
  64  hour10        db        ?    ; p 祭 p
  65  hour          db        ?
  66                db        ":"
  67  min10         db        ?
  68  min           db        ?
  69                db        ":"
  70  sec10         db        ?
  71  sec           db        ?
  72  dos1_msg      db        "DOS 2.X or 3.X required",0dh,0ah,"$"
  73  ;****************************************************************
  74  ;           p稪 pp뢠 8h (⠩p)
  75  ;****************************************************************
  76  new8_hndlr    proc      nar
  77     pushf                    ;ᨣ  pp뢠
  78     call old8_hndlr          ;  p p稪
  79
  80     cmp hotkey,0             ;  㦭 ?
  81     je hkey0                 ;᫨  , 室  p楤p
  82
  83     cmp video_flag,0         ;p⠥  p.pp뢠 10h?
  84     jne dec_hkey             ;᫨ ,㬥 祭.hotkey  1
  85     cmp disk_flag,0          ;p⠥  p.pp뢠 13h?
  86     jne dec_hkey             ;᫨ ,㬥 祭.hotkey  1
  87
  88     push di                  ;p pp
  89     push es
  90
  91  ;pp 祭 䫠 indos
  92  ;
                                   - 158 -

  93     mov di,indos_off         ;p⪨ p 䫠
  94     mov es,indos_seg         ;p ᥣ 䫠
  95     cmp byte ptr es:[di],0
  96     jne pop_stk              ;᫨ p⠥ DOS,  ⢫
                                  ;室  p楤p
  97
  98  ;pp 䫠 p᪮ 訡
  99  ;
 100     mov di,errflag_off       ;p⪨ p 䫠
 101     cmp byte ptr es:[di],0
 102     jne pop_stk              ;室  p楤p, ᫨ 䫠
                                  ;⠭
 103
 104     pop es                   ;pp ⠭
 105     pop di
 106     mov hotkey,0             ;⪠ hotkey
 107     call do_it               ;p饭  ᭮ p楤p TSR
 108
 109  hkey0:
 110     iret
 111  pop_stk:
 112     pop es
 113     pop di
 114  dec_hkey:
 115     dec hotkey
 116     iret                     ;p p頥 MS-DOS
 117  new8_hndlr  endp
 118
 119  ;****************************************************************
 120  ;       p稪 pp뢠 9h (ᨣ  p)
 121  ;****************************************************************
 122  new9_hndlr    proc      near
 123     sti                      ;⬥ p  pp뢠
 124     pushf                    ;ᨣ  pp뢠
 125     call old9_hndlr          ;  p p稪
 126
 127     push ax                  ; ᮤp ax
 128     mov ax,2                 ;p ﭨ  shift
 129     int 16h                  ;p饭  pp 㦨
                                  ;p BIOS
 130     and al,0Fh
 131     cmp al,3                 ; p    shift?
 132     pop ax
 133     jne exit_9               ;᫨  ,  室  p楤p
 134
 135     cmp running_flag,0       ;p⠥  pp?
 136     jne exit_9               ;᫨ p⠥,  室  p楤p
 137
 138     mov hotkey,18            ;hotkey  ⨢ ﭨ
 139  exit_9:
 140     iret                     ;p p頥 MS-DOS
 141  new8_hndlr  endp
 142
 143  ;****************************************************************
 144  ;     p稪 pp뢠 10h (⨫  ROM BIOS)
 145  ;****************************************************************
 146  new10_hndlr    proc      near
 147     pushf                    ;ᨣ  pp뢠
 148     inc video_flag
 149     call old10_hndlr
 150     dec disk_flag
 151     iret
 152  new10_hndlr endp
 153
                                   - 159 -

 154  ;****************************************************************
 155  ;  p稪 pp뢠 13h (㦨 ᪮ ROM BIOS)
 156  ;****************************************************************
 157  new13_hndlr    proc      near
 158     pushf                    ;ᨣ  pp뢠
 159     inc disk_flag
 160     call old13_hndlr
 161     pushf                    ; 䫠
 162     dec disk_flag
 163     popf                     ;⠭ 䫠
 164     ret 2                    ;p p頥 MS-DOS,
                                  ;2  p뢠
 165  new13_hndlr endp
 166
 167  ;****************************************************************
 168  ;         p稪 pp뢠 28h (p騪 DOS)
 169  ;****************************************************************
 170  new28_hndlr    proc      near
 171     pushf                    ;ᨣ  pp뢠
 172     call old13_hndlr         ;  p p稪
 173
 174
 175     cmp hotkey,0             ;  㦭 ?
 176     je exit28                ;᫨  ,  室  p楤p
 177
 178     cmp video_flag,0         ;p⠥  p.pp뢠 10h?
 179     jne exit28               ;᫨ ,  室  p楤p
 180     cmp disk_flag,0          ;p⠥  p.pp뢠 13h?
 181     jne exit28               ;᫨ ,  室  p楤p
 182
 183     push di                  ;p pp
 184     push es
 185
 186
 187  ;pp 䫠 p᪮ 訡
 188  ;
 189     mov es,indos_seg
 190     mov di,errflag_off       ;p⪨ p 䫠
 191     cmp byte ptr es:[di],0
 192     pop es                   ;pp ⠭
 193     pop di
 194     jne exit28
 195
 196     mov hotkey,0             ;㫨 hotkey
 197     call do_it               ;p饭  ᭮ p楤p
 198
 199  exit28:
 200     iret                     ;p p頥 MS-DOS
 201  new13_hndlr endp
 202
 203  ;****************************************************************
 204  ;               DO_IT - p pp POPCLOCK
 205  ;****************************************************************
 206  do_it        proc      near
 207     mov running_flag,1       ;p稩 䫠 ⠭
 208
 209  ;p 쭮   p pp DOS
 210  ;
 211     cli                      ;p  pp뢠
 212     mov sp_save,sp           ; 㪠⥫   MS-DOS
 213     mov ss_save,ss           ;p pp SS
 214     push cs
 215     pop ss                   ;ᥣ 쭮 
 216     mov sp,offset stk_top    ;p 쭮 
 217     sti                      ;⬥ p  pp뢠
 218
                                   - 160 -

 219     push ax                  ;p pp MS-DOS
 220     push bx                  ; 쭮 
 221     push cx
 222     push dx
 223     push si
 224     push di
 225     push ds
 226     push es
 227     push bp
 228
 229  ;pp p ᯫ, 室  pp ᫨  p⠥
 230  ; p᪮ p
 231     mov ah,0Fh               ;㭪 p ᯫ
 232     int 10h                  ;p饭  pp 㦨
                                  ; ROM BIOS
 233     cmp al,3
 234     jbe get_cursor
 235     cmp al,7
 236     je  get_cursor
 237
 238  ;⠭  MS-DOS  p p 뢠饩
 239  ;pp
 240  exit: pop bp
 241        pop es
 242        pop ds
 243        pop di
 244        pop si
 245        pop dx
 246        pop cx
 247        pop bx
 248        pop ax
 249
 250     cli
 251     mov sp_save,sp
 252     mov ss_save,ss
 253     sti
 254     mov running_flag,0       ;⪠ p祣 䫠
 255     ret                      ;p p頥 뢠饩
                                  ;pp
 256
 257  ;p pp - ᫨ ᯫ 室  p text
 258  ;
 259  get_cursor:
 260     mov ah,03                ;  pp, p
                                  ;p 室  pp BH
 261     int 10h                  ;p饭  BIOS
 262     mov cur_pos,dx           ;  pp
 263     mov cur_size,cx          ; pp pp
 264
 265  ;p ᮤp 
 266  ;
 267     mov ah,02                ;⠭  pp
 268     mov di,17                ;p  p p
 269     mov dh,6
 270     int 10h
 271
 272     push cs
 273     pop  es
 274     mov di,offset screen_buf
 275     mov cx,6                 ; 6 p
 276  loop1:
 277     push cx
 278     mov cx,29                ; 29 権
 279  loop2:
 280     cld                      ; 䫠 direction
                                   - 161 -

 281     mov ax,8                 ;p p  ᨬ
 282     int 10h
 283     stosw                    ;  p
 284
 285     inc dl                   ;p pp  ᫥ 
 286     mov ah,02
 287     int 10h
 288     loop loop2               ; ᫥騩 ᨬ
 289
 290     mov dl,17                ;p pp  砫
 291     inc dh                   ;᫥饩 p
 292     mov ah,02
 293     int 10h
 294     pop cx
 295     loop loop1               ; ᫥ p
 296
 297  ;   ( 㤥 室 p)
 298  ;
 299     push bx                  ; p p
 300     mov ax,0700h             ; 
 301     mov bh,70h               ; p
 302     mov ch,6                 ;p  p y
 303     mov cl,17                ;p  p x
 304     mov dh,10                ; p p y
 305     mov dl,45                ; p p x
 306     int 10h
 307
 308  ; p
 309     ;
 310     mov ax,0700h             ; 
 311     mov bh,70h               ;p p
 312     mov ch,7                 ;p  p y
 313     mov cl,18                ;p  p x
 314     mov dh,9                 ; p p y
 315     mov dl,44                ; p p x
 316     int 10h
 317
 318
 319  ;뢥 ᮤp 
 320  ;
 321     pop bx                   ;⠭ p p
 322     mov ah,02                ; pp
 323     mov dh,10
 324     mov dl,21
 325     int 10h
 326
 327     mov ah,01h               ; pp
 328     mov cx,1000h
 329     int 10h
 330
 331     push cs
 332     pop ds                   ;ds - 
 333     mov si,offset brk_msg
 334     mov cx,19                ;뢥  p 19 ᨬ
 335     cld
 336  winloop1:
 337     lodsb                    ; --->  pp AL
 338     mov ah,0ah               ; ᨬ
 339     push cx                  ; 稪 横
 340     mov cx,1                 ;뢥 1 p
 341     int 10h
 342
 343     pop cx                   ;⠭ 祭 稪 横
 344     inc dl
 345     mov ah,02                ; pp
 346     int 10h
                                   - 162 -

 347     loop winloop1            ;뢥  p   ᨬ
 348
 349     mov ah,02                ; pp
 350     mov dh,8
 351     mov dl,19
 352     int 10h
 353
 354     mov cx,16                ;뢥  p 16 ᨬ
 355  winloop2:
 356     lodsb                    ; --->  pp AL
 357     mov ah,0ah               ; ᨬ
 358     push cx                  ; 祭 稪 横
 359     mov cx,1                 ;뢥 1 p
 360     int 10h
 361
 362     pop cx                   ;⠭ 祭 稪 横
 363     inc dl
 364     mov ah,02                ; pp
 365     int 10h
 366     loop winloop2            ;뢥   ᨬ
 367
 368  ;뢥  p 祭 p p  
 369     ;
 370  timeloop1:
 371     call gettime             ;㧣 p
 372
 373     mov ah,02                ; pp
 374     mov dh,8
 375     mov dl,35
 376     int 10h
 377
 378     mov si,offset hour10
 379     mov cx,8                 ;뢥  p 8 ᨬ
 380
 381  timeloop2:
 382     lodsb                    ;  pp AL
 383     mov ah,0ah               ; ᨬ
 384     push cx                  ; 祭 稪 横
 385     mov cx,1                 ;뢥 1 p
 386     int 10h
 387
 388     pop cx                   ;⠭ 稪 横
 389     inc dl
 390     mov ah,02                ; pp
 391     int 10h
 392     loop timeloop2
 393
 394     mov ah,01                ;pp  
 395     int 16h
 396     jz timeloop1             ;᫨   , 室  横
 397
 398     mov ah,00
 399     int 16h                  ;뢮 p뢠
 400
 401  ;⠭ p  室  pp
 402     ;
 403     mov ah,02                ;⠭  pp
 404     mov dl,17                ;p  p p
 405     mov dh,6
 406     int 10h
 407
 408     mov si,offset screen_buf ;砫 ⠭ p
 409     mov cx,6                 ;⠭ 6 p
 410  loop11:
 411     push cx                  ; 祭 稪 譥
                                  ;横
                                   - 163 -

 412     mov cx,29                ;⠭ 29 権
 413  loop12:
 414     cld                      ; 䫠 direction
 415     lodsw                    ; ᨬ/p
 416     mov bl,ah                ; p⮢
 417     mov ah,9                 ; ᨬ  p
 418     push cx                  ; 祭 稪
                                  ;p 横
 419     mov cx,1                 ; 1 p
 420     int 10h                  ;p饭  BIOS
 421     pop cx                   ;⠭ 祭 稪
                                  ;p 横
 422
 423     inc dl                   ;p pp  ᫥ 
 424     mov ah,02
 425     int 10h
 426     loop loop12              ; ᫥騩 ᨬ
 427
 428     mov dl,17                ;p pp  砫
 429     inc dh                   ;᫥饩 p
 430     mov ah,02
 431     int 10h
 432     pop cx                   ;⠭ 祭 稪
                                  ;譥 横
 433     loop loop11              ; ᫥ p
 434
 435  ;⠭ pp   pp
 436     ;
 437     mov ah,1                 ;⠭ pp
 438     mov cx,cur_size
 439     int 10h
 440
 441     mov ah,2                 ;⠭ 
 442     mov dx,cur_pos
 443     int 10h
 444
 445     jmp exit
 446
 447  do_it endp                  ; p楤p
 448
 449  gettim   proc    near
 450
 451     mov ah,2ch               ;㭪 祭 p
 452     int 21h                  ;p饭  MS-DOS
 453
 454  ;p ᫥騥 祭:  -  pp CH,  - 
 455  ;pp CL, ᥪ㭤 -  pp DH. 祭 p  
 456  ;ASCII  
 457     mov bl,10
 458
 459     xor ah,ah                ;
 460     mov al,ch
 461     div bl
 462     or ax,3030h
 463     mov hour10,al
 464     mov hour,ah
 465
 466     xor ah,ah                ;
 467     mov al,cl
 468     div bl
 469     or ax,3030h
 470     mov min10,al
 471     mov min,ah
 472
                                   - 164 -

 473     xor ah,ah                ;ᥪ㭤
 474     mov al,dh
 475     div bl
 476     or ax,3030h
 477     mov sec10,al
 478     mov sec,ah
 479     ret
 480  gettime endp
 481
 482  last_byte  db    "$"
 483
 484  ;****************************************************************
 485  ;        INITIALIZE - 樠p  POPCLOCK
 486  ;****************************************************************
 487  initialize   proc      near
 488  assume  ds:cseg             ;p  ᥣ
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493  ;p饭 䫠 indos
 494  ;
 495  init:  mov ah,34h
 496     int 21h
 497     mov indos_off,bx         ;p⪨ p 䫠
 498     mov indos_seg,es         ;p ᥣ 䫠
 499
 500
 501  ;p饭 䫠 p᪮ 訡
 502  ;
 503     mov ah,30h
 504     int 21h
 505     cmp al,2
 506     jg call5d                ;㭪 5dh, - ⮫쪮  pᨩ 3.
 507     je calc                  ;᫨ p⠥ p 2., 
                                  ;p p
 508  ;室  pp, ᫨ p⠥ p 1.
 509  ;
 510     mov dx,offset dos1_msg
 511     mov ah,9
 512     int 21h
 513     int 20h                  ;p p頥 MS-DOS
 514  ;᫨ p⠥ p 2., p p 䫠 訡
 515     ;
 516  calc:   mov si,bx           ; pp bx - 䫠 indos
 517     inc si
 518     jmp save_it
 519  ;p饭 䫠 訡   㭪樨 5dh, ᫨ p⠥
 520  ;p 3.X
 521  call5d:   mov ah,5dh        ;㭪 MS-DOS, p頥
 522     mov al,6                 ;p 䫠 訡
 523     int 21h                  ;p饭  MS-DOS
 524  save_it:   push cs
 525     pop ds                   ;⠭ ds
 527     mov errflag_off,si
 528
 529  ;祭  p稪  楯 pp뢠
 530     ;
 531     mov ax,3508h             ; p pp뢠 8h
 532     int 21h
 533     mov old8_off,bx          ; 
 534     mov old8_seg,es
 535
 536     mov ax,2508h             ;㭪 p pp뢠
 537     mov dx,offset new8_hndlr
 538     int 21h
 539
                                   - 165 -

 540     mov ax,3509h             ; p pp뢠 9h
 541     int 21h
 542     mov old9_off,bx          ; 
 543     mov old9_seg,es
 544
 545     mov ax,2509h             ;㭪 p pp뢠
 546     mov dx,offset new9_hndlr
 547     int 21h
 548
 549     mov ax,3510h             ; p pp뢠 10h
 550     int 21h
 551     mov old10_off,bx         ; 
 552     mov old10_seg,es
 553
 554     mov ax,2510h             ;㭪 p pp뢠
 555     mov dx,offset new10_hndlr
 556     int 21h
 557
 558     mov ax,3513h             ; p pp뢠 13h
 559     int 21h
 560     mov old13_off,bx         ; 
 561     mov old13_seg,es
 562
 563     mov ax,2513h             ;㭪 p pp뢠
 564     mov dx,offset new13_hndlr
 565     int 21h
 566
 567     mov ax,3528h             ; p pp뢠 28h
 568     int 21h
 569     mov old28_off,bx         ; 
 570     mov old28_seg,es
 571
 572     mov ax,2528h             ;㭪 p pp뢠
 573     mov dx,offset new28_hndlr
 574     int 21h
 575
 576  ;뢥  p ᮮ饭  砭 p㧪 pp
 577     ;
 578     mov dx,offset losd_msg
 579     mov ah,09h
 580     int 21h
 581
 582     ;⢮ 뤥塞  --->  pp di
 583     mov dx,(offset last_byte - offset cseg + 15)
 584     mov cl,4
 585     shr dx,cl                ;p  pp
 586     mov ax,3100h             ;㭪 TSR
 587     int 21h                  ;p饭  MS-DOS
 588
 589  initialize  endp
 590  ;
 591  cseg  ends
 592     end begin                ; pp

                                   - 166 -

                            14
                         MS-DOS

    訥   p p㤮 p  - 
業p  pp   (CPU)       .   ⠫  
(᪮, p, ᯫ, pp   ..)  譨  
⭮襭  p.  譨  p p㤮
뢠    p .
     設    pp  p⢮  ⢫   p
p p浪.   pp  p   p樮
⥬   ᮮ⢥   pp,   ⢥        ⠪  
p.    pp  뢠    (p.14-1). 
  饭  pᬮp  pp,  p    p
MS-DOS.

----------------      -------------          ----------------------
| pp |--------->|    |--------->|          |
|  p⢮  |<---------|           |<---------|    |
----------------     -------------          |                    |
                                                 ----------------------

   .14-1. pp ᯥ稢  pp p⢠ 
             p.

                         

       ᭮  㭪権  p樮  ⥬  -  ᯥ祭
p㯯  pᯮᮡ  pp,  㯭  ⥬    p
pp. ᫨ p饩  pp 室 ⠪   pp
p⢮,   ᮮ頥 p樮 ⥬,   p 
室,    MS-DOS  p⠢    ᮮ⢥騩  pp.   
⠡.14-1 p᫥ ⠭p pp MS-DOS.

                                                    14-1
    ,   MS-DOS

------------------------------------------------------------------------
pp p⢮               p⢠       p⢠
------------------------------------------------------------------------
᮫ (p/p)                                    CON:
p ᨭp
㭨樮 p                                   AUX:  COM1:
p ᨭp
㭨樮 p                                         COM2:
p p pp                             PRN:  LPT1:
p p pp                                   LPT2:
⨢ p⢮                                          NUL:
᪮   ᪥                                    -
᪮  ⪮ ᪠                                    -
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 = p⢮ ᨬ쭮 p 
 = p⢮ 筮 p 

                

   p⢠  ᨬ쭮   p     ⢫  p뫪
p樨      ᨬ    p.  ⨬ p⢠ ⭮
p  ᫥⥫    p  p   ᯫ.  MS-DOS
   p ᮮ⢥ p⭮  (). 
p p   p   ⠡.14-1.  pp MS-DOS 
p ⮫쪮  p⢮ ᨬ쭮 p.
   p⢠   筮   p      ⢫   p뫪
p樨  .  ,   p, ⠢ 512 .  
⨬ p⢠  ⭮ ᪮     ᪥, ᪮ 
⪮  ᪠     p㣨   p⢠     ⥫  p樨.
p⢠  筮   p       p   .
                                   - 167 -

p饭   p   p p⢠ (A,B,C   ..).
pp MS-DOS  㦨 ᪮쪮 p 筮 p.

                      

     p  p  MS-DOS  祭    p⢠    ⥬
p ppp ⥬  䠩 DOS. ⮡   ⮣,
pp pp p 뫨 㦤 ⪮ppp BIOS
᢮  PC.     ᨬ     BIOS       ᯥ稢
ᮢ⨬  p   p㣮,    p樮 ⥬.  p楤p
祭    p  pp    DOS 뫠 p饭, 稭 
pᨨ  2.0,      pp⠭  p  p樮  ⥬   
砥묨 pp.
   砥 pp p⠢ ᮡ  ᪮ 䠩.  
p㦠        ᮮ⢥⢨      ⥪⮢  䠩
CONFIG.SYS.    CONFIG.SYS  p  짮⥫   뢠 
p pp ⥬  ᪠ ( p  p p㧪
MS-DOS).  pp  䠩  뢠     pp 㦨
譨   p,   砥      設.      pp
p㦠       ⥬ 䠩  MS-DOS. pp
砥  ⥬  ᫥饣 ⨯ (䠩 CONFIG.SYS):

                    device=[d:][path]filename

   p  p㧪   MS-DOS  pp   稥  CONFIG.SYS     p
pp ⥬ ᪠.  ᫨ 䠩 ,   p᫥   
pp   DOS.
    쬮   pᬮp  p p㧪   p ᯮ짮
pp ANSI.SYS.  pp p祭   㦨  p 
ᯫ.
        p p  pp pp   㭪権
pp.  p   p⠢ p  pp
p  pp.      p 室  몠
ppp ᥬp.

                          

   pp  p⠢  ᮡ  pp,   p, ᠭ 
몥  ᥬp.   pp  ⮨     p   ⥩:     ,
pp p⥣  pp pp뢠.

    

     (p.14-12)   p⠢  ᮡ   18-⮢  pp
, pᯮ  砫  pp.     5
:    㪠⥫      ᫥饣  pp,  p⮢
p⢠,   pp p⥣,   pp  pp뢠 
 p⢠.

                                   - 168 -

                 -  -------------------------------
                |   |  㪠⥫   |
                |   |    ᫥饣 pp      |
                |   |          4             |
                |   |-----------------------------|
                |   |   p⮢ p⢠  |
                |   |          2             |
                |   |-----------------------------|
       |   |  㪠⥫  pp |
  pp      <   |          p⥣          |
                |   |           2            |
                |   |-----------------------------|
                |   |  㪠⥫  pp |
                |   |          pp뢠         |
                |   |           2            |
                |   |-----------------------------|
                |   |         p⢠       |
                |   |           8 ⮢          |
                  - |-----------------------------|
                    =                             =
                    |-----------------------------|
                    |                             |
                    |   pp p⥣ |
                    |                             |
                    |                             |
                    |-----------------------------|
                    |                             |
                    |   p pp뢠 |
                    =                             =

                  .14-2. pp pp MS-DOS.

       

   p      4 .     ᮤp 
p  ᫥饣 pp.  㤥 ,   p
p MS-DOS pp ⠪ 뢠     ⥬
pp. p   -  㪠⥫   ᫥饣
  ᯨ᪥  pp  (p.14-3).  pp  頥   
祭  -1  (祭  FFH).  ⥬  p樮  ⥬  㤠
祭 ᮮ⢥饣  ( ᯨ᪮)  㪠⥫. ⮬  祭 -1
⠥     ᫥  ᯨ᪥ pp.

                                   - 169 -

----------------------  -----------------------  -----------------------
|⥫  . |  |                     |  | FF  FF  FF  FF      |
|᫥.pp ---|--|--->              ---|--|--->                 |
|--------------------|  |---------------------|  |---------------------|
|  ⥫  - |  |                     |  |                     |
| pp p⥣|  |                     |  |                     |
|--------------------|  |---------------------|  |---------------------|
|  ⥫  - |  |                     |  |                     |
|pp pp뢠|  |                     |  |                     |
|--------------------|  |---------------------|  |---------------------|
|    p⢠   |  |                     |  |                     |
|--------------------|  |---------------------|  |---------------------|
=                    =  =                     =  =                     =
|--------------------|  |---------------------|  |---------------------|
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|   pp     |  |                     |  |                     |
|     p⥣      |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|--------------------|  |---------------------|  |---------------------|
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|   pp     |  |                     |  |                     |
|    pp뢠      |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|--------------------|  |---------------------|  |---------------------|
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |
|                    |  |                     |  |                     |

   .14-3. MS-DOS 頥    㪠⥫ (  p)
 ᫥騩   楯 ᯨ᪥ pp.

     

   p        2  .   室 
짮⥫  p  p⢠.  p       p
⮢.  ᮤp  ⥫ p   p⢥ (⠡.14-2).
p  ⠡ 14-2  pᬮp .

    

   p    ᮤp 塠 㪠⥫  pp
p⥣.  ⥫     pp⮬    ᮮ⢥⢨     
pᯮ p pp. pp pp p⥣  p
 p   .

                                                    14-2
           

------------------------------------------------------------------------
p                           祭 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  15     = 1, ᫨ p⢮  p 
            = 0, ᫨ p⢮ 筮 p 
  14     = 1, ᫨ pp IOCTL p⠥   pᨨ MS-DOS
            = 0, ᫨ pp IOCTL  MS-DOS  pᨨ  p⠥
  13     = 1, ᫨   IBM-᪮ p
            = 0, ᫨  p IBM (p⢮ 筮 p)
  12     = 1, ᫨ p⢮ p  Output Til Busy
            = 0, ᫨ p⢮  p  Output Til Busy
                                   - 170 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
p                           祭 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  11     = 1, ᫨ p⢮ p  Device Open,
                 Device Close  Removable Media
            = 0, ᫨ p⢮  p  Device Open,
                 Device Close  Removable Media
  6      = 1, ᫨ p⢮ p  Get Logical
                 Device  Set Logical Device
            = 0, ᫨ p⢮  p  Get Logical
                 Device  Set Logical Device
  4      = 1, ᫨  p /뢮  ᮫ ᯮ
                 p稪 pp뢠 29
            = 0, ᫨ p稪 pp뢠 29  ᯮ
  3      = 1, ᫨ pp 㦨 ⠩p
            = 0, ᫨ pp  㦨 ⠩p
  2      = 1, ᫨ pp 㦨 䨪⨢ p⢮
            = 0, ᫨ pp  㦨 䨪⨢ p⢮
  1      = 1, ᫨ pp 㦨 p⢮ ⠭p⭮ 뢮
            = 0, ᫨ pp  㦤 - ⠭p⭮ 뢮
  0      = 1, ᫨ pp 㦨 p⢮ ⠭p⭮ 
            = 0, ᫨ pp  㦨 - ⠭p⭮ 
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    

 ⢥p⮥   ᮤp 塠 㪠⥫  pp
pp뢠. ⥫     pp⮬    ᮮ⢥⢨     
pᯮ p pp. pp pp pp뢠 p
 p   .

    

   ᫥   -     p⢠.   pp
p    p     室 ⠭p⭮ 
p⢠. ᫨    쬨 ᨬ,    
p.   MS-DOS 䠩         p⢠. 
pp p 筮 p  (  )   
  p  㦨  p⢠.    祭  㪠뢠
pp⮬.

                          

     ᫥  p  ᠭ  p  祭,  p饭 
  맮 pp.  p pp  p饭  
pp.    p饭  -    pp , ⢥ 
 pp   p樮 ⥬.   稢 ⨭
pp      ᥬp,   p   ᫥  pp⪨    
ᯮ짮  ⢥ pp 譥 p⢠.

    

     p  p㧪  MS-DOS  ⮬᪨  p㦠   ⠭p
pp,  p  室    ⥬  䠩 IO.SYS. , 
 p樮 ⥬  pp ⢫  楯  ᯨ
(  p樥  ᫥饣    pp   p饬). p 
ᯨ᪥  ᥣ  㪠  pp  䨪⨢ p⢠ (p.14-4). ⥬
p 砥  pp   ⮫쪮 ᫥   -  ⠭p
(p) pp MS-DOS.

  ----------------       -----------------       -----------------
  |     |       |      |       |      |
  |  䨪⨢  ------->|  p⭮ ------->|  p⭮ ------>
  |  p⢠  |       |  p⢠ 1 |       |  p⢠ 2 |
  ----------------       -----------------       -----------------

   .14-4. 窠  p⭬ pp.
                                   - 171 -

     

     pp  뤠  p    pp  p⢮,   
砥,      pp  p饭    ᮮ⢥饩 p᭮
㭪樨  MS-DOS.  p樮   ⥬  pᬠp  楯   ᯨ᮪
pp, 稭   pp  䨪⨢ p⢠,     室
pp      p⢠,  ᮮ⢥饬  ,  뤠  p
p. ᫨     ᯨ᪥ 㪠     pp   ⥬  
p⢠,  p饭   p  㤥 - ⥬  ᥣ
뢠 p  ᯨ pp.

 ------------    ---------------    --------------    --------------
 | |    |    |    |   |    |   |
 |䨪⨢|--->|砥|--->|p⭮|--->|p⭮|--->
 |p⢠|    |p⢠ 1 |    |p⢠ 1|    |p⢠ 2|
 ------------    ---------------    --------------    --------------

   .14-5. 窠   砥 pp

   pp      p    ⨯  p饩  p樨
(⥭, , pp ﭨ  ..).  p p뫠
    .  20   pp.    
p᢮ 㭨  .  pp pᬠp  
  .

      

     ⢥    p  pp, MS-DOS  頥  ᮮ⢥饩
  pp , 뢠     pp.
 p饭 -   裡 p樮 ⥬  pp
(p.14-6).

               -------------------------------------
               |      p饭      |
               |              1                |
               |-----------------------------------|
               |            p⢠          |
               |              1                |
               |-----------------------------------|
               |                         |
               |              1                |
               |-----------------------------------|
               |            ﭨ         |
               |              2               |
               |-----------------------------------|
               |    , ppp㥬 MS-DOS     |
               |              8 ⮢             |
               |-----------------------------------|
               |                      |
               |          p          |
               -------------------------------------

   .14-6. pp  p饭  pp

   p          .    ᮤp   
 p饭   pp.  㤥  ,    祭
   , pp㥬 MS-DOS.
   p    ⮦  ⭮.      ᮤp    p㥬
pp  p⢠.    祭   ⮫쪮  p
筮  p  .  ᫨  pp,    pp,  㦨 2
᪮,      㪠뢠 p  p⢠,    p
p   .
   p  p⠢ ᮡ    pp.
     ⢥p⮬    p  塠⭮  ᫮ ﭨ pp.
᫥⥫쭮 ⮢ ⮣   pp, ⮡ ᯥ
  p⭮  p    -    MS-DOS.  15-    ᫮
                                   - 172 -

ﭨ  ⠭,  ᫨    p p pp p諠
訡.  ⠭  9-    砥,      p    ﭨ
p⢠ (  6) 뤠 ⢥ "". ⠭ 8-  
砥,   p⪠      p襭.   襣
p浪  (  0-7)  㦨    祭  ⨯ p襤襩 訡
(⠡.14-3).

                                                     14-3
     訩  ᫮ ﭨ  p饭  pp
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  訡                         祭
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   00        p襭  
   01        ⭮ p⢮
   02        p⢮  ﭨ ⮢
   03        ⭠ 
   04        訡 CRC
   05        p쭠  pp p饭  pp
   06        訡 ᪠
   07         ⥫
   08        p  p㦥
   09         㬠  pp
   0A        訡 p 
   0B        訡 p ⥭
   0C         訡
   0F        p p  ᪮ (⮫쪮  pᨨ 3.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------

   ⮥       p⠢   ᮡ  쬨⮢   ,
ppp㥬 MS-DOS.
   ⮥     뢠     .     p    
p  , pp㥬 MS-DOS.    p
  p㯯  p塞   pp  pp.     pp
p頥 p MS-DOS,   pp 室    
   p饭.   p   ⮬      pp  ᮮ⢥
p .
    ,   䨪  ᮮ⢥饣 p⢠,  롮p
    樠    p饭   pp p
p樮  ⥬      㯫  p   pp
p⢮.  p稪  pp        p  ⢥砥  
p.

     

   ᫥  p襭  樠樨    p饭     pp,
 p   p頥   pp  ES:BX. ⥬  MS-DOS
p p饭  pp p⥣ pp.
   ⢥  㭪  pp   p⥣  -     
 p   p饭       p.
p  p p  pp  p樠p   p
p饭   -  pp.
   ᫥  믮  pp  p⥣  p   p頥
MS-DOS, p  p p  p饭   pp pp뢠.
pp pp뢠 -  p pp. p   ⮨  
⠡ ᪠,  p pp⮬  pp.   ⮩ ⠡
    ,      p饭, ᮮ⢥
⪠ p室  p  pp.
   ᫥ p饭  pp pp뢠,  뢠   
 , ⥬ pᬠp  ⠡ ᪠  p  p
p楤p,   ⢥饩      p   祭  .  p楤p
p  p  ,  ᫥  祣  頥    
 p饭 室 pp.
    p,  pp p蠥  p, p  p
MS-DOS.   p樮   ⥬   pᬠp   ᮤp  
p饭  業 p. ⥬ p p  pp,
㤠 p襫 p  pp p⢮.
                                   - 173 -

   ⨭  14-1  -    饭  奬  pp  MS-DOS. 
ᮮ⢥    pp  pp   p騩
pp.

                 ⨭ 14-1. 奬 pp MS-DOS

  ;                       奬 pp
  ;
  code_seg      segment  para   public  'code'
  sceleton      proc     far
                assume  cs:code_seg,es:code_seg,ds:code_seg
  ;
  begin:
  ;
  ;Device Header
  next_dev       dd    -1        ; p ᫥饣 
  attrib_field   dw   8000h      ;p⢮  p
  start_ptr      dw   strategy   ;p⪨ p pp p⥣
  int_ptr        dw   interrupt  ;p⪨ p pp pp뢠
  name           db   'DEMO    ' ; pp
  ;
  ;
  ;p   pp.  p p 
  ;p饭  pp
  rheader_off    dw   ?
  rheader_seg    dw   ?
  ;
  ; 砥 室    ᯮ짮  p㣨
  ;楫.
  ;
  ;pp p⥣   ;p p饭   p MS-DOS
  strategy:
       mov      cs:rheader_off,bx   ; p 
                                    ;p饭
       mov      cs:rheader_seg,es
       ret                          ;p p頥 MS-DOS
  ;
  ;
  ;pp pp뢠
  interrupt:
       push    ds        ; pp p樮 ⥬
       push    es
       push    ax
       push    bx
       push    cx
       push    dx
       push    si
       push    di
  ;     p饭  pp
       mov     al,es:[bx+2]
  ;
  ;  , p ⥯p 室  pp al,
  ;p  믮 ᮮ⢥饩 p楤p  p .
  ; ⮩  pp  室 pp p⪨
  ;. pp ⠢   ᢮ ᬮp.
  ;
  ;
  ;
  ;᫥ p⪨  - 室  pp.
       mov     es:word ptr [bx+3],0100h   ;⠭ 8-  ("⮢")
                                          ; p饭  p.
       pop    ds               ;⠭ pp MS-DOS
       pop    es
       pop    ax
       pop    bx
       pop    cx
                                   - 174 -

       pop    dx
       pop    si
       pop    di
       ret;                     ;p p MS-DOS
  ;
  ; pp
  sceleton    endp
  code_seg    ends
              end    begin

                            

     MS-DOS    20    pp.   p p
⠫쭮 pᬮp    .

. 稢 , pp 뢠    p饭
           ᫥騥 pp:  ,  p⢠ (⮫쪮
            p 筮 p )   . 
           p p⪨  pp pp ᫮ ﭨ
             p饭 (. p.14-6).

   INIT (  0)

    pp p p㧪 MS-DOS   祭 pp
 p樮 ⥬.  㦨  樠樨 p⢠.  
  pp  ⮫쪮      p  p饭   㭪
MS-DOS.   ᯮ짮 㭪樨 01-0  㭪 30.
     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   1.  뤠   ⢮  p,   㦨  pp.   
p ⮫쪮   p  筮 p  .  
祭   pp ⢮ 1     p⢠.
   2.  뤠  p   pp뢠.  ⨬  pᮬ   稢  
pp,  p      ᫥  p⪨ INIT.   INIT
ᯮ    ,     設⢮  pp⮢   
p楤p  p⪨  ⮩         pp.     ᫥
p襭 p 樠樨  ,  p楤p,  㤥
饭.
   3. 뤠 㪠⥫ ⠡  pp (BPB) ⥬ BIOS.  
 p⢠  筮 p  INIT pp    ⠡
BPB (.  2).  pp   ⨯ ⥫,
ᯮ㥬    p⢥.     ᮤp 㪠⥫ 
BPB    ⤥쭮  p⢠.    INIT  p頥   p
⠡ BPB     p饭.
   4. ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p饭.

   pp  뢠 , 室騥    :

   p p                   ᠭ
 p饭
      18-21          p p ᨬ ᫥  "=" 
                    pp p㧪 pp 䠩 CONFIG.SYS.
                      p pp, 稭  ⮣
                    ᨬ,   ᯮ짮 pp.
       22           p ⨬ p⢮ (0=  .. - ⮫쪮
                     MS-DOS pᨨ 3.)

   pp  p   :

   p p
 p饭                ᠭ
       13           p 㦨 pp p⢠
      14-15         p⪨ p pp뢠 pp
      16-17         p ᥣ pp뢠 pp
      18-19         p⪨ p ⠡ BPB
      20-21         p ᥣ ⠡ BPB
                                   - 175 -

   MEDIA CHECK (  1)

     p祭    p  筮  p . 
砥  뤠      p⢠    p,  pp
⠭  ⮫쪮  8-    ᫮  ﭨ     p饭
("믮").    MEDIA  CHECK  ᯮ  ⮡  pp,  뫠 
p  ⥫    p⢥.  MS-DOS  pp
  p  p樥  "⥭  ᪠"  "   ".
᫥  p⪨    pp    p   ᫥
祭:
   -1  ⥫ 
    0  ⭮,    ⥫
    1  ⥫   

    p ᬥ ⥫  p⢠  ⪨ ᪮
 ᪮  RAM. ⮬  pp   p   ppp
⠪, ⮡  p  p⪨  MEDIA CHECK  ᥣ 뤠
ᨣ  "⥫    ".    p樮  ⥬  ᬮ
⢫   ,  pᬠp ⠡ p饭 䠩.
    MS-DOS     ᯮᮡ  ⮡ p, 뫠  
p    ᪥    p⢥     ᪠. ⮬
pp     p  室   ppp  ⠪,   ⮡  
p p⪨   MEDIA  CHECK 뤠  ᨣ "  ".
p⪠ ⮣ ᨣ p   ⮬ ﭨ p  䠩
⮣ p⢠. ᫨ p ᮤp , p祭  
("p吝"  ),    MS-DOS  "⠥",     ⥫ 
p  p뢠   ᪥. ᫨  ⥫  
 뫠 p,    ⢨ ⥬   p pp
䠩     ᪥.  ᫨     p   "p吝"  p樨  ,
p,    ⥫    .    ⮬  砥 ᮤp
p ⮣  p⢠ p뢠,  pp   pp
BUILD BPB (  2)    뢠 pp  FAT  
᪥.
     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:

   1. p p pp  ⥫.
   2. ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.
   pp  뢠 , p騥    :

   p p                   ᠭ
 p饭
       13            ᠭ ⥫, ⠭  ᥪp
                    p㧪 㦨 ᪠ ( p㧪
                    pᬠp  .9).

   pp  p   :

   p p
 p饭                ᠭ
       14            pp ᬥ ⥫
      15-16         p⪨ p ⪨ ⮬ (MS-DOS pᨩ 3.)
      17-18         p ᥣ ⪨ ⮬ (MS-DOS pᨩ 3.)

   BUILD BPB (  2)

    p뢠 p⢠  筮 p .   砥
뤠   p⢠  p, pp ⠭
⮫쪮 8-  ᫮ ﭨ  p饭 ("믮").  BUILD
BPB pp, ᫨   p p⪨   MEDIA CHECK  
祭 ᨣ "⥫ "  " ". pp pᬠp
ᥪp p㧪 ᪠,  뢠     pp ⥬  ROM
BIOS (BPB . ⠡.14-4)   p頥  p樮  ⥬ 祭
㪠⥫  BPB.  ⥬ pᨩ 3.  ⠪  䨪p
⪨ ⮬.
                                   - 176 -

    p p⪨  pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   1.     BPB.
   2. p p樮 ⥬ 祭 㪠⥫   BPB.
   3.     ⮬ 㦨 ⥫ (MS-DOS
      pᨩ 3.)
   4. ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   pp  뢠 , p騥    :

   p p                   ᠭ
 p饭
       13            ᠭ ⥫, ⠭  ᥪp
                    p㧪 㦨 ᪠ ( p㧪
                    pᬠp  .9).
      14-17         ᫨   p⮢  pp 饭 
                     IBM-᪮ p ( 13),    
                    ᮤp  p p,  p p
                    p ᥪp ⠡ p饭 䠩  ᪥
                    (FAT). (p  ⠡ -   ᠭ
                    ⥫). ᫨ 13-   p⮢ ⠭
                    (..  祭 p 1),   p 
                    ᯮ짮  ⢥ p祩  pp.

   pp  p   :

   p p
 p饭                ᠭ
      18-19         p⪨ p  BPB
      20-21         p ᥣ  BPB

                                                14-4
                       pp  BPB,
         p⪨ p p ᥪp p㧪 ᪠

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              
------------------------------------------------------------------------
⢮ ⮢  ᥪp                      ᫮       11-12
⢮ p ᥪp  ᪥                      13
ppp ᥪp                        ᫮       14-15
⢮ FAT                                            16
⢮ ᥩ  p pp         ᫮       17-18
饥 ⢮ ᥪp  ᪥               ᫮       19-20
⥫ ⥫                                      21
⢮ ᥪp,   FAT        ᫮       22-23
------------------------------------------------------------------------

   IOCTL INPUT (  3)

    IOCTL  INPUT (p  /뢮) ᯥ稢  
pp    p  pp.    ⢨ ⢫
p⢮ p뫪 p p /뢮 pp pp
 p. p뫪 p p p, pᯮ   .
 㭪樮쭠.  p⠥  ⥬ p⢠  
 筮  p ,   p  ⠭ 14-     
p⮢  p饭.
   p饭   ⢫ p⢮ p饭   ⥬
㭪樨  44.    IOCTL  INPUT  ᯮ    p뫪  p饩
p樨    pp    p  pp.   IOCTL OUTPUT - 
p뫪 p饩 p樨 pp  p pp.
    p p⪨  IOCTL  INPUT (  3), INPUT  (
 4), OUTPUT (  8), OUTPUT WITH VERIFY (  9) 
                                   - 177 -

IOCTL  OUTPUT  (    12)  pp   p ᫥騥
p樨:
   1. p p㥬 p   뢮.
   2.  ⢮ p ⮢.
   3. ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p饭  pp.
   p  p⪥  㪠    pp    뢠  ,
p騥    :

   p p                   ᠭ
 p饭
       13            ᠭ ⥫, ⠭  ᥪp
                    p㧪 㦨 ᪠ ( p㧪
                    pᬠp  .9).
      14-15         p⪨ p p /뢮
      18-19         ⢮ p  (⮢  p
                     p, ᥪp  p .
                    p )
      20-21         p ᥪp (⮫쪮  p 筮
                    p )

   p p⪥ 㪠  pp  p  
:

   p p
 p饭                ᠭ
      18-19         ᪨ pp p  (⮢ 
                    p  p , ᥪp 
                    p 筮 p ).
      22-25          p ⪨ ⮬ 㦨 ᪠. 
                    ᯮ ⮫쪮   4  8  ⮫쪮 
                    p樮 ⥬ pᨩ 3.. ᫨ pp
                    p頥  訡 0FH (p饭 ᬥ
                    ⥫),  MS-DOS  ᯮ짮 
                    㪠⥫, ⮡   ⮬  ᫠
                    짮⥫ ᮮ饭  祭 ᮮ⢥饣
                    ᪠.

   INPUT (  4)

    뢠    pp p⢠.  . p騩
p (IOCTL INPUT (  3)).

   NONDESTRUCTIVE READ (  5)

     p祭    p⪨  p  p
.    砥  뤠      p⢠ 筮 p,
pp ⠭ ⮫쪮 8-  ᫮ ﭨ  p饭
("믮").    NONDESTRUCTIVE  READ  뢠    p ᨬ, 
㤠  㤠.
    p p⪨  pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   1.  ᨬ  p p⢠.
   2. ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   pp  p   :

   p p
 p饭                ᠭ
       13           뢠 ᨬ

   INPUT STATUS

     p祭    p⪨  p  p
.    砥  뤠      p⢠ 筮 p,
pp ⠭ ⮫쪮 8-  ᫮ ﭨ  p饭
                                   - 178 -

("믮").    INPUT  STATUS  㦨    pp  ﭨ p
p⢠.     pp,          p    
뢠.  pp p頥  p樮 ⥬. ᫨
p pp p⥫ (⮢   ⥭ ᨬ   p
),    pp  ⠭  9-    ᫮  ﭨ  
p饭. ᫨  p ⥫,      頥.  ᫨
p  p⢠  뤥,  9-  ⠪ 頥.
     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   INPUT FLUSH (  7)

     p祭    p⪨  p  p
.    砥  뤠      p⢠ 筮 p,
pp ⠭ ⮫쪮 8-  ᫮ ﭨ  p饭
("믮").    INPUT   FLUSH  頥  p   p⢠  
p, 뢠 㤠 ᨬ   p,   㤥 뤠 ᨣ
 ⢨   p.
    p p⪨  pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   OUTPUT (  8)

    㦨     pp p⢮. 
p .p "IOCTL INPUT (  3)".

   OUTPUT WITH VERIFY (  9)

    㦨      pp p⢮.  
p    ᮯp  p樥  ⥭  -  ⮡   pp
pp⭮  p  p樨.    p .p "IOCTL
INPUT (  3)".

   OUTPUT STATUS (  10)

     p祭    p⪨  p  p
.    砥  뤠      p⢠ 筮 p,
pp ⠭ ⮫쪮 8-  ᫮ ﭨ  p饭
("믮").    OUTPUT  STATUS  㦨    pp ﭨ p
  p,  p祭    뢮  p樨  (pp,
pp). ᫨ p      p⢮  ⮢   뢮
,  pp 頥 9-  ᫮ ﭨ  p饭 
pp.   ⠭ pp, ᫨ p⢮  室
  p祬  ﭨ      p    묨  (⮢묨 
뢮).
     p  p⪨    pp    믮 ᫥騥
p樨:
   ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   OUTPUT FLUSH (  11)

    p뢠 p⢠  p .   砥
뤠   p⢠ 筮 p, pp  ⠭
⮫쪮 8-  ᫮ ﭨ  p饭 ("믮").  INPUT
FLUSH  頥  p    p,  p祭     뢮
p樨.
     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   IOCTL OUTPUT (  12)

     㦨    p뫪  p饩  p     p
pp pp.  p  .p "IOCTL INPUT (  
3)".
                                   - 179 -

   DEVICE OPEN (  13)

    pp⠭   pᨩ MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.0).
᫨  ⠭  11-      p⮢   pp,  
pp  p    p⨨  p⢠.   ⠭  
DEVICE CLOSE (   14),    ᯮ짮, ⮡  p
⢮  pp,  p  pp          
㯥.  DEVICE OPEN   ⠪ 㦨   樠樨 p
 p .
     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   DEVICE CLOSE (  14)

    pp⠭   pᨩ MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.0).
᫨  ⠭  11-      p⮢   pp,  
pp  p    p⨨  p⢠.   ⠭  
DEVICE OPEN  (   13),    ᯮ짮,  ⮡ p
⢮  pp,  p  pp          
㯥.
     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   REMOVABLE MEDIA (  15)

    pp⠭   pᨩ MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.0).
᫨  ⠭  11-      p⮢   pp,  
pp p  p饭  pp  㭪樨 08  ⥬
㭪樨 44 (IOCTL-塞 ⥫). ᫨ ⥫ 塞,  
pp  頥  9-    ᫮  ﭨ      p饭. 
p⨢ 砥   ⠭.
     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   OUTPUT UNTIL BUSY (  16)

    pp⠭   pᨩ MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.0).
  pp,  ᫨  ⠭  13-    p⮢ 
pp.    ⮩      㦨  p⢮   뫠
室  p.  p  뫠    祭  ᨣ  
 p⢠.  p᪨   p   p樨
pp᪨ 㫮 (䠩  뢮 p樨  ).
     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   1. 뤠 ⢮ ᠭ  p⢮ ᨬ.
   2. ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.
   pp  뢠 , p騥    :

   p p                   ᠭ
 p饭
       13            ᠭ ⥫, ⠭  ᥪp
                    p㧪 㦨 ᪠ ( p㧪
                    pᬠp  .9).
      14-15         p⪨ p p 
      16-17         p ᥣ p 
      18-19         ⢮ p ⮢

   pp  p   :

   p p
 p饭                ᠭ
      18-19        ᪮ ⢮ p  ( )
                                   - 180 -

     17  18 p.

   GENERIC I/O CONTROL (  19)

    pp⠭   pᨩ MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.0).
  pp,  ᫨  ⠭  0-     p⮢ 
pp.  ᯥ稢   ⠭p p p楤p
⥬  IOCTL    p  筮  p .  GENERIC I/O
CONTROL 뤠 p  p饭 pp  ⥬ 㭪樨 44,
㭪樨 0DH. ⢨   뢠   孨᪮ p㪮⢥
 ᯫ樨 MS-DOS.
     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   1.  p      p饭    pp    ᭮  
ᯮ⥫  㭪権    pp,     祭 祭 
⨬ p.   MS-DOS  pᨨ 3.20  ᪠ ᯮ짮
⢥  ᭮  㭪樨  08,   ⠪ ᫥ ᯮ⥫
㭪権:

    40   p pp p⢠
    41    p ᪮ p⢠
    42   pp  pp p ᪮ p⢠
    60    pp p⢠
    61   p p ᪮ p⢠
    62   pp p ᪮ p⢠

   2. ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   pp  뢠 , p騥    :

   p p                   ᠭ
 p饭
       13            ᭮ 㭪樨
       14            ᯮ⥫쭮 㭪樨
      15-16         p pp SI
      17-18         p pp DI
      19-20         p⪨ p p饭 IOCTL
      21-22         p ᥣ p饭 IOCTL

     20, 21  22 p.

   GET LOGICAL DEVICE (  23)

    pp⠭   pᨩ MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.0).
  p祭    p  筮  p  .   p
ᯮ짮     p⮢  pp   
⠭  6-  .    p  ᪨ p p⢠,
p᢮  p ᫥ p饭.
     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   1.    p㥬  祭      "  p⢠" 
p饭  pp. ᫨  ᫮  p ,    p⠢
ᮡ  ᪨  p   p⢠,  p᢮     p  ᫥
p饭  (0  =  ,  1  =      ..).  㫥 祭 砥, 
p p 樠樨  p᢮ ⢥ ᪨ p.
   2. ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

   SET LOGICAL DEVICE (  24)

    pp⠭   pᨩ MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.0).
  p祭    p  筮  p  .   p
ᯮ짮     p⮢  pp   
⠭ 6- .  pᢠ p ᪨ p.
                                   - 181 -

     p  p⪨    pp  p ᫥騥
p樨:
   1.  p  p㥬  祭      " p⢠" 
p饭  pp. ᫨  ᫮  p ,    p⠢
ᮡ pᢠ  ᪨ p  p⢠ (0  = ,  1 =     ..).
pp 頥   "  p⢠" 㫥 祭, ᫨   
 ⨬ ᪨ p p⢠.
   2. ⠭ ᫮ ﭨ  p頭  pp.

                                   - 182 -

                            
                           MS-DOS

   MS-DOS p⠥   p樯  " -  ⢨ ⥬".  p㣨
᫮,  MS-DOS  p뢠       ,   p
p樨, 室     믮.     饭
pᬮp  MS-DOS.  p  p p
pp⨪,  pᬠp  ᯮᮡ  p   p,  ⠪
p  pp  p    .    p  
稭  , 筮 ᫥饬:

                               CLS
                            p
                          MS-DOS 2., 3.

   p p  - ᮪p饭   (  p,
  砫    㪢      ).  p  p -
pp⨪ (    p   譥). p
 p  p樮 ⥬. p p㧪   ⮬᪨
p    .  p   믮 p⢥
᫥  . p   pp ᢮,  
p  ⥫  p饭     ⥬  .   pp
p  MS-DOS   BREAK, CHDIR, COPY, CLS,  TIME
 TYPE.
   譨  p   䠩 (筮,  ⥬ ᪥) 
p㦠        p  室  (..  p  
).  pp  譨      㦨  DISKCOPY, CHKDSK,
FORMAT,  PRINT     RECOVER.   p     譥    ᭠砫
p㦠   p㥬  䠩,  ⮫쪮 ᫥  ⮣ p
p樨 p⪨. ⮬ p    p祬 ᪮
⠭         p稪.  ᫨   p稪  
室    p祬  pp  p祣  ᪠,      (  
pp)  ᬥ :

   C>chkdsk a:

   ᫨  p稪  譥    室    p祬  pp
p祣 ᪠,  p   p p p⢠, 
p 室 :

   A>c:chdisk b:

   ᫨ p稪  室   p祬 pp,   p  
 p  ᯥ䨪p :

   A>c:\dos\chdisk b:

    p㯯 ᯥ䨪p   p樨 ᪠  p稪
譥            PATH.  ᫥  PATH
⯠ 室  㪠뢠   ᯥ䨪p    p.
稥  pp,  p稥  p⢠   ᯥ䨪p  p
pp  p   (.2  3).
    p쥩 p  p᫥ pᨨ MS-DOS,  ᯥ稢騥
믮  .    "MS-DOS  2."  砥  pᨨ  p
p 䨪p 2 (pp, 2.00, 2.10, 2.20  ..).  筮
 "MS-DOS 3."  - pᨨ   p p 䨪p  3. 
p⮩         p,   p   "MS-DOS"      "PC-DOS"
塞, ᫨ p⭮  p ᯥ樠쭮.

                           

   ᫨  p 室  ⠭p ⥬ p (A>,  B>, C>),
         .   ,       
ᮮ⢥⢮  p⮬    ⥬  p.  ᬮp   ᪮쪮
pp.
   p   CLS (Clear  Screen) ᮮ⢥   "CLS".  
                                   - 183 -

砥,     㦭 p ᨬ "CLS"   
 "Enter". ,    p  묨, ⠪
 p묨 㪢 - p樮 ⥬ ⮬᪨ p 
㪢  :

   C>cls        <---- Enter

   設⢮  MS-DOS p  ⥫ pp.
pp  ᮤp  p    祭      ᯮᮡ 
p⪨ p樮  ⥬.    p  ᠭ p 
pp p p묨 㪢. p 砥   
pp  .   pp,  p     SYS   (SYStem  files)
᫥騩:  "SYSd:".  "d"  -  pp, 㪠뢠騩   室
 p  p⢠. ᫨  p    p  p⢠
㤥 饭 (pp, c:    a:),   㬮砭  MS-DOS p⠥
    p祬  ᪮.  p,   p  A. 
 p 㤥 룫拉 ᫥騬 p:

   C>sys a:     <---- Enter

   p pp   易⥫묨.  p ᠭ  p
        p  ᪮, pp, [like this].
ᬮp p  VOL (VOLume).  룫廊:  "VOL[d:]".  
pp "d:"  室   p ᪮,  p   
  .  MS-DOS   pp, ⫨砥  
 pp.         -p  ppp 
p뢠.
     p      p砥  ᫮  "path".  pp
砥 ᯥ䨪p  . 쭮   ᫮  "path" 㪠뢠
⠢騥 ᯥ䨪p  pp.  p  p
襬 (\). ᬮp p  MKDIR (MaKe DIRectory):

   MKDIR [d:]path

   ,    p      p p⢠   -
pp "d:"  室  p ᪮. , ᯥ䨪p 
- pp 易⥫     室.   (䨪p 
pp  .3 p  ).
       p騬  pp  ⭮  "filename"   ".ext".
pp "filename"  -   p⮥   䠩 (   8  ᨬ),
pp ".ext" -  pp ( 3  ᨬ). ᫨   䠩  
pp,  pp ".ext"  㪠뢠. ᬮp p 
TYPE:

   TYPE [d:][path]filename[.ext]

    ,  p   室 㪠 p⮥ 
䠩.   易⥫묨    pp       p   p⢠,
ᯥ䨪p   pp.
   p  p  室 㪠뢠 䠩 ⨯  source
 target.  source  ᮤp 室    p稪 ,
䠩 target -  室  p稪  (.. p).   
頥 pp     ᪮쪮 䠩  source   target.
 砩 pᬮp .

                          

   ,    p⨫      ,      ᠭ  p
ᯮ    㭪樨    ᪮쪮  ⨯ p⮢. pp,
뤥 p  p⮬, 室  . p     
묨,  ⠪    p묨  㪢. pp, 뤥 pᨢ,
 易⥫쭬.   祭  p  ᪮. pp,
뤥 p pᨢ, -  易⥫쭮  p.
       p,  p騥   p , 室
 ⠪,     p    . p     
ᯮ짮 ᫥騥  p:  , 稥, 窠  
                                   - 184 -

⮩,    p,      窨.        p
室  p㣫 ᪮    (+).
   pp, p p⨪쭮 p⮩,  p⨢묨.
pp,  "ON|OFF"  砥,      㦭    ON,   OFF.
稥 砥 p塞  pp, .. p   
pp,  ᫥  p    p    ⮨ 稥, 
㪠뢠  ᪮쪮  p  p.    ⬥砫  p,  pp 
p ᪮ 㪠뢠 易⥫쭮.    
,    !

                         

   設⢮  MS-DOS ᪠ ᯮ짮 頥 ᨬ
 pp "filename"  ".ext".  pp     
᪮쪮 頥 ᨬ (?  *).   䠩   室騬
  pp   믮   p.  p  
頥 ᨬ ..2  p  .

                          

     ⨯ pp  - 祢.  pp  p ᯮᮡ
믮 . 祢 pp 砥 襬 (/) -  ᭠砫
p , ⥬ - 㪢  ᫮. ᬮp p   DIR
(DIRectory):

   DIR[d:][path][filename][.ext]][/P][/W]

      ᮤp   祢 pp  - /p   /w,  
  易⥫묨.   p     /w  ᮤp   pp
pᯮ   p  p. pp /p p⠭  뢮
ᥩ pp  p   p. p  pᬮp p⭮
 p   祢 pp.

   MS-DOS     

     ⢮  ⥫  pp⮪, p ꥤ
p騥  MS-DOS  p    ᫨⥫ ⥬.   
㤥   p  p  ᪠   ⥬. ,
ᤥ  ᪮쪮  砭  ⭮⥫쭮      MS-DOS 
 ⥢ ⥬.
   ᪮,  室騬    ⥬  p,  pᢠ   p
p⢠ 筮 ⮬,     ⤥쭮 ⮩  設.
p,        p    p p,  
p 室   ⥢ ⥬.    ᪮ A, B  
C.      -  ᪮    ⥬    p.    p    p蠥
ᯮ짮  묨,  室騬        ᪥  C.  ᥡ 
pᢠ ⮬  p  D,  ᮮ⢥ .  p,
᫨    p頥      D,      砥,   p饭
pc   C, 室饬  設  .    
 p C  ᪮  ⥢ p D.
   設⢮  MS-DOS p 㦨 ⥢ p p
  筮  p.  pp,  ᫨      "dir d:", 
    p  ᮤp  ᪠  C 設 . , 뤥
p㯯  (.p),  p  ⥢ .  設⢥
砥 p饭 ᯮ짮   ᫮ 室.
⥢ p⢠ -  p⢠   騬 㯮  ⮬  p
p  p饭. ,  pp,  p룠   p, ᫨
      "format  d:",      㤥 믮 ⥬.
p      ᯮ짮, ,   ⥢ 
ᮢp襭 ᫥ (.,pp, FASTOPEN  VERIFY). ⮬  
p稪 筮     p樮 ⥬.

                                   - 185 -

   ----------------------------------------------------------
   |                                                        |
   |      MS-DOS,         |
   |                                                        |
   |  FASTOPEN        JOIN        RECOVER        VERIFY     |
   |  FORMAT          LABEL       SUBST                     |
   |                                                        |
   ----------------------------------------------------------

                              APPEND
                              
                          MS-DOS 3.2  3.3

: ᯥ   믮塞 䠩
:  APPEND [/X][/E]
         APPEND d:path[;[d:]path...]
: append /x/e
         append c:\word;c:\turbo

     APPEND        祭  㦭 
 PATH.  PATH p ᯥ䨪p   ᪠  p⭮
䠩.    ᮦ,  PATH  ᯥ稢    ⮫쪮    䠩   
ppﬨ EXE,  COM   BAT (  믮塞 䠩).   APPEND
p  ⮪.  ᯥ稢   ᥬ 믮塞
䠩 㪠 pp.
   設⢮  pp  (ᮡ    ᠥ ⥪⮢ pp)
    믮塞  䠩  (ᮡ⢥  pp)    ᪮쪨
믮塞  (䠩  ).  pp  믮塞  䠩  
㦨 䠩  pp ".hlp".  p p MS-DOS  (稢
pᨥ 3.2)  pᬮp  㯠  믮塞 䠩
(᫨    ᠭ   p祬  pp ᪠).   APPEND 
  p祭, ᯥ稢    䠩   ᨬ 
 pp.
   pp  APPEND - ᯥ䨪p .   p 
p  窮    ⮩.  䨪p        128
ᨬ .

   

   p, p  짮 p   p  p   ,
⮨    믮塞  䠩  ("wp.exe")    p   믮塞
("wpmsg.txt", "wpmsg.txt", "wphelp.txt"  "wpque.sys").    䠩
室    pp  \WORD.    ᯥ祭  㯠  䠩,
ᯮ :

   C>append c:\word

   ᫥     p祣 pp  p᢮  
pp, p /WORD, .. ⥯p MS-DOS pᯮ  p樥,
室  㯠   䠩 ⮣ pp. ⬥⨬, 
ᯥ䨪p      p APPEND  砥 p p⢠,
      䠩    ᨬ   ⮣,  p⢮
 p稬.
   p稪  APPEND  p⭮ pp  (..13,
.2).    砥,    p  p  p饭    APPEND  pp
뢠  ᪠,  p㦠     ⠥ ⠬   ᫥饩
pp㧪 p樮 ⥬.  p ᯥ䨪p  
p㥬  pp,    ⠪  뤠,     ⬥ p
 ᯥ䨪p.

      

    祭  p p  ᯥ䨪p   
  ᫥ :

                                   - 186 -

   C>append c:\word

   C>append
   APPEND=c:\WORD

   C>append c:\word;c:\turbo
   C>append
   APPEND=c:\WORD;C:\TURBO

      

   ᫨    p     ⮩,   p 
ᯥ䨪p ⬥:

   C>append
   APPEND=c:\WORD;C:\TURBO

   C>append ;

   C>append
   No Append

   ᫥ ⬥ ᯥ䨪p p稪  p    -
      ᯥ䨪p .

     /

     "append/x"  砥,       ᯥ䨪p   
ᯮ짮  MS-DOS  p  p⪥  p饭  p ⥬
㭪 SEARCH FIRST,  FIND FIRST   EXEC. 㭪樨 SEARCH  FIRST  FIND
FIRST  㦠     p樨   ᪠  p   䠩    㪠
pp, 㤮⢮p饣 ᯥ䨪樨,    p.
㭪  EXEC  ᯮ  MS-DOS  p  p㧪  pp   .
騥  pp  pp      㭪権   
APPEND.
   p,      ᪥      pp  \WORD    ⮬
pp  -  䠩  "wp.exe".      "dir c:\word\wp.exe" MS-DOS
p  p饭    㭪樨  SEARCH  FIRST.  㭪 pᬠp
pp \WORD, ⮡  䠩 "wp.exe".  襬 pp  p室
᫥饥:

   C>dir \word\wp.exe

   Volume in drive C is HARDDISK
   Directory of C:\WORD

   WP       EXE   153344   4-14-84   4:19p
          1 File(s) 3313664 bytes free

      dir p樮  ⥬ 諠   pp \WORD,
⭮  䠩 "wp.exe",   뤠   p. ᫨   p
"dir wp.exe",  䠩 "wp.exe"    㤥, ⠪    pp
 㪠    p.    ⮣    pᬮp
   APPEND.      ᫥饬   pp   p       㦨
pp         ᯥ䨪p   ,       쭥襬
ᯮ㥬  p  p⪥  p饭    㭪樨  SEARCH FIRST. 
ᯥ䨪p    p  APPEND:

   C>append /x

   C>append \word

   C>dir wp.exe

                                   - 187 -

   Volume in drive C is HARDDISK
   Directory of C:\

   WP      EXE   153344   4-14-84   4:19p
       1 File(s)  3313664 bytes free

   MS-DOS  諠  "wp.exe"     ᯥ䨪p. , ⥯p
MS-DOS "⠥",  䠩 室   pp \WORD,   p
pp ᪠ (Directory of  C:\). 祢,  ⥬  室 
㦤.    p室  -  p譮⥩  p稪  
APPEND, pᬮp .
   p pᬮp 祢  pp \.    "word\wp"
MS-DOS p  p饭   㭪樨 EXEC,  p,   ᢮ p,
p㦠    䠩 "wp.exe". ⥬  p pp -  pp
wp.exe  稭   믮.  ᫨   pp⥫쭮     
"append/x"    "append/word",    p⮢  pp    p -
 "wp".
   ᫨ pp⥫쭮    "append /x"    ᨬ
   ᯥ䨪p,   "dir wp.exe"   "wp"  p 
.
   祢 pp /   p p p饭   p稪
APPEND, ..  p   p㧪   .   ⮬ 砥 pp⨪
㭪権 SEARCH FIRST, FIND FIRST  EXEC ⠭ ﭭ묨 ᨬ
 ⮣, ᪮쪮 p ⬥    ᯥ䨪p.

                        /

    ᯥ䨪p  p    pp  , 㯭
⮫쪮 APPEND, .. ⮡   ⬥ ᯥ䨪p, 室
    APPEND.    "append/e"  pᢠ ᯥ䨪p
  p  p樮  p  (..12,.2).    
p p  뤠   p 㦨  SET.
   祢 pp /,   /,   p p p饭  
APPEND. p p p饭  p稪  ᪠  
 祢 pp.

                          *    *    *

   APPEND -  祭 㤮  . ,   p稪 筮
p p㬠.   䠩,  p⠭    ᯥ䨪p,
᫥ p⪨ 뢠  p稩 pp.
   ᬮp,  p    pp  p  p
  ⮩   .  䨪p     pp   -  "\WORD\WP.EXE".
䨪p      䠩      ᮤp     -  "\BOOK\COMMANDS
\APPEND.DOC". ⮡        pp,    䠩,  
:

   C>append /e /x

   C>append c:\book\commands

   C>cd \word

   p ᫨  p稬 pp   \WORD,   pp  
p⮢.   p뢠 䠩 "append.doc" ⢫ 
ᮮ⢥⢨   ᯥ䨪p . , p⠭  䠩
  pp /WORD. p  䠩 ⠭  ᢮   - 
pp  \BOOK\COMMANDS.    ,    ⨬  p㤭   
p.  稬  pp   砥  BOOK\COMMANDS,     
㯠  wp.exe   APPEND:

   C>append c:\word

   C>cd \book\commands

                                   - 188 -

   p p⠭ 䠩 㤥 ᠭ   p.
   p㣨  ᫮,  騥  p  p   APPEND,   ⠪
p.    pᬠp  ᫥⢨  p譮⥩ p稪.
   묨,    pp -  ᨬ  
⥯  ﭨ   p.
      p pp 뫮 ,    pp
/ "⠫"  MS-DOS.   pp /   p   ⥬  
p⠬.  ᫨    ᯥ䨪p  p    p
p樮  p,      ⠥      p  ᮤp
pp  ⮩  ᪥,         ᮤp  p   
ᯥ䨪p pp.
       ,   祢,   ⠪   MS-DOS
   맢   p쥧   ᫮.      p  IBM  祭
⢮  ⮩  p.    p㪮⢥    PC-DOS  pᨨ  3.0
᪠:    "...    APPEND/X   p p p
pp,   ⭮      ⥫쭮  .ᯥ祭,  
p    p⠬.  ⮬   砥 ᫮ 
⪠  ᯮ짮 祢 pp /".   p㪮⢥
㪠뢠:    "...室  ⬥        APPEND
ᯥ䨪p  p  ᯮ짮    BACKUP  RESTORE". p
⮣   p,      p   p饭    ASSIGN  室
ᯮ짮  APPEND.        䠪  㡫樨  ⮢ 
p p樨, ᪮p ᥣ 易  p APPEND.
       ⮩  ,    뢠  p쥧  p㤭.
, ᯮ   p  䠩,   祭    p  
  p  pp  祭  p.  p  ᯮ짮 APPEND
  p,  ᮡ      pp.   㤥
,      쭥襬  pp稪  .ᯥ祭   p
䥪 p稪 APPEND.

                                ASSIGN
                                
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

:  p⢮.
: ASSIGN [x[=]y[...]]
: assign
         assign a=c
         assign a=c b=c

:  JOIN  SUBST 㤮    p 
           ASSIGN. ⮬, ᫨  ⮨ p 롮p,  
           ᯮ    .

   p pp   p  ⮫쪮   ⥬  p
䨣p樥  p.    p,  pp,  ⮡   
p뢠 pp  室   ᪥ A.   ASSIGN
    ⠪  p,  pᢠ  㦭  p   
᢮ ᪮.
   p,    襩  pp  p,  ⮡ p뢠
 室  ᪥  A,   p,    ᠭ   ⪮
᪥ C.  ⮬ 砥   ᯮ짮 ASSIGN  㪠,   
p饭    A     p饭ﬨ    C (⪨
). ⬥⨬,  p ᯮ짮 ASSIGN  㦭  稥,
筮 ᫥饥  p p⢠:

   C>assign a=c

   p    p饭    p  A  㤥  ppᮢ 
p⢮ C.
      p ᪮쪮 pp権.   pp,
 p饭  ᪠ A    ppᮢ  p⢮ :

   C>assign a=c b=c
                                   - 189 -

        pp,  ⬥     p     
p:

   C>assign

    ASSIGN,   p,  p祭   p  MS-DOS
pᨩ 1.,  p  ⪮ ᪠. ᯮ짮  ᫥ 
p,            p. p   
᪥    ⪨      p  ᫥饥:    ᫥ ⬥
⢨ ASSIGN   , p ᫥  롨p  ᪥,  
뢠   ⪮ ᪠,  ,   ᢮ p,   p  
p , ᫨  ᥩ p樨  ᪥.
   ⥫ MS-DOS p  pp, ⠢  짮⥫
    䨣p  ⥬,    p pp 㤥
p.         p뢠   pp     p⭮
䨣p樨.
   ⬥⨬,      DISKCOPY    DISKCOMP  pp  ,
p      ASSIGN.  ᯮ짮  ASSIGN   ⠭ 
BACKUP,  RESTORE,  LABEL,  JOIN,  SUBST    PRINT    p   
p᪠㥬 p⠬.

                             ATTRIB
                             
                           MS-DOS 3.

:  p "⮫쪮 ⥭"  "p娢 䠩"
:  ATTRIB [+R(or)-R][+A(or)-A][d:][path]filename[.ext][/S]
:  ATTRIB +r mypro.c

       䠩    MS-DOS  pp   p⮢. p
뢠 ᯮᮡ p 䠩.  p⮢ 砥  ⤥
pp⨪  䠩.    ATTRIB        :
"⮫쪮 ⥭"  "p娢 䠩". p pp p⮢ p
 .11  p  .

    " "

     p⮬ "⮫쪮 ⥭"   p,  㭨⮦.
p pᢠ,  ⮡   䠩     
㭨⮦  p⢠  DOS.    "ATTRIB +r filename" pᢠ
䠩 p "⮫쪮 ⥭".  "ATTRIB -r filename" 頥  
⮣ p.   "attrib  filename" 뢮 祭 p 
p.
   騩  pp  砥  p  p樨:    (1) 䠩 "mypro.c"
pᢠ p "⮫쪮  ⥭"; (2) p  pp ⮣
p;  (3)  p  ⬥;  (4) p pp p
"⮫쪮 ⥭":

   C>attrib +r mypro.c   <--- p᢮ p "⮫쪮 ⥭"

   C>attrib mypro.c      <--- pp p

   R C:\MYPRO.C          <--- MS-DOS 뢮  p R="⮫쪮 ⥭"

   C>attrib -r mypro.c   <--- ⪠  p "⮫쪮 ⥭"

   C>attrib mypro.c      <--- pp p

      C:\MYPRO.C         <---  p "⮫쪮 ⥭" 饭

    " "

   p  ᯮ    楫  祭  ᮧ pp 
䠩  ⪨ ᪠.   䠩   ᪥   p᪨
ᯮ. p ⠭ MS-DOS p   䠩.  
p 3.2  3.3  p pᢠ  "attrib  +a filename".
                                   - 190 -

⪠    p  p    "attrib  -a  filename".
 "attrib filename" 뢮   p 祭 p  "p娢
䠩". p p pᬠp p ᠭ  BACKUP  
XCOPY.

    

    ATTRIB p뢠 䠩, p᫥   p 
p騥    㪠    p祬  pp. ⮡ p 
䠩    pp,    䠩     pp,
 祢 pp /s.   ᫥饬 pp p稬  pp
 \BOOK:

   C>dir                    <--- 뢮  p ᮤp \BOOK

   Volume in drive C is HARDDISK
   Directory of C:BOOK

   .       <DIR>    3-27-87   3:52p
   ..      <DIR>    8-11-87   6:10p
   NEW     <DIR>    8-11-87   8:10p
   OLD     <DIR>    8-11-87   8:11p
   MISC    DOC   3210  9-23-87  11:07a
        5 File(s) 3954688 bytes free

   C>attrib *.* /s     <--- 뢥 祭 p "p娢 䠩"
                              䠩 pp \BOOK  
                              pp

   A  C:\BOOK\NEW\ATTRIB.DOC     <--- p 䠩
                                      pp \BOOK\NEW
   A  C:\BOOK\NEW\ASSIGN.DOC

   A  C:\BOOK\NEW\TMP\INTRO.DOC  <--- p 䠩
                                      pp \BOOK\NEW\TMP
   A  C:\BOOK\OLD\DIR.DOC        <--- p 䠩
                                      pp \BOOK\OLD
   A  C:\BOOK\MISC.DOC           <--- p 䠩
                                      pp \BOOK

                                BACKUP
                                
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

: p 䠩
:  BAKUP d:[path][filename[.ext]]d:[/S][/M][/D:mm/dd/yy]
               [/T:bb:mm:ss][/F][/L[:[d:][path]filename[.ext]]]
: backup c:a:
         backup c:*.txt a:
         backup c:\book\*.txt a:

    BACKUP p 䠩   ⪮ ᪠   ᪥.  
MS-DOS pᨩ 3. p  p      ⨯.
, 祭   BACKUP, p⠢ ᮡ p娢 䠩  
ᯮ,    p,    p  p樨.     
p娢 䠩 ⢫    RESTORE.  p,
 BACKUP   RESTORE  㦠   ᮧ p娢   
 䠩.
   p  p  䠩  ⡨p    ᫥騬  p:   "
䠩", "pp", "pp "  "pp p".  p,
 p ⮫쪮  䠩, p, pp, p p⪥
  ᮧ ᫥ .
     MS-DOS  pᨩ  3.       ᯮᮡ  p   䠩,
p   BACKUP:  (1)   ᪥  뢠
 p pp; (2)  ⪮ ᪥ -   pp
                                   - 191 -

\BACKUP.   MS-DOS pᨩ  2. 䠩   p  ⮫쪮   
᪥. p ᯮᮡ ᯥ稢 p  ᪮ .
   BACKUP  譥  DOS.  砥,  p p饭
    p祬  ᪥   室 䠩  BACKUP.COM.  pp
  p  p,    BACKUP.COM  室  p
pp ᪠ .

    

   p p  䠩   ⪮ ᪠  p:     -
"backup";  ᯥ䨪  䠩;  p  p⢠  (pp,  :), 㤠
頥  ( ᪥), , ,   p  祢
pp (.).
   䨪 䠩 砥 p p⢠, ᯥ䨪p    
䠩  pp. ᫨   ᯥ䨪樨  p  p⢠ 
ᯥ䨪p  ,    p,    p㥬  䠩 室 
p祬 pp p祣 ᪠.
      pp 䠩     頥 ᨬ (..2,
.2).    ⮬  砥  p    䠩,  ⢥騥  㪠 
 p ᯥ䨪樨.
   p㥬  䠩  "lotsa.dat"    ⪮  ᪠ C.  ⨬ 
᪥ A:

   C>backup c:lotsa>dat a:

   MS-DOS 뤠 pp:

   Insert backup diskette 01 in drive A:
   Warning! Diskette files will be erased
   Strike any key when ready

   ᫨    p  祢  pp /,   p
p樥  p    䠩    ᪥  㭨⮦.  뤠
pp ᯥ稢    ᪥ (  砥, ᫨
    室    p).   p pp ᮤp
᪥,  ᫨  p,           . p
p襭 p p  p  ᮮ饭:

   *** Backing up files to diskette 01 ***
   \a:lotsa.dat

      BACKUP

   ᫨ p 믮 BACKUP  ᪥     楫, 
p  p      祭,   p樮 ⥬ 뤠
ᮮ饭    室    ᪥.  p  p ⪮
᪠,    p,  p   ᪮쪮  ᪥.       BACKUP
p    ᮡ  ,    짮⥫  p  p
p⮪ p  ⮩ .  ⮡   pᯥ, p  
   Ctrl-PrtSc.  p,  
p  p p , 㤥 㡫p  pp. ᫥
p襭 p p 室 p    ,
⮡ ⠭ 쭥 pᯥ   p.
    pᨨ  3.3 pᬮp  ᯮᮡ ⮬⨧樨  ⮣ p.  
ᠭ p  pᬮp 祢  pp /I   p  "⠢訥
祢 pp BACKUP".

    

   ᫨    p BACKUP   㪠  䠩,   p
  䠩    pp.    ᫥饬  pp   p
p  䠩 pp SUBDIR1. ⬥⨬,    
᪮p  䠩  ᫥⥫쭮  砥    ᯨ᮪   p
ᯫ.
                                   - 192 -

   C>backup c:\subdir1 a:

   Insert backup diskette 01 in drive A:
   Warning! Diskette files will be erased
   Strike any key when ready

   *** Backing up files to diskette 01 ***
   \SUBDIR1\FILE1
   \SUBDIR1\FILE2
   \SUBDIR1\FILE3
   \SUBDIR1\FILE4

    

   p  䠩  pp,  䠩 
pp, p p 祭   p  祢
pp /s.  ᫥饬  pp p p   䠩
pp SUBDIR2,  ⠪  䠩    pp:

   C>backup c:\subdir2 a:/s

   Insert backup diskette 01 in drive A:
   Warning! Diskette files will be erased
   Strike any key when ready

   *** Backing up files to diskette 01 ***
   \SUBDIR2\FILE21
   \SUBDIR2\FILE22
   \SUBDIR2\FILE23
   \SUBDIR2\SUBDIR3\FILE31
   \SUBDIR2\SUBDIR3\FILE32
   \SUBDIR2\SUBDIR3\FILE33

     

   ⮡  p  p  䠩,  p  p⪥  
 ᮧ ᫥ ,   p BACKUP  
祢 pp /m.  p ⮩ ᮡ  , 짮⥫
 p  ᪮ . p  /m  롨p  
 䠩, p p ⢨⥫쭮 室.
   p,      䠩,  p    ⥪⮢
pp, p  ⪮ ᪥,     ᠭ   pp
".DOC".  ᫨  䠩    (  pp,  ᪮쪮  ⥭),   
  ᫥,          ᨫ    
ᮧ  p娢  .    ⮨  p.   "backup /m"
ᤥ  p   . ,      p, -   
᫥饩 .     p襭   ᥠ p  
pp:

   C>backup *.doc a:/m

    p뢠訩 䠩 㤥  ⪮p.

      

   祢 pp /d   p 室  p 䠩,
p 뫨 p  p⠭  p ,   
⮣ .   backup p 䠩 p pp,
p  p⠭  11 p 1988 :

   C>backup c:\ a:\d:12-11-88

      

   祢 pp /t   p 室  p 䠩,
p  뫨  p    p⠭  p p
                                   - 193 -

.      backup  p  䠩  p pp,
p  p⠭   3.00 ᮢ .   
 ᪥ A.

   C>backup c:\*.* a:\t:15:00:00

      BACKUP

   p   pp /  p㥬 䠩  뢠  p
pp    pp  \BACKUP   p p  䠩 
pp.
   pp /f (⮫쪮 p 3.3)  p 䠩  p
pp   ᪥.   ᪥   pp       p
p. p  믮 ⮩  p樨 䠩  FORMAT.COM  
㯥 p樮 ⥬.
   p    pp  /l  (⮫쪮  p 3.3) pp p
pp樨   p   BACKUP   (log   file).   p  ᮤp  ᯨ᮪
᪮p 䠩,   ⠪  p      p.  
ᯮ짮  ⢥ p⮪ p BACKUP. p p樨 p
   ᯥ䨪:  p p⢠, ᯥ䨪p   
䠩.  㬮砭   p pp  室 ᪠ (  p
室 p㥬 䠩) p 䠩 BACKUP.LOG.

    BACKUP

      ASSIGN,   JOIN      SUBST    p  
p⢠. pp,  p   ᮮ⢥饩   ASSIGN 
p饭      A      p饭    C. ᫨ p
 BACKUP p﫠      ,  p  p
BACKUP p᪠㥬.
    p ᯮ짮 BACKUP  樨   APPEND -
    p     p  p樨    ᪥.     (.p,
饭 pp APPEND).

  BACKUP  ERRORLEVEL

   ERRORLEVEL     p  p   p樮  ⥬.   
p 믮 BACKUP  pᢠ   祭:

   0  p쭮 p襭 p 
   1   ⪮ ᪥   䠩  㪠 ᯥ䨪樥
   3  pp뢠 p BACKUP  Ctrl-Break
   4   p p  p諠 訡

     쭥襬   p  ERRORLEVEL     ᯮ짮   p
  (batch)  䠩,  pp,      ⢨  IF.
p ERRORLEVEL   ᮧ   䠩,  믮
p  p    ᮮ⢥⢨    p⮬  p   BACKUP.
(.p, 饭 pp  IF).

                                BREAK
                              p
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

: ⠭ p pp뢠 pp  Ctrl-Break
:  BREAK ON
         BREAK OFF
         BREAK
:  break on

   p ⨨  Ctrl-Break p pp뢠 믮饩 
    pp,   p  p頥  MS-DOS.   筮
pp   ⨥ Ctrl-Break  ⢫ p樮  ⥬ 
p p権, 易  p, p ᯫ, pp 
ᯮ⥫묨 p⢠.  ᫨ pp   襩   
                                   - 194 -

p⪮  室         ᪮묨 pﬨ, 
᫥   Ctrl-Break   㤥 p  p   p
p,  MS-DOS  "㧭"  ⮬,  ᨣ  pp뢠 㯨.
     ᪮쪮  p⮢   ᯮ짮  BREAK.     BREAK=ON
㢥稢  pp  .  BREAK=OFF 㬥蠥  ᫮
pp.  pp    p      p p権,
易  p,  p ᯫ, pp   ᯮ⥫묨
p⢠.   BREAK  p 뢮 p稩 p  
(on  off).
   ᫨  BREAK  室    p  on,   ⥫ pp 
⨥  Ctrl-Break   p  p     p饭   p饩
pp    p  㭪  DOS (.p A). ⮬᪨
p BREAK  p on  p p p㧪 ⥬,  稢
pp BREAK=ON  䠩 䨣p樨 CONFIG.SYS (..14,.2).

                               BUFFERS
                              p
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

: p ⢮ p ᪠, 뤥塞 ᫥ p㧪
         MS-DOS
:  BUFFERS=xx

         :  -  ᫮  p 祭 1-99.
                     BUFFERS  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 
                    ⢥ pp 䠩 䨣p樨 CONFIG.SYS.

:  buffers=5

   p ᪠  -    ,  뤥塞   p ,
    ᪮  p  ("    "    "⥭ 
᪠"). p   裡 p饩 pp  ᪮.
   p뫪   p     p⭮  ⢫ 
 512  . ⮡  ppp 㭪樨  p, pᬮp,  
p, ᫨ pp p p  ᪥  128-⮢
. p樮 ⥬ ⠥   ᪠ p  䠩   512
,  p  p  室  p㥬  128.  ⥬    128 
p뫠      pp, pᯮ   . ᫨
pp p  ᫥    128  ,   MS-DOS ᭠砫
pp,   室      p. ᫨     p,  
㦥 p   .
     BUFFERS  p  ⢮  p  ᪠,  뤥塞
p樮  ⥬  p  p㧪.  祭  ᫠  p 
᮪p p  믮 pp.     p, ⥬  
ᥪp  ᪠    室    ,  ᫥⥫쭮, ⥬ p
p  p⢥  p饭    .  , 祬 
p, ⥬   pᬠp p ᪥ 㦭 ᥪp.  p
讬  ⢥  p  p  p饭       p室
p, 祬 p ᪠p p.
   p p  ⢠ p  室 뢠  ⢮
   .    p  뤥 528  ,  
      ppp㥬  MS-DOS.  ⢮ p 㦭
p뢠 ⠪, ⮡ ᢮ (⠢襩)  墠⠫  p
pp.      p,            pᠫ쭮,  
⥫  p    㢥    p饭    ,
ᮮ⢥⢥  p pp.
       뤥    1    99  p  ᪠.  ⨬쭮
⢮ p  pp   ᨬ   祭 p
pp.  ᫨  pp  p⠭    讥  ᫮   ᪮
p権  ("⥭"    ""),      ⢮  p,
p   㬮砭, -  2.   砥 讣  ⢠ ᪮
p権,  ⢮  p  室  㢥.   㤠
p p ⮫쪮 ⮤ p  訡.
   ᫨  䠩  CONFIG.SYS    砥    BUFFERS,  ⢮
p p   p樮 ⥬ 祭.   
pᨩ MS-DOS (p  pᨨ 3.3)   祭 p 2.   pᨨ 3.3
                                   - 195 -

 ᫥騥 p.  ⥬,   RAM   128  ,
⢮ p   㬮砭 p 5.   ⥬,   RAM 
 256 ,  p 10; ᫨ RAM   512  - 15. ᫨  RAM
  256 ,   ⥬  ᪮  ᪥, 
 360 , ⢮ p  㬮砭 p 3.

                                CHCP
                             p
                             MS-DOS 3.3

: p  p
:  CHCP [xxxx]
: chcp
         chcp 850

   CHCP  롨p   p㥬     p       p⢠,
ᯥ稢饣   . p  ᯮ짮 ⮩   室
  NLSFUNC.   ᫥饬 pp  ⥬  롨p 
p 850:

   C>nlsfunc
   C>chcp 850

   ⬥⨬,      NLSFUNC      p  -  p p㧪
⥬.
   ᫨ p  CHCP   p  㪠 pp,  
p 뢮 ⨢  p ⥬  ⥪騩  p.

   C>chcp

   Active code page: 437

                                CHDIR
                             p
                          MS-DOS 2., 3.

:  p稩 pp  뢥  p
         p稩   p pp
:  CHDIR [[d:]path]
: chdir \suba1\suba2
         cd b:\subb1
         chdir
         cd

   稩 pp -  pp, 室騩  ⨢ ﭨ
    p.     p⢥   ⥪騩  
 ⮫쪮   p稩  pp.   CHDIR (CHange DIRectory)
 p稩  pp.   ⠪ ᯮ   祭  
p  p祣      p  pp    p⢥.
     "chdir",   "cd".

     

   ⮡  p稩 pp,  p   -  "chdir"
(   cd)      ᯥ䨪p      ᫥饣  p祣  pp.
p,    p pp  pp SUBA2:   ROOT
DIRECTORY, SUBA1, SUBA2 (.p.1). , ᯥ䨪p   pp
SUBA2:  \SUBA1\SUBA2. ⬥⨬,  p pp 祭  p
p 襬.
   稬 SUBA2 p稬 pp ᪠ :

   C>chdir \suba1\suba2

                                   - 196 -

   ⮡   p稬 pp  pp   p祬 ᪥,
p ᯥ䨪p   pp  㪠뢠 ᮮ⢥騩  p
p⢠:

   C>chdir a:\subb1

          ---------------------------------
          |             |
          ---------------------------------
                         |
              ------------------------
              |        SUBA1         |
              ------------------------
                         |
              ------------------------
              |        SUBA2         |
              ------------------------

   .1. pp p "p pp-SUBA1-SUBA2"

       

   ᫨  p   ᮤp pp,    p 뢮
ᯥ䨪p  p祣 pp  p祬 p⢥:

   C>chdir
   C:\SUBA1\SUBA2

   ⮡    ᯥ䨪p    p祣 pp  p祬
᪥,   p 㪠뢠 ᮮ⢥騩 p p⢠:

   C>cd a:
   A:\SUBB1

   p pp pp  ᯥ䨪p  p  p쥩
  p  .

                             CHKDSK
                            
                      MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

:  pp  ⠡ p饭 䠩, 
         pp ᪮    ⮩ 
:  CHKDSK [d:]
         CHKDSK [d:][filename.ext][/F][/V] (MS-DOS 2.  3.)
: chkdsk
         chkdsk b:
         chkdsk/f
         chkdsk b:letter.doc/f/v

    CHKDSK -  ⨫ MS-DOS, p ﭨ ᪮
  . p  ᪠ p   䠩. p稪
 p  pp  ⠡ p饭 䠩  (FAT).
  p      p  p  訡     p譮
p樨 .

    CHKDSK

     CHKDSK  譥   MS-DOS,  p p饭  
    p祬  pp   p祣  ᪠    室   䠩
CHKDSK.COM.  ᫨    ⠬  ,   室 㪠 ⮭宦
䠩    PATH.
   ⮡ pp ﭨ ᪠,  p chkdsk  p  p⢠.
᫨  p  p⢠    㪠,    p     p祬
᪮:
                                   - 197 -

   C>chkdsk

   Volume HARDDISK created Jul 6, 1987 2:14p
   10592256 bytes total disk space
      57334 bytes in 3 hidden files
     184320 bytes in 42 directories
   10264576 bytes in 846 user files
      86016 bytes available on disk
     524288 bytes total memory
     320704 bytes free

     C>

       p  㪠 p p⢠,  p
 p祣  ᪠. 訡   p     p㦥. 
p 뤠  p   ﭨ ᪮  .   p p
㪠 騩 ꥬ   ᪠,   ᫥ ᮮ饭   ⢥
䠩  pp,   ⠪  ⢥ 㯭  . ᫥
 p -   ᮮ饭   ⢥ ⮩   ᢮  
᪥.

   CHKDSK    MS-DOS

       p  MS-DOS  (2.    3.)      믮
᫥騥 ⥫ 㭪樨:

   1. ᫨   p  pp " 䠩",    p
 p  ⢥ pp뢭 ⥩ (ᥪp)  ᪠,
뤥    ⮣  䠩.      䠩, p  ᪮쪮
⥩,  ⢫  ,  祬    䠩,  騬  
pp뢭  .  ᫨    ⢥    䠩  頥
pp  "*.*",      p  㤥  뤠    䠩,
饣 ᪮쪮  ⪮. 騩   ᪮쪨  ⥩ 䠩
 p   p㣮     pp뢭 .   ⮣
ᯮ  COPY.

   2.  祢  pp  /f    ppp  p㦥 
p    訡.  ᫨  pp  饭,    CHKDSK   
p㥬 p,   뢠   .

   3. 祢 pp /b  뢮 ᯨ᮪  pp   䠩
 ᪥,  ⠪ 뤠 ⥫ p  訡.

   4. ⮡ p⮪ p CHKDSK  p   䠩    
,  :

   C>chkdsk b:>file

   :  ⮬ 砥  ᯮ짮 祢 pp /f.

     

   Allocation error for file, size adjusted

    ᮮ饭      䠩,  p ᮮ⢥
p      ⠡  p饭  䠩  (FAT).  p   
pp   /f   䠩   p     ᫥  㯭  ᥪp
⥫쭮.

   Cannot CHDIR to file specification
   Tree cannot be processed beyond this point

      ᥩ pp  ᮤp 訡.  쭥 pp 
p pp .
                                   - 198 -

   Contains invalid cluster, file truncated

   訡  ⢨ p稪   ,    p 砥.

   Contains noncontiguous blocks

   饭 p  䠩.  砥,  㪠 䠩 
᪥    ᪮쪮  ⤥  ⪮.  ,    p樯,  
  訡,  ,      ⠪ 䠩 . ᫨ 䠩
 ᪮쪮 ⥩,     p     
p ᪥.

   Convert directory to file (Y/N)?

   C饭 p  pp ( pp).  
⮣ ᮮ饭 ᢨ⥫   稨 p ᥩ   㪠
pp. ᫨  ᮮ饭 ⢥ "Y" (  祢 pp
/f),  pp 㤥 pp  䠩, p  쭥襬 
p      p.  p  ⢥  "N",  pp  
p.

   Convert lost chains to files (Y/N)?

   p -     p   ᪠. ᫨   ⠡
p饭 䠩     p p⠢  ᮡ ⫨筮 
 ᫮,     p   pp   - 䠩  (..
p  ᢮),    ⠪  p  뢠  "pﭭ". p㯯
pp뢭 pﭭ p 뢠 "pﭭ 楯窮".  
ᮮ饭 p⠢   pp pﭭ 楯祪  
䠩  MS-DOS.  p  ⢥  "Y"  pp  p  
pﭭ 楯窨.  pᢠ    "FILEnnnn.CHK", 
"nnnn" -  ⥫쭮, ᫥⥫쭮  p饥   祭 0000
᫮. p ⢥ "N"  ᮮ⢥騥  ⠡ p饭  䠩
, pﭭ 楯窨  ⠭ 㯭묨    .
,  㪠  ⢨  pp      砥,  ᫨  
 p CHKDSK  pp /f.

   Disk error writing FAT x

   CHKDSK      FAT. pp x p  1, 
2,  ᨬ  p뢠  FAT.

   Error found, F parameter not specified
   Corrections will not be written to disk

     p  CHKDSK  㪠  pp /f.   
뤠  p,  ppp ᪠  p.

   filename is cross-linked
   On cluster xx

   ᫨  p  p      䠩,   䠩 뢠
"pᥪ騬". 饭 뤠  -   䠩.  ⮩
樨 CHKDSK  pp  ⢨. pᥪ騥  䠩
᫥   pp  ⤥ ᪥.

   Insufficient room in root directory
   Erase files from root and repeat CHKDSK

   CHKDSK p pp  pﭭ 楯祪   䠩. ,
 䠩     p pp ᪠.    樨
pp  䠩  室  ᪮p    p㣮  , ⥬
㭨⮦   pp塞   CHKDSK p.

   Invalid subdirectory
                                   - 199 -


    㪠 pp  p㦥 p .  ᫨ 
pp /f,  CHKDSK ⠥ p 訡.

   Probable non-DOS disk
   Continue (Y/N)?

    p    ⠡ p饭 䠩 ᮤp  ⨬
. p ⢥ "Y" CHKDSK 뤠 p樨  p  訡.
, ᫨ p    㪠뢠 pp /f,   
  p⨪  p.

   xxxxxxx bytes disk space freed

   訡    ⠡  p饭  㪠  䠩  p   ⥬
㤠  䠩. ᢮  ⮪  㯥   
p樨.

   xxx lost clusters found in yyy chains

   ᫨      ⠡   p饭   䠩      p
p⠢ ᮡ ⫨筮   ᫮,   p  pp
 -  䠩,   ⠪ p  뢠 "pﭭ".  p㯯
pp뢭 pﭭ p 뢠 "pﭭ 楯窮".  
ᮮ饭 p⠢   pp  pﭭ 楯窨  
䠩  ᢮   .

                                   - 200 -

                              CLS
                           p
                         MS-DOS 2., 3.

: 頥 p, p pp  室 
:  CLS
:  cls

    CLS (CLear Screen) 頥 p ᯫ  p頥  pp
  室  .    p  p  p稪   뫠
pp  ᮫  ᨬ  p  ESC[2],    
⠭p  ANSI.    ⮩      p  ⪠  p  
p饭 pp  室 .
    p  設 p  p饭   CLS 室   
p樮 ⥬ pp ANSI.SYS (..8,.2).

                            COMMAND
                            
                        MS-DOS 2., 3.

: ⨢p p  pp
:  COMMAND [/C string][/P]
         COMMAND [d:][path][/C string][/P][/E:xxxxx] (MS-DOS 3.)
: command
         command /c dir
         command /c do it.bat

    pp 㦨 p䥩ᮬ  p樮 ⥬  
짮⥫.       p  뢮 ⥬  p, 
ppp        p   믮. p
 pp MS-DOS  ⥬ 䠩 COMMAND.COM.
     COMMAND       ⢨  p     pp
p樮 ⥬.   ⮣  p ᫥騥  ⢨:  (1)
 p pp p㦠  ; (2) p p
p㦥    (p    pp).  ᪠ p
 COMMAND.COM    p COMMAND   ᮮ⢥騩
ᯥ䨪p  .  ᫨  ᯥ䨪p  饭,    䠩  COMMAND.COM
      㪠   pp,        ᪠  롨p
ᯥ䨪p  p樮 p (.ᠭ  PATH).
   ⮡ ⨢p p  pp,  :

   C>command

       p諮,  ⥯p  p 
p p   pp. ᫨ ᫥   
 p  ᮮ饭:  "Bad file or command", ⠭ ᪥
 p祩   p樮 ⥬   ᪮     
p.
   ⮡ p p  p  pp, :

   C>exit

     祣   p諮,  ⥯p p  p 
p  pp.

    

   祢 pp /c     :

   C>command /c dir

     ᫥ ⨢樨 p  pp 㤥 믮
 dir.
   祢 pp  /p p  p   pp  
᫥ 믮   EXIT.   ᯮ   㢥祭 pp
p樮 p MS-DOS (..12,.2). p    pp
                                   - 201 -

( pp /c,  pp /p), pp /p pp.
   祢 pp /:  ᯮ짮, 稭  pᨨ  3.1.
    pp p樮 p, p  p
 pp. ᫨ pp  㪠,   p  pp
p樮 p p  pp.
    pᨨ 3.1 pp p樮 p p   pp
  pp (16-⮢ ). p ⨬ 祭
10-2048.
    p 3.2  3.3 pp 㪠뢠  . p  ⨬
祭 160-32768.   ᫮ p㣫   襣 祭,
p⭮ 16.
   p   p樮   p   p      pp
p     p     pp.       
p    p    pp       
pp,  ..            p  p   p
  pp.  p    p p樮 p 
p  pp  祭  p  pp 
.   p樮   p      p  p樮  p
pᬮp  .2,.12.

        ----------------------
        | p楤p p㧪 |
        ----------------------
                  |
                  \/
        ----------------------
        |  p   |
        |      pp     |
        ----------------------
                  |
                  \/
       ------------------------
       | p pp,|
   --->|  䠩,     |
 E |   |  MS-DOS       |
 X |   ------------------------
 I |              |
 T |              \/
   |    ----------------------        ------------------------
   -----|  p   |------->| p pp,|
        |      pp     |<-------|  䠩,     |
        ----------------------        |  MS-DOS       |
                                      ------------------------

   .2. p㧪 p  pp

      

   p    pp   室  p  p饭   뢠饩
pp       䠩     뢠   pp,  p
 䠩  p稪  MS-DOS.
   p  pp p㦠    砥 p
  p  p㧪  MS-DOS.  ⥬  짮⥫       ᢮
pp (.. 믮塞 䠩, pᯮ  ᪥).  
pp p㦠   pp      p   p.
pp  稭  믮      -  p㦠 p
  pp.  p    pp 砥 p,
    p  p  pp  室 믮
p pp,  䠩   MS-DOS. p 室
  뢥  p    pp    ⨢   ﭨ,
p⨢ p  p  pp (.p.2). p
p      pp   p   믮     䠩
pᬮp  .2, .5.

                                   - 202 -

                                COMP
                               
                        MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: p 䠩
:  COMP [d:][path][filename[.ext]][d:][path][filename[.ext]]
: comp
         comp testfile.txt
         comp a:testfile.txt b:testfile.txt

    COMP  (COMpare files)  ᯮ   ⭮ p
䠩  (p    䠩    p   p ⮬ 䠩  
..). ᮢ騥 祭 뢮   p. p   
ᮢ ⮢ p  p pp頥. ᫨  ᮢ
 p㦥,   p  ᮮ饭 "Files compare ok". p
p襭 p楤p p  p  p   p
᫥饩 p 䠩. p  p, ᫨ 䠩 p
 ꥬ  .
   COMP  譥  MS-DOS, ⮬ p p饭  
室 㡥   㯭  䠩 COMP.COM.   p 
pp ⠥,    䠩 室   ᪥ C.  ᫨ COMP.COM
室    p祬  ᪥,      p p⢠ 㪠뢠 
 p p  .

    COMP

    p  䠩 p  , ⥬  p 
 p 䠩:

   C>comp one.txt b:one.txt

     ᮮ饭:

   C:ONE      .TXT and B:ONE       .TXT

   Files compare ok

   Compare more files (Y/N)?_

   p   "Y"   p   p      
᫥ 䠩. p  "N" - ⠭p p ⥬.
    p 䠩,  p pᯮ       p
᪠.   묨   p, ᫨  室
 p ᪠   p pp  ᪠.
   p   ,  p  p  
ᮮ⢥饣  䠩:

   C>comp

   Enter primary filename
   one.txt
   Enter 2nd filename or drive id
   b:

   C:ONE      .TXT and B:ONE       .TXT

   Files compare ok

   Compare more files (Y/N)?_

   ⬥⨬,   p p   p p⢠.  ⮬  砥
 㪠 ᪥  롨p 䠩    p 䠩  ( 
p p).
   p㦥 ᮢ 뢮  p   p⪮  p
   ⭠p筮  祭   䠩.   p⪨
p -  p   砫 䠩 (p祬, p   䠩 ⠥
                                   - 203 -

㫥, p - p  ..)

   C>comp one.txt b:one.txt

   C:ONE      .TXT and B:ONE       .TXT

   Compare error at offset 8
   File 1 = 6B
   File 2 = 6A

   Compare more files (Y/N)?_

    砭 p楤p  p COMP 易⥫쭮  pp 稥
 pp   䠩  (⭠p筮 祭  1A). ᫨
pp  ,  p 뫠 ᮮ饭:

   EOF marker not found

   p  䠩  롨p    pp.    p  ⥬ 
p㣫    襣  祭,  p⭮  128.  ⮬ 砥 COM
 p  , pᯮ  ᫥ ⪨   䠩.  
訡 p  pp 筮  pp    ᮢ  
p楩 䠩.
   p       䠩   ᪠  ᯮ짮   頥
pp.    ᫥饩      䠩   ᪥ C  pp
".TXT", p  䠩  ᪥ B  pp ".ASM". ᭮
(8-ᨬ)  䠩 ᮢ:

   C>comp *.txt b:*.asm

                              COPY
                           p
                      MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: p 䠩. ꥤ ᪮쪨 䠩  . 
         묨  pp묨 p⢠  䠩
:  COPY [/A][/B][d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B]
              [+[d:][path]filename[.ext][/A][/B]...]
              [d:][path][filename[.ext]][/A][/B][/V]
: copy file1
         copy file1+file2 b:file3
         copy con:file4.txt

   COPY  -          MS-DOS.    p,  
ᯮ    p  䠩.  ,     㦨 
ꥤ  䠩  (⥭樨)        p樥  
䠩  pp묨 p⢠.

    

   ⮡ ᪮p 䠩, p copy, ⥬ ᯥ䨪 p㥬
(室)  䠩    ᯥ䨪  䠩- (室 䠩). 
㤥 ᪮p    p  ᮮ饭   ⢥ ᤥ
:

   C>copy file.txt b:file.txt
           1 File(s) copied

   ᫨ 饭  ,  䠩 p  室 .   ⮬
砥  室   p㣮    p㣮  pp
⮣  ᪠.  ᫥饬 pp 䠩 "file.txt" p   :

   C>copy file.txt b:
           1 File(s) copied

     MS-DOS  pᨩ  2.     3.      p     
                                   - 204 -

ᯥ䨪p       室   䠩       䠩-.  ᫨
ᯥ䨪p   㪠,   COPY p뢠  p稩 pp.  
pp,  ᪮p㥬  䠩  "file.txt",  室騩  p祬 pp
᪠ C,  pp DATA  ⮬  ᪥:

   C>copy file.txt\data
           1 File(s) copied

     ᪮p    pp, , 易⥫쭮,  p㣨
:

   C>copy file.txt file2.txt
           1 File(s) copied

   p       䠩  ᪠  ᯮ짮   頥
ᨬ  (.  .2,.2).  p㥬,  pp,    䠩 pp
LETTERS   ᪥ C   pp  ".DOC".   襬   pp
BACKUP   ᪥ .   p  p   p 뢮  ᯨ᮪
⪮p  䠩  -  䠩  p    室  . 
뤠 ᮮ饭  ⢥ ᤥ :

   C>copy \letters *.doc b:\\backup
   COUNTRY.DOC
   TICTOCK.DOC
   WHATSUP.DOC
   ITHURTS.DOC
   QUACK.DOC
           5 File(s) copied

    

   COPY    ᯮ짮    ꥤ  (⥭樨)  䠩. 
  p  ᯥ䨪樨  䠩  p    "+". ,
騩    p  ⥭樨,  p⠢ ᮡ 
䠩, pᯮ  p浪  ᫥   p.
    ᫥饬 pp  䠩 "list1.txt"  "list2.txt" ꥤ
 䠩 "biglist.txt". 室 䠩 p.  p 
ᮮ饭  ⢥ ᤥ :

   C>copy list1.txt+list2.txt biglist.txt
           1 File(s) copied

   ᫨    䠩  㪠,   p p   p
䠩.  ᮤp  ᮤp 筮 䠩.
   p   䠩 ⠪  ᯮ짮 頥 ᨬ.
ꥤ,  pp  䠩 p祣 pp  pp ".txt".
 䠩  "combine.dat":

   C>copy *.txt combine.dat
   LETTER1.TXT
   INSERT1.TXT
   INSERT2.TXT
           1 File(s) copied

   p  ᯮ짮  頥  ᨬ  室  㪠뢠   
筮 䠩.  p⨢ 砥 MS-DOS ⠥ ᪮p p
䠩  ("letter1.txt")    p   䠩    p  p   㤥
⠭.
       ꥤ  䠩    pp ".txt"  䠩,
騬    ᭮     pp ".dat"  (᫨  ).
  p  ᭮  ,    砥  pp   ".doc".
pp,  䠩  "letter.txt"  ꥤ    䠩  "letter.dat"   
p 뢠 䠩 "letter.doc"  ..:

   C>copy *.txt+*.dat *.doc
   LETTER1.TXT
                                   - 205 -

   LETTER1.DAT
   LETTER2.TXT
   LETTER2.DAT
   ESSAY1.TXT
   ESSAY1.DAT
           3 File(s) copied

   頥 ᨬ p p⭮  p饭. p, 
㦭 ꥤ   䠩   pp  ".doc"   䠩 "big.doc". 
 :

   copy *doc big.doc

    ᮦ,  訡.
   p ⥭樨 稭 p樥 筮 䠩,   襬
砥, 䠩  "big.doc". ᫨  p   ᪥ ⢮  䠩  ⨬
,   ᮤp p     䠩. ,
MS-DOS 稭 ⡮p 䠩  pp ".doc".   p
䠩   "big.doc"   뢠   室騬      祭    p㯯
ꥤ塞 䠩.   ,  MS-DOS   ⭥    ⮩ p㯯,
  p  ᮮ饭:

   Content of destination lost before copy

   ⡮p  p ⠫ 䠩 p  筮  p浪.
 ᮮ饭   ᨬ   ⮣,  ⢮  
⢮ 䠩 "big.doc"    . ᫨ 䠩  ⢮,
  ᮤp p,   砥   䠩.
               ᯮᮡ.   -p,  
p  "big.doc"    p  䠩,    p    
⠫ 䠩  pp ".doc":

   copy big.doc+*.doc

   -p, 筮 䠩  p᢮ p㣮 pp:

   copy *.doc big.dat

         

      COPY    pp     p ᮧ 
᫥ ppp 䠩:

   copy anyfile.ext+,,

   ᫨            pp   p/
᪮쪨  䠩  (pp,  copy  *.*+,,),     p⠭
⮫쪮 pp p  .

    

     COPY    p  祢  pp.     (/a  /b)
p ᯮᮡ ⥭/ 䠩. p⨩ ᯮ  pp
p p樨.
   pp  /a  砥,    p뢠  䠩 - ⥪⮢.  p
p    䠩   砥   pp  p 䠩
(⭠p筮 祭 1A). ᫨ 室 䠩  ,  
  室 䠩  ⥪⮢ pp  䠩 (ᨬ
^Z).
   pp /b  砥   䠩. p  p p 䠩
p뢠 楫. ᫨ 室  䠩  ,    
室 䠩 pp  䠩  .
   pp /a   /b ᪫砥.    p   
p⢮ ᯥ䨪樨 䠩. pp ppp ᢮ ⢨
  䠩   p   ᫥饣 䠩   pp /a 
/b. ᫨ pp  饭,    p⠥  p⮬   㬮砭
                                   - 206 -

p.  p  㬮砭 p p /b,  ⥭樨  -
p /a.
   p  pp /v p pp p  
 p樨. ⥫쭠 pp  p p樮
⥬.  pp 筮   VERIFY.

    

    COPY  ᯮ짮  p뫪 䠩   pp
p⢠      p樨    p樥   .  ⮬
砥    ᯥ䨪樨  䠩  㪠뢠    ᮮ⢥饣
p⢠.  p,  pp,      㦭  pᯥ  䠩
"secret.txt".    ⮣    ᯮ짮  COPY       ⢥
室  䠩   㪠  PRN   (ppp     ⠭p⭮
pp):

   C>copy secret.txt prn
           1 File(s) copied

    p  p p -  p, 祭
  pp  p⢠,      䠩.    ᥣ   ᯮᮡ
ᯮ  p樨 ⥪⮢ 䠩 p⢥  p
(CON)        "copy  con filespec".   
p.        p    "Enter".  
稢 ⨥  樨 ᫥  :   "Enter Ctrl-Z  
Enter", ᫥ 祣  뢠  :

   C>copy con: keyboard.txt
   This is a sample file that is being created from
   the keyboard. Ctrl-Z is typed and the Enter key is
   pressed to send the file to the disk7 The file can then
   be viewed by entering the command TYPE KEYBOARD.TXT.
   ^Z
           1 File(s) copied

       

     COPY    ᯮ짮  p  p    
p⢠    p㣮.       筮 p. , 
  p     ᯥ䨪権  䠩  㪠뢠   
p.   ᫥饬 pp  ,    p  (CON),
p뫠 p⢥   pp  (PRN). p     
p   p  ⬥砥 ⨥  "Enter";  
砭     Ctrl-Z  Enter:

   C>copy con: prn
   This is a sample file to demonstrate the use of COPY
   is sending data between periphepal devices. At the end
   of the input you will press Ctrl-Z and then press Enter.
   This text will be sent to the printer.
   ^Z
           1 File(s) copied

   p ⪥ p   p⢠, p饣  筮  p,
  ᮮ饭:

   Cannot do binary read from a device

     p, 㤠  祢 pp (/b) 
㪠 ᨬ (/).

                                   - 207 -

                              COUNTRY
                              
                             MS-DOS 3.

:  ⥫ pp (p,   p稥 p)
:  COUNTRY=xxx (MS-DOS 3.0-3.2)
         COUNTRY=xxx,[yyy][,[d:]filename[.ext]] (MS-DOS 3.3)
: country=001
         country=001,437,c:\dos\country.sys

      COUNTRY            p樮    ⥬
⥫ , ⠪  p,   p稥 p.
    p 3.0-3.2   ᯮ    ⥫쭮
    䠩  䨣p樨  CONFIG.SYS.  pp  ⨯   "country=xxx"
  p⢥    䠩.  祭  "xxx"  p⠢ ᮡ
p姭筨 ⥫ . ᮪ ⥫  p 
p D.
    pᨨ 3.3  ⮨ ᪮쪮 ᫮.   p:

   COUNTRY=xxx,[yyy][,[d:]filename[.ext]]

   祭 ""  ⠪ p⠢  ᮡ p姭  ⥫
.   pp   "yyy"   砥      p.      
⥫   p㬥 ᯮ짮   p.   COUNTRY
p,    ᯮ  ⢥ p祩  (.p
D).
   pp  filename  뢠   䠩    ⥫쭮   p樥
(pp, COUNTRY.SYS).
   ᫨  pp  "country="    䠩  CONFIG.SYS  ,   
㬮砭 ⥫  p 001,  p - 437,    䠩
 ⥫묨 묨 - \COUNTRY.SYS.

                                CTTY
                             p
                           MS-DOS 2., 3.

:  p⢮ ⠭p⭮ /뢮 ᯮ⥫
         ᮫. p頥  p⢠ ⠭p⭮ /뢮
         p  p.
:  CTTY device name
: ctty com1
         ctty con

   p     p  p⠢   ᮡ  ⠭p⭮   p⢮
/뢮.  砥,  ᫨ p⢮ /뢮   ,
  MS-DOS  뢠  室      p  뢮 室
   p.   CTTY (Change  console) 砥  ⠭p
p⢮ /뢮  p pp  p⢮.   ⮣
p ctty    p⢠ (ᯨ᮪   p .  .2,
.6).   砥 ⠭p p⢮  /뢮
p p ᨭp 㭨樮 p:

   ctty com1

   ᫥ 믮  室   뢠   p
㭨樮  p.     p樨    p   ⠭
.
   ⮡ p  ⠭p⭮ p⢠ /뢮  p
 p,  :

   C>ctty con

    ⢥  ⠭p⭮ p⢠  /뢮   ᯮ짮
 ᨬ쭮 p⢮.

                                   - 208 -

                               DATE
                            p
                       MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: 뢮   p mm-dd-yy.   .
:  DATE [mm-dd-yy]
: date
         date 12-6-88

     DATE  ᯮ    祭    p   
⥪饩    p mm-dd-yy. p  p樨  p⪥  
䠩   p樮   ⥬   頥   祭   ⥪饩     
ᮮ⢥ ⮬ 䠩  pp.
   ⮡ 뢥 ⥪    p  ᯫ, p p  date.
p樮 ⥬  뢥 祭  ,     (Mon,
Tue, Wed  ..). ⥬  p  p    ⥪饣
祭:

   C>date
   Current date is Fri    12-06-88
   Enter new date:

   p     p⮬ mm-dd-yy  mm/dd/yy,
 mm - -  姭筮 ᫮  1  12
    dd - -  姭筮 ᫮  1  31
    yy - 姭筮 ᫮  80  99  p姭筮 ᫮  1980
          2099

   C>date
   Current date is Fri    12-06-88
   Enter new date: 12/9/88

   ᫨   p 祭 祭,  Enter:

   C>date
   Current date is Fri    12-06-88
   Enter new date:        <--- Enter

    㪠  祭    p:

   C>date 12/25/88

   ᫨  祭    p쭮,   p樮 ⥬ 뤠
( p) p   .
    ⥬  p묨 ᠬ (MS-DOS pᨨ 3.3)   
祭   ᮢ.

                               DEL
                            p
                       MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: ⮦ ᪮ 䠩
:  DEL[d:][path][filename[.ext]]
: del badfile.txt
         erase badfile.txt

    DEL  ( ERASE)  㦨   㤠 䠩   ᪠. ⮡
㤠 䠩, p del  ( erase)  ᯥ䨪  㦭 䠩.
᫨ ᯥ䨪   ᮤp p p⢠   ᯥ䨪p ,  
䠩  롨p    p祣  pp  p祣  ᪠.  ,  
pp, 䠩 badfile.txt  p祣 pp p祣 ᪠:

   C>del badfile.txt

   p ᯮ짮 頥 ᨬ  pp filename  .ext,
      㤠  p㯯  䠩.  ,   짮
                                   - 209 -

頥묨 ᨬ ᫥ p⭮, ⮡  㤠 㦭  䠩
  㦭묨.    㤠   䠩   pp
".DOC"  p祣 pp ᪠ :

   C>del b:*.doc

   p    ᯥ䨪樨  䠩     "*.*" 㤠  䠩
p祣 pp. p樮 ⥬ 뤠 pp   㤠,
⮡ 譨 p p客 pp:

   C>del *.*
   Are you sure (Y/N)?

   ᫨      ᮬ ⭮⥫쭮  㤠 䠩, 
"N",  p⨢ 砥  "Y"   Enter.
     ⢨⥫쭮  䠩    㤠    ᪠.  
ᮮ⢥    pp  ⠪,  ⮡  ⥬    쭥襬
p頫    䠩      騬.  ⮬ ᫨  砩
㤠 㦭  䠩,   ⠭     p
(..2,  .6    11).    ᪮쪮 ᯮ⥫ pp,
p묨    짮    ⠭  㭨⮦ 䠩.
, ⮡ 䠩  뫮  ⠭,      
        .
   ᯮ짮 DEL   樨     ASSIGN, JOIN   SUBST
ॡ  ᮡ  ᬮ⥫쭮.        p⢠. 
 ASSIGN, pp,     ᪮ .  ⮬ 砥
 DEL    ᮡ 㤠 䠩, p   ᫥
㤠.

                                DEVICE
                              p
                           MS-DOS 2., 3.

: 砥  p樮 ⥬ pp
         pp p⢠
:  DEVICE=[d:][path]filename[.ext]
: device=ansi.sys

    DEVICE pᢠ  pp filename   pp, p
室  p㧨      (ࠩ  ᬠਢ   .14 
ன  ).
       ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮    ⢥  pp  䠩
䨣p樨   CONFIG.SYS.   pp   ⮣   䠩    p뢠
p樮  ⥬    p  p㧪.  ᫨  pp  砥
  DEVICE,    pp    ᮮ⢥騬    p㦠 
.
   ⮡    ,  p  "device="     㦭 pp
( pp).    CONFIG.SYS   ⥪⮢
pp, pp,  EDLIN (..2,  .7).   p樨 CONFIG.SYS
ᯮ    "Copy  con".   (⥫쭮 .ᠭ 
COPY, p "p  p⢠  p⢮").
   筮 CONFIG.SYS 室   p pp p祣 ᪠.  
᫥饬  pp  p   䠩  䨣p樨  CONFIG.SYS.   p
p㧪 pp  ANSI.SYS   VDISK.SYS   p  pp
\DOS  ᪥ :

   C>copy con: config.sys
   device=c:\dos\ansi.sys
   device=c:\dos\vdisk.sys
   ^Z                     <----   Ctrl-Z
           1 File(s) copied

   ANSI.SYS -   pp p MS-DOS  pᨩ 2.   3. (..2,
.8).    VDISK.SYS  -  pp  p㠫쭮  ᪠  (RAM)  (. ).
DRIVER.SIS   -   pp   ᪮        ᪥.    ⠪
pᬠp .
                                   - 210 -

   VDISK.SYS

   p㠫 ᪮ ( ᪮  RAM) 뢠    pאַ
㯠, p饭  p p 筮 p饭   ,
(.. p樮 ⥬ "⠥"   ᪮).  p㠫쭮
,   筮   筮,   pᢠ   㠫    p
p⢠.     p㠫쭮 ᪠  ⢫ p
p,  祬      堭᪮.    ⮬  砥 ᭮
p⢮ p㠫쭮 ᪠. ,  p p   p
    뤥  p⭮    .  p樮
⥬      pp㧪  pp ᮤp p㠫쭮 ᪠.
⮬ p p  p㠫 ᪮  p  室
p   堭᪨ .
   VDISK.SYS  pp p㠫쭮 ᪠ (MS-DOS pᨩ 2.  
3.).  pp  ᯥ稢  믮  p  ᫥  㭪権:  (1)
뤥 ⮪  , ᯮ㥬   ⢥  ᪠,  pᢠ
 p p⢠; (2) pp p㠫  ( FORMAT 
 㦨  ⮩ 楫); (3) ᯥ稢 p䥩  ᪮  
p樮 ⥬.  祭 ⮣  pp p  
:

   DEVICE=[path]VDISK.SYS[vvv][sss][ddd][/E[:t]]

 vvv - pp p㠫쭮 ᪠  ; ᪠  1  
          pp  襩 ⥬;  㬮砭 p 64 .
          ᫨  p  , 祬 㯭,  p樮
          ⥬ p 㪠  祭  p  ᪮
          64 .   㤥 pp, ᫨ 㯭 
           64 . ᫨   祭 p襭,  VDISK
          뤠 ᮮ饭: "Buffer size adjusted".
    sss - ⢮ ⮢  ᥪp; ⨬ 祭 - 128, 256 
          512. p  p㣮 祭  p뢠  
          㬮砭 p 祭 128. (p pᬮp 
           .2, .11).
    ddd - ⢮ ᥩ  ४ਨ ᪠; ᪠  2 
          512;  㬮砭 ਭ 64.   pp
           32 . p 室 pp  p㯯
          ᥩ  㢥  pp ᥪp. pp, ᫨ 
          ᥪp ⢮ 512 ,  ⢮ ᥩ pp
          p 12,  VDISK 㢥  祭  16 (16  32 =
          512).

    p㠫  p  1 ᥪp p㧪, 1 ᥪp
 ⠡  p饭 䠩,  1 ᥪp   pp   1  ᥪp
. ᫨     墠⠥ ,      pp
 뤥:   pp  㪠 ᥪp.  ⮬ 砥
뤠 ᮮ饭: "Directory entries adjusted".
   祢 pp /  뤥  p㠫쭮 ᪠  
pp    (..2,  .12).    pp p ⮬ ⠥ 
  . p   pp  ᪮쪮
p㠫 ᪮.   ⮣   CONFIG.SYS   ᪮쪮  
"device=vdisk.sys" (   祢  pp /).   p㠫
  pp     4 .
   ᫨  ⥬   pp ,   pp /  ,  
p 뤠 ᮮ饭:  "Insufficient memory".
   易⥫  pp  :t  砥,    p  p   
pp    p  p뫠  ᨬ쭮 ⢮
ᥪp.  ᪠  p뫪    1    8  ᥪp  ( 㬮砭
p  8).  ᫨        p㤭   p p 
pp , ⪠  ᯮ짮  pp.
    ᫥饬 pp p p㠫   1000 :

   device=vdisk.sys 1000 512 64 /e:4

   p ᥪp p ᪠ p 512 . pp 
  64 ᥩ.  室   pp . p
p  p뫠  4 ᥪp  p.
                                   - 211 -

   DRIVER.SYS

   DRIVER.SYS   pp p     ᪥ (MS-DOS
pᨩ  2.    3.).      㦨  ⨯ ᪮ MS-DOS
( ᪮   3,5- ᪥   1.44 ). pp  
p    "䨧᪨",  ⠪   "᪨" p⢠. ⮡
,      p⠥,  室    ⮤ 㯠
p樮 ⥬  ᪠.

     

   p  祭  p  MS-DOS  p,     pp
p⢠ 祭  ⥬. ⥬  pᬠp 䠩  CONFIG.SYS,
p,  ⥫ pp 室 p㧨   .
 祭 ⮣ p  ᪮ pᢠ 㭨 p
p⢠.   p   p   ᪮         ᪥
pᢠ p A,  p - p  . 稭   p C, p
᪮   ᪥  p㣨 p  ⥢  p⢫
.
    ⥬   p ᪮,  pᢠ  p
- A  B. ᪮  ⪮ ᪠ ᥣ p p C.
   ᪮ ⠪  ᥣ pᢠ     .
p ᪮   ᪠ pᢠ p 0, p - 1 
..
   p  ᪮    ⪮  ᪠ 砥 䨧᪨ p
128, p - 129  ..

      

   ᪨  ᪮  -    p  ᪮,  .. ⭮騩 
p  p㤮  p.      ᨬ   
p樮 ⥬.
   ᪨ ᪮  p⮬  p樮  ⥬
p.  pp  p樮  ⥬  "ᮮ"  設,   
᪮ p⢮ 䨧᪨ pᯮ  p   䨧᪮
.  p      p.  ᪨   p⢠
pp ⢮ ᫥ ⪫祭 設.
   p p⢠ ᯮ  p p饭   ᪮ ᪮.
 ⬥砫  , ᫨   ⥬     ᪮  
᪥,      pᢠ    ᪨  p  (    ). 
᪨ p⢠ (  ) pᯮ   䨧᪮ (㫥).
᪨  p    䠢  pᢠ  ᪨  ᪮ 
p浪  樠樨.
   p p  pᬮp pp DRIVER.SYS.

    DRIVER.SYS

     p   쭥襬 p    pp
᪥. p  .11, .2.
   pp p㦠    :

   DEVICE=DRIVER.SYS/D:ddd[T:ttt][S:ss][/H:hh][/C][/F:f]

 /d:ddd - 䨧᪨ p p⢠,  p pᯮ
             ᪠ ᪥. ᪠ 祭 0-255. 
             㯮 , 祭 0-127 ⭮  ᪮ 
              ᪥, 祭 128-255 -  ᪮  ⪮
             ᪠.
    /t:ttt - ⢮ p   p ᪮ ᪥.
             ᪠ 祭 1-999.  㬮砭 p 80.
    /s:ss  - ⢮ ᥪp  p ᪮ ᪥.
             ᪠ 祭 1-99.  㬮砭 p 9.
    /h:hh  - ᨬ쭮 ⢮ . ᪠ 祭 1-99.
              㬮砭 p 2.
    /     - ᯥ稢  p⢠ p p⨨  p⨨
             p誨 ᪮.
                                   - 212 -

    /n     - 砥 ⠭  p⢥ ꥬ (⪮)
             ᪠.
    /f:f   - ⨯ ᪮ p⢠. ⨬ 祭 
             ᮮ⢥騩  ⨯ ᪥ p . 
             㬮砭 p 2.

                          
                     /f:0        160 K/180 K
                                 320 K/360 K
                     /f:1           1.2 M
                     /f:2           720 K
                     /f:7           1.44 M

     

   p,    㦭       饩  ⥬     
⠭p p ᪮    ᪥    ᪮
 ⪮ ᪠   - 譨 ᪮  3.5- ᪥,
p⠭  1.44 . ᪨ p ᪮   ᪥ -
0.  ᪨  p  1  ppp   ⥫ p
᪮    ᪥.  ⮬ 䨧᪨  p ᪮  
3.5- ᪥ 㤥 2.    祭 ⮣ ᪮
㤥 룫拉 (p ᫮,   DRIVER.SYS 室   pp
C:\DOS):

   device=c:\dos\driver.sys /d:2 /f:7

   pp /d:2 砥,   䨧᪨ p  p⢠  - 2.
pp  /f:7  砥  1.44    ᪥.    
믮  ᫥  樠樨  ᪮  ,      ,     
p pᢠ p D.

     

     p      p    p樨  
᪨ p    䨧᪮. p,    設
砥 ᪮   1.2-  ᪥   䨧᪨ p  0,
᪮  360-  ᪥  䨧᪨  p 1   ᪮
  ⪮  ᪠    䨧᪨  p  128.  p p㧪 ⥬
p   pᢠ ᪨  p , p -    p쥬
( ⪮ ᪠)  - C.    p᢮ p  ᪨ p,
᪠, ᪮    1.2- ᪥.   ⮣   䠩
CONFIG.SYS  pp:

   device=:c\dos\driver.sys /d:0 /s:15 /c /f:1

   pp  /d:0  砥  p⢮    䨧᪨  p 0 (
pᢠ ᪨ p).    㬮砭 ᪮  p⠭
 p  ᪥ (壮),  騥   80 p  
  p,    pp  /t:ttt    /h:hh 饭. pp /s:15
砥,    p  ᪥  p    15  ᥪp. pp /
pp  p p⨨   p⨨ p誨 ᪮.  pp
/f:1 砥 ᪨ ᪮  1.2- ᪥.   
 믮 ᫥ 樠樨 ᪮  ,   ,   
p pᢠ p D.

   DISPLAY.SYS

   DISPLAY.SYS -  pp, ᯥ稢騩 p祭   p
(MS-DOS  pᨨ  3.3).  pp  ⠭    p   p
ᯫ. p  p   祭  p
 p D.
   DISPLAY.SYS p㦠     ᫥ pp 䠩
CONFIG.SYS:

   DEVICE=[d:][path]DISPLAY.SYS CON[:]=(type[,[bwcp][,(n,m)]])
                                   - 213 -

   

   DEVICE=[d:][path]DISPLAY.SYS CON[:]=(type[,[bwcp][,n]])

 type - ⨯ p, ᯥ稢饣 p祭 .
           ⨬ 祭: "EGA"  "LCD". EGA ⭮  
           ⨯ p: Enhanced Graphics Adapter  IBM Video
           Display Adapter. LCD ⭮  p ⨯ PC Convertible
           Liquid Cristal Display Adapter.
    bwcp -  p p p㤮.  ⨬ 祭:
           437 ( 㬮砭), 860, 863  865.  p p
           p㤮  p  ⥬ ROM (  設)
             㦨 ᯫ. (.p D).
    n    - ⢮ ⮢  p. p ⨬
           祭 p 1-12. .p D.
    m    - ⢮ pp (front sizes), p 
           p p. p Enhanced Graphics Adapter
           ᯥ稢  pp - 8  8  8  14. p PC/2
           Display Adapter ⠪ ᯥ稢  pp - 8  8  8 
           16. p LCD ᯥ稢 ⮫쪮  pp - 8  8.

   ppp㥬 祭 pp  pp ᫥饩 :

   device=c:\dos\display.sys con:=(ega,437,2)

    ⮩  pp DISPLAY.SYS p㦠  p Enhanced
Graphics Adapter.   pp   p㦠  p
437. pp ᯥ稢 ᯮ짮   p.

   PRINTER.SYS

   PRINTER.SYS  -      pp,  ᯥ稢騩 p祭 
p  (MS-DOS  pᨨ  3.3).  pp  ⠭     p
pp.    㦨 pp:   IBM Proprinter Model  4201 
IBM Quietwriter |||  Model 5202. p   p   
祭  p  p D.
   PRINTER.SYS p㦠     ᫥ pp 䠩
CONFIG.SYS:

   DEVICE=[d:][path]PRINTER.SYSLPT#[:]=(type[,(bwcp1,bwcp2)][,n]])

   

   DEVICE=[d:][path]PRINTER.SYSLPT#[:]=(type[,(bwcp][,n]])

 LPT# - ⠭p⭮  pp. ⨬ 祭: "PRN",
           "LPT1", "LPT2"  "LPT3".
    type - ⨯ pp. ⨬ 祭: 4201  5202.
    bwcp -  p p p㤮.  ⨬ 祭:
           437 ( 㬮砭), 860, 863  865. ᫨ 㪠  
            祭,     p㣫 ᪮. 
           p p p㤮 p  ⥬ ROM (
            設)   㦨 pp (.p
           D).
    n    - ⢮ ⮢  p. p ⨬
           祭 p 1-12. .p D.

    ᫥饩   pp  PRINTER.SYS p㦠   .  
p  p  pp Quitewriter 5202.   pp
p㦠   p 850.  pp ᯥ稢  ᯮ짮 p
 p:

   device=c:\dos\printer.sys prn:=(5202,850,3)

                                   - 214 -

                                 DIR
                              p
                         MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: 뢮 ᮤp pp
:  DIR [d:][filename[.ext]][/P][/W]
         DIR [d:][path][filename[.ext]][/P][/W]
: dir
         dir b:
         dir b:\subdir1\*.doc/w

    DIR 뢮   p ᮤp  pp,    ᯨ᮪
ᮤp    pp  pp    䠩.  ᮪ 砥
᫥騥 pp:    pp 䠩, pp   ,
pp  p    .    MS-DOS  pᨩ  2.   3. ⠪ 뢮
䨪p   ⪨   ⮬   (᫨      pᢠ     p
pp ᪠)  ⢮ ᢮   ᪥.
   ⮡    p 1., p p dir. ⬥⨬, 
p  p⢠      p  -  p  ⮬  뤠 ᮤp
p pp p祣 ᪠:

   C>dir
   FILE1       BAS       3212    12-02-88    11:42a
   PROGRAM1    BAS      12674    10-09-87     9:53a
   GWBASIC     EXE      57344     6-21-87    10:44a
   COMMAND     COM       4879     3-11-87    11:40a

    p   p᫥ ᭮   䠩,  p  - 
pp.  p쥩  p pp  䠩 
 . ⢥p     p⠢ ᮡ  ᮮ⢥ᢥ
pp   p ᮧ  ᫥ ppp 䠩.
   ⮡  ᯮ짮      MS-DOS    pᨩ,   ⠪
p  p  dir.    p   p, 筠
祭    p饬  砥.  ,   砥 ⥫
,  :   ⮬  ⢮ ᢮   pp
    ᪥.  ᫨      p   㪠 ᯥ䨪p 
pp,  뢮 ᮤp p祣 pp p祣 ᪠:

   C>dir

   Volume in drive C is WRITE_DISK1
   Directory of C:\

   COMMAND    COM    17664    3-08-87   12:00p
   C             <DIR>        1-01-84   12:07a
   WS2PATH    BAT       23   12-07-87    8:18a
   CONFIG     SYS      128    9-25-87    7:24p
   SETCLOCK   COM      853    9-19-86    4:24p
   WS            <DIR>        9-08-86    4:27p
          6 File(s)     110269 bytes free

   ⬥⨬,     筮 p樨,  p  ᮤp
⪠ ⮬ - "WRITE_DISK1". ⪠ ⮬ -   ᪠ ( 襬  砥,
p磮  ᪠  ).  p  "Directory  of C:\" 砥,  뢮
ᮤp p  pp ᪠  C.    祭  뫪
<DIR>.        ᠭ  pp,     
p  pp  ᪠.  ᫥  p  ᮤp  p  
⢥ ᢮   ᪥ - 110269 ⮢.
   ⮡ ᬮp ᮤp  p㣮 pp, p dir
 ᯥ䨪p  ⮣ pp:

                                   - 215 -

   C>dir \ws

   Volume in drive C is WRITE_DISK1
   Directory of C:\WS

   .           <DIR>         9-08-86     4:27p
   ..          <DIR>         9-08-86     4:27a
   WS        EXE    60128    6-25-87     7:24p
   WS        HLP    45853    6-25-86     7:24p
   BATES     DOC     4096    9-17-88     4:27p
   GILMORE   DOC     4096    9-18-88     2:15p
           6 File(s)     110269 bytes free

   ⬥⨬,  p    ᮤp  ᮮ⢥ᢥ    
  窨        䠩.   ᮪p饭 祭
pp. 筠 窠  p  砥  pp,
ᮤp p 뢮   p.   襬 砥   pp
WS.  p⥫᪨ pp  p pp ᪠. 
 窨  p   p⥫᪨ pp  
⭮襭      pᬠp   (..      襬  砥  p).
(⥫쭮  pp  pp ..2, .3).

     /P  /W

   祢 pp  /p 筮  ᯮ p  pᬮp ᮤp
 pp.  p 뢮   p  讣 ⢠ ᥩ,
 p  p p, 祬   p.  ⮬ 
㡥, ⠭ ⥬ ᪥   ᪮ :     
dir a:.  ᬮ pᬮp ⮫쪮 ᫥  , ⠢
  p  ᫥  믮  .   pp /p 
p  뢮.  p       p   p,  뢮
pp頥   p ⨨  .
   祢 pp  /w pᯮ  p    p  p.
pp "  䠩"   "pp" 뢮     p   
p. pp  "pp 䠩",  "pp "   "pp  p" 
⮬ p  뢮.

       

   p         p⭮ 䠩.   
p  p, ⭮ ⮫쪮  ⮬ 䠩:

   C>dir ws2path.bat

   Volume in drive C is WRITE_DISK1
   Directory of C:\

   WS2PATH    BAT       23   12-07-87    8:18a
          1 File(s)     110269 bytes free

     ᯮᮡ  p    ᯮ  p   室
祭 p樨    让 p㯯 䠩. p, 
㦭 㧭,  室   䠩 "letters.doc"   pp  WS. 
   "dir \ws"  pᬮp ᮤp pp.  
   㯨      -p㣮.      "dir  \ws  letters.doc".
p樮 ⥬ ᠬ p   䠩. ᫨ 䠩  , 
  p  뤠  ⭮     p.  p⨢ 砥
 ᮮ饭  ⢨ 䠩  pp.

    

     頥 ᨬ   p   p⭮
p㯯 䠩. p,  㦭 pᬮp 䠩  p  㪢
᭮    "Q"    pp  ".DOC".    䠩 室 
p pp ᪠ .  :

                                   - 216 -

   C>dir d:\q*.doc

   MS-DOS  롨p  室騥      ᯥ䨪樨  䠩  뤠
⭮   p   p.  ( 頥 ᨬ  ..2,
.2).

   ᫨      p  㪠  ⮫쪮  ᭮    䠩,  
pp  p襭,      p  뢮  ᯨ᮪    䠩 
㪠  (   p묨 ppﬨ). 뢥, pp,  ᯨ᮪
䠩, 室   p  pp ᪠  ,   ᭮ 
"animals":

   C>dir b:\animals

   ᫨  p    ⮩    ᫥  ᭮     p
 ,   p  p, ⭮   䠩
  "animals",  饬 pp:

   C>dir b:\animals.

                               DISKCOMP
                               
                         MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: p ᮤp   ᪥
:  DISKCOMP [d:][d:]
         DISKCOMP [d:][d:][/1][/8] (MS-DOS pᨩ 2.  3.)
:  diskcomp a: b:

   DISKCOMP  (COMPare  DISKette)  -    p᭠  pp   MS-DOS,
p  ᮤp     ᪥    ᥪp.     
ᯮ    p        p, ᫨ 
祭    DISKCOPY.
    㦨   p   ᪥.    ᯮ짮
 p ⪨ ᪮, ᪮ RAM  ᪮  ⥢  ⥬.
  ᯮ짮  ⠭   SUBST, ASSIGN  JOIN.
   p ᯮ짮    ᯮ p 11-
 p    pp ᪥.

    DISKCOMP

   DISKCOMP  譥  MS-DOS, ⮬ p p饭 
  室  㡥     㯭  䠩   DISKCOMP.COM.  ᫨
DISKCOMP.COM  ᮤp   p祬 pp p祣 ᪠,   
ᯥ䨪p      PATH.
   ᫨    ⥬  砥    ᪮     ᪥, 
⠭    ᪥    ᪮.    䨣p   ⥬
 p, p稢   p⠭ ᪥  ⥬   
᪮.  :

   C>disksomp c: b:

    p ᫥⥫쭮   ᮮ饭:  "Insert the  first
diskette in drive A"  "Insert the second diskette in drive B". ,
  ᪥ ⠭   ᪮ A,    -  ᪮  B.
᫨  ⠭, 稭 p - ⢥  p ⨥
 .
   ᫨  ⥬ 砥   ᪮   ᪠,  
᫨   p   㪠 p  ᪮,    p
⠪  ᮮ饭  ⠭  p  p ᪥.   ,
-    ᢮  ᪥  (,  )   ᫮ p 
p    -  -    p.    쭥襬 室 ᫥ 
ᮮ⢥⢨ ᪥ 祭  p.
   p ᪥ p  p. ᫨  p  p
ᮤp    p  ᮢ,      p   ᮮ饭:
                                   - 217 -

"Diskettes compare ok".  p⨢ 砥  ᯨ᮪ ᮢ
p  p ᮢ  ᮮ⢥饩 p.
     砭  p  p     p    p   
p p楤p. p ⢥ "Y", ⠭ ᫥ p  ᪥
 p. p ⢥ "N",  p頥 p MS-DOS.

    

   p    祢  pp  /1 p p ⮫쪮
 p   ᪥.  p   pp /8  p
p  ᥬ   ᥪp       p.     (pp  ᪥
pᬮp  .11 p  ).

                               DISKCOPY
                               
                         MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: p  ᪥  ᪥
:  DISKCOPY [d:][d:]
:  diskcopy a: b:

   DISKCOPY   (COPY   DISKette)   -     p᭠  pp  MS-DOS,
p  p  ᮤp    ᪥    p.  
p祭  p   ᪥⠬. p ⪥ p  ⪮
᪠, 㤥 뤠 ᮮ饭  訡.

    DISKCOPY

   DISKCOPY  譥  MS-DOS, ⮬ p p饭 
  室  㡥     㯭  䠩   DISKCOPY.COM.  ᫨
DISKCOPY.COM  ᮤp   p祬 pp p祣 ᪠,   
ᯥ䨪p        PATH.  p  
pp ⠥,   䠩 室  ᪥ C.
   ᫨    ⥬  砥     ᪮       ᪥,
⠭    ᪥.    䨣p  ⥬  p,
p稢    p⠭  ᪥    ⥬    ᪮.
 :

   C>diskcopy a: b:

   p    䠩  DISKCOPY.COM p㦠   ,   
p  p   ⠭ 室 (p㥬) ᪥  
p    p  ᪮   ᪥    -   p.
᫥ ⠭ ᪥  p訢 p⢠   
- p p 㤥 p⮢:

   Insert the  first diskette in drive A

   Insert the second diskette in drive B

   Strike any key when ready

   ᫨  ⥬  砥 ⮫쪮   ᪮    ᪠,
 ᫨     p   㪠 p   ᪮,   
p ⠪   ᮮ饭   ⠭  p   p ᪥.
,  p   室 ᪥,   p -  ᪥ 
.  쭥襬, ⮡   p p樨   室 ᪥,
室  p  ᫥    ᮮ⢥⢨ ᪥ 㪠 p.
⮡  pp    p㬥,     室
᪥  ,  ᪮祬 륬   p p.
     砭  p  p    p    p  
p p楤p. p ⢥ "Y", ⠭ ᫥ p  ᪥
 p. p ⢥ "N",  p頥 p MS-DOS.
   pᨨ 2.  3.  ᯥ稢 ᯮ짮 祢 pp  /1.
p    pp  p  ⮫쪮  p  p   室
᪥.
                                   - 218 -

: 設⢮ pᨩ DISKCOPY pp ᪥  ,
           ᫨   뫠 pp pp⥫쭮.

    COPY  DISKCOPY

   祭      p稥    p    -  COPY 
DISKCOPY. ᭨  p稥.  DISKCOPY 뢠 p   p
p 室 ᪥  뢠    p p ᪥  
, ⥬ 뢠 p p  ..  p p 
᪥    p p p.
   COPY  뢠  p    p  ᥪp p㥬 䠩 
뢠    p  ᢮ ᥪp   ᪥   .  ⥬
뢠  ᮤp  p  ᥪp    ..    p㥬
䠩. p ⮬ p  ⮫쪮 䠩, 㪠    p.
p ᮤp ᪥   p.
   ᫨ 䠩  ᪥ p  ᪮쪮 ⪮ ( 㪫뢠  
 pp뢭  ⮪),       ⢫ ,
祬    pp뢭   䠩.  ,  騥   ᪮쪮  ⪮,
楫ᮮp p  ᢮  ᪥     "xcopy
*.* /s" ( "copy *.*").  XCOPY  COPY ᪮p 䠩   
pp뢭 ⮪,   p   DISKCOPY p᫠    ⠪, 
.

                                   - 219 -

                                 ECHO
                              p
                           MS-DOS 2., 3.

: p 뤠祩  p   䠩  p
          믮. 뢮  p ᮮ饭  p p
          䠩
:  ECHO [ON|OFF|message]
: echo on
         echo off
         echo your message here

    䠩 ⮨   p㯯 ᫥⥫쭮  믮塞 
MS-DOS.  ECHO p 뢮  p    䠩
 p  믮.   ᫥騬 p:
   (1) ECHO ON - ᯥ稢 ⮡p   p  室 
믮;
   (2) ECHO OFF -  ⮡p   p;
   (3) ECHO [ᮮ饭] -  p  ᮮ饭  ᨬ
 p p ;
   (4) ECHO -  p ⮡p ⥪騩 p p  (ON
 OFF);
   p ECHO   䠩 pᬠp  .5, .2.

                                ERASE
                              p
                         MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: ⮦ ᪮ 䠩
:  ERASE [d:][path][filename[.ext]]
: erase badfile.txt
         del badfile.txt

    ⢨  ERASE 筠  DEL (. ᠭ).

                                EXE2BIN
                                
                          MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: pp 䠩 ⨯ EXE  ⠭p  䠩
:  EXE2BIN [d:][path]filename[.ext][filespec]
:  exe2bin testfile

    MS-DOS  믮塞 pp  p   ᪠    䠩 
ppﬨ  COM    EXE  (..2,  .12).    EXE2BIN  -  
p᭠ pp  MS-DOS, ⢫  pp 䠩  ⨯
".exe"  䠩 ⨯ ".com".   ᫥ ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  p
ᥬp  樨 p pp.

     COM  EXE

     ⨯  EXE  ᮤp    (   砫 䠩), 
室  p    p頥  pp  䠩.  p頥
pp p⠢ ᮡ p,  祭 p    
pᯮ   ᫥ p㧪 pp. p p㧪 䠩  ⨯
EXE  p樮  ⥬  pᬠp  ,  ⮡ p
pᯮ    p頥   pp  p  䠩.   ⥬  
ᮮ⢥⢨    pᮬ,    p  p㦠  䠩,   
祭  p頥 pp.
     ⨯  COM  p頥  pp    ᮤp,  ⮬ 
ᮤp    .    p  ᫥騬  p:  ᭠砫
ᮧ 䠩  pp EXE (⥬ ᥬp  樨),
⥬    EXE2BIN  p pp  䠩 ⨯  EXE 
 䠩.    pp COM  稭  pp ORG
100H.   ⮣ pp  䠩 p㦠  p 100  p
⢥  ᥣ . p 䠩 ⨯ COM p祭 64 .
                                   - 220 -

       䠩  ⨯  COM    ᮤp ,  pp
䠩 ⨯ EXE  䠩  ⨯ COM   ᮡ   ᮤp
.  ⮬  p  롨p    pp  䠩,   
騥 p頥 pp, 稭騥  pp ORG 100H  
騥  64 .

    EXE2BIN

   EXE2BIN -   MS-DOS.  砥,  p  p饭
  室 㡥  㯭 䠩 EXE2BIN.EXE.   
室  p祬 pp  p祣 ᪠;  p⨢  砥 
pᯮ p  PATH.
   ⮡      ,    p   "exe2bin"       ᯥ䨪樨
pp㥬    pp  䠩.  䨪 pp㥬
䠩 易⥫쭮   pp "filename". ᫨ ᯥ䨪
pp㥬  䠩    砥  pp  ".ext",     㬮砭
p,      䠩      pp   ".exe".    䨪
pp 䠩  易⥫ pp.   㬮砭
 pp  䠩 "filename"  ⠥   pp㥬
䠩,    pp  -  ".bin".  ᫨      p  
ᯥ䨪p  pp 䠩,  䠩 뢠  p稩
pp p祣 ᪠.
   p ,  Enter. ᫨  䠩 (⨯ EXE) ᮮ⢥
p   䠩 ⨯  COM,   pp p, ᫥
祣  p  p頥  MS-DOS.  ᫨  pp 䠩 
㬮砭  p᢮  pp  ".bin",      p   
pp ".com".
   ᫨    䠩    ᮮ⢥  p    䠩  ⨯ COM
(pp,    砥  pp  ORG),    pp   p
믮,  䠩 pp  ⠭p  䠩. ᫨
⥯p  pp   䠩  ᮤp   p頥  pp,   
p樮  ⥬   뫠  p        "䨪p
祭" (fixup value).   -   ⭠p筮
᫮, 饥 ᮫ pᮬ ,  p pp
䠩 㤥  p㦥. p㧨   䠩   ⮫쪮  p
pp,  饩   p   p㧪   䠩.  p樮  ⥬
p p㧪  .
   ᫨  室 䠩 (⨯ EXE)  p p㧪, ⫨ 
祭 100,   p pp 㤥 뤠 ᮮ饭:

   File cannot be converted

    ᮮ饭      砥,  ᫨ 室  䠩  
䠩 ⨯ EXE.

                              FASTOPEN
                              
                             MS-DOS 3.3

: ᯥ稢 p   p ᯮ짮訬 䠩 
         pp
:  FASTOPEN d:[=nnn]
:  fastopen c:=100

   FASTOPEN  ᯮ     p       ⮭宦
䨧᪮ ᪠  ⮭宦 䠩  pp,  p
p  p饭     p  p祣  ᥠ.   ᫨  MS-DOS
p   - 䠩,  ᭠砫 FASTOPEN  pᬠp
, ⮡  㪠⥫   䠩. ᫨ p 䠩  p㦥,
    ⢫ 祭 p.
   筮    䠩  p   ᮮ⢥⢨   pp騬
ᯨ᪮,  p   㪠⥫ 䨧᪮ pᯮ 䠩  
᪥.   pp, pᬮp,   p室  p 믮 ᫥饩
:

   C>dir \subdir1\subdir2\subdir3
                                   - 221 -


   p  pp  ᥣ  室    p  ᪠.
p樮 ⥬ 室   p pp  pᬠp  ,
⮡      SUBDIR1.   ᮤp 䨧᪨  p
pp  SUBDIR1.  ⥬  MS-DOS  室      pp 
pᬠp , ⮡       SUBDIR2.   ⮩ 
ᮤp 䨧᪨ p pp SUBDIR2.  ⮫쪮 p 室  
 pp ⠭ 㯭 p pp SUBDIR3. 
  ⢨  p  p  믮    DIR.   
FASTOPEN  ᪮p  p.

    FASTOPEN

   p    FASTOPEN       p   p  p
p        ⥬  ᪮.  ᫥  p
㪠뢠  ᫮    p    10    999.   ᫮ 砥
⢮  p塞      䨧᪨  pᮢ pp 
䠩  ᪠.   pp, ppp㥬    100  ᥩ
( 䨧᪨ pᮢ)  ᪠    ᪠ D:

   C>fastopen c:100 d:100

    㬮砭 fastopen ppp   34 .  
 35 .
   p 室 㯠  - 䠩, 室饬   
 㪠  ᪮, FASTOPEN  pp 뤥  ⮪   
稥 ⭮饩  ⮬ 䠩 . ᫨   p㦥,  
p  䠩   䨪p     p     .     p
p   p,       ppp 
᪠ . ᫥ ⮣    䨧᪮ p 䠩  㤥
p   p, ᠭ ᫥.

. FASTOPEN  ⮫쪮  p, p ᫥ p㧪
           p樮 ⥬ (    䠩
           AUTOEXEC.BAT).  p祭  p  ⪨
           ᪠     ᯮ짮   ᪥. 
           ⠪  p  ᪮, p ᠭ 
           ASSIGN, JOIN  SUBST,   ᪮  ᫮ ⥢
           ⥬.

                                 FCBS
                              p
                              MS-DOS 3.

: p ⢮  p 䠩, p 
         ᯮ짮  p p 㯠
:  FCBS=m,n
:  fcbs=10,5

    (.11, .2),    䠩  ⢫  
ᯮᮡ.        ᭮    ᯮ짮  pp ,
뢠  "  p  묨"  (FCB),    p 室
p, ᯮ㥬 MS-DOS  p p楤p ⥭/.  ᫨
  p  室      ⥢  ⥬   p⠥  p
p 㯠   䠩  (.ᠭ   SHARE),   MS-DOS
p稢  ⢮   p  p뢠   FCB     4.  
p祭 ᭨  FCBS.
   p     㪠  pp. p  p
ᨬ쭮   ⢮   p   p뢠  FCB.  ⨬
祭 pp  - 1-255.  p p  ᨬ쭮 ⢮
p p  FCB (⢮  FCB, p   p  p
 ⠢ p묨). pp, p,  䠩  CONFIG.SYS
砥 ᫥騩 pp:

   fcbs=10,5

                                   - 222 -

    砥,      p     p  10 FCB,
p祬  5      饭    ⮬᪮  p p樮
⥬.  p㣨  ᫮,  ᫨  10  FCB  p,  MS-DOS p
p  襥  ⢮,    5          p,  5
易 ⠢ p묨.
   ᫨  CONFIG.SYS    ᮤp  pp  "fcbs=",      㬮砭
p:  m=4, n=0.
   ᫨  p  p  FCB,    MS-DOS  p뢠   p
ᯮ㥬. p ⪥ p饭  p⮬ FCB 뤠 ᮮ饭:

   FCB unavailable
   Abort, fail?

                                FDISK
                               
                           MS-DOS 2., 3.

: p 䨣p ⪮ ᪠
:  FDISK
:  fdisk

   FDISK  p᭮ pp MS-DOS, p饩 ⪨  
 -᪨.  p ᠭ   ⢥p⮩   p  
.

                                  FILES
                                p
                              MS-DOS 2., 3.

:  ꥬ , 뤥塞  뫮 
         p  䠩
:  FILES=xx
:  files=25

      FILES   p   ⢮   ,   뤥塞  
p饣 ,   p ᮤp 뫪   p  
䠩. p  뤥塞   p ᨬ  ⢮
뫮.
   뫪  p   䠩 -   16-⮢ ᫮,  p
pᢠ 䠩 p   ᮧ  p⨨. 뫪  ᯮ
 p  䠩, p  p뢠묨   p
pp. 뫪   p   䠩  p pᬮp 
.11, .2.

    FILES

     FILES      ᯮ짮   ⢥ pp 䠩
CONFIG.SYS.     䨣p樨  CONFIG.SYS   -     ⥪⮢  䠩,
騩    ᪮쪮  , 믮塞   p p㧪
p樮  ⥬.    pp  䠩  p   p
pp  p  p  MS-DOS.    FILES     ᨬ쭮
⢮ 뫮  p  䠩.
    ᮧ   p⪨ CONFIG.SYS 筮  ᯮ ⥪⮢
pp ( pp, EDLIN).   p     
"copy con:  config.sys" (.ᠭ  COPY).

   C>copy con: config.sys
   FILES=10
   ^Z                  <---  ^Z  Enter
            1 File(s) copied

   ᫨    FILES    믮   p p㧪,  MS-DOS
뤥 ⮪    8 뫮   p .  
pp p   p   設⢠  p pp. ᫨
pp p 襥 ⢮ 뫮, 祬   稨, 
  p  뢮  ᮮ饭:    "No  free file handles".  
                                   - 223 -

⥫쭮 䠩 (ᢥp p  㬮砭 쬨) p  
39  .
     FILES        ⢮  p  (FCB),
 짮⥫,  p   pp   ᯮ짮 
 p 㭪権 0FH-29H (.p ).

                               FIND
                              
                          MS-DOS 2., 3.

: ⢫  㪠 ⥪⮢ p p  
         p㯯 䠩
:  FIND [/V][/C][/N]string[filespec][filespec]...
: find "Bruce" records.txt
         find /v "Floyd" records.txt
         find /c "Linda" records.txt
         find /n "Born" records.txt

    FIND   䨫p  MS-DOS.   ᯮ  ᪠
 ⥪⮢  p p     p㯯 ⥪⮢  䠩.
⮢  p,    p  p  ,   p
砥  窨  ("like this").     䨫p   
室   pp  . 室  FIND  
p᫠    p⢮  ⠭p⭮  뢮,  p     p㣮
pp p⢮,  p   䠩.
   FIND    譥    MS-DOS.    砥,   p
p饭   室  㡥  㯭 䠩  FIND.EXE. 
 室    ⥬ ᪮.

     FIND

    祢  pp FIND   易⥫묨.  p 
pp  /v    p  뢮  ⮫쪮   p 䠩, p 
ᮤp  p. p  / 뢮 ⮫쪮 p  p
䠩,      p.  p   /n 뢮 p
⥪⮢  䠩,  騥    p,  p祬   p
p  p浪 p (p 䠩).
   p  p  /뢮 pp   .6  p  
.

                                   FOR
                                p
                             MS-DOS 2., 3.

: ᯥ稢 p 믮     p㯯
          pp
:  FOR %%variable IN (set of parameters) DO command
: for %%a IN (file1 file2 file3) DO del %%a
         for %b IN (example.bat program.txt letter) DO copy %b prn

     ᯥ稢   横᪮  믮   -  
MS-DOS.    믮   p      p㯯
 pp.  p FOR 稭 ᫮ "for", ᫥
p  p    p.  ᫨    ᯮ 
⢥  pp    䠩,    ⮩  p   
p⢮      p業  (%%).    p⨢  砥   -
p      (%).   p   믮       p
᫥⥫쭮     pp.
   ᫥  ⮩ p 묨 㪢 p ᫮  "IN".
⥬  p㣫 ᪮ p pp.
   p㯯 pp 몠 ᫮ "DO", ⠪ p 묨
㪢.    ᫥  ᮡ⢥    MS-DOS.
    ᫥饬  pp   FOR ᯮ   pᯥ⪨ 䠩
"example.bat", "program.txt"  "letter":

   C>for %b IN (example.bat program.txt letter) DO copy %b prn
                                   - 224 -


   COPY EXAMPLE.BAT PRN

        1 File(s) copied

   COPY PROGRAM.TXT PRN

        1 File(s) copied

   COPY LETTER PRN

        1 File(s) copied

   p    䠩 pᬮp  .5, .2.

                               FORMAT
                               
                        MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: 樠   ⪨ ᪮
:  FORMAT [d:][/S]
         FORMAT [d:][/S][/1][/8][/V][/B]   (MS-DOS 2.  3.)
         FORMAT [d:][/S][/1][/8][/V][/B][/4] (MS-DOS 3.)
         FORMAT [d:][/S][/1][/8][/V][/B][/4][/N:xx /T:yy] (MS-DOS 3.3)
: format b:
         format b:/s
         format c:/s/v

   p   ᯮ짮           ⪨   ᪨    室
樠p. p  樠樨 뢠  pp. 
p  FORMAT.
    p  pp ᪨  p   ⪨, 뢠
ᥪp.  ᪮쪮  ᥪp  ⠢  p.   ᥪp 
  p  pᢠ  㠫  p,    p 
 p p樮 ⥬.
     p  pp    ᪥  p  p㧪,
p ᯮ p p㧪 ⥬. p ⮣, ᮧ ⠡
p饭 䠩   pp ᪠.   pp  㦠  
 室  ᪥ 䠩  pp.
   pp ᪠ ⠫쭮 pᬮp  .11, .2.

    FORMAT

   p pp ᪥  p p   㭨⮦.
p  pp  ⪮  ᪠  p , pᯮ 
-᪥ MS-DOS. 室  pp    ᪥, p
p ᯮ짮   MS-DOS. p pp  p ᪥
pp⥫쭮  p        䠩.       p
p pp pp  ᪥. p pp
⪮ ᪠   FORMAT  祭  pᬮp. p
pp ⪮  ᪠    p   -᪨  ᠭ 
 2, .4.
   FORMAT    譥    MS-DOS.   砥,  p
p饭    室  㡥   㯭 䠩 FORMAT.COM.
    室       ⥬ ᪮.  易⥫쭮
砥    ᫮  䠩,  pᯮ    p    設
⥬ ᪥.  p pp ⠥,  䠩 FORMAT.COM
室  ᪥ .
   ᫨   襩 ⥬     ᪮    ᪥,  
p    pp    砥.       ⥬   ᪥
⠭  ᪮  , pp㥬 ᪥  -  ᪮  .
᫨ ⥬ 砥 ⮫쪮  ᪮   ᪥,  
 ⥬ ᪥  ᪮ .      
,   ,   p   稨      ᪮,     p
pp   㤥   p    ᪥.  
:
                                   - 225 -


   A>format b:

   FORMAT.COM  p㦠         p 뢮 p,
 p-⮢⥫,  p:

   Insert new diskette for drive B:
   and strike any key when ready

     ,  p p pp.  p
 ᢨ⥫饥  ⮬ ᮮ饭:

   Formatting...

   p pp  ᪥   ,  ⮬
⤮孨  p᫠.  砭 p   ᮮ饭:

   Formatting...Format complete

    p ⠪  p  ﭨ ᪠:

   362496 bytes total disk space
   362496 bytes available on disk

   祭 祭     ⨯ pp㥬  ᪥,   
pp   -᪠.   ᫥   ⮣      p  뢮  p  
pp ᫥饩 ᪥:

   Format another (Y/N)?_

   ᫨  㦭 pp    ᪥,   "Y". ⮡
p p MS-DOS,  "N".
   p  pp  ⪮  ᪠     p ᫥ 
  㪠뢠  p  p⢠  (pp,  format  c:). p
pp    ⪮     ᪠         ᪮쪮    .
pp   ᯮ짮  p.

    

   祢 pp /s ᯮ  祭 ⥬ 䠩  
䠩 COMMAND.COM.  p ⥬  䠩 MS-DOS  뢠 IO.SYS 
MSDOS.SYS.  䠩 易⥫쭮  室  ᪥  ᪥,
 p p p㧪 MS-DOS. p冷  pᯮ 
䠩    ᪥  p  ⢥  p    p樨   p祣
p. ᫨  p    ⥬ 䠩  COPY,  
   ⠭ ⥬ (  ᬮ   p㦠).  ⮡
pp          㤠  ⥬   䠩     䠩
COMMAND.COM, ᯮ :

   A>format b:/s

    p :

   Insert new diskette for drive B:
   and strike any key when ready

   Formatting...Format complete
   System transferred

   362496 bytes total disk space
    38912 bytes used by the sysytem
  3235684 bytes available on disk

   Format another (Y/N)?_

   ⬥⨬,    p  ᯮ짮  ⮩      p 뢮
                                   - 226 -

ᮮ饭, 饥  p "System  transferred",   ⠪ p,  
p 㪠  pp ,   ⥬묨  䠩   䠩
COMMAND.COM. ᫨  ⥯p   pᬮp ᮤp  ᪥  
 dir  b:,    p   㢨  ᠭ 䠩  COMMAND.COM.
p ⥬ 䠩  pp ᪠ p  .

     

    FORMAT   ᯮ짮   p᢮    ᪥
⪨ ⮬ (MS-DOS 2., 3.). ⪠ ⮬  䨪p ᪠.
  ᯮ짮  ⢥ pp . ⪠ 뢮  
p p   DIR.
   ⮡  p樮  ⥬  "",    p pp
᪠  pᢠ ⪠  ⮬,   p  FORMAT 
祢  pp  /v.    砭  p pp  p
뤠  p      ⪨.  ⪠  ⮬    11
ᨬ.  p  ᨬ,  ᯮ㥬  p  p樨  䠩,
ᯮ  p p樨 ⪨ ⮬:

   A>format b:/s/v

    p :

   Insert new diskette for drive B:
   and strike any key when ready

   Formatting...Format complete
   System transferred

   Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none)? WAITE_DISK1

   362496 bytes total disk space
    38912 bytes used by the sysytem
  3235684 bytes available on disk

   Format another (Y/N)?_

   p, ⮡ ᬮp ᮤp ᪠,   dir b:

   A>dir b:

   Volume in drive B: is WAITE_DISK1
   Directory of A:\

   COMMAND  COM    15480   3-01-85    2:00a
          1 File(s)        323584 bytes free

   8   

    MS-DOS pᨩ 2.  FORMAT p p  9 ᥪp. 
p 3. p   ᥪp  ᨬ  ⨯ ᪮ 
 ᮤp  9  15 ᥪp. p  祢 pp /8
p p  9-15 ᥪp,  p ᯮ ⮫쪮  8.
 ᪥,  pp ⨬  ᯮᮡ,    p MS-DOS
 p 䠩, p  p 1..

      

   ᫨  ᪥  p,    pp    p, ᫨
p -   p  ᪥. ,  ᫨    p
 祢 pp /1,   ᨬ  ⨯ ᪥  ⨯
᪮ pp ⮫쪮  p ᪥. pp /1  
ᯮ짮  MS-DOS pᨩ 1..

                                   - 227 -

     /

   p   pp /  p p   8  ᥪp   
᪥ 뤥    p ⥬ 䠩. 쭮  䠩
 p뢠   .  ᫥⢨    ᪮p 
SYS. pp /  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  MS-DOS pᨩ 2.  3..

     /4

   p   pp /4  ᪥ pp   1.2  .   (p
pp  p  ᪥      p   室
㪠    pp:    /1    /4).  pp ⨬ ᯮᮡ
᪥  p ⮫쪮  ᪮  1.2- ᪥.  pp
/4  ᯮ짮  MS-DOS pᨩ 3..

     /N:xx  /T:yy

    pp   ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮   pᨨ 3.3.  pp /n
㪠뢠  ⢮  ᥪp    p,  pp  /t - ⢮
p    ᪥.  p  ᯮ짮    pp  ᪥ 
pp    p쭮  ⢮   (襥 ᨬ쭮
).     ᮢ⭮, ⠪   .
   pp,      p,   p祭     pp
720-  ᪥    1.44-  ᪮.    ᫥饬
pp   3.5-   720-⭠   ᪥   pp    
1.44-⭮ ᪮ D:

   C>format d: /n:9 /t:80

                               GOTO
                            p
                          MS-DOS 2., 3.

: p p  㪠  p  䠩
:  GOTO label
:  goto four

      䠩   -      ⥪⮢   䠩,  騩    p㯯
᫥⥫쭮  믮塞    MS-DOS.    ⠢
p   䠩.   p 2.   3.  p  䠩
    祭.  ⪨  㦠    䨪樨  p.  ⪨
 䠩 稭 稥 (:),  p ᫥  
 쬨 ᨬ.
     GOTO  ⢫   p室  p     䠩  
祭  p    ᫥騬  믮   .  ᫥饬
pp  GOTO p ᪮ 横:

   :work
   rem i am working!
   goto work

    䠩 pᬮp  .5, .2.

                             GRAFTABL
                             
                            MS-DOS 3.

: p㧪   ᨬ쭮 ⠡
: GRAFTABL
        GRAFTABL [xxx  /STATUS] (MS-DOS 3.)
: graftabl
         graftabl 437

   筮,  ᫨  p  CGA  p⠥   p᪮ p,  
ᨬ ⠭p⭮  ASCII (c 128  255)  뢥   p
ᯫ.    GRAFTABLE   p㦠       ⠡  ᨬ,
                                   - 228 -

  p   ᨬ ⠭p⭮   ASCII
(᫨ p CGA p⠥  p᪮ p).
    MS-DOS pᨨ  3.3     p   p㧨 ᢮
⠡ p᪨  ᨬ (..   p  ᮮ⢥ ᢮
p p᪨ ᨬ),      p ⥪
  p  몠.    ⮣      p  p
⨬   p. ⨬  祭 :   437,  860, 863 
865.  p pᬮp  p D.
    p 믮 GRAFNFBL p ERRORLEVEL  pᢠ
  p᫥  祭 (p 3.3). p  p
ERRORLEVEL   䠩 pᬮp  .5, .2.

------------------------------------------------------------------------
 p ERRORLEVEL              祭 

          0                   p p쭮 ⠭. 
                              p    p㦠.
          1                   p p㦥  . ᫨
                               ,  p㧪 p쭮
                             p襭.
          2                    p    p㦠.
                               ⠭  .
          3                  p 㪠 pp
          4                   ⠭ p㥬 p
                             p樮 ⥬.
                             p p 3.30.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                         GRAPHICS
                          
                      MS-DOS 2., 3.

: 뢮   ᮤp p, p饣 
         p᪮ p.
:  GRAPHICS
         GRAPHICS [printer][/R][/B]  (MS-DOS 3.)
         GRAPHICS [printer][/R][/B][/LCD]  (MS-DOS 3.)
:  graphics color1

   p ⨨   PrtSc  Shift,  室  p  p
뫠  pp.  GRAPHICS pᯥ뢠 ᮤp p,
᫨ ᯫ p⠥  p᪮ p.
   GRAPHICS   p⭮ pp.  p p  p饭 
p㦠        ⠥  ⠬    pp㧪  p樮
⥬. p㦥 p稪 p  p ⨨ ⮩   樨
  -  PrtSc    Shift.    ᨬ   p p ᯫ 
pp 뢮 ⥪  p᪨ p㭮.

    GRAPHICS

     p  p   MS-DOS    ⥫   pp  
 p GRAPHICS  pᬠp. , 稭  pᨨ
3.0,  㪠 ⨯ ᯮ㥬 p᪮ pp:

pp                     ᠭ
GRAPHICS      p᪨ pp IBM PC
              p᪨ pp Epson
COLOR1        ⭮ pp IBM PC
              p 
COLOR4        ⭮ pp IBM PC
              p, 㡠,  
COLOR8        ⭮ pp IBM PC
              ᨭ, 䨮⮢, , p 
COMPACT        pp IBM PC (MS-DOS 3.3)
THERMAL       pp⥫ pp IBM PC (MS-DOS 3.3)

                                   - 229 -

    㬮砭 p 祭 GRAPHICS.
   p  祢  pp /r p   p ⠥  
pp p,      p  ⠥   pp .  
㬮砭 p  p 뢮   pp  p - 
 p 뢮 p  pp.
   祢 pp  /b (ᯮ   pp  COLOR4   COLOR8)
⮡p  pp 梥 䮭  p.  㬮砭 梥 䮭  p
 pp  ⮡p.
   pp /lcd (MS-DOS  3.3) 뢮   pp p   ⮬ , 
p    p    p  ᯫ,  p饣     
p⠫.

                                  IF
                              p
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

: ᯥ稢 믮  p 믮 
         ᫮
:  IF [NOT] condition command
: if exist somefile.dat type somefile.dat
         if %1==roses goto roses
         if not exist file.bak copy file.txt file.bak

   pᨨ 2.   3.  ᪠ ᯮ짮   MS-DOS   ⢥
p  pp  믮    ᫮  IF. pp IF, 
p,  p  p     䠩.  pp   pp
믮 ᫥ ᫮:

 |-------------------------------|
 | (1) IF EXIST filespec command |
 |-------------------------------|

   pp  䠩  p祬 pp 㪠 ( p祣)
᪠.  騩  pp  뢮  ᮤp 䠩 "somefile.dat" 
p, ᫨  室  p祬 pp ᪠  (p祣 ᪠):

   C>if exist somefile.dat type somefile.dat

 |---------------------------------|
 | (2) IF string1==string2 command |
 |---------------------------------|

   pp  筮    ᨬ  p.  pp 筮
ᯮ  p ᨬ쭮 p, p᫠  
䠩  ⢥ pp,  ᨬ쭮 p, p  p
䠩.  ᫥饬 pp pp %1 p  ᨬ쭮 p
"roses". ᫨ p pp ⥫,  p  p室
  p  䠩 "roses":

   C>if %1==roses goto roses

 |----------------------------------|
 | (3) IF ERRORLEVEL number command |
 |----------------------------------|

      믮    믮,   ᨬ 
p  믮  p      p pp. 
p 믮 pp   MS-DOS p ERRORLEVEL
  p᢮ p 祭 ().  祭  pp
pp IF.     ⢨ ⮣ pp  믮,
᫨ 祭 ERRORLEVEL p     ᫠.   ᫥饬
pp  p 뢮 ᮤp p祣 pp, ᫨ 祭
p ERRORLEVEL   p :

   C>if errorlevel 2 dir

                                   - 230 -

       p  ERRORLEVEL  ⢫   ⥬
㭪権 4  31 (.p A).

  IF NOT

         ⢨  pp  IF  NOT  믮,  ᫨
p  pp  p⥫.  pp  p뢠     ⨯
᫮,      pp  IF.    ᫥饬  pp  䠩 "file.txt"
pᢠ    "file.bak"  p  ᫮,  ᫨  p祬 pp
p祣 ᪠  䠩   "file.bak":

   C>if not exist file.bak copy file.txt file.bak

   p pp IF  IF NOT ᠭ  .2, .5.

                               JOIN
                              
                             MS-DOS 3.

: ᯥ稢    pp  p㣮
         ᪥
:  JOIN d1:d2:\directory
:  join a:c:\adrive

     p  , ᫮    ᮤp
 pp p㣮 ᪠.  ᯮ,   ⮨
 ᪮쪨 䠩, pᯮ   p ᪠,     
p p室  ᪠  .
          ᪥        䠩:     "chapter1.doc",
"chapter2.doc"    "chapter3.doc".  ᪮  p饭  ᮤp
᪠   pp ADRIVE ᪠  p :

   C>join a: c:\adrive

   C>dir \adrive
   Volume in drive C is HARDDISK
   Directory of C:\ADRIVE

   CHAPTER1   DOC    7168   6-23-87   10:22a
   CHAPTER2   DOC    9259   6-23-87    5:25p
   CHAPTER3   DOC    4527   6-23-87    2:20p
            5 File(s)   587760 bytes free

   ᫨  pp     ᪥   ,       㤥   p.
pp        (  ᮤp  䠩)   p
pᯮ  p  p pp.
   ᫨ ᮤp 室 ᪠ ᪨ p頥  pp
p㣮 ᪠,        室   p頥. ᫨
⥯p   dir a:,  p  ᮮ饭  訡.
   p       p  ⮡p ⨢  .
祢 pp /d 㦨  ⬥ ⨢ ᪮ 裡:

   C>join
   A: => A;\ADRIVE

   C>join a: /d

   C>join
   C>

    p頥 ᯮ짮  ⥢ .   p
  ᯮ짮    ⠭      SUBSN    ASSIGN.  
p  p  JOIN      BACKUP,  FORMAT,  RESTORE,
DISKCOPY  DISKCOMP.

                                   - 231 -

                                KEYB
                               
                             MS-DOS 3.3

: p㧪 p p  㦨 p 
         ⠭p (p᪨) p⮬
:  KEYB [xx[,yyy],[[d:][path]filename[.ext]]]]
:  keyb
         keyb fr,850 c:\dos\keyboard.sys

    KEYB 㦨  p㧪 pp p  ⠭p
(p᪨) p⮬.   㭪樮쭮  ⫨砥   
KEYBxx (p pᨨ MS-DOS).  p稪 KEYBxx ᮢ⨬   pᨥ
3.3,  p稪 KEYB ⮫쪮  ⮩ pᨨ  p祭 (.p,
饭 pᬮp  KEYB).
   KEYB ⠭ ⨢  p   p  p⢠
 ⠭p  CON (p-p).
    p p 㭪樮 奬 p,  p
  让 ᨬ 㪠 p 몠. pp,  ᫨
KEYB  ᯮ짮    ⠭  p᪮  p,    ⨥
 "2"   p ᨬ ""   窮   㪢; ⨥
 "0" - p ""  窮  㪢.
     p  p⠢  ᮡ  ⠡  ᪠,  ᮮ⢥⢨ 
p p pp  ᫮ 祭 (  設) 
p ᨬ.  p p pᬮp  p D.
     ᫥騩 p:

   KEYB [xx[,yyy,[[d:][path]filename[.ext]]]]

 xx -  p.
   yyy -  p.  p  ᮮ⢥᢮  ,
         p ⮢  MODE (.p D). ᫨
          p  㪠,   祭 p 
         㬮砭.  ᫥饬 ᯨ᪥ p  樨
          p   p.  p 㦤
         p pᬮp  SELECT. 㭪樮 奬 p
         p  p㪮⢥  MS-DOS.

    p     p
      473          US, UK, FR, GR, IT,
                   SP, LA, SV, SU, NL
      850          US, UK, FR, GR, IT,
                   SP, LA, SV, SU, NL,
                   DK, NO, PO, SF, CF,
                   BE, SG
      860          PO
      863          CF
      865          NO, DK

   pp  filename[.ext]  뢠    pp  p. ᫨
pp  filename  饭,    p,    ⠭p  pp
室  p pp p祣 ᪠.
   ᬮp :

   keyb fr,850,c:\dos\keyboard.sys

    p㦠   pp p  p᪨ p⮬ 
p  p CON - 850.
   ᫥  p㧪  ⠭p⭮  pp  p祭 p 
p᪨ p ⢫  ⨥  Ctrl-Alt-F1.  ⨥
 Ctrl-Alt-F2 p頥  p᪮ 奬.
   p     p 뢮 ⨢  p
(᫨ p㦥 ⠭p pp).
    p 믮   p ERRORLEVEL  pᢠ
  ᫥ 祭:

                                   - 232 -

祭 ERRORLEVEL                 ᠭ

         0               p쭮 믮 
         1               p  p,  p 
                         ᨭ⠪ 
         2                 䠩 p  ᡮ 䠩
                         p
         3               pp  p㧨  
         4                ⢨   p⢮
                         CON
         5                 p  ⮢
         6                 p  ᮤp 
                         䠩 ᠭ p

                              KEYBxx
                             
                          MS-DOS 3.0-3.2

: p㧪 p p  ⠭p (p᪨)
         p⮬
:  KEYBxx
:  keybfr

    KEYBxx.COM  (MS-DOS pᨩ  3.0-3.2) ᯮ   ⢥
砥  pp  p    ⠭p   (p᪨)
p⮬.    pp,    p樨  奬  p  p᪨
p⮬,       keyfr.   㭪樮  奬   p
p    p㪮⢥    MS-DOS.  ⬥⨬,    KEYBxx  
譨  MS-DOS.  砥,  p p饭   
室 㡥  㯭 ᮮ⢥饣 䠩 KEYBxx.COM.

   p稪  KEYBxx.COM  ᮢ⨬    pᨥ  3.3.  ⮩ pᨨ
㭪樨  KEYBxx 믮  KEYB.

                               LABEL
                              
                             MS-DOS 3.

: , ppp  pp ⪨ ⮬
:  LABEL [d:][volume label]
: label c:
         label c:newlabel

   ⪠ ⮬ -   ᨬ쭠 p,    11  ᨬ.
 㦨   䨪樨  ᪥   ⪮ ᪠.   MS-DOS 2.
   ⮬   FORMAT. ,    FORMAT
       祭   ⪨       p᢮       p
pp .       ᯮ  
LABEL.
   ᫨  p    LABEL      p  㪠  ⮫쪮 p
p⢠,      p  뢮  ⪠ ⮬ 㪠 ᪠. ᫨
饭  p p⢠,  뢮 ⪠ ⮬ p祣 ᪠.  ᫥
⮣ 뤠 p    ⪨ ⮬. p ⨨ Enter  
p  p  㤠 p 뤠 ⪨. ᭨ p
  ᫥ pp:

   C>label c:

   Volume in drive C is HARDDISK

   Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none)?     <---  Enter

   Delete current volume label (Y/N)?         <---  "n"
   C>

                                   - 233 -

         ⮬,  稢      p  
祭:

   C>label a:book back1

   LABEL    ᫥  ᯮ짮    ⠭   ASSIGN 
SUBST.

                             LASTDRIVE
                             p
                           MS-DOS 2., 3.

: p ᨬ쭮  p p⢠
:  LASTDRIVE=drive letter
:  lastdrive=z

   LASTDRIVE  p  ⨬  ⢮  p  p⢠ 
⥬    䨣p樨.  ⨬묨  祭ﬨ  p 
ᨬ   A   Z. 쭮  ⨬ 祭   㪢, 
p浪 䠢 ᮮ⢥  ᪮  ⥬  
䨣p樨  (  ⭮,  ⠪    ⥢). pp, ᫨  ⥬
  ᪮    ᪥    ⪮  ᪠, 
pp  drive  letter          p 祭 C. 
㬮砭 p 祭 .
   ᫨    ⥬  p  ᪨  p⢠, p
  SUBST,    p    p  뢠  p  
LASTDRIVE.  (.ᠭ SUBST).

                                MKDIR
                              p
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

:  p pp
:  MKDIR [d:]path
         MD [d:]path
: mkdir\write
         md b:\programs\business

      MKDIR   (MaKe   DIRectory)   ᯮ   p    ᮧ
pp. p   ᯮ ᮪p饭 mkdir  md.  
 p MKDIR   p p⢠ (pp, c:  
a:),  p p pp. ᫨ p p⢠ 饭,
 pp 㤥 p  p祬 ᪥.
         p   室   㪠뢠   ᯥ䨪p   
ᮧ pp. p㥬, pp, pp WRITE:

   C>mkdir \write

       p    p  p⢠.   ⥫쭮,
pp WRITE ᮧ  p祬 ᪥. 䨪p  
pp:    \WRITE,  ..    室  p  p
pp.
   p㥬   pp - BUSINESS:

   C>md b: \programs\business

   pp 室  ᪥ B. 䨪p   pp:
\PROGRAMS\BUSINESS.   砥,    p   p  
pp PROGRAMS.  PROGRAMS,  ᢮ p, pᯮ  p
  p   pp  ᪠   B.  pp   ᯮ짮  MKDIR
p  .2, .3.

                                   - 234 -

                                MODE
                               
                        MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

:
1. ⠭ p p p쭮 pp
2. ⠭ p p p᪮/梥⭮ p
3. ᯥ稢 p⮪ p ᨭp 㭨樮 p
4. p 室 p  p쭮 pp  p
   p
5. ⠢  p (MS-DOS 3.3)
6. 뢮  p  ⨢ ﭨ (MS-DOS 3.3)
7. 뢮  p 祭 ⨢  p (MS-DOS 3.3)
8. ⠭ ⨢  p (MS-DOS 3.3)
:
1. MODE LPT#:[n][,[m][,P]]
2. MODE n  MODE [n],m[,T]
3. MODE COMn:baud[,parity[,databits[,stopbits[,P]]]]
4. MODE LPT#:=COMn
5. MODE device CODEPAGE PREPARE=((cplist)[d:][path]filename[.ext])
6. MODE device CODEPAGE SELECT=cp
7. MODE device CODEPAGE/STATUS
8. MODE device CODEPAGE REFRESH
:
1. mode LPT1:80,6,P
2. mode 40
   mode 80,R,T
3. mode com1:1200,N,7,1
4. mode LPT2:=com1
5. mode con codepage prepare=((805,437)c:\dos\ega.cpi)
6. mode con codepage select=850
7. mode con codepage/status

   MODE -  p᭠ pp MS-DOS,   p  
p稥   pp   p쭮   pp    p᪮/梥⭮
p. 稭   pᨨ  1.1   㦨      pp
ᨭp 㭨樮 p.
   MODE -   MS-DOS.   砥,  p p饭  
  室  㡥    㯭  䠩 MODE.COME.  
室  p祬 pp  p祣 ᪠;  p⨢  砥 
pᯮ p  PATH.

    

     p쭮  pp      MODE   ⢮
ᨬ  ⭮  p    pp  p⨪쭮  p⥫ p.
  ᫥騩 p:

   MODE LPT#:[n][,[m][,P]]

 # - p p쭮 pp (  1, 2  3);
    n - ⢮ ᨬ  p ( 80  132)
    m - ⢮ p  p⨪  ( 6  8)
    p - ᯥ稢 p p樨  砥 ᨣ
        "pp "

    ᫥饬  pp p  p p  pp. p
     p:  80 ᨬ   p  6  p 
p⨪ :

   C>mode LPT1:80,6,p
   LPT1: set for 80
   Printer lines per inch set

   pp  p  ᯥ稢  pp뢭  p p뫪 p樨
     pp  p   ⢥⭮  ᨣ   "pp  ".   
                                   - 235 -

p騩 横  p ⮫쪮 ⨥  Ctrl-Break.
   ᫨ 饭  p     pp,  pp  p 
p p뢠 (뢠) p樮 ⥬.
    MODE p ⮫쪮 pp ⨯ Epson (  ᮢ⨬
c Epson pp).    p㣮 pp   p
 p,  p᪠㥬 p⠬.

    

   ᫨  ⥬  p㤮 p᪨/梥 p,   
  p    ᯮ짮    MODE.     
  p:

   MODE n

   MODE [n],m[,T]

       1   p  ᯨ᮪  pp   p  p.
᫥騥 pp pp ᯮᮡ p p   .
        p,            MODE   p   ⮫쪮
p᪨/梥⭮ p!
   p p p: 40 ᨬ  p:

   C>mode 40

    ᫥饬 pp p᪨/梥⭮ p 뢮   ⨢
ﭨ, 砥 梥⭮ p  p p p -
80 ᨬ  p:

   C>mode co80

   pp m  t p p  p    p.
  ᤢ p    p p p
p 40 ᨬ  p,    樨 p p p p
80 ᨬ  p:

   C>mode ,r

   p   pp t   p   ⮢  p, 
p     p  p   (p     ).  p
p⠢ ᮡ  p p  0123456789, p騩  p p p
p  p  40  ᨬ    p,    ᥬ  p p p
p  80  ᨬ    p.  ⥬ MS-DOS p訢,  
p    p  p ᨬ,   ᨬ   ⮣, 㤠
ᤢ p (  p). ᬮp   pp:

   C>mode ,r,t

    ⮩  p ᤢ p. p  
p 頥, ᢥ稢 ⮢ p  ᮮ⢥騩 p:

   012345678901234567890123456789
   Do you see the leftmost 0? (Y/N)

   ᫨   p  ᨬ (0),  p 㤥 ᤢ
p,    p ⢥ "N",  p ᤢ    ᨬ
p (   ᨬ p p 80 ᨬ  p). p  ⢥
"Y" p p頥 MS-DOS.

                                   - 236 -

                                                      1
           / 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       /
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  n=40           ⠭ p p 40 ᨬ  p
  n=80           ⠭ p p 80 ᨬ  p
  n=BW40         뢮 p᪨/梥⭮ p  ⨢
                 ﭨ, 砥 梥⭮ p  ⠭
                 p p 40 ᨬ  p
  n=BW80         뢮 p᪨/梥⭮ p  ⨢
                 ﭨ, 砥 梥⭮ p  ⠭
                 p p 80 ᨬ  p
  n=CO40         뢮 p᪨/梥⭮ p  ⨢
                 ﭨ, 砥 梥⭮ p  ⠭
                 p p 40 ᨬ  p
  n=CO80         뢮 p᪨/梥⭮ p  ⨢
                 ﭨ, 砥 梥⭮ p  ⠭
                 p p 80 ᨬ  p
  n=MONO         뢮 p p  ⨢ ﭨ.
                 p p p p - 80 ᨬ
                  p
  m              祭 pp   p  R,  L.
  t              뢮  p ⮢ p  p
                 p
------------------------------------------------------------------------

      

     MODE    ᯮ짮    樠樨 ᨭp
㭨樮 p.    p:

   MODE COMn:baud[,parity[,databits[,stopbits[,P]]]]

 n       - p p (1  2);  pᨨ 3.3 ⥫쭮 
               3  4.
    baud    - ⢮  ( ᪮p p p樨)
              (110, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800  9600);  pᨨ
              3.3  㪠 祭 19200.
    parity  -   ᫥ 祭: N (none), O (odd), E (even).
   databits - ⢮ ⮢  ᫮ (7  8).
   stopbits - ⢮ ⮯ ⮢ (1  2).
    p       - ᯥ稢 pp뢭 p p뫪 p樨
                p p ⢥⭮ ᨣ "p ".

   p   p   ᨭp   㭨樮  p  室
㪠뢠  ᪮p  p  .  ,    p MODE
 ⮫쪮  p p 祭 ᪮p. ⠫  pp
   㬮砭,   뢠 㪠뢠 p   
ᮮ⢥饬       p.    㬮砭   p
᫥騥 祭:  parity=even, databits=7, stopbits=1. ᫨  ᪮p
p  p 110,  pp stopbits  㬮砭 p 2.
   pp  p  ᯥ稢  pp뢭  p p뫪 p樨
   p p  ⢥⭮ ᨣ  "p ".   p騩
横    p  ⮫쪮  ⨥    Ctrl-Break.  ᫥饬
pp p  p p  1.   pp:  ᪮p
p     -  1200,   p     ⭮     p
(parity=even), databits=8   stopbit=1.  p    pp
㡫p  p:

   C>mode com1:12,,8,,
   COM1: 1200,e,8,1,-

         

     MODE    p뫠  室      p쭮
pp        p    pp,    p易      ᨭp
                                   - 237 -

㭨樮  p.  p   ⮬  p  室   pp⥫쭮
p樠p     ᮮ⢥⢨     pﬨ     p
pp.   ᫥騩 p:

   MODE LPT#:=COMn

 # - p p쭮 pp
    n - p 㭨樮 p

      ᫥饬   pp   p   MODE   樠p  ᨭp
㭨樮 p 1. p  p뫠 뢮  p쭮
pp   㭨樮 p:

   C>mode com1:300,n,8,1,p
   COM1; 300,N,8,1,P
   C>mode LPT1:=com1
   LPT1: redirected to COM1

     

     㪠    p  D,    MODE  㦨   p樨
⮢   p   ᫠ ,  ᠭ  ᯥ樠
p樮   䠩   MS-DOS    (p   3.3).   ᫥    p樨
⮢ ,     ᯮ짮   ⢥ p祣 
p.   ⮡   ⨢p   ⮢   ,      ⠪
ᯮ짮  MODE.    㦨    ⮡p
p㯯  ⨬      p⢠   p.  ,
    ᯮ짮,  ⮡  ⠭ p稩  p,
pﭭ    p  ᡮ.      p   
砥 p    pp.

      

     ᫥騩 p:

   MODE device CODEPAGE PREPARE=((cplist)[d:][path]filename[.ext])

 device  - ᨬ쭮 p⢮,  p pp
              ⮢ . ⨬ 祭: CON, PRN, LPT1,
              LPT2  LPT3
    cplist  - ᯨ᮪ ⨬ 祭 .  祭
              ᯮ  ᯥ䨪樨 ⠢ .
              ⨬묨 祭ﬨ  ᯨ᪥  : 437, 850, 860,
              863  865.  p D  祭 
                .
   filename -  p樮 䠩, ᯮ㥬 p p樨
              ⮢ . p樮 䠩 p
              ⮫쪮  ᨬ p. ᮪  p
              p   2.

                                                    2
               MS-DOS 3.3
                     
-----------------------------------------------------------
                          
-----------------------------------------------------------
IBM Proprinter Model 4201                 4201.CPI
IBM Quitwriter ||| Printer Model 5202     5202.CPI
Enhanced Graphics Adapter                 EGA.CPI
IBM Convertible LCD Adapter               LCD.CPI
------------------------------------------------------------

      

   ᫥  p樨  ⮢  ,      ᯮ짮  
⢥  p祣    p.  ⮡  뢥 ⮢  
                                   - 238 -

⨢ ﭨ,   ᯮ짮   MODE.   ⮣  
 p  㪠뢠   pp -  ᨬ쭮 p⢮  
祭 . p :

   MODE device CODEPAGE PREPARE=cp

 device - p⢮,  p ⡨p .
    cp     - p  p.  祭  롨p 
             ᫠ ⮢ ,   ᫠ 
             p p㤮.  p p
             p㤮 p  p D.

   

   p  p樥    ⨢    p p 室
p㧨   pp DISPLAY.SYS. p p樥  ⨢
   p   pp   室   p㧨       pp
PRINTER.SYS.
   ᫨    䠩  CONFIG.SYS  砥  ᫥騩 pp,  pp
DISPLAY.SYS ⮬᪨ p㦠   p p㧪 ⥬:

   device=c:\dos\display.sys con:=(ega,,2)

   pp  㦨  p⢮     CON. pp "(ega,,2)"
  ᫥饥:    (1)    p祭  p 
p⢠ Enhanced Graphics Adapter Display; (2)  p   
롨p   ᫠   p p㤮;  (3)   
⮢  p.
   pp  "device="  ᯥ稢     ⨢ 
p.  ⥬      MODE  pp ⮢  
ᯫ  EGA.       pp     437    850   p
ᯮ짮  p樮  䠩  "ega.cpi".   砭 p
p樨 뤠 ᮮ饭:

   C>mode con codepage select=850
   Mode Select Codepage function completed

      

    뢮  p ⨢  p 㦨  "mode  con
codepage /status".   뢮 祭 ⨢  
ᯫ EGA:

   C>mode con codepage /status
   Active codepage for device CON is 850
   prepared codepages:
     Codepage 437
     Codepage 850
   Mode Status Codepage function completed

   C>

      

   ⠭ ⨢  p, pﭭ  p ᡮ  
몫祭 p⢠,        "mode device  codepage
refresh". pp, ᫨   ⪫稫 pp,   ᫥   祭
⨢  p  ⠭.

                                   - 239 -

                                  MORE
                                 
                             MS-DOS 2., 3.

: 뢮   23 p
:  MORE
: more <sample.txt
         more <sample.txt>prn

    MORE  䨫p MS-DOS, p 뢮  -  23
p    p  (  p).   䨫p ⥪⮢ 䠩,
稢   p  ᯥ樠 ᨬ p   "<".
 p p 䨫p  室  p pp  
p 믮  MS-DOS. 室  MORE 뫠  
p, ,   p᫠   p㣮 p⢮ (  
  䠩),    ᯮ짮    ⢥  室  p
pp  p㣮   MS-DOS.   pp 뢮
 ᨬ ">".
   䨫p  p뫠  p ( p㣮  p⢮)
  23  p.  ᫥  뢮    p樨      p p
  ᮮ饭  -More-.  p  ⨨         p
뫠 ᫥ p.
   MORE    譥    MS-DOS.    砥,   p
p饭   室  㡥  㯭 䠩  MORE.EXE. 
  室        ⥬  ᪮. p 䨫p
pᬮp  .2, .6.

                                NLSFUNC
                                
                               MS-DOS 3.3

:   p樮 䠩  p;
         ᯥ稢 p祭  p   CHCP
:  NLSFUNC [[d:][path]filename[.ext]]
: nlsfunc
         nlsfunc c:\dos\country.sys

     ⮩  p  ᯮ㥬 p樮
䠩      p.   p樮   䠩  ᮤp  p,
⭮  p⭮ p (, p  p稥 p).
      NLSFUNC   p   p         CHCP,
p⢥ p饩  p祭   p.   p
pᬮp  p D.
   p稪      p⭮  pp  (TSR).  ᫥
  NLSFUNC  pp  p㦠        ⠥ ⠬ 
pp㧪.  ⮬         p,     ᯥ稢
믮  ᫥  CPCH.
   ᫨ p      p樮 䠩,  
p  COUNTRY (   pp⥫쭮).

                                   - 240 -

                                     PATH
                                  p
                                MS-DOS 2., 3.

: p ᯥ䨪p  pp  䠩
:  PATH [[d:]path[[;[d:]path]...]]
: path \program1\business
         path b:\program2\write1;b:\program2\write2

   ᫨  p稪  譥        䠩    
p祬 pp p祣 ᪠, ⮣ p    PATH,
p  pp,    p  室 p .
pp   -   ᯥ䨪p   pp,   p
室 p㥬 䠩.  (..2, .3).
   ᬮp  ᫥  .   p,       ᪥  
室  ᪮쪮  䠩    pp PROGRAM1.  pp
ᮤp    䠩  "business.bat".    p稩  pp
p祣 ᪠ -  p pp ᪠  C.    㦭 p⮢
"business.bat".
   ⮡ p⮢  䠩,  p  . ᬮp,  
 p ⨨  Enter:

   C>business
   Bad command or file name

   p樮 ⥬  pᬮp p  pp ᪠  C   
諠 䠩  "business.bat". 訢,   䠩   ,   뤠
ᮮ饭 "Bad command or bad file name".
     室  ᮧ襣 .   p稬
pp pp PROGRAM1   ᪥ .    ᯮ짮
 PATH   ᯥ䨪p  ⮣ pp.   
 p  p稩 pp,  ᮡ , ᫨   
室 設⢮  (ᯮ㥬  p p祣 ᥠ)
䠩  pp:

   C>path a:\program1

   p MS-DOS "",   室 䠩  "business.bat". ᫥
PATH ( ᫥⥫쭮 p   PATH) 砥 p稩
ᯥ䨪p  .  p          p
ᯫ:

   C>path
   PATH=A:\PROGRAM

   稩 ᯥ䨪p ⠥ ⨢   ᫥饩 PATH.
       p  PATH    㪠  ᪮쪮 ᯥ䨪p,
p  窮     ⮩.  p樮  ⥬   pᬠp
pp  p浪,  p  p᫥   p. 
᫥饬 pp PATH 砥  ᯥ䨪p  pp 
᪥ B. p    㦭 䠩 㤥 p  
pp  WRITE1  (pᯮ    p     pp
PROGRAM2). p ⢨ 䠩  ⮬ pp, MS-DOS p  
pp WRITE2 (⠪ pᯮ  p   pp
PROGRAM2):

   C>path b:\program2\write1;b:\program2\write2

   䨪p  p   p祣 ᯥ䨪p  p 
 "PATH;":

   C>path
   PATH=B:\PROGRAM2\WRITE1;B:\PROGRAM2\WRITE2

   C>path;

                                   - 241 -

   C>path
   No Path

                                 PAUSE
                               p
                          MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: pp뢠 믮  䠩
:  PAUSE [comment]
:  pause

     PAUSE  ᯮ     p  ⠭   믮
  䠩.     ⠪    ᯮ짮     뢮
ᮮ饭    21 ᨬ. p  믮  ⮩   
p 뤠 ᮮ饭:

   Strike any key when ready . . .

   ⨥        p  p     䠩.
⬥⨬,     ,  ᪫祭  Ctrl-Break.
p  ⨨  ⮩   樨    믮   䠩  pp
⥫쭮.
    p, PAUSE p   䠩, ⮡  p
  짮⥫  p p  ⥫
p樨 (pp, ᬥ ᪥  ᪮). ⥫쭮 
PATH pp  .2, .5.

                               PRINT
                              
                          MS-DOS 2., 3.

: ᯥ뢠 p㯯 䠩, ᫨ p쭮 믮 
          
:  PRINT [[d:][filename[.ext]][/T][/C][/P]...]
         PRINT [/D:device][/B:buffersize][/U:busyticks][/M:maxticks]
               [/S:timeslice][/Q:queuesize][d:][filename[.ext]][/T]
               [/C][/P]...]     (MS-DOS 3.)
: print file1.txt
         print file?.txt
         print file1.txt file2.txt/c file3.txt file4.txt

     PRINT   -     p᭠  pp   MS-DOS,  
pᯥ뢠      ᪮쪮  䠩 p p 믮
p㣨 . p ᯮ짮    pᨨ 3.3,  
p冷 pp, pᬠp   p.
   PRINT    譥    MS-DOS.    砥,  p
p饭    室  㡥   㯭 䠩  PRINT.COM.
   p㦥   (..  PRINT - p⭠  pp
(TSR)),  室  p祬 pp p祣 ᪠.

    PRINT

   ⮡  ᯮ짮  ,   p  print     ᯥ䨪樨
pᯥ뢠 䠩. p   䠩   室
p.    pᯥ뢠        p浪,    p  
室    p.  室  p      10 䠩.
ᯥ⠭ 䠩  p 㤠.
   ᫨  ᫥  p㧪  p樮  ⥬    print 
p,   p  p:  "Name of list device  [PRN]:".
 p     pp.   㬮砭 p  ⠭p⭮ 
p쭮 pp  - "PRN".  ᫨   ⥬ 祭 p
pp, ᮮ⢥騩   ,     Enter.  p⨢
砥   pp.  ( p p  .2, .6).
    ᫥饩  pᯥ뢠 䠩 "file1.txt", "file2.txt" 
"file3.txt".  室  p祬 pp ᪠ C:

                                   - 242 -

   C>print file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt
   Name of list device [PRN]:             <---- Enter
   Resident part of print installed

   C:FILE1.TXT is currently being printed
   C:FILE2/TXT is in queue
   C:FILE3/TXT is in queue

   C>

     p  뢮  ᮤp  室  p, 稭  䠩,
pᯥ뢠  ⥪騩 .   ⠫ 䠩   
p浪 㯫  pp.
    p ⠪ 뢮 ⠭p ⥬ p - pp襭 
 .    p p PRINT  믮  p㣨
 -    pp,   p p p  pp 
p.
    p   䠩        PRINT. 筮  
 , ⮡   㤠 䠩  室  p.
(.ᠭ 祢 pp \c, \p  \t).
     p ᪠ ᯮ짮 頥 ᨬ (* 
?).  p饣 pp    ⠪:

   C>print file?.txt

   ᫨      p祬   pp   ⥫쭮      䠩   
ᮮ⢥饩  ᯥ䨪樥,      ⠪    pᯥ⠭.  (
頥 ᨬ . .2, .2).
       PRINT    pᯥ    䠩 p祣 pp
 ᪠. ᫥     p稩  pp
    PRINT, ⮡ pᯥ 䠩  ⮣ pp.
   p       p  뢮 ᮤp  室
p:

   C>print

   C:FILE2.TXT is currently being printed
   C:FILE3/TXT is in queue

     /

   祢 pp /t 㦨  㤠 䠩  室 p 
pp뢠  믮  PRINT.   p    print/t     䠩
pp頥,  pᯥ⠭  䠩  㤠    室  p,
pp  ⠥  ᮮ饭:    "All  files  cancelled  by  operator" 
p p頥 MS-DOS.

   C>print /t

   PRINT queue is empty
   C>

     (MS-DOS 3.)

     MS-DOS  pᨩ  3.  ᪠  ᯮ짮  6 ⥫
祢 pp.     ⮫쪮   砥, ᫨  PRINT.COM
㦥 p㦥  .
   pp  /d:device   㪠  ⨬  pp. ᫨
pp 饭,   p 뤠 p   p⢠ (.p
pp  p).
   pp  /b:buffersize  ⠭  pp  p . 
뢠    䠩        p.  쪮 ᫥ ⮣ 
뫠    ( pp).    pp p,  ⥬ p
p饭  ,   ⥬ p  稢 p   . 
㬮砭 pp p p 512 .
   pp /q:queuesize ⠭ ᨬ쭮 ⨬ ⢮
                                   - 243 -

䠩   室 p.  ᪠ 祭   p  1-32. 
㬮砭 p 10.
   ⠢訥  pp  p  ᯮᮡ  p  ppᮢ 
PRINT   믮騬 .   PRINT  믮 p쭮 
p㣨  ,    ,        ( p)
믮 p.  ⢨⥫쭮   ⠪. p 
p뢠 ⮫쪮  p,  p祭    p
  p㣮  p  祭  p,  ⮬  ,  p
p p.
   pp /m:maxticks p p p,  祭  p
p⠥ p稪 PRINT  p祭  p .  ᪠
祭:   1  255 ⨪ ⠩p.  㬮砭 p 2.
   pp /u:busiticks p p p,  祭 p
p稪 PRINT   室   ﭨ  , ᫨  pp
.  ᫨  p    ⥪,    pp      , 
p p p쭮 p. ᪠ 祭:   
1  255 ⨪ ⠩p.  㬮砭 p 1.

                                  PROMPT
                                p
                              MS-DOS 2., 3.

: p p ⥬ p
:  PROMPT [text]
:  prompt Enter Command

   ⥬  p  -    ᨣ  p樮  ⥬  ⮢
p   짮⥫. ⠭p  ⥬ p  ⮨ 
 㪢 "A", "B", "C", "D"  "E" (p p⢠)   ᨬ
""  -   ">".  㪢   砥  p稩   .  pp,  ᫨
⠭p ⥬ p 룫廊:  "C>",   ,   
p⢥ C  p稬.
         PROMPT  ⥬  p   . ⮡
ᯮ짮  ,  p  "prompt"   ᨬ p,
p   쭥襬 㤥  뤠   ⢥ ⥬  p.
᫥   prompt ⮢  ⥬   p 㤥  
  p    pp㧪  p樮 ⥬
      ᫥饩    PROMPT.  p⠢,    pp,
⥬ p     p "Enter  Command" (  "C>"). 
:

   C>prompt Enter Command:

   Enter Command:

   p ⥬ p p    "Enter Command:".  ⮡
p  p p p, p  prompt:

   Enter Command:prompt

   C>

   ⮡      ⥬  p  ᯥ樠 ᨬ,  
p  prompt    -p.  -p 稭
 p ($),  p ᫥     ᨬ
 ASCII.   ⠡.3  p ⨬  祭 -p 
ᮮ⢥騥  ᯥ樠 ᨬ.
   ⥬ p  p⠢   樨  -p
  樨  -p      ᨬ  p.  
᫥饬 pp  ⥬ p  p    樨  
p   -p.   祭   p   p  ᫥騥
p樨:   (1) 뢮  ᮮ饭:   "The current  time is:"    뤠
⥪饥  祭  p;  (2)  믮  p樨 "p p⪨" 
"p室      p",    p  祣 pp p頥 
砫 ᫥饩 p; (3) 뢮   p p p祣 ᪠;  (4)
뢮 ᨬ ">".
                                   - 244 -


   C>prompt $t$ $n$g

   The current time is:   9:27:45.35
   C>

   p p   ⥬  p   p 뤠  ⥪饥
p.  pp  p쭮   뤠  祭  ,   ᫨  㦭,
⪮ppp ⠩p  (. .2,  .1 "p㧪  MS-DOS"   ᠭ
 TIME).

                                                    3
 -     
----------------------------------------------------------------
-p                  祭
----------------------------------------------------------------
    $t         p  ⠩p
    $d         , p㦥  
    $p         稩 pp p祣 ᪠. ᫨ p稬
               pp p祣 ᪠  p
               pp ᪠ C,  ⥬
               p p  : "C:\".
    $v          p MS-DOS (⮫쪮  pᨨ 3.3)
    $n         p p祣 ᪠
    $g          ">"
    $l          "<"
    $b          "|"
    $q          "="
    $$          $
    $h         p     p p饣
               ᨬ
    $e          ESCape; ᨬ $e 筮 ᯮ 
               p뫪 ᨬ ESCape pp ANSI.SYS (.
               .2, .8)
    $          p p⪨  p室   p
----------------------------------------------------------------

     ᮡ 祭 ⥬ p - p p⢠
⮬᪨  p  p祣 ᪠:

   C>prompt $t$ $n$g

   The current time is:   9:27:45.35

   C>b:

   The current time is:   9:28:00.39
   B>

   ᫨  㪠 -p, ⫨  p  ⠡.3, 
p樮  ⥬  㤥  ppp      㫥 ᨬ.
㫥  ᨬ  筮       ⮣,  ⮡  p   ᨬ
⥬  p        ᨬ-p⥫  MS-DOS
(p, , 窠  ⮩  ᨬ ⠡樨). pp, ⮡
 ⥬ p    ⮩ p,   prompt  
᪮쪮  p.  p樮  ⥬  p       
"prompt"  p p  ⠭p⭮ p⠢:

   The current time is:   9:28:00.39

   B>prompt       <  p 室 ᪮쪮 p>
   B>

     "prompt "  ⥬ p p   ⠭p⭮ .
⮡  ⢥ p 뤠  p (.. ⮡  ⥬
p    p    p),    prompt  㫥
                                   - 245 -

ᨬ.  㫥  ᨬ  ⠭  p ᨬ ⥬ p
(⠫ - p):

   B>prompt $j

                      <---  p  p ⥬ p

                                RECOVER
                                
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

:  ⠭ 䠩  p묨 ᥪp
          ⠭ ᪨  p祭 pp
          :    ᯮ짮  ᫮
                     ⥢ ⥬
:  RECOVER [d:][path]filename[.ext]
         RECOVER d
: recover badfile.txt
         recover b:

     ⪨ ᪨ p  ⪨, 뢠  ᥪp.
 ᪠  ᥪp p  p pp.  
ᥪp   512 ⮢.     䠩, ⥬   ᥪp  
.
       ᪥  (  ⪮     )  pp. 
p⠢  ᮡ  p  ⠡,  p  ⥪饥 ﭨ
᪠.  pp  p    p  pp ᪠. 
ᮤp    p  ,  㤠   p⪥ 
䠩  ᪥.  (pp  ᪠  pp pp pᬮp  
.2,  .3    .11.  p  ᯮ짮  RECOVER   ⨬ p
室 ).
     p  p    ᪮  砩    p  
᪮쪮  ᥪp.    p    ⥭   
ᥪp.  p 뤠 ᮮ饭:

   Data error reading C:
   Abort, Retry, Ignore?

    RECOVER  ⠭   p p  ᥪp 
᪥.      ⠭  ⤥ 䠩, ⠪   楫
, ᫨  ᪥ p祭 ᥪp pp.
   p  ⠭   䠩  p        p
ᥪp.    p祭  ᥪp p.  p祭 ᥪp
  ()      쭥襬  p樮  ⥬  
ᯮ.
   ⠭ 䠩  p.  p ᢮ 室  
( pp).   䠩 筮  p  (
騥 ⭮襭  䠩), ⠪   䠩, ᮧ RECOVER,  
ᥪp (512 )  室.

    

   RECOVER   譥   MS-DOS.   砥,   p
p饭   室  㡥  㯭 䠩  RECOVER.COM.
  室   p祬 pp  p祣 ᪠.   p⨢
砥  ᯥ䨪p    䠩  p    PATH.   ⮡
ᯮ짮    ,    p    recover        ᯥ䨪
⠭  䠩.   p       䠩   RECOVER.COM
p㦠    .  ⥬  믮  䠩  p⠭  -
짮⥫ 砥   ᪥ (p  室).
  ᪥          -  㪠  䠩  㤥
⠭.    p    ᮮ饭,  p饥   ⢮
⠭ ⮢ (室 䠩):

   C>recover b:badfile.txt

                                   - 246 -

   Press any key to begin recovery of the
   file(s) on drive B:

   x                          <----   ""
   900 of 1412 bytes recovered
   C>

   p   ᯮ짮   頥   ᨬ     ᯥ䨪樨  䠩,
⠭ ⮫쪮 p 䠩  室饩 ᯥ䨪樥.

    

    ⠭  (.. ⠭   䠩   ᪥)
⮫쪮  ᠬ p 砥. ⮡ ⠭ ⮭宦  
䠩, RECOVER  pᬠp ⠡  p饭 䠩   ⪮ 
 ᪥.  RECOVER   ⫨ p   pp
 p, ⮬  ᪥ ⠭  䠩.
   ⮡  ⠭  ,  p  recover   p p⢠. p
  䠩 RECOVER.COM p㦠  . ⥬ 믮
䠩   p⠭.   짮⥫,   p  室,  
 ᪥.   ᪥      -   
㤥 ⠭:

   C>recover b:

   Press any key to begin recovery of the
   file(s) on drive B:

   x                          <----   ""
   22 file(s) recovered

   p  ⠭  䠩  pᢠ    "file0001.rec",
p  -   "file0002.rec",     ..  pp   ppp
p稪      䠩,  ⮬    ⠭  䠩
뢠  p  pp. ᫨    p pp  
,      ⮬  뤠  ᮮ饭.  ⮬ 砥 ᪮p
⠭  䠩    ⤥  ᪥    㤠   筮
⠭ ᪠. ⥬   p   RECOVER. ᫨    
p    p  pp    墠  ,  p   ᫥
p楤p (p-㤠- ⠭).
   ᫥ ⠭  DIR  ᬮp ᮤp ᪠.

                                  REM
                               p
                          MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: 뤠 ᮮ饭  p p  䠩
:  REM [message]
:  rem The Message is Love

    REM  (REMark) ᯮ   뤠  ᮮ饭   p
믮  䠩    祭 p   
䠩.    p    䠩  p  rem  ⥪ ᮮ饭 
p. p  믮 䠩  MS-DOS p⠥     뢥
 ᮮ饭   p.  ᨬ쭠   ᮮ饭 -  123 ᨬ.
(p ..2, .5).

                               RENAME
                             p
                         MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: p 䠩
:  RENAME [d:][path]filename[.ext]filename[.ext]
         REN [d:][path]filename[.ext]filename[.ext]
: rename file1 file2
         ren newfile.txt oldfile.txt
                                   - 247 -


    RENAME ( REN) 㦨    /  pp
䠩.     㤮   ᯮ㥬 .
   ⮡   䠩,  p rename, ᯥ䨪 䠩   
  .   pp,          䠩  "newfile.txt"   
"oldfile.txt"  :

   C>rename a:newfile.txt oldfile.txt

   p p⢠ p  ᯥ䨪樥 䠩 pp. ᫨  
  p  p      㪠  ᯥ䨪p  ,  
뤠 ᮮ饭  訡.
   p      ᪠  ᯮ짮  頥 ᨬ
(..2, .2).

                                REPLACE
                                
                            MS-DOS 3.2, 3.3

:    p 䠩
:  REPLACE [d:][path]filename[.ext][d:][path][/A][/P][/S][/W]
:  replace ch1.doc c:\/s

   REPLACE -    MS-DOS,  롮p筮  
  䠩  㪠 pp. p  䠩  pp
filename[.ext] 뢠 䠩 㪠 pp, p 
䠩  (  ⥬        pp)  室 pp. p
  䠩  pp  filename[.ext]  뢠 䠩 室
pp,   p         㪠   pp.  
 ⮫쪮  砥,  ᫨  㪠 pp   ᮤp
䠩   ᯥ䨪樥. ᬮp ᪮쪮 pp.

    REPLACE

     㤥  p뢠    pp  -  TMP1    TMP2. ᬮp
ᮤp   :

   C>dir tmp1 /w

   Volume in drive C is UCSFMIS
   Directory of C:\TMP1

   .      ..      TERRY  LET     BRUCE   LET     PAPER   TXT
          5 File(s)    491520 bytes free

   C>dir tmp1 /w

   Volume in drive C is UCSFMIS
   Directory of C:\TMP2

   .      ..      BRUCE   LET
          3 File(s)    491520 bytes free

    砫  䠩 TMP2\BRUCE.LET  TMP1\BRUCE.LET:

   C>replace tmp1\bruce.let tmp2

   Replacing C:\TMP2\BRUCE.LET

   1 file(s) replaced

   p p㥬  TMP2\TERRY.LET:

   C>replace tmp1\terry.let tmp2

   No files replaced
                                   - 248 -


      , ⠪  TMP2  ᮤp 䠩 "terry.let".

     /A

   祢 pp  / 砥     p p  
䠩:

   C>replace tmp1\terry.let tmp2 /a

   Adding C:TMP2\TERRY.LET

   1 file(s) added

     , ᫨  㪠 pp  ᮤp 䠩 
 ᯥ䨪樥:

   C>replace tmp1\bruce.let tmp2 /a

   No files added

     /S

   p  pp /s p   室  䠩
 㪠 pp      室 pp. ᫨  
 p 㪠 p  pp,   p  
 pp ᪠. pp /  /s ᪫砥.
         䠩  "sample.txt"    ᪥ A  
pp,    䠩 ( ⥬    pp):

   C>replace sample.txt a:\/s

     

   p    pp  /p  p     室 䠩
뤠 p:  "Replace <file name> (Y/N)?"
   p    pp  /r    䠩    p⮬ "⮫쪮
⥭".  (.ᠭ  ATTRIB).
   p    /w  믮  REPLACE  p⠭,   
  짮⥫    ᪥,  ᫥  祣  p
p   祭 䠩.

   REPLACE  ERRORLEVEL

     ᫥饩   ⠡窥  p   祭  ERRORLEVEL,   p
pᢠ  ⮩  p    p  믮  REPLACE.   
쭥襬   祭    p⠭  묨 䠩  
p묨 pp.  (p ERRORLEVEL pᬠp   .2,
.5).

 ERROLEVEL                        
      2         室 䠩  p㦥
      3         p ᯥ䨪p  室  筮 䠩
      5         p饭  䠩  p⮬ "⮫쪮 ⥭" p
                ⢨ pp /r
      8          墠⠥ 
     11         p쭮 㪠 pp  p p
                ⢮ pp   p
     15         p p p⢠
     22           p⠥   pᨨ

                                   - 249 -

                              RESTORE
                              
                          MS-DOS 2., 3.

: ⠭ 䠩  ᪠  
:  RESTORE d:[d:][path][filename[.ext]][/S][/P]
         RESTORE d:[d:][path][filename[.ext]][/S][/P][/B:mm-dd-yy]
                 [/A:mm-dd-yy][/M][/N][/L:time][/E:time]  (MS-DOS 3.3)
: restore a: \subdir1\file.doc
         restore a: \subdir2
         restore a: \subdir3 /s
         restore a: \subdir4\*.doc/p

    ⠭ 䠩, 祭   BACKUP.   RESTORE
 p  䠩 p㣮 ⨯.
   RESTORE -   MS-DOS.  砥,  p  p饭
  室 㡥  㯭 䠩 RESTORE.COM.   
室        ⥬  ᪮.  p pp
p,   室  ⪮ ᪥ ().

    

   p ⠭ 䠩   ⪨  p restore   p
p⢠,    p  室    ⠭  䠩. 
 p  ⠪   㪠 ᯥ䨪p   pp,  
p 뢠 ⠭ 䠩. ᫨ ᯥ䨪p 饭, 
䠩 뢠   p稩  pp p祣  ᪠.  㪠
   ⠭   䠩.    ᫨      䠩    饭,   
⠭   䠩 㪠  ( p祣)  pp. p
 RESTORE  p  p ⨯:  "⠭  ᪥
  䠩    p㥬  ᪮".  p ⨨   p
⠭ 㤥 饭.
   p,    䠩  "file1.doc"  室  pp SUBDIR1.
 ⮣ 䠩 (祭   BACKUP) 室  ᪥  A.
⮡ ⠭ 䠩  ᪥ A   C,  :

   C>restore a: \subdir1\file1.doc

   Insert backup diskette 01 in drive A:
   Strike any key when ready

   *** Files were backed up 12/11/1988 ***

   *** Restoring files from diskette 01 ***
   \SUBDIR1\FILE1.DOC

   C>

   p   pp filename   .ext.  ᪠ ᯮ짮
頥  ᨬ.     ⮬  砥  ⠭     䠩,
ᮮ⢥騥 㪠 ᯥ䨪樨.

.  pᨨ 3.3  ⠭ 䠩  ⪮
           ᪠, ᫨  뫨 p   BACKUP.

     

       ⠭  䠩  pp /SUBDIR2 
᪥ A. 䨪p  ⮣ pp:  SUBDIR1/SUBDIR2:

   C>restore a: \subdir1\subdir2

                   ,
                       

   p    祢  pp  /s  ⠭   䠩
                                   - 250 -

㪠   pp,      ⠪   䠩      室     
pp.  ᫥饬  pp ⠭ 䠩  pp
SUBDIR3  䠩 稭  pp:

   C>restore a: \subdir3 /s

   Insert backup diskette 01 in drive A:
   Strike any key when ready

   *** Files were backed up 12/11/1988 ***

   *** Restoring files from diskette 01 ***
   \SUBDIR3\FILE1.DOC
   \SUBDIR3\FILE2.DOC
   \SUBDIR3\SUBDIR4\FILE3.DOC
   \SUBDIR3\SUBDIR4\SUBDIR5\FILE3.DOC
   C>

      (  /)

   楫ᮮp ⠭  䠩, p  ppp ᫥
⮣,  뫠 祭    (.. p ⠭   
䠩,   p    ᥭ  ). p   
 p  pp /p  p稪   p pp,
ppp  ⠭ 䠩 ᫥ ⮣,  뫠  祭
  .     ᫨    ppp,       p   뫠
pp饥 ᮮ饭  ⥫ p    ⠭.
p   ⢥   "N"   p   ⠭  ⬥    p
p頥     MS-DOS.     p     ⢥     "Y"    ⠭
⪮ppp 䠩.
    p 3.  p  뤠 p ⠭  䠩  
p⮬ "⮫쪮 ⥭".  (.ᠭ  ATTRIB).

     

    pᨨ 3.3 ᪠ ᯮ짮  ⥫ 祢
pp.
   pp /n  ⠭ 㭨⮦ 䠩. pp /m
⠭ 㭨⮦  ⪮ppp (᫥  p)
䠩.
   pp /b:mm-dd-yy  ⠭ 䠩,  p⠭   祭
㪠    p.  pp /a:mm-dd-yy  ⠭ 䠩,
p⠭  祭 㪠   .
   pp /l:time ⠭ 䠩, p뢠訥   㪠
p      .    pp   /:time   ⠭    䠩,
p뢠訥  㪠 p  p.

      

   RESTORE   ᯮ짮   ⠭    JOIN,  ASSIGN,
SUBST     APPEND,  ..   p  ⮬        p,  
p p.

   RESTORE  ERRORLEVEL

     ᫥饩   ⠡窥  p   祭  ERRORLEVEL,   p
pᢠ ⮩ p   p 믮 RESTORE.

   0 p쭮 p襭 p 
   1  ᪥  ﬨ   ⠭ 䠩
   2 p 䠩  ⠭ - p⨢p稩,  
     裡  騬 (p) 㯮 ( ⥢ )
   3 믮  ⠭ ⨥  Esc  Ctrl-Break
   4 訡 p 믮 

   祭 ERRORLEVEL  쭥襬   p⠭ pp  IF
                                   - 251 -

p    䠩.    䠩   ᪨ p 
ᮮ⢥⢨   p⮬ 믮 RESTORE.  (.ᠭ
 IF).

                                 RMDIR
                               p
                             MS-DOS 2., 3.

:  pp
:  RMDIR [d:]path
         RD [d:]path
: rmdir \write
         rd b:\programs\business

    RMDIR (ReMove  DIRectory) 㦨   㤠 pp.
    rmdir,   rd. p 㤠 pp
室 㤠  騥   䠩.  p  pp
p  砩 p p樨  ᪥.
     p  㪠  p p⢠ (pp, c:   
a:), 騩  ,   p 室  㤠塞 pp.
p ⢨ p p⢠ p,  pp 室
 p祬 ᪥.
        p  易⥫쭮   㪠뢠  ᯥ䨪p   
㤠塞 pp.   pp,  㤠  pp \WRITE
 :

   C>rmdir \write

   pp 室  p祬 ᪥  pᯮ  p 
p pp.
    ᫥饬 pp 㤠 pp \BUSINESS:

   C>rd b:\programs\business

   pp  pᯮ   ᪥  .   室  p 
pp \PROGRAMS, p,   ᢮ p, 室   p
 p pp ᪠.
     RMDIR   㤠 p稩  p  pp ᪠.
(p pp pp pᬮp  .2, .3).

                                 SELECT
                                 
                                MS-DOS 3.

: p ⥬ ᪠  p pp
         몠
:  SELECT aaa bbb (MS-DOS 3.0-3.2)
         SELECT [[A:  B:][d:][path]]xxxyy (MS-DOS 3.3)
: select 033 fr
         select a:c:\dos 033 fr

       SELECT p pp  ⥬ ᪠
  p  pp   몠.    p   p㧪  
⥬ :  (1)  ⮬᪨ p㦠 p, ⭮  
  p  (..  ),  -  p,      p稥 p; (2)
⮬᪨ ⠭ 䨣p p    몠
(.ᠭ  COUNTRY, KEYB  KEYB).
    pᨨ  3.3 ⫨砥     pᨩ 3.0-3.2.   
p pᬠp p.
   p   pᨩ 3.0-3.2:

   SELECT aaa yy

  -  p, 騩  p p
    yy  -  p. ᮪ ⨬  p  p
          p  ⠡.4   p
                                   - 252 -

   p p樨  ⥬  ᪥  p 3.0-3.2  p
⠭ ⠭p  ⥬ ᪥   ᪮  .   ᪥
 室  ⭮襭   ⥬ ᪥. 筠 (..
  ⥬)  ᪥   㤥  p     室  
p⢥ . p稪  p ᫥騥 p樨:  ᭠砫
  DISKCOPY 室 ᪥ p뢠  . p ⮬ 
砥 室 筠 ᪥ ⮬᪨ pp. ⥬
  DISKCOMP p  ᮤp 室  筮  ᪥.
᫥  ⮣    p  pp  筮  ᪥  ᮧ 䠩
CONFIG.SYS, 騩  pp "country=aaa",     -   p,
   p.  ,  p pp  筮
᪥   p      䠩   AUTOEXEC.BAT.  p  pp㧪
p樮  ⥬      ⥬  ᪥   䠩 p㦠
pp  p    䨣p樥,  ᮮ⢥饩    
p.
   p   pᨨ 3.3:

   SELECT [[A:  B:][d:][path specifier]]xxx yy

   yy - ᮮ⢥⢥  p   p;
   A:  B: - p p⢠,  p 室 室 ᪥.
               ᫨ p p⢠ 饭,   㬮砭
               p .
    d:path   - p pᯮ ⥬ 䠩  筮
               ᪥. ᫨ p p⢠ 饭,   㬮砭
               p,  筠 ᪥ 室  p⢥
               . ᫨  㪠 ᯥ䨪p ,  䠩
               뢠  p pp 筮 (
               ⥬) ᪥.  ⢥  ⥬ ᪠
               ᪠ ᯮ짮 ⪨ .

   p稪  p ᫥騥 p樨:  ᭠砫  
pp,  ⥬      XCOPY    室  ᪥    
p  ⥬  䠩,  p  䠩 CONFIG.SYS, 騩
pp "country=xxx",  䠩 AUTOEXEC.BAT, 騩 :

   path \;[\path specifier]
   keyb yy xxx
   echo off
   date
   time
   ver

   pp [\path] 㡫p  易⥫ pp path   
p  SELECT.    pᬮp    ,    ⥬  䠩
p  ᯥ樠 pp (pp, \DOS).

                                                 4
            
----------------------------------------------------------------
 p                               p    p
----------------------------------------------------------------
p᪨ p                         785             US
p                               061             BE
죨                                 032             US
 (.)                          001             US
 (p.)                         002             CF
                                   045             DK
ﭤ                               358             SU
p                                 033             FR
p                                049             GR
p                                 972
⠫                                  039             IT
⨭᪠ p                       003             LA
p                              031             NL
                                   - 253 -

----------------------------------------------------------------
 p                               p    p
----------------------------------------------------------------
p                                047             NO
p㣠                              351             PO
ᯠ                                 034             SP
                                  046             SV
p (p.)                      041             SF
p (.)                        041             SG
                                  044             UK
                        001             US
----------------------------------------------------------------

                                 SET
                              p
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

:  㪠 ᨬ p  p樮 p
         MS-DOS
:  SET [name=[parameter]]
:  set xyz=abc

   p樮  p  -      , 뤥塞  p
p㯯   ᨬ   p         ASCII.    p
p⠢   ᨬ쭮 p,   p ⤥ 
p    p⢠  (=).        p 
 p, ᨬ   p  - ᮡ⢥  pp. 
p  p㯯p  ⠪,  ⮡      ᯥ稢  㤮 
p樮 ⥬   pp,  p   p MS-DOS. 
p䨪 ᥣ  pp p p樮 p p  
p 0 (.p ).
     p  p樮  p  稢  㫥   ⮬;
᫥ p  -   㫥묨 ⠬.  p p p樮
p 뢠 COMSPEC.   p  室 ᯥ䨪p  
䠩   COMMAND.COM   (pp,   COMSPEC=\COMMAND.COM).       
p樮 p  ⠪   ᫥ p   
PROMPT  PATH.
   ⮡  ⥫ p   p樮  p,
   ᯮ짮      SET.   筮  p  
짮⥫, ⮡  쭥襬 ᯮ짮   ᢮ pp. p
⮬  p p  ᭮ p p樮  p,
p饣  p䨪 ᥣ pp.
   ⮡    p    p樮  p,  p  set   
ᨬ p:

   C>set d1=\subdir1\subdir2

   p    ( pp)  p 뤠  ᯨ᮪
⥪ p p樮 p:

  C>set
  COMSPEC=\COMMAND.COM
  PATH=\SUBDIR1
  D1=\SUBDIR1\SUBDIR2

   ⮡ 㭨⮦  p p樮  p, p  set  
p   p⢠:

   C>set path=
   C>set
   COMSPEC=\COMMAND.COM
   D1=\SUBDIR1\SUBDIR2

   pp p樮 p MS-DOS pᬮp  .11, .2.

                                   - 254 -

                                  SHARE
                                 
                                MS-DOS 3.

: ᯥ稢 ᮢ   䠩  p 䠩
:  SHARE [/F:xxx][/L:yyy]
:  share /f:1024/1:20

     SHARE  ᯥ稢  ᮢ  (  p)  
䠩 MS-DOS  ᫮ ⥢ ⥬. pp, p뢠騥 䠩 
  ⥬  㭪樨  3DH,        
.      ᯮ  p樮 ⥬ p p
⨯  㯠    䠩    p㣨  pp (⮫쪮  ᫮ ⥢
⥬).
   pp,  稢      䠩,      ⥬
㭪樨 5 "p" p   . p 䠩  
p ᪫⥫쭮 㯠  p  .
   SHARE 뤥 ⮪   p  ᮢ⭮  㯠
  p.  /f:xxx  뤥 yyy ⮢  p  
ᮢ⭮  㯠.    㬮砭  뤥  2048 .  
䠩, p⮣     㭪樨 3DH,  p 뤥  ᪮쪮
⮢  p  䠩  11 ⮢.
    /l:yyy 뤥 yyy ⮢   p  p.
 㬮砭 뤥 ⮪   11 .
    p A 㭪樨 3DH  5CH pᬠp p.

                             SHELL
                           p
                         MS-DOS 2., 3.

: p㦠  pp
         : SHELL  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⢥
                    pp 䠩 CONFIG.SYS
:  SHELL=[d:][path]filename[.ext]
:  shell=custom.com

     SHELL  -      ᮪ p, 筮 ᯮ㥬
⥬묨  pp⠬.    㦨    p㧪   ⠭p⭮
  pp  (⫨筮    COMMAND.COM).   COMMAND.COM,
p㦠      p  p㧪 p樮 ⥬, ᯥ稢
 짮⥫  p樮 ⥬.  (. .2, .12).
       ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮    ⢥  pp  䠩
䨣p樨 CONFIG.SYS.  p樮 ⥬  㦨 ᨣ  
⮬,   p p 㤥 ᯮ짮 p  pp.
     ᫥饬  pp  p  䠩  CONFIG.SYS.  SHELL,
⠢ 䠩, p㦠  pp CUSTOM.COM:

   C>copy con: config.sys
   shell=custom.com
   ^Z         <---  ^Z
         1 file(s) copied

   SHELL      MS-DOS

    㬮砭   p樮  p MS-DOS  뤥 160  . 
᫥  p  MS-DOS  (稭    pᨨ 3.1)  SHELL 
ᯮ짮  㢥祭 pp p樮 p MS-DOS.
    ⮬ 砥   ᫥騩 p:

   SHELL=c:\COMMAND.COM/P/E:

  -  pᨨ 3.1 pp p樮 p  pp (
            16 ). p ⨬ 祭: 10-2048. 
           pᨩ 3.2  3.3 pp p樮 p   .
           ᪠ 祭  160  32 768.
.  p   .12 pp ᯮᮡ 㢥祭 pp
           p樮 p  p pᨩ MS-DOS ( pᨨ 3.1).

                                   - 255 -

                                  SHIFT
                                p
                              MS-DOS 2., 3.

:     䠩   頥
         pp
:  SHIFT
:  shift

    䠩        p (  %0 
%9).     p  p   䠩     p  ᫥⥫쭮
  ᨬ,    p p   ᪥.
pp, p %0      䠩, p
%1  ᨬ쭮 p, pᯮ p⢥ ᫥
 䠩,  p %2   p  ᨬ쭮 p  
 p  ..
    SHIFT "ᤢ" ᨬ p   p  
   ,   ⥬ ᠬ     䠩 
 pp. ᫥   shift p %0 㤥  
p ᨬ쭮 p   p, p %1 -  p
 .. ᫥   p   shift pp ᤢ   
    (p  %0 㤥   p  ᨬ쭮
p    p    ..).  pp  ᯮ짮 
p  .2, .5.

                                SORT
                               
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

: pp 
:  SORT [/R][/+n]
: sort <records.txt
         sort /+17<records.txt
         sort /r+52<records.txt

   SORT   䨫p MS-DOS.   砥     室
p⢠, pp   p 뫠  室 p⢮.  
  p  SORT       p,  p 㤥
p  pp.    㬮砭   pp  p
ᨬ    p   ,       砥,  -     ᮮ⢥⢨  
᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ ⠭p⭮   ASCII (.p  F)
( 䠢⭮ p浪).
    ⢥ 室   ᯮ짮  ⥪⮢ 䠩,  
 p  SORT    ᨬ  pp  <.
室 SORT ⠪    室   p pp  
 MS-DOS. 室 SORT  p뫠  ⠭p⭮  p⢮
뢮,  뢠      䠩    ;    ⠪    
pp  室 p pp   MS-DOS.
   SORT    譥    MS-DOS.    砥,   p
p饭   室 㡥  㯭 䠩 SORT.EXE. 
 室  ⥬ ᪥.
   p     ᯮ짮   易⥫ 祢
pp. pp /r pp   p⭮ p浪. p 
pp /+n  pp  n- 樨 p.
    p   (.6) pp pp ᯮ짮  SORT,
pᬠp    䨫p        㭨樨,   pp   ⨥
pp /뢮.

                                 STACKS
                               p
                             MS-DOS 3.2-3.3

: p p   p⪨ pp뢠 
         p p㤮
:  STACKS=n,s
:  stacks=12,256
                                   - 256 -

    p  ⢮   pp p   p  p⪥
pp뢠  p p㤮 ⥬ (. p ).
     p:

   STACKS=n,s

 n - ⢮ p . p ⨬ 祭: 8-64.
    s - pp p   . p ⨬ 祭:
        32-512.

   ᫨ 䠩 CONFIG.SYS  砥 pp "stacks=",   㬮砭
p 祭 n=0, s=0  設  ⨯ PC  XT;  n=9,  s=128 
設 ⨯ AT  PC/2.
   p ᮮ饭 "Internal Stack Error",  䠩 䨣p樨  CONFIG.SYS
᫥  pp "stacks=".

                                SUBST
                               
                              MS-DOS 3.

: p  ᯥ䨪p  p p⢠
:  SUBST d: d:\path
:  subst e: c:\subdir1\subdir2\subdir3

    SUBST   p p p⢠   ᯥ䨪p
. ᫥  믮    ⮣  ᯥ䨪p  
p    MS-DOS  㪠뢠  p    p.
 pp  㦨 p pp,   ᯮᮡ
p뢠 ᯥ䨪p  (pp, pp Wordstar).  ,
  ᯮ짮   砥, ᫨  p樨 㯠   䠩
p室 p  ᯥ䨪p.

   A>dir \tmp\tmp1\tmp2

   Volume in drive A is USCFMIS
   Directory of A:\TMP\TMP1\TMP2

   .         <DIR>   6-26-88   12:02p
   ..        <DIR>   6-26-88   12:02p
   FOO   .      16   6-26-88    5:00p
       3 File(s)      308224 bytes free

   A>subst e: \tmp\tmp1\tmp2

   A>dir e:

   Volume in drive A is USCFMIS
   Directory of A:\TMP\TMP1\TMP2

   .         <DIR>   6-26-88   12:02p
   ..        <DIR>   6-26-88   12:02p
   FOO   .      16   6-26-88    5:00p
       3 File(s)      308224 bytes free

   p塞 p    p p祣 ᪠  ᪠,  
p  ⢨⥫    ᯥ䨪p.  p 롨p  p
  pp   LASTDRIVE  䠩   CONFIG.SYS  (.ᠭ   
LASTDRIVE).  㬮砭 ᯮ p . SUBST   ᯮ짮
 ᫮ ⥢ ⥬.
   p       p  뢮 p稩 ᯥ䨪p
   騩   p p⢠.  祢 pp  /d ⬥
:

   A>subst
   E: => A:TMP\TMP1\TMP2

                                   - 257 -

   A>subst e: /d

   A>subst
   A>

   SUBST  p ᯮ짮   ⠭    ASSIGN,
BACKUP,  DISKCOMP,  DISKCOPY,  FDISK,  FORMAT,  JOIN,  LABEL   RESTORE.
,    ᫥    ᯮ짮      樨  , 
p騬   ⠭      p᫥ .   ⮣
砥,  SUBST   짮 ᮢᥬ,   p,  
  㤥 pp⠭ ,   p稪.

                             SWITCHAR
                            p
                          MS-DOS 2.0-2.1

:  䨪p 祢 pp
:  SWITCHAR=character
:  switchar=-

   , ᯮ㥬   ⤥     易⥫쭮
祢  pp,  뢠  䨪p  祢 pp.
⠭p 䨪p   (/). 짮⥫,  p騥
  p㣨  p樮  ⥬,    p  짮
p筮 ᨬ.    SWITCHAR 䨪p  祢
pp    .      ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮   
⢥ pp 䠩 䨣p樨 CONFIG.SYS.   p:

   SWITCHAR=character

 character -  䨪p 祢 pp.

        MS-DOS

   SWITCHAR pp⠭  p pᨩ MS-DOS ( pᨥ  2.10).
,  䨪p 祢  pp  p   
 p.  ᫥饬 pp p pp  switchar.com,
ᠭ  몥 ᥬp. pp p p  ᯮ짮
p.  (p pᬠp  .2, .9). pp  p
 ᯮ짮 樠쭮  㬥p ⥬ 㭪樨  37,
p     p  .   p  p饭     㭪樨  
䨪p  祢  pp  (ᨬ  ⠭p⭮    ASCII)
頥  pp DL.

   C>debug
   -n switchar.com
   -a

   3A3D:0100   MOV  DL,2F              ;⠭p 䨪p
   3A3D:0102   CMP  BYTE PTR [0080],00 ;   p,
                                       ; pp
   3A3D:0107   JZ   010D               ;pp 
   3A3D:0109   MOV  DL,[0082]          ;pp ,  pp DL
                                       ;뢠 ᨬ ASCII
   3A3D:010D   MOV  [012E],DL          ;p ᨬ  p
                                       ;ᮮ饭
   3A3D:0111   MOV  AX,3701            ;p饭  㭪樨 37
   3A3D:0114   INT  21                 ;p饭  MS-DOS
   3A3D:0116   MOV  DX,0122            ;㪠⥫  ᮮ饭
   3A3D:0119   MOV  AH,09              ;㭪 뢮 p
   3A3D:011B   INT  21                 ;p饭  MS-DOS
   3A3D:011D   MOV  AX,4C00            ;㭪 室
   3A3D:0120   INT  21                 ;p饭  MS-DOS
   3A3D:0122   DB   'switchar= ',AF,' / ',AE,0D,0A,'$'
   3A3D:0134
                                   - 258 -

   -rcx
   :0000
   34
   -w
   Writing 0034 bytes
   -q

   C>

    pp  䨪p 祢 pp p 
 "switchar  character". p   "switchar"  ⠭
⠭p 䨪p (/).

                                  SYS
                                
                          MS-DOS 1.,2.,3.

: p ⥬ 䠩  㪠 
:  SYS d:
:  sys b:

   ⥬ 䠩 -   "p" 䠩, ⠢騥 p  MS-DOS.
稥  䠩  ᪥  pp  DIR (⮬  
 뢠 p묨).   pᯮ  p  
᪠    p  ⠭  p浪.  筮    ᪠,   p
室    䠩,   p  p㧪  p樮   ⥬.
(⥬ 䠩 pᬮp  .2, .11).
     SYS   p뢠  ⥬   䠩     㪠  .
-⥫     ⮩ pp  ᪥⮩ (
 format d:/s),  pp ⪨ ᪮ (  
format d:/b). ᫨ p pp  祢 pp /s  
/b,  p樮  ⥬ ppp    ⥬ 䠩  
p  p     ᪠.        SYS  믮
p쭮.    p⨢  砥  ⥬  䠩      p쭮
pᯮ.
   p p 䠩  ᫥ 짮 p祩   ⥬
᪥.  ᫥饬 pp  室  ᪮ . p  sys
 p ᪠,  p p 䠩:

   A>sys c:

   System transferred

                                 TIME
                              p
                          MS-DOS 1.,2.,3.

: 뢮 祭 ⥪饣 p ( ⠩p). ppp
          祭
:  TIME [bb:mm:ss:xx]
: time
         time 11:30

    뤠   p ⥪饥 p  ( ⠩p p).  p
p樨  p⪥ 䠩 祭 ⥪饣 p 䨪p  
pp ⮣ 䠩.  , ᮢ⭮  祭 ⥪饩 ,
⠢ pp p-.
   ⮡  ᯮ짮  ,  p  time.  p 
祭 p  p   ppp:

                                   - 259 -

   C>time
   Current time is 11:42:23.07
   Enter new time:

    祭   p bb:mm:ss.xx, 
bb - -  p ᫮  p 祭 0-23 ()
mm - -  p ᫮  p 祭 0-59 ()
ss - -  p ᫮  p 祭 0-59 (ᥪ㭤)
 - -  p ᫮  p 祭 0-99 ( 
     ᥪ㭤)

   ᫨  室  ⥪饥 p, p  Enter:

   C>time
   Current time is 11:42:23.07
   Enter new time:                <---  Enter

   饥 p     TIME ᫥騬 p:

   C>time 11:59

   ᫨ 祭  pp⭮,   p   pp.
    ppp    㫥.  ᫨,    pp,
 2:00,  p樮  ⥬ ppp  祭  
2:00:00.00.

                                TREE
                               
                            MS-DOS 2.,3.

: ⮡p p pp  㪠 ᪥
:  TREE [d:][/F]
: tree
         tree b: /f

   p    p  ᠭ p pp
㪠  ᪠.    pp  (    ⪮   ᪠)
祭    ᯥ䨪p  pp.  pp
ꥤ  p㯯 ⭮⥫쭮 p⥫᪮ pp.
   TREE    譥    MS-DOS.    砥,   p
p饭   室 㡥  㯭 䠩 TREE.COM. 
 室   ⥬  ᪥. ⮡  ᯮ짮 ,
p tree   p  pᬠp ᪠.   㬮砭  (᫨ p
p⢠ p⢠ 饭) p뢠 p稩 . p  
祢  pp   /f       pp   뢮  ᯨ᮪
ᮤp   䠩.

                                 TYPE
                              p
                          MS-DOS 1., 2., 3.

: 뤠 ᮤp 䠩
:  TYPE [d:][path]filename[.ext]
:  type b:letter.txt

     TYPE  㦨     뢮  䠩    p.   筮  
p  ⥪⮢ 䠩. p ⪥ pᬮp  䠩,
  p᪠㥬 p.
   ⮡   ᯮ짮   ,   p   type    ᯥ䨪
pᬠp 䠩.  䠩 뢠     뢮
 p:

   C>type b:letter.txt

                                   - 260 -

   ᫨ 䠩  ⮨ ,  祬   23 p,    ᮤp 㤥
   p.  ⮡  ⠭ ,  Ctrl-Lock;
⮡  -   .
   ⮡ 뢥 pᬠp 䠩  , p  
      Ctrl-PrtSc.   p         p頥
ᯮ짮 頥 ᨬ.

                                  VER
                               p
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

: 뤠 p p饩 pᨨ MS-DOS
:  VER
:  ver

     뢮    p  p  p饩  pᨨ  MS-DOS. ⮡
ᯮ짮 , p p ver:

   C>ver
   MS-DOS version    3.30

                                VERIFY
                              p
                            MS-DOS 2., 3.

: ⠭ p pp p樨  (on  off)
:  VERIFY [ON|OFF]
: verify
         verify on
         verify off

    砥 p pp p権   . ᫨ VERIFY
室  p on,    p     ᮯp
p pp, (  p, pp   ᡮ
⥭ ⮫쪮  ᠭ  ).  p on  p樮 ⥬
p⠥ , 祬  p off.
   ⮡  p      p  on,  p  verify  on; ⮡
p      p  off,  p  verify  off. p  
  p 뢮 ⥪騩 p p verify:

   C>verify
   VERIFY is on

                                 VOL
                              p
                            MS-DOS 3.2, 3.3

: 뤠  ⮬ 㪠 ᪠
:  VOL [d:]
:  vol a:

     뢮    p     ⮬  㪠  ᪠.   ⮡
ᯮ짮  ,  p  vol    p p⢠. ᫨ p
p⢠ 饭,   p 뤠 ⪠ ⮬ p祣 ᪠:

   C>vol

                                XCOPY
                               
                           MS-DOS 2.X, 3.X

: p 䠩
:  XCOPY[d:][path]filename[.ext][d:][path][filename][.ext][/A]
              [/D:mm-dd-yy][/E][/M][/P][/S][/V][/W]
:  xcopy *.* a: /e /s /a

                                   - 261 -

    XCOPY p⠢ ᮡ pp p  COPY. 
:    (1)  롮p筮  p  p娢  䠩  (   p娢
p⮬) (. ᠭ  ATTRIB); (2) 롮p筮 p 䠩
 pp  ; (3)  p 䠩   pp,   
㪠 pp.   p  pp ,     p
 XCOPY  p⠥ p  COPY. pp  䠩, ᯮ㥬 
pp, p  p.3.

    

    \BOOK - p稩 pp ᪠ ,  \COMMANDS - pp
\BOOK. p ᯮ짮 COPY  ᪮p 䠩 pp  \BOOK
 pp \COMMANDS   .   祢 pp
/s   p  XCOPY  p ᮤp  㪠
pp   ᮤp  室   pp.
   XCOPY    譥    MS-DOS.    砥,  p
p饭   室 㡥  㯭 䠩 XCOPY.COM:

   C>xcopy *.* a: /s

   Reading source file(s)
   CH1.DOC
   CH2.DOC
   COMMANDS\CMD1.DOC
   COMMANDS\CMD2.DOC
       4 File(s) copied

   C>

         ----------------------------------------------------
         |                                |
         ----------------------------------------------------
                     |
     -----------------------------------
     |              BOOK               |
     -----------------------------------
           |                |         |
---------------------- ----------- -----------
|     COMMANDS       | | ch1.doc | | ch2.doc |
---------------------- ----------- -----------
   |               |
------------  ------------
| cmd1.doc |  | cmd2.doc |
------------  ------------

   .3. pp 䠩, ᯮ㥬  pp  p

   p p   楫 ᪥   p p㥬
pp (.. p  pp  pp,  䠩 p
p).  ᮡ  祭 㤮 ᯮ짮  p p
p pp.
     ᮡ XCOPY 砥  ⮬,  p  p㯯
䠩   XCOPY p p, 祬   COPY, ⠪ 
XCOPY    p  p  뢠      ᨬ쭮  
⢮ 室 䠩   p p    (  
,  COPY),  ⥫쭮 ᮪p頥 p p樨.

     

      祢   pp   /d     p  䠩,
p  p⠭  祭 㪠   . 
  ⠭p⭮ p:

   C>xcopy *.* a: /s /d:6-29-88

                                   - 262 -

   Reading source file(s)
   COMMANDS\CMD2.DOC
       1 File(s) copied

     

   XCOPY  ᯮ짮  p p娢 䠩, .. 䠩
 p娢 p⮬ (.ᠭ  ATTRIB).  ⮣  
p    pp  /.  pp  p  祭  p
室 䠩. p   pp /m p娢 p   p
p   .         䠩   "write.bat"   (.5)
ᯮ짮  "xcopy /m".
     p  p          짮 
"xcopy /m".     :

   xcopy *.doc a: /m

      䠩, p p뢠 ,  ⮬᪨ 
p娢묨,  xcopy p ⮫쪮  䠩  頫 p娢  .
 ᫥騩   p뢠   p.

     

   p  pp /  XCOPY p뢠  楫  ᪥ 
p᫥    p pp. p   pp
/p p p  䠩  p  p:

   path\filename.ext (Y/N)?

   p   pp /v  pp pp⭮   p樨
p.
   pp /w  p⠢    ᪥   室묨
䠩.

                                   - 263 -

                            
                 

     

   pp뢠  -    ᨣ,  㯠騩   pp ⥬᪮
ᯥ祭,    pp㥬  p  p㤮.    
pp뢠  pp  pp  (CPU)    室 믮
p  㭪権.  pp,  p  ⨨    pp
ᨣ  pp뢠  p (..  p  p㤮),
pp騩 pp     p.
    ⨯ pp뢠  ᮮ⢥ p p浪  p
(pp뢠  p,   pp, 祭  p 9).   ⮬
p  pp  p砥,    p稪  室 맢 
p⪨  ᨣ    pp뢠.    ᮣ襭  p   pp뢠
p⠢  ⭠p筮 p.  p   pp뢠,
p稪 pp뢠  pp . .2, .13.
   pp뢠    p  20-2FH  ppp     ⥬
짮.    砥,    p pp, p⠭ 
⢨    ⥬  .ᯥ祭,   p  ⨬
pp뢠  ⮫쪮    ᮡ  , p p p樮
⥬.  ᥣ pp ᯮ pp뢠 21 -  ᯥp
㭪権.

    

   pp뢠 21   "ᯥp 㭪権". ᯥp  㭪権
⢥砥  믮  襩  p  MS-DOS.    易
室  ᯥ祭  㯠     ⥬  㭪.     㭪
믮  p  p⭮  ,  pp,  p뢠   䠩,
뢮 ᨬ p  p ᯫ, pp   
뤠 p p饩 pᨨ MS-DOS. 㭪樨 ⠪ pp 
p.
   ⮡ pp p  ⥬ 㭪樨, 室 믮
᫥饥:  (1)  p ᮮ⢥饩 㭪樨  pp ; (2)
 pp,  室   p 㭪樨,   ᮮ⢥騥
pp; (3) 맢  pp뢠 21. p  p饭  pp뢠  21,
p p MS-DOS. p樮 ⥬  祭  pp
  p,    㭪    믮. ⥬  ⠫
( p   㭪樨) pp 뢠  祭
pp, ᫥ 祣 p㥬  㭪 믮.  MS-DOS  頥
p頥 㭪樥 pp  ᮮ⢥騥 pp   p頥
p   뢠 pp.  pp pᬠp  pp 
p  p 믮 㭪樨.
     p pᬮp  ⥬ 㭪樨.    
  ᠭ:    (1)  pp  믮塞  ;  (2) p
pp    㪠  pp,     p    ;   (3)
p頥 pp  㪠 pp,  p  .
     ⢥  pp  ᯮ짮  ⥬  㭪樨,   pᬮp
p  pp    ᥬp,  뤠饩  p  p饩  pᨨ
MS-DOS. ⮡   p  pᨨ, p  p饭  㭪樨
30. 㭪 p頥 p  p   pp A,   -  
pp AL. p㣨 ᫮,  MS-DOS 3.30 祭 30 p頥 
pp AH, 祭 3 -  pp AL.

              ;p p p饩 pᨨ MS-DOS
                       ; p饭  㭪樨 30:
   mov  ah,30          ;p 㭪樨 頥  pp AH
   int  21h            ;p饭  ⥬ ᯥp 㭪権
                       ;
                       ;뢠 p頥 pp
   mov  minor_num,ah   ; p  p pᨨ
   mov  major_num,al   ;   p pᨨ

: ᫨ ⥫   ᥬp,  室
             p .
                                   - 264 -


        

    pp   ᥬp  p饭   p稪 pp뢠 
p   筮 p樨 (pp, "int21H").  pp  
몠  ᮪  p  (BAISIC,  Pascal,  C) ⠪  . 
設⢥ 砥  몠  ᮪ p (⠪ ,  "p
䠩")  p뢠  pp,    p  祣  pp
  p樨  ⨯  "int".    p,  p pp
  몠  ᮪  p      設   㤮⢮p
pp.   p   "饣   p   p",    p
ᯥ稢 ᥬp, p p⮩  ⢥ 몠
᮪ p.
   ,   p   pp p室   
p  믮 p⭮ pp뢠  몥 ᮪ p.
 p p  pp -   몠 Turbo Pascal  .  
ᮤp  㪠 p p饭  p稪 pp뢠. ,
p   祬   p      pᬮp      pp,  室
  ⮤ p pp뢠  ᯥ祭  㯠
 ⥬ ROM BIOS.

     ROM BIOS

   ⥬ ROM BIOS ᯥ稢 p䥩  p樮 ⥬ 
p  p㤮  設.  p  pp  ⢫
    ROM  BIOS      ⥬  pp뢠.  pp,  p
室  뢥   ᨬ     p  ᯫ,   pp  
p    ⥬  ᯥp  㭪権  p  pp뢠   21.
ᯥp  p頥    ROM  BIOS  p  pp뢠 10,   BIOS
⮡p  p㥬  ᨬ.    ( p,  ᮪p饭
p  믮   pp)  p   ᯥ  p   
pp-BIOS.  pp  ⠪   pp    㦨   pp
BREAK_OFF.C (⨭ -2), p饭   ROM BIOS   p p
p.
       ⥬  ROM  BIOS  p    p
p㤮,  pp, p 騥  BIOS, 易
  p  設     p  襩  ⥯,  祬   pp,
p騥 p饭  BIOS p MS-DOS. ⠫쭮 ᠭ ROM  BIOS
p  襬 孨᪮ p㪮⢥.

   ENVSIZE.PAS

   ENVSIZE.PAS  -    pp,  ᠭ    몥  Turbo  Pascal
(⨭ -1).  뢠 ⢮ ⮢, 䠪᪨ 
p樮 p MS-DOS.     p  䥪⨢
ᯮ짮    p樮  p  襩 p pp.
(⨥  p樮  p  pᬠp    .2,  .12).  p
p樮  p  p㫨p     SHELL  (..3,   ᠭ
).
   pp  p   p饭     㭪樨  MsDos(),   饩
pp 㭪樥 몠 Turbo Pascal,  ᯥ稢饩   
⥬ ᯥp 㭪権. p pp 㭪樨  
 ⨯ registers, p ⮨  10 楫 ᥫ. p  p饭
  MsDos()  㭪  롨p  p     ᥫ  頥  
pp . ⥬  롨p p ᫮   頥   pp  
..  (⨭ -1, p  8-10). ⥬ MsDos() p p饭  
ᮮ⢥饩 ⥬ 㭪樨.  p設 p 㭪樨 MsDos()
롨p 祭 pp   頥   p 楫 ᫠ 
  pp.  祭  pp    頥   p
楫  ᫠    ..      pp  p  ⨯ registers
 p dosreg.
   p  믮塞  pp  pp  (p  73)  - p饭 
p楤p  vernum,  p  p頥  祭       p
p饩  pᨨ  MS-DOS.    p  19    pp     
pp dosreg pᢠ  祭 $3000 (  Turbo Pascal   $
砥  ᫠    ⭠p筮  p⠢).       p
                                   - 265 -

p饭  MsDos()  pp A  祭 30,   pp AL
- 祭 00.  p 믮 ᫮ p饭   ⥬
㭪樨 30.
   20-  p  p⠢  ᮡ  p饭   ⥬ ᯥp
㭪権  (pp뢠  21).  pp  p    p  dosreg. 
p  p  ᯥp  p    p  p饩 pᨨ
p頥    pp  AL.  ⮡  p᢮  祭  pp  AL
(訩    p  dosreg.ax)  p  vernum, ᯮ
㭪  몠  Turbo  Pascal  Lo()  (p  21).  ⥬    祭
p頥    ᭮  pp.  pp  뤠 ᮮ⢥饥
ᮮ饭, ᫨ 祭 vernum  p.
   ⮡      p   ᥣ   p䨪   ᥣ  pp
ᯮ ⥬ 㭪  62 (p楤p get_envaddr).  祭
p pᢠ p psp-seg (p 32-34). p楤p  vernum
뢠 p p饭  p楤p get_envaddr, ⠪  㭪 62
 ⮫쪮   p MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.0).

                     ⨭ A-1. ENVSIZE.PAS

 1 program EnvSize;
 2
 3 {pp p pp ᢮ p樮 p.  pp
 4  ᯮ ⥬ 㭪 62. ⮬   p
 5  ⮫쪮   p MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.0)}
 6
 7 type
 8     registers = record
 9                 ax,bx,cx,dx,bp,si,di,ds,es,flags: integer;
10                 end;
11 var
12     dosreg:     registers;
13 env_seg:           integer; {p ᥣ p樮 p}
14
15
16 {p頥 p p饩 pᨨ MS-DOS}
17 function vernum : integer
18 begin
19     dosreg.ax:= $3000;    {頥  pp AH 祭 30]
20     MsDos(dosreg);        {p饭  MS-DOS}
21     vernum:= Lo(dosreg.ax);  {p  p pᨨ  AL}
22 end
23
24
25 {砥 p ᥣ psp   㭪樨 62.
26   p ᥣ p樮 p  p psp:002CH}
27
28 procedure get_envaddr;
29 var
30     psp_seg : integer;
31 begin
32     dosreg.ax := $6200;
33     MsDos(dosreg);
34     psp_seg := dosreg.bx;
35     env_seg := MemW[psp_seg:$002C];
36 end;
37
38
39 {p蠥 ⢮  ⮢ p樮 p MS-DOS.
40  쭠 p env_seg - ᮤp p ᥣ
41  p樮 p}
42
43 function get_size : integer
44 var
45     count : integer    {  ⮢}
46     firstZero,secondZero : boolean; { 䫠, ᫨ ᫥
                                         = 00}
                                   - 266 -

47     env_ptr : ^Byte;          {⥫  p樮 p}
48 begin
49     env_ptr := Ptr(env_seg,$0);   {砫 p樮 p}
50     count := 0
51     firstZero := false;
52     secondZero := false;
53
54     while secondZero = false do    {⥭ p樮 p}
55     begin
56     env_ptr := Ptr(env_seg,count); {p室  ᫥饬 }
57     count := count + 1
58
59     if env_ptr^ = 0 then           {⠭  00}
60     begin
61            if firstZero = true then   {2 ᫥⥫  00}
62            secondZero := true
63            else firstZero := true     {⠭ ⮫쪮   00}
64     end
65            else firstZero := false    { p⠭  00}
66     end;
67
68     get_size := count;
69 end;
70
71
72
73 begin
74     if vernum < 3 then
75                 writeln('MS-DOS 3.0 or later required.')
76     else begin
77                 get_envaddr;
78                 writeln('Environment Size: ',get_size,' bytes');
79     end;
80 end.

----------------------------------------------------------------
|   p ⥫쭮 ppp pp 㤥 p |
|  p p (稭  pᨨ 2.1).  p|
|32 ᫥饩 p:                                         |
|                                                              |
|     dosreg.ax := $5100                                       |
|                                                              |
|   p MS-DOS 㤥 p  樠쭮 㬥p.|
|㭪樨 51, ⠪ p饩 p ᥣ psp  pp |
|BX.   室  (p  ⥫)  |
|ᠥ pp p pᨨ MS-DOS (稭  2.1).       |
|pp p p p饭  p楤p get_envaddr|
|  㭪 51 ᯮ  pp PSPEEP.PAS, p|
| .12  p  .                                |
----------------------------------------------------------------

   ⮡ p᢮ p ᥣ p樮 p p env_seg,
ᯮ pp ᨢ MemW. 祭  MemW[psp_seg:$002C]
-  ᫮, p饥   p:  p ᥣ =  psp_seg; p⪨
p = 2CH.   ⬥砫  .12,   ⮬ p  p  p
ᥣ p樮 p.
   p  ⥬,        横  (p  54-65),  㭪  get_size
樠p 稪   㫥᪨ 䫠 (p 50-52). p 室 
横 p env_ptr  㪠⥫  p   p樮
p MS-DOS.  p   p宦   横 祭  稪
㢥稢  ,  p env_ptr ⠭ 㪠⥫  
᫥騩   p樮 p.  室   横 ⢫  p
뢠  ᫥⥫쭮  pᯮ ⮢,   祭 00.
 ,   ⮩  (ᨬ쭮 p)  p樮
p ⨣. ᫥ 室  横 稪 count ᮤp ⢮
 ⮢ p樮 p. ⬥⨬,   祭  p
                                   - 267 -

pp⥫쭮  ppp  ⢮  ,    ⭮ 
p쭮   ᯮ㥬   ꥬ.   祭   pᢠ  p
get_size, p頥   ᭮  pp   ⮡p   p
(p 78).

   BRK_OFF.C

   pp BRK_OFF.C (⨭  -2) ᠭ   몥 Microsoft C.  
   ᯮ   ⥬   㭪樨,   ⮡  䨪p  ⨥
樨    Ctrl-C    Ctrl-Break.  pp  ⠪  p
p頥  ROM BIOS, ᯥ稢 p 樥 pp.

                       -2. BRK_OFF.C

  1 /*pp pp ᯮ짮 ⥬ 㭪権  몥
  2  *Microsoft C, p 4.0.  p⠢ ᮡ p稪
  3  *ᨣ Ctrl-C, 㯠  p
  4  */
  5
  6 #include <stdio.h>
  7 #include <dos.h>
  8 #define   TRUE                     1
  9
 10 union     REGS     Regs            /*騥 pp*/
 11 struct    SREGS    Sregs           /*p ᥣ*/
 12
 13 char      message[] = "Ctrl-C disabled, press X to quit";
 14
 15 int       x_cur, y_cur;
 16
 17
 18 /*p饭  ROM BIOS  p p  pp Regs.h.dh
 19  *p頥 p 樨 pp  誠 ,  pp
 20  *Regs.h.dl - p  誠 y.    祭
 21  *ᯮ p x_cur  y_cur. p p饭  pp
 22  *Regs.h.bh 뢠 p p祩 p*/
 23
 24 void get_cursor_pos()
 25 {
 26    Regs.h.ah = 0x03;               /*뢠 㭪 pp*/
 27    int86(0x10,&Regs,$Regs);        /*p饭  BIOS*/
 28    x_cur = Regs.h.dl;
 29    y_cur = Regs.h.dh;
 30    return;
 31 }
 32
 33
 34 /*p饭  ROM BIOS, ⮡ ⠭  pp,
 35  *p 묨 p묨 x_cur  y_cur. p
 36  *p饭  pp Regs.h.bh  p p祩
 37  *p*/
 38
 39 void reset_cursor()
 40 {
 41    Regs.h.ah = 0x02;               /*㭪 pp*/
 42    Regs.h.dl = x_cur;              /* pp DL - p */
 43    Regs.h.dh = y_cur;              /* pp DH - p y*/
 44    int86(0x10,&Regs,&Regs);
 45    return;
 46 }
 47
 48
 49 /*p饭  ROM BIOS  뢮 ᮮ饭   p p.
 50  *p 뢮 ᮮ饭 p ⥪  pp.
 51  *᫥ ⮡p ᮮ饭  pp ⠭.
 52  */
                                   - 268 -

 53
 54 void display_message()
 55 {
 56    Regs.h.ah = 0x0f;               /* p祩 p*/
 57    int86(0x10,Regs,&Regs);         /*p饭  BIOS*/
 58    get_cursor_pos();               /* 樨 pp*/
 59
 60    Regs.h.ah = 0x02;               /*㭪 pp*/
 61    Regs.h.dh = 0x18;               /*p y*/
 62    Regs.h.dl = 0x14;               /*Kp */
 63    int86(0x10,&Regs,&Regs);
 64    printf("%s",message);
 65
 66    reset_cursor();                 /* p */
 67    return;
 68 }
 69
 70
 71 /*p饭  ⥬ 㭪樨 02, ⮡ 뢥 ᨬ  p
 72  *ᯫ  ⥪饩 樨 pp. p p饭  pp
 73  * Regs.h.al  뢮 ᨬ
 74  */
 75
 76 void echo()
 77 }
 78    Regs.h.dl = Regs.h.al;
 79    Regs.h.ah = 0x02;
 80    intdos(&Regs,&Regs);
 81    return;
 82 {
 83
 84
 85 /*p饭  ROM BIOS  祭  p祩 p 
 86  *pp Regs.h.bh   p饭 pp   0.0.
 87  *⥬ 室  横, 䨪p騩 ⨥  Ctrl-C. 室 
 88  *横 ⢫ ⨥  "". p ⨨ p㣨
 89  * ᨬ ⮡p  p
 90  */
 91  break_off()
 92 {
 93    Regs.h.ah = 0x0f;               /* p*/
 94    int86(0x10,&Regs,&Regs);        /*p饭  BIOS*/
 95
 96    Regs.h.ah = 0x02;               /* pp*/
 97    Regs.h.dl = 0x00;               /* p 0.0*/
 98    Regs.h.dh = 0x00;
 99    int86(0x10,&Regs,&Regs);        /*p饭  BIOS*/
100
101    while (TRUE)                    /*᪮ 横*/
102 }
103          Regs.h.ah = 0x07;         /*, p */
104          intdos(&Regs,Regs);       /*p饭  MS-DOS*/
105
106          if (Regs.h.al = '^C')
107              display_message();
108          else if (Regs.h.al != 'X')
103          echo();
110          else break;
111 }
112 return;
113 }
114
115 main()
116 {
117    break_off();
118    exit(0);
                                   - 269 -


   p  Regs    Stregs  (⨭  -1,  p  10-11)  
ᮮ⢥⢥   p묨   ⨯   REGS      STREGS.    REGS  -  
pp pp ,   8   楫  ᥫ,
  p ᮮ⢥    pp 饣  祭.
SREGS -   pp  pp ,   4   
楫  ᥫ,      p  ᮮ⢥      pp
ᥣ.  㤥 ,   pp  믮   
㭪樨,      p  register    p饩 pp  Turbo
Pascal.
   p  믮塞  pp   pp  (p  117)   
pp p饭  p楤p  break_off() (p 91).   p 
p楤p pp ᤢ    0.0 (p孨   㣮 p).
 ⮣  p p p饭  ⥬ ROM BIOS.
     몥  Microsoft  C      BIOS  ⢫     
pp  㭪樨  int86().  㭪樨  室  p   p
᫥ pp:   (1)  楫 ᫮,  饥 p pp뢠;
(2) pp  ⨯  REGS, ᮤp pp, p  ROM
BIOS; (3)    pp   ⨯ REGS,   p  뢠
pp  p頥  p  p  ROM  BIOS.   ROM BIOS
⢫    pp뢠 10. p  p㥬 -㭪樨
p  pp .
   p p饭  ROM BIOS (p 94) p, ⮡  
⨢    p  ᯫ.          p  BIOS
⠭ ᢮  砫   pp,      室
    p  ROM  BIOS  p 樨 pp.  ⨢
p  ᯫ  p頥   -㭪樥  0FH     pp  .
⢥⢥,    96-  p      pp    pp  Regs
 祭 0902 (02). p 94 p⠢ ᮡ p饭
 ROM BIOS  ᯮ짮  㭪樨 int86().  p ⨢ 
p p頥   Regs.h.bh.  ⬥⨬,   Microsoft C 
    :    (1)  p襬    饣 pp, pp,
Regs.h.ah; (2)  襬   饣 pp,  pp, Regs.h.al; 
(3) 塠⭮ ᫮ 饣 pp, pp, Regs.x.ax.
   p 96-99 p pp   0.0.  ⮣  p
p饭   -㭪樨 02.  p p饭   㭪樨  p
樨 pp  誠     pp  DL,  誠 y  - 
pp  DH.  p  ⮣,    pp  BH   ⨢ 
p ᯫ (㤠   饭  p p饣 p饭
 ROM BIOS).
   ᫥ ⮣ pp 室  ᪮ 横, 稭騩 p
101.    p    横  (p  103-104)     㭪樨 07
뢠    p  ᨬ, p祬   p  
p  .  p饭    ⥬  㭪  p  
 pp 㭪樨 Microsoft C intdos(). 㭪  intdos()
 p p  p pp뢠, ⠪      ᥬ 㭪
MS-DOS ⢫ p pp뢠 21.
    p 103 祭  07 pᢠ p Regs.h.ah  (p
p㥬  㭪樨  MS-DOS).  ᫥  p饭    MS-DOS  (p  104)
p樮 ⥬ 㤥 室  ﭨ    
p ᨬ. ⥬ p p頥  뢠 pp
  ᨬ   Regs.h.al.
   p p  뢠 pp (p 106) ᮯp
pp  祭 ( Ctrl-Break). ⬥⨬,  ᨬ ^C  
p   106   p⠢   ᮡ     p騩  ᨬ.  筮
p騥  ᨬ      ⥪  pp   ⥪⮢
pp.
   ᫨    ᨬ  뢠  ᨬ  "^C",     p
pp ⠥ ⥫ (TRUE)  p p  㭪樨
display_message().  㭪 稭 p p饭  㭪樨
ROM BIOS 0FH (⮡   ⨢  p  Regs.h.bh).  ⥬
p  p饭    get_cursor_pos(),   p  pp
p      p᭮  㭪樨  ROM  BIOS  03H. p
pᯮ pp  묨 p묨 x_cur   y_cur
(p 28-29),  p p頥 display_message.
                                   - 270 -

   ⥬ display_message()     㭪樨 ROM  BIOS 02H  p頥
pp   (18;14) (p  60-63).   㭪樨 printf  
p 뢮 ᮮ饭  p  Ctrl-C.  p  66
p p饭  reset_cursor(),    p᭮ 㭪樨
ROM  BIOS  02  pp  p頥    p     (p
p묨  x_cur     y_cur).  p  p頥   break_off(),
᪮  横  p,    p樮  ⥬  p室   
ﭨ    ᫥饣 ᨬ.
     p樨 p p ⨨ Ctrl-C. , p  
砫쭮 横  ᬮp,  p室 p ⨨ p㣮  
   樨   .   ᫨   p  pp    Ctrl-Break
p⥫,  p ᫥ pp -  ᨬ "".  ᫨
p  ⮩  pp  p⥫  (  p㣮  ᨬ),   
뢠  echo();  ᫨  -  ⥫  (  ᨬ  ""),   
pp  室    ᪮筮  横,  p  p頥 
᭮ pp (main()),  믮 BRK_OFF.C p蠥.
   ᫨ ᨬ "Ctrl-C"  ""  ,  p p饭
 㭪樨  echo().   ᨬ ⮡p   p.   ⮣
뢠  ⥬  㭪  02:     p 78 p Regs.h.dl
  ᨬ,  p饭    p p饣 p饭 
MS-DOS; ⥬ 뢠 㭪 02   ᨬ 뫠   p,
᫥  祣  p  p頥  break_off,    ᪮   横
p.

                             MS-DOS

------------------------------------------------------------------------
pp뢠                            ᠭ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Int20H         . pp뢠 int20h ᯥ稢
               pp뢠  pp, p饩 
              p MS-DOS. p稪 p頥 p
              pp뢠, Ctrl-Break  p᪮ 訡, 室騥 
              psp pp. Int20H ᯮ   ᮧ
              MS-DOS. p p饭  p稪  pp CS
              뢠 p ᥣ psp.  pp뢠 p
              pp pp p ᯮ짮 ⥬
              㭪 4, ᪮ p  p p頥
              p ERRORLEVEL.
 Int21H         MS-DOS. pp뢠 ᯥ稢
                 ⥬ 㭪樨 (.᫥騩 p).
 Int22H         . p稪 ⮣ pp뢠
              p頥 p ,  p p p
               p pp뢠 pp. p 室  psp
              pp.
 Int23H        Ctrl-Break. p頥 p pp, p
              砥 p p ⨨ Ctrl-Break. p
              室  psp pp.
 Int24H            .
              p頥 p pp, p 砥 p
               p p᪮ 訡. p 室  psp
              pp. p p饭  p稪 MS-DOS 頥
               訡    pp DI:

               訡                ᠭ
                  0        ᪥  ⮩  
                  1        ⭮ p⢮
                  2        譥 p⢮  ﭨ ⮢
                  3        ⭠ 
                  4        訡  
                  5        p  pp 맮
                  6        訡 ᪠
                  7         ⨯ ⥫
                  8          ᥪp
                  9         pp  㬠
                          訡 p 
                                   - 271 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
pp뢠                            ᠭ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          訡 p ⥭
                           訡
               pp BP:SI p頥  p 
               p  p⢠ (..2,.14), -
              p p諠 p᪠ 訡.
 Int25H         . pp뢠 ᯮ 
              뢠 ᮤp ᥪp ᪮ ᪠  
              設. p p饭  p稪 室  
              pp 祭:

              AL     p p⢠,  p 室  (0=A,
                     1=B  ..).
              CX     ⢮ p뢠 ᥪp
              DX     p p ⠥ ᪮ ᥪp
              DS:BX   p ,  p p㦠
                     p⠭ .

               p p⪨ pp뢠 ᮤp pp
              㭨⮦,  ᪫祭 ᮤp pp
              ᥣ. ᫨ Int25H p⠫ p쭮,   p稩
              䫠 頥,  p⨢ 砥 祭 䫠 p
              . (祭  訡 p p pᬮp
              pp뢠 Int24H).
 Int26H          . pp뢠 ᯮ 
               ᥪp ᪮ ᪠ 묨. 
              ᪫祭 ⮣,  p p ,
              p稪 祭 Int25H.
 Int27H       TSR. p稪 ᯮ  pp뢠 p
              p⭮ pp (p ᫥ ⮣ p
               ). p p饭  p稪  pp DX
              頥 ( p⪨ p pp+1). 
              p 롨p ⭮⥫쭮 psp pp. Int27H
              p頥 p pp뢠, p Ctrl-C  p
              p᪮ 訡 pp. ⮬  
              ᯮ짮  p㧪 p稪 p᪮ 訡.
              pp, ᯮ騥 Int27H     64
               .  pp뢠 ⠪ pp p⥫쭥
              ᯮ짮 ⥬ 㭪 31 (MS-DOS 2.  3.).
 Int28H        ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 p樮 ⥬ (.
              p ).
 Int29H-2   ppp MS-DOS (.p ).
 Int2FH        . p稪 ⮣ pp뢠
              pp⠭   pᨩ MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ
              3.0).     ⠭ ⨯
              p䥩   pᠬ. pᮬ 뢠
              pp   MS-DOS, 믮  
               p.  ⨯᭮ p  p 
              믮 p, .. p室 p
              p祭 pp   p  p㣮, 
               p  믮. pp뢠 2FH ᯮ
              p稪  PRINT, 饩 뢮  
               p p p饬 p (.ᠭ
               PRINT).
                  pp, p饩  ⨯᭮ p,
              pᢠ ᢮ ⨯ p. ⨯
              p 00-7FH ppp p樮 ⥬.
               PRINT p᢮ ⨯ p 1. p 80-
              -FFH 㯭 짮⥫.   p
              ᯮᮡ p᢮ ⨯᭮ p p
              pp  (pp⮬).  p
              pp   㭨 ⨯ p.
              ⮬ pp稪 p樮 ⥬ p
              ⠢ pp ⠪, ⮡  뫮  
                                   - 272 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
pp뢠                            ᠭ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
              ⨯ p. ⮡ p  ⮣
              ᢮⢠, ,  p B7H p᢮ 㭪樨,
              p饩 p p APPEND. ⮬  pᨨ 3.3
              p pᢠ pp p, 騥 
              p 祭 C0H-FFH.
                  ⨯᭠ pp p㦠  
              p稪 Int2FH.  p稪 p 楯,
               楯窥 pp (..14). p p饭
               p稪 Int2FH pp    pp
              AH ⨯ p p稪,  p
              p . 稢 p, p樮
              ⥬ pᬠp 楯 Int2FH, ⮡ 
              p稪  p㥬 p. ⥬ p
              p ⮬ p稪, p  㦨
              ᨣ  pp뢠.
                 p p饭  Int2FH ⠪ 室  
              pp AL  㭪樨.  㭪樨 p p稪
               p ⨯ p㥬 p樨 p. 
              p稪  ⢥  "p  ﭨ"
              (AL=00)  뢠饩 pp. p  頥
               pp AL    ᫥騥 祭:

              AL=0   p稪  祭  p樮 ⥬, 
                      
              AL=1   p稪  祭  p樮 ⥬  
                      
              AL=FF  p稪 祭  p樮 ⥬

 Int30H-3FH   pp p樮 ⥬
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                             MS-DOS

   㭪樨 MS-DOS ⠢ p  p樮 ⥬.    
  ⢫ ᫥騬 p:   pp AL 頥  p
㭪樨    뢠  pp뢠  21.  pp  p饭  ⥬
㭪    ᥬp  p    .12, .2.   p
p  pp  p饭    㭪    몠  Turbo  Pascal  
Microsoft C.

    

   p  㭪樨  祭,    "ppp  ⥬
짮".    㭪樨  ᯮ  p樮 ⥬, 
p  IBM    Microsoft  ⪠뢠  pᬠp     樠쭮
pp. p p pp⮢ ⠫ ⭮  祭
p  . 짮⥫, ᯮ騥  㭪樨,  뢠
   "樠쭮   㬥p묨",       "ppp묨".
᪮쪮 pp p  㬥p 㭪権   p
pp  p     ,  ᪮쪮  pp   pᬮp  
p .

    

    㭪樨  MS-DOS pᨩ  2.   3. ⠭  ⥪騩 䫠
pp    p    訡    pp  AX, ᫨  p
p饭   㭪樨 p諠  訡.    㭪樨   ⥪騩
䫠 p p쭮 p襭 p 㭪樨.

                                   - 273 -

------------------------------------------------------------------
 訡                         祭
------------------------------------------------------------------
   01         p  p 㭪樨
   02           䠩
   03           
   04         p 䠩 , 祬 
               ( ⠫ 뫮  p  䠩)
   05          p饭
   06         p 뫪  p  䠩
   07           p 
   08          筮 ⢠ 
   09         p  p  
   0         p ᠭ p樮 p
   0         訡  p
   0         p  㯠
   0DH         訡  
   0         ppp 㭪
   0FH         p ᯥ䨪 p⢠
   10         訡 p ⪥ 㤠 p稩 pp
   11         p㣮 p⢮
   12          䠩
------------------------------------------------------------------

       pᨩ  MS-DOS  (稭    pᨨ  3.0) pᬮp
⥫ 祭 , ⭮  ᫮ ⥢ ⥬:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
 訡                         祭
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   20H         p襭 饣 (p) 㯠
   21         p襭 p
   22         pp襭  ᪮
   23          㯠  FCB
   24         p 饣 p
 25-31       ppp MS-DOS
   32          ⢥ ⥬  p
   33         p  祭  ⥢ ⥬
   34         㡫p 
   35            
   36         ⥢ ⥬ ""
   37          㪠 p⢠
   38         p襭 p祭   BIOS  ⥬
   39         訡 p
   3AH         p p ⥬
   3         ⥬ 訡
   3         p p ᮢ⨬  ⥬
   3DH         p p  
   3         p   
   3FH           㤠 ( 墠⠥ )
   40          
   41          p饭
   42         p  ⨯ p⢠
   43            
   44         p襭 p祭  ⢮   ⥬
   45         ⥪ p稩 p p BIOS
   46         p ⠭
   47         p  p ⥬
   48         p뫪       ⠭
 49-4FH       ppp MS-DOS
   50         訡 p ⪥ p 騩 䠩
   51         ppp MS-DOS
   52         p襭 p祭  ⢮ ᥩ  pp
   53         訡 p p饭  int24H
   54H         p襭 p祭  ⢮ pp権 
               (pp /뢮)
                                   - 274 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
 訡                         祭
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   55         㡫p p  (pp
               /뢮)
   56         p p
   57         p pp
   58         訡 p p⢠
------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  00      . 㭪 㦨           1,2,3
         pp뢠 p pp, p饩  p
         MS-DOS. p p pp뢠, Ctrl-Break 
         p᪮ 訡, 室騥  psp pp. 
         祭 筠 pp뢠 int20. p
         맮 㭪樨 室 p  䠩, p
          FCB. 室 ⠪   pp CS p
         ᥣ psp. - ⮣ ᢮⢠ 㭪 筮
         p  pp ⨯ COM.
  01           .        1,2,3
         p p饭  㭪樨 p樮 ⥬ p室
          ﭨ    ᨬ  ⠭p⭮
         室 p⢠. ⥬ ᨬ 뢮 
         ⠭p⭮ 室 p⢮  祭 ⮣ ᨬ
           ASCII p頥  pp AL. ⮡
         p ⠡  ASCII, 㭪 뢠
         .
  02        . p p饭        1,2,3
         㭪樨 祭 ᨬ   ASCII  頥 
         pp DL.  p  p ᨬ 뢠
          DL  뫠  ⠭p⭮ 室 p⢮.
  03         . p     1,2,3
         p饭  㭪樨 p樮 ⥬ p室 
         ﭨ    ᨬ  ⠭p⭮
         譥 p⢠. 祭 ᨬ   ASCII
         p頥  pp AL.
  04        . p           1,2,3
         p饭  㭪樨  pp DL 頥 祭
         p㥬 ᨬ   ASCII. 㭪 뫠 
         祭  ⠭p⭮ 譥 p⢮.
  05      . 祭 ᨬ   ASCII          1,2,3
         頥  pp DL.  p p 㭪
         뫠  祭  ⠭p⭮ p⢮ .
  06    /    /        1,2,1
         (). pp p 㭪樨   祭
         ᨬ, 頥  pp DL p p饭 
         㭪樨:
         - ᫨  pp 室 祭 FFH,  㭪
           pp,   ᨬ  ⠭p⭮ 室
           p⢠. ᫨ p pp ⥫, 
           㫥 䫠 頥,   祭  
           ASCII 頥  pp AL. ᫨ p pp
           p⥫,  㫥 䫠 ⠭ (1) 
            pp AL 頥 祭 00.
         - ᫨ DL ᮤp 祭, ⫨筮  FF,  
           p뫠  ⠭p⭮ 室 p⢮.
         㭪 06  p pp  Ctrl-Break.
  07         . p p饭  1,2,3
          㭪樨 p樮 ⥬ p室  ﭨ
            ᨬ  ⠭p⭮ 室
         p⢠. ⥬ 祭  ᨬ  
         ASCII p頥  pp AL. 㭪  ⮡p
          ᨬ  p   p pp 
         Ctrl-Break.
                                   - 275 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  08      . 㭪 筠 07. ,      1,2,3
          ⫨稥  07  p pp  Ctrl-Break.
  09      . p p饭  㭪樨 1,2,3
          pp DS:DX 頥  p 뤠
         p. p  稢 ᨬ "$"
         (祭 24   ASCII).  p p 㭪樨
          ᨬ (p "$") p뫠  ⠭p⭮
         室 p⢮.
  0A        . 㭪 뤥    1,2,3
         ᯮ ⮪   室 p, 
          p ,   ⠭p⭮ 室
         p⢠. p p饭  㭪樨 室
         p ᫥騥 p樨:
         1.  pp DS:DX 頥  p p
             p.
         2.  p  p 뢠 祭,
            p饥  p.
          p p 㭪樨 ᨬ   p
          ᫥⥫쭮,  p   
         ⠭p⭮ 室 p⢠.  pᯮ 
         p, 稭  p쥣 .  ᨬ
          p pp頥 p  ᨬ p
         p⪨ (祭 0DH   ASCII). ᫨ p 
         (  ⠥ ᢮ ⮫쪮 ᫥  ),
           ᫥騥  ᨬ pp 
         p 뤠 pp騩 㪮 ᨣ  
         p,   㤥  ᨬ p p⪨.
         MS-DOS   p  p ⢮
          ᨬ (  ᨬ p p⪨).
         p p  pp, ᯮ 
         ⮣ ᯥ樠  MS-DOS (..2, .7).
  0        .     1,2,3
         ᫨ ᨬ    ⠭p⭮ 室
         p⢠,  㭪 p頥  pp AL 祭
         FFH.  p⨢ 砥  pp AL p頥
         祭 00.
  0     ,      1,2,3
         . p p饭  㭪樨  pp AL
          祭 01, 06, 08  0AH.  p
         p 㭪樨 頥 p ⠭p⭮ 室
         p⢠  믮 㭪, p p p
          pp AL.
  0DH     . 㭪 頥 p  䠩.
         p⠭ 䠩 ( 㢥稢訥  pp)
         室 p (㭪樨 10  3). 
         室  p p⮣ 䠩.
  0     . 㭪 롨p p⢮, p         1,2,3
         p 㪠  pp DL (0=A, 1=B  ..) 
         砥  p稬.  pp AL p頥
         ⢮ ᪮  ⥬. ᫨ 
         ⮫쪮  ᪮   ᪥,  
         pᬠp  2 ᪮, ⠪  p樮
         ⥬ p 易⥫쭮 稥 
         ᪨ ᪮   ᪠.
  0FH     . p p饭  㭪樨  pp      1,2,3
         DS:DX 室   p FCB p뢠
         䠩.  p p 㭪樨  ᪠ 䠩 
         , p騬  FCB, pᬠp p稩
         pp 㪠  FCB ᪠. ᫨ 䠩 , 
          pp AL p頥 祭 00,  FCB
         p뢠 ᫥騬 p:
                                   - 276 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         - ᫨  p⢠  FCB (0- ) p 00 (
           㬮砭),  MS-DOS   祭  
           p쭮 ᯮ㥬 p⢠ (1=A, 2=, 3= 
           ..).
            FCB "p稩 " ( 0) .
             FCB " " ( 0) 뢠
           祭 80 (p  㬮砭).
            FCB "pp 䠩" ( 10), "" (
           14)  "p" ( 16) ⠭ 
           ᮮ⢥⢨  묨, 室騬  pp
           ᪠.
           p 믮  p樨 ᫥⥫쭮
           㯠 室    FCB "p
           " ( 20).
           p 믮  p樨 pאַ 㯠
           室   FCB "᫥  
           " ( 21).
           ᫨ 祭 80  ᮮ⢥ p쭮 祭,
              祭  " ".
           ᫨ 䠩  㪠   p㦥,  
           pp AL p頥 祭 FFH. (
           p 䠩 - FCB - pᬮp  .2,.11).
  10     . 㭪    pp    1,2,3
         ᪠ ᫥  ppp  ᠭ
           䠩. p p饭  㭪樨  pp
         DS:DX   p FCB p뢠 䠩.
          p p 㭪樨 p ᪥ 䠩  ,
         p騬  FCB, pᬠp p稩 pp
         㪠  FCB ᪠. ᫨ 䠩 ,  
         ᮮ⢥⢨  묨 FCB p뢠 ⭮
          䠩  pp;  pp AL p頥
         祭 00.  p⨢ 砥  pp AL
         p頥 祭 FFH.
  11       . p p饭       1,2,3
         㭪樨  pp DS:DX  p FCB p⮣
         䠩.  p p 㭪樨  宦 p
         䠩  室騬 , pᬠp p稩
         pp 㪠  FCB ᪠. , p饥 
         FCB,   頥 ᨬ (*  ?). ᫨
         䠩  p㦥,   pp AL p頥
         祭 FFH.  p⨢ 砥:
         -  pp AL p頥 祭 00.
         -  䠩  室饩 ᯥ䨪樥  p
           DTA ᮧ p  FCB.
           p p祩  p  (DTA) 
              㭪樨 2FH.
          pp DS:DX   p ⠭p⭮
          pp FCB (..2,.11). FCB,
         p  p DTA, 㤥 ⮣  ⨯.
         ᫨  p⮢ pp FCB 饭, 
         롨p 䠩 筮 ⨯. ᫨  p
         pp FCB 뢠 p  ⥬
         䠩 /  pp,  롨p
         ᮮ⢥⢥ ⥬  p 䠩  
         䠩 筮 ⨯. ᫨ p 뢠 
         ⮬,  롨p ⮫쪮  ⪨ ⮬. (.
         .2,.11).
                                   - 277 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  12       .  㭪樨 12        1,2,3
         筮 p ᫥ p饭  㭪樨 11.
          㦨   ⠢ ᥩ pp,
         ⢥ ᯥ䨪樨 䠩, p FCB p
         ᠭ  pp DS:DX.  ᯮ ⮫쪮 
         砥, ᫨  FCB " 䠩" 砥 頥
         ᨬ. p p饭  㭪樨  pp DS:DX
          室  p FCB 䠩, p
          ᠭ 㤠 p p饭  㭪樨 11. ᫨
         室騩 䠩 ,   p DTA ᮧ
         p  FCB,   pp AL p頥
         祭 00.  p⨢ 砥  pp AL
         p頥 祭 FFH.
  13     . p p饭  㭪樨  pp      1,2,3
         DS:DX   p p⮣ FCB. 
         p p 㭪樨  宦 䠩 
         , p騬  FCB, pᬠp p稩
         pp 㪠  FCB ᪠. ᫨ 
         䠩 p㦥,   㤠  pp. ᫨
           FCB " 䠩" ᮤp 頥
         ᨬ,  㭨⮦  䠩  室饩
         ᯥ䨪樥.  pp AL p頥 祭
         00. ᫨  䠩  ,  pp AL
         뢠 祭 FFH.
  14       . p p饭    1,2,3
         㭪樨  pp DS:DX   p
         p⮣ FCB.  FCB "p稩 " ( 0) 
         "p " ( 20)  뢠 뢠
         .   p  FCB "
         " ( 0).  p p 㭪樨 
         宦 䠩  , p騬  FCB,
         pᬠp p稩 pp 㪠  FCB
         ᪠. ᫨  䠩 p㦥,  㪠 
         뢠    p DTA. 祭 
         "p稩 "  "p " 㢥稢 ⠪
         p, ⮡  㪠뢠  ᫥  䠩.
          pp AL p頥   ᫥ 祭:

         00  p p쭮 p襭 p樨 ⥭
         01  p 뢠 ⪨  䠩, 㪠뢠饩 
              ⢨ 
         02  ᫨   p  (DTA)  墠⠥
                ⠭ .
         03  p 뢠 ⪨  䠩, 㪠뢠饩
               뢠  ,  ﬨ

          p  (DTA) pp  
         ⥬ 㭪樨 1AH. p p祩  p
          (DTA)    㭪樨 2FH.
  14       . p p饭    1,2,3
         㭪樨  pp DS:DX   p
         p⮣ FCB. p뢠   室
          p DTA.  FCB "p稩 " ( 0) 
         "p " ( 20)  뢠  
         䠩 .   p  FCB "
         " ( 0).  p p 㭪樨 p
         ᫥騥 p樨:
         - ᠭ  p  .
         - 祭  "p稩 "  "p "
           㢥稢 ⠪ p, ⮡  㪠뢠 
           ᫥  䠩
                                   - 278 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         -  pp AL p頥   ᫥ 祭:

         00  p p쭮 p襭 p樨 
         01  ᫨   - p  ⬥
         02  ᫨   p  (DTA)  墠⠥
                  - p 
              ⬥

  16     . p p饭  㭪樨  pp      1,2,3
         DS:DX   p p⮣ FCB.  p
         p 㭪樨  宦 䠩  ,
         p騬  FCB, pᬠp p稩 pp
         㪠  FCB ᪠. ᫨  䠩 p㦥,
          p ᫥騥 p樨:
         -  饣 䠩 㭨⮦, ᮪p
           䠩  㫥 pp. 뢠 㭪
           "p 䠩" - 㭪 0FH.
          p⨢ 砥:
         -  p祬 pp 롨p  . ᫨
            㯭 ⥬,  p 樠
           䠩  뢠 㭪 " p 䠩" - 㭪
           0FH.  pp AL p頥 祭 00. ᫨
           pp  ᮤp  ᥩ,   pp
           AL p頥 祭 FFH.
         p 䠩 p p ᯮ짮 pp
         FCB  祭  p⮢, p 02 (..11).
  17     . p p饭  㭪樨          1,2,3
         pp DS:DX   p "p뢠"
         FCB.  p 00  砫 FCB ᠭ p
         p⢠   䠩.  p 11 뢠
           䠩.  p p 㭪樨  ᪠
         䠩 pᬠp p稩 pp ᪠. ᫨
         䠩 p㦥,  p ᫥騥 p樨:
         -  䠩  FCB   . ᫨ 
            砥 頥 ᨬ,  ᮮ⢥騥
           樨 p  p 묨. 
           pp AL p頥 祭 00.
         ᫨ 䠩  p㦥  p㦥 䠩  
         ,   pp AL p頥 祭 FFH.
  18    ppp MS-DOS
  19     .  pp AL p頥 p p祣  1,2,3
         ᪮ (0=, 1=  ..).
  1        . 㭪            1,2,3
         p p  p  (DTA). p
         p饭  㭪樨  pp DS:DX 뢠
          p p  .  㬮砭
         (᫨ 㭪  뢠 ᯥ樠쭮) MS-DOS
         pᯮ DTA  p 80  砫 p䨪
         ᥣ pp.
  1          (FAT).      1,2,3
         㭪 p頥 , 騥 ⠡ p饭
         䠩 p祣 ᪠,  :
         -  pp DS:BX -  p FAT.
         -  pp DX - ⢮ ᪨ p 
           p祬 p⢥.
         -  pp AL - ⢮ ᥪp  ᪥
         -  pp  - ⢮ ⮢  ᥪp.
           p MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 2.0) 㭪
          p頥 p  FAT, ⠪   p㦠
           .
                                   - 279 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1         . 㭪    1,2,3
         ⫨砥  p饩  ᫥騬: p
         p饭    pp DL 頥 p
         p⢠,  p pᬠp FAT (0=A, 1=B,
         ...).
1DH-20H   MS-DOS (.p ).
  21       . p p饭  㭪樨     1,2,3
          pp DS:DX   p p⮣ FCB.
          FCB "p稩 " ( 0)  "p "
         ( 20)  뢠 뢠  䠩 
          ᮣᮢ뢠  묨  "᫥  
         " ( 21).  p p 㭪樨 ᮤp
          p  뢠   p 
         (DTA) (  設).  pp AL p頥 
          ᫥ 祭:

         00  p p쭮 p襭 p樨 ⥭
         01  p 뢠 ⪨  䠩, 㪠뢠饩 
              ⢨ 
         02  ᫨   p  (DTA)  墠⠥
                ⠭ ; p ⬥
         03  p 뢠 ⪨  䠩, 㪠뢠饩
               뢠  ,  ﬨ

  22       . p p饭  㭪樨    1,2,3
         pp DS:DX   p p⮣ FCB.
          FCB "p稩 " ( 0)  "p "
         ( 20)  ᮣᮢ뢠  묨 
         "᫥   " ( 21).  p
         p 㭪樨 ᠭ  뢠  
         p   p  .  pp AL
         p頥   ᫥ 祭:

         00  p p쭮 p襭 p樨 
         01  ᫨   - p  ⬥
         02  ᫨   p  (DTA)  墠⠥
                  - p  ⬥

  23H     . p p饭  㭪樨  pp      1,2,3
         DS:DX   p p⮣ FCB. 
         FCB " "   p.  p
         p 㭪樨  ᪠ 䠩 pᬠp p稩
         pp ᪠. ᫨ 㪠 䠩 p㦥, 
           "᫥   "  祭
          " ".  pp AL p頥
         祭 00. ᫨ 䠩  ,   pp AL
         p頥 祭 FFH.
  24        . p p饭     1,2,3
          㭪樨  pp DS:DX   p
         p⮣ FCB. 㭪 p  FCB "᫥
           " ( 21).  祭 p⠢
         ᮡ p , ᠭ ﬨ "p稩 "
         ( 0)  "p " ( 20).
  25H      . 㭪 ᯮ        1,2,3
         pp ⪠ , p p
         p p p饭  p⭮ p稪
         pp뢠. p p饭  㭪樨  pp DS:DX
         頥  p p稪 pp뢠,  
         pp AL - p ⮣ pp뢠.
                                   - 280 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  26H        . p         1,2,3
         p饭  㭪樨  pp DS 뢠 p
         ᥣ,  p p  psp.  p
         p 㭪樨 p 100 ⮢ p psp p
          p 100 ⮢ . ⥬ p뢠 06-
           psp - 㤠 뢠  
         p䨪. p p稪 pp뢠, Ctrl-Break 
         p᪮ 訡 p   psp  p 0
          砫 p䨪. pp, ᠭ  
         pᨩ (稭  pᨨ 2.0)  ⮩ 㭪樨 
         ᯮ짮 㭪 4.
  27        . 㭪 뢠       1,2,3
           ᥩ 䠩. p p饭  㭪樨
          pp DS:DX 뢠  p FCB
         p⮣ 䠩.  pp  - ⢮ 뢠
         ᥩ.    㪠뢠  FCB  
         " " ( 0). ⥭ p, 稭
          , ᠭ   FCB "᫥  
         " (p  砫 FCB - 21). ⠭ 
              p  (DTA). 
         pp AL p頥   ᫥ 祭:

         00  p p쭮 p襭 p樨 ⥭
         01  p 뢠 ⪨  䠩, 㪠뢠饩 
              ⢨ 
         02  ᫨   p  (DTA)  墠⠥
                ⠭ ; p ⬥
         03  p 뢠 ⪨  䠩, 㪠뢠饩
               뢠  ,  ﬨ

          p  (DTA) pp  
         ⥬ 㭪樨 1AH. p p祩  p
          (DTA)    㭪樨 2FH.
  28        . 㭪 p        1,2,3
          ᥩ  䠩. p p饭  㭪樨 
         pp DS:DX 뢠  p FCB p⮣
         䠩.  pp  - ⢮  ᥩ.
             㪠뢠  FCB   "
         " ( 0).  p, 稭 
         , ᠭ   FCB "᫥  
         " (p  砫 FCB - 21).   
         室   p . ᫨  pp
          室 祭 00,  p  
         p,   "pp 䠩"  pp
         ᪠   ᮮ⢥⢨  祭, 㪠
           FCB "᫥   ".  pp AL
         p頥   ᫥ 祭:

         00  p p쭮 p襭 p樨 
         01  ᫨   - p  ⬥
         02  ᫨   p  (DTA)  墠⠥
                  - p  ⬥

                                   - 281 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  29H      . 㭪 ppp   1,2,3
         ᯥ䨪 䠩,    p
           "d:filename.ext"  p pp
          p     FCB. p
         p饭  㭪樨  pp DS:SI 뢠
          p  p,   pp ES:DI -
          p ᮧ FCB p⮣ 䠩.
         pᮬ pp  p, 
         祭 p p ⮢ pp AL:
         ᫨ 㫥  p ,  p p⥫
         ᨬ  ᯥ䨪樨 pp (.).
         ᫨ 㫥  p ,  p pp
         pp頥, ᫨ p ᨬ ᯥ䨪樨
          p⥫ ᨬ.
         ᫨ p  p ,  p p⢠ 
         FCB   (᫨   p  㪠
         p p⢠).
         ᫨ p  p ,    FCB "p
         p⢠" 뢠 祭 00 (᫨  
         p  㪠 p p⢠).
         ᫨ p  p ,   FCB " 䠩"
         ⠥  (᫨   p  㪠
         pp "filename").
         ᫨ p  p ,   FCB " 䠩"
          p (᫨   p  㪠
         pp "filename").
         ᫨ p⨩  p ,   FCB "pp
         䠩" ⠥  (᫨   p 
         㪠 pp ".ext").
         ᫨ p⨩  p ,   FCB "pp
         䠩"  p (᫨   p
          㪠 pp ".ext").
         ⥫묨 ᨬ ᯥ䨪p 䠩 :
         . ; : = + p  ᨬ ⠡樨. ᫨ pp
         "filename"  ".ext"  頥 ᨬ ("?"
          "*"),   pp AL p頥 祭 01.
         ᫨ p   "p p⢠",  
         pp AL p頥 祭 00.  pp
         S:DI p頥  p FCB,  pp DS:DI
         -  p pp  p.
  2AH     . 㭪 p頥 祭 ⥪饩 ,   1,2,3
         p MS-DOS.  pp CX p頥 祭
         ;  pp DH -  (1 = ﭢp, 2 = 䥢p 
         ..);  pp DL - 祭  ⥪饣 . 
         pp AL p頥 祭   (0 =
         pᥭ, 1 = 쭨, 2 = p  ..).
  2BH     .   ⮩ 㭪樨  祭    1,2,3
         ⥪饩 . p p饭  㭪樨  pp CX
         뢠 祭 ;  pp DH - 祭
          (1 = ﭢp, 2 = 䥢p  ..);  pp DL
         - 祭  . p pp⭮  
          pp AL p頥 祭 00. ᫨ 
           p쭮 p,  p 믮
         㭪樨 p諠 訡,   pp AL
         p頥 祭 FFH.
          設  p묨 ᠬ (p 3.3) 㭪
         2  祭  p ᮢ.
  2CH     . 㭪 p頥 祭 ⥪饣       1,2,3
         p.  pp  p頥 祭  , 
         pp CL - 祭 ,  pp DH - 祭
         ᥪ㭤   pp DL - 祭   ᥪ㭤.
                                   - 282 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  2DH     .   ⮩ 㭪樨  祭   1,2,3
         ⥪饣 p. p p饭  㭪樨  pp
          뢠 祭  ,  pp CL -
         祭 ,  pp DH - 祭 ᥪ㭤  
         pp DL - 祭   ᥪ㭤. p
         pp⭮    pp AL p頥
         祭 00. ᫨    p쭮 p
          p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡,  
         pp AL p頥 祭 FFH.
          設  p묨 ᠬ (p 3.3) 㭪
         2  祭  p ᮢ.
  2    /   VERIFY. p           1,2,3
         p饭  㭪樨  pp AL 室 
         祭 00 (verify  p off),  祭 01
         (verify  p on). ᫨  p ᪮ p樨
         ⥭/ p pp pp⭮
         p p樨,   VERIFY p⠥
          p on. ᫨ pp  p,  VERIFY
         室  p off. 祥 ﭨ VERIFY
         p   㭪樨 54.

                                   - 282 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  2DH     .   ⮩ 㭪樨  祭   1,2,3
         ⥪饣 p. p p饭  㭪樨  pp
          뢠 祭  ,  pp CL -
         祭 ,  pp DH - 祭 ᥪ㭤  
         pp DL - 祭   ᥪ㭤. p
         pp⭮    pp AL p頥
         祭 00. ᫨    p쭮 p
          p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡,  
         pp AL p頥 祭 FFH.
          設  p묨 ᠬ (p 3.3) 㭪
         2  祭  p ᮢ.
  2    /   VERIFY. p           1,2,3
         p饭  㭪樨  pp AL 室 
         祭 00 (verify  p off),  祭 01
         (verify  p on). ᫨  p ᪮ p樨
         ⥭/ p pp pp⭮
         p p樨,   VERIFY p⠥
          p on. ᫨ pp  p,  VERIFY
         室  p off. 祥 ﭨ VERIFY
         p   㭪樨 54.
  2FH      DTA.  pp ES:BX 㭪 p頥   2,3
         p  p  (DTA).
  30H        MS-DOS.  pp AL   2,3
         p頥 祭   p pᨨ, 
         pp AH - 祭 p  p. ᫨ 
         pp AL p頥 祭 00,   砥,
           p⠥  p MS-DOS p pᨨ
         ( pᨨ 2.0).
  31    TSR ( ).  㭪 ⢫      2,3
         pp뢠 p p⭮ pp (᫥
         pp뢠 pp p  ). p
         p饭  㭪樨  pp AL 頥  室,
           pp DX - ꥬ ,  pp,
          pp (  16 ⮢). ⭠
         pp     64  . 
         室, p  pp AL, ᫥⢨ 
            ⥬ 㭪樨 4DH.
  32    ppp MS-DOS (c.p ).
  33      CTRL-BREAK    .    2,3
          p p p樮 ⥬ p뢠 䫠
         Ctrl-Break,  祭 p ⠭ 䠪
          樨  Ctrl-Break. ᫨ 䫠
         ⠭,  pp p 直 p p
         p饭  ⥬ 㭪樨. ᫨ 䫠 饭, 
         pp p ⮫쪮  砥, ᫨ p
           뢮 . ⮩ pᬠp 㭪樨
          p   pp AL  DL. p
         p饭  㭪樨:

         AL=00H  pp ⥪饥 ﭨ 䫠 Ctrl-Break
         AL=01H  ⠭ 䫠 Ctrl-Break. ᫨ 祭
                 pp DL=0,  䫠 頥; ᫨ DL=1,
                  䫠 ⠭ ( 祭
                 p 1).
         㭪 p頥:
         DL=00H   饭
         DL=01H   ⠭
         AL=FFH  p p饭  㭪樨  pp AL ᠭ
                 訡筮 祭.

  34    ppp MS-DOS (.p ).
  35      . 㭪 p頥 p        2,3
         p稪 pp뢠. p p饭  㭪樨
                                   - 283 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          pp AL 뢠 p p㥬
         pp뢠. p p頥  pp ES:BX.
  36         . 㭪           2,3
         p頥 ⢮ ᢮  ᪠.
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp DL 頥
         p p뢠 p⢠ (0 = p稩
         ; 1 = A  ..).  p 
         ᫥饬 :

         BX - ⢮ 㯭 p  ᪥
         DX - 饥 ᫮ p  ᪥
         CX - ⢮ ⮢  ᥪp
         AX - ⢮ ᥪp  p. ᫨ p p饭 
              㭪樨  訡筮 㪠 p p⢠,  
              pp AX p頥 祭 FFFFH.

  37    ppp MS-DOS (.p ).
  38           .     2,3
         p, ⭮   p, 砥  ᥡ
         ᯥ䨪 p ,  ᨬ  
         p⥫.  p p ᯥ樠
         , 筮 p⠢騬 ᮡ 㭠p
         ⥫䮭  ⮩ p.  MS-DOS pᨩ 2. 㭪
          ⮫쪮   p.  p 3.
          p⠢ ⥫  - 
           p樮 ⥬. p p饭 
         㭪樨 p ᫥騥 p樨.  pp AL
         뢠 p㥬  p. ᫨ 祭 pp
         p 00,  롨p   ⨢ 
         p.  p p MS-DOS (2.) p ⨬
         祭  p 0-255.   p (3.) 
         pp    16-⮢ 祭, p ⮬
          pp AL 室  祭 FFH. 
         pp DS:DX 뢠  p p, 
         p 㤥 p p 믮 㭪樨.
         㭪 p頥 ᫥騥 祭:

         MS-DOS 2.:
         p                         祭
   ( 砫 p)
         0-01         p "p/". 祭 00 ⭮
                       ⠭p⭮ p᪮ p
                      (hh:mm:ss mm/dd/yy). 祭 01 ⭮
                       p᪮ ⠭p (hh:mm:ss
                      dd/mm/yy). 祭 02 p ﯮ᪨
                      ⠭p (hh:mm:ss yy/mm/dd).
         2             ᨬ (  ASCII)
         3            㫥 
         4             (  ASCII) p⥫ 
         5            㫥 
         6             (  ASCII) 筮 p⥫
         7            㫥 
         8-31         pp MS-DOS

         MS-DOS 3.:
         p                         祭
   ( 砫 p)
         0-1          p . 祭 00 ⭮ 
                      ⠭p⭮ p᪮ p
                      (mm/dd/yy). 祭 01 ⭮ 
                      p᪮ ⠭p (dd/mm/yy), 
                      祭 02 뢠 ﯮ᪨ ⠭p
                      (yy/mm/dd).
                                   - 284 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         2-5          㫥 ᨬ, 몠騩 p 
                      ᨬ
         7             (  ASCII) p⥫ 
         8            㫥 
         9             (  ASCII) 筮 p⥫
         10           㫥 
         11            (  ASCII) p⥫ 
         12           㫥 
         13            (  ASCII) p⥫ p
         14           㫥 
         15           稩 p.  1 p ⢮
                      p   ᨬ  祭.
                       0 p , ᫨  ᨬ
                      p 祭.  1 p ,
                      ᫨ ᨬ 祭 몠.
         16           ⢮ p ᫥ 筮 窨
         17           p p.  1 p , ᫨
                       뤠 p ᯮ 12 ᥫ 
                      p 1, ᫨ ᯮ 24 ᫠.
         18-21        p p饭  ⠡ p (.).
         22            (  ASCII) p⥫ 
         23           㫥 
         24-33        ppp MS-DOS

         p p饭  ⠡ p -   p
         p楤p, p饩 pp p ᨬ
          .  㭪 ᯮ p 뤠 
          p㥬  p. p p饭   
         pp pp DX 뢠 祭 FFFFH. ᫨
          訡  p,   ⠭ p稩
         䫠  頥  pp AX 祭 02.
  39     . p p饭  㭪樨        2,3
         pp DS:DX   p ᨬ쭮 p,
          p 㤥 p ᯥ䨪p  ᮧ
         pp. p 稢 㫥 ⮬. ᫨
          p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         ⠭ p稩 䫠.  pp AX p頥
         p  訡:

         AX = 03H   訡 ᯥ䨪p  
                   ᯥ䨪p  稢 㫥 ⮬.
         AX = 05H   p⥫᪮ pp 筮 
                    p樨 pp,  
                   pp  㪠 , 
                   ᯥ䨪p  pp 砥
                   ppp  p⢠.

  3AH     . p p饭  㭪樨       2,3
         pp DS:DX   p ᨬ쭮
         p,  p ᮤp ᯥ䨪p 
         㤠塞 pp. p  몠
         㫥 ⮬. p 㤠 pp  
         室 㤠  䠩. 㭪  
         㤠 p稩 pp. ᫨  p p
         㭪樨 p諠 訡,  p頥 ⠭
         p稩 䫠.  pp AX ᮤp p 
         訡:

         AX = 03H  訡 ᯥ䨪p ,  ᯥ䨪p
                    p㦥,  ᯥ䨪p 
                   稢 㫥 ⮬.
                                   - 285 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         AX = 05H   pp 砥 䠩, 
                      pp,  㪠
                   p pp ᪠.
         AX = 16H   pp  p稬.

 3       . p p饭  㭪樨   2,3
          pp DS:DX 뢠  p ᨬ쭮
         p,  p ᮤp ᯥ䨪p 
         pp. p  몠 㫥 ⮬.
          p p 㭪樨 㪠 pp
         砥  p祣 pp. ᫨ ᯥ䨪p
          pp ᮤp 訡  ᫨   몠
         㫥 ⮬,   pp AX p頥 祭
         03.
         ⥬ 㭪樨 3-46  㦨 䠩,
          p p饭   p 䠩 (FCB).
         p ᯮ짮  㭪権 MS-DOS p 䠩
           뫮  p  䠩. 뫪
         p⠢ ᮡ ⭠p筮 ᫮, 頥
          pp AX p p樨 (㭪 3)  p⨨
         (㭪 3DH) 䠩. p樮 ⥬ pp
         p騥 뫪  p pp p,
         ᫥⢨ 祣  室  p뢠 p
         ⥭  :

         00  ⠭p⭮ p⢮ 
         01  ⠭p⭮ p⢮ 뢮
         02  ⠭p⭮ p⢮ 訡
         03  ⠭p⭮ 譥 p⢮
         04  ⠭p⭮ p⢮ 

  3     . p p饭  㭪樨  pp       2,3
         DS:DX 頥  p ᨬ쭮 p,
          p ᠭ p⢮,    ᮧ
         䠩. p  稢 㫥 ⮬.
          p⮢ ᮧ 䠩 뢠 
         pp CX (.㭪 43). ᫨  p p
         㭪樨 p稩 䫠 頥,   pp AX
         ᮤp 뫪  p  䠩. ᫨
         㪠 䠩    pp, 
          p p 㭪樨  㤥 p. ᫨
         㪠 䠩 㦥 ,   頥 
         p  㫥 .
         ᫨  p p 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         p稩 䫠 ⠭,   pp AX
         p頥 p  訡:

         AX = 03H  訡 ᯥ䨪p 
         AX = 04H   ᮧ,   ᢮ 뫮
                    p  䠩
         AX = 05H   pp CX ᠭ pp, 
                   p 䨪p ⮬,  p
                   ⢮訩 pp  㪠 
                   䠩.

  3DH     . p p饭  㭪樨  pp       2,3
         DS:DX 頥  p ᨬ쭮 p,
          p ᠭ p⢮,    p뢠
         䠩. p  稢 㫥 ⮬.
          pp AL 頥  㯠, p騩
         ᯮᮡ p 䠩.  pᨩ 2. ⮫쪮  p
          AL  稬묨; ⠫  ᫥
         .
                                   - 286 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         祭 ⮢             㯠
         00                        ⮫쪮 ⥭
         01                        ⮫쪮 
         02                        ⥭/

          pᨩ 3. ⨯ 㯠 p  p㣨 ⠬
         AL.   p 䠩 p  p뢠
         ᪮쪮 pᮢ. ᫨ p 祭  ⥢
         ⥬,  䠩   p  p 饣
         (p) 㯠:

          7    = 0, ᫨ 䠩 p   稭
                    pᮢ
                  = 1, ᫨ 䠩 㯥 ⮫쪮 
                    (p⥫᪮) p
          4-7 = 000, ᫨ p㣨 pᠬ ⥢ 
                      䠩 p饭.
                  = 001, ᫨ pᠬ ⥢  p饭
                      䠩 ⨯ ⥭/
                  = 010, ᫨ pᠬ ⥢  p饭
                      䠩  
                  = 011, ᫨ pᠬ ⥢  p饭
                      䠩  ⥭
                  = 100, ᫨ pᠬ ⥢  p
                       䠩
          3      ppp MS-DOS (  饭)
          0-2 = 000, ᫨ 䠩 㯥  p
                    ⮫쪮  ⥭
                  = 001, ᫨ 䠩 㯥  p
                    ⮫쪮  
                  = 010, ᫨ 䠩 㯥  p
                     ⥭/

         p p쭮 믮 㭪樨 p稩 䫠 頥
           pp AX p頥 祭 뫪 
         p  䠩.  p p饭 
         䠩 p  ᯮ짮 ⮩ 16-⮢
         뫪.  p p饭 p ⥭/
         ⠭  砫 䠩,   
         pp 1 .
            ᫨  p p 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         p稩 䫠 ⠭,   pp A
         p頥   ᫥ 祭:

         01  訡 p 㭪樨
         02   䠩  
         03   ᯥ䨪p   p㦥
         04  誮  p 䠩 -  ᢮ 뫮
              p  䠩
         05     䠩
         0 訡  㯠

  3         . p         2,3
         p饭  㭪樨  pp  頥 뫪 
         p  䠩, 祭   ⥬
         㭪権: 3CH, 3DH  45. p p쭮 믮
         㭪樨 ᮮ⢥騩 䠩 p뢠  p稩 䫠
         頥.  p⨢ 砥 p稩 䫠 ⠭,
           pp AX 頥 祭 06.
                                   - 287 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  3FH          . p   2,3
         p饭  㭪樨  pp BX 頥 뫪 
         p  䠩,   pp DS:DX - 
         p p. ⢮ 뢠 ⮢ 頥
          pp .  p p 㭪樨 㪠 ᫮
         ⮢ 頥  p. p p쭮 p襭
         p 㭪樨 p稩 䫠 頥   pp AX
         p頥 ⢮ p⠭ ⮢.  p⨢
         砥 p稩 䫠 ⠭,   pp AX
         頥   ᫥ 祭:

         AX = 05  , ᮮ⢥騩 㪠 뫪, p
                    p, p饬 ⥭
         AX = 06H   뫪 p⮣ 䠩

  40           . p  2,3
         p饭  㭪樨  pp  頥 뫪 
         p  䠩,   pp DS:DX - 
         p p. ⢮ p ⮢ 䨪p
          pp CX.  p p 㭪樨 㪠 ᫮
         ⮢ 뢠  p. p p쭮 p襭
         p 㭪樨 p稩 䫠 頥   pp AX
         p頥 ⢮ ⠭ .  p⨢
         砥 p稩 䫠 ⠭   pp AX
         頥   ᫥ 祭:

         AX = 05  , ᮮ⢥騩 㪠 뫪, p
                    p, p饬 
         AX = 06H   뫪 p⮣ 䠩

         : ᫨ p p饭  㭪樨  pp CX
                    室 祭 00,  pp 䠩
                    㤥 ⠭  ᮮ⢥⢨  ⥪騬
                    祭 p ⥭/.

  41      . p p饭  㭪樨     2,3
          pp DS:DX 頥  p p,
          p  㤠塞  pp ᠭ
         p⢮,   pp "filename". p 
         몠 㫥 ⮬. p p쭮 p襭
         p 㭪樨 p稩 䫠 頥.  p⨢
         砥 p稩 䫠 ⠭,   pp AX
         p頥   祭:

         AX = 02   䠩  
         AX = 05H     䠩

  42      .   ᮧ     2,3
         p⮣ 䠩 MS-DOS p "p ⥭/".
          ⮩ 楫 ᯮ 㭪樨 3CH  3DH.
           ᮧ  p 䠩 p ᮤp
         p  p . p  p樨 ⥭ 
          祭 p   ᮮ⢥⢨ 
         ⥪饩 樥 p 䠩 (p㣨 ᫮, p
         ᬥ頥  ⢮ p⠭  ᠭ ⮢).
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp CX  DX 頥
         4-⮢ ᫮,  p ᬥ頥 祭 p.
         p ⮬ p訥   室  pp CX, 
         訥 -  pp DX.  pp BX 頥 뫪
          p  䠩,  pp AL - 祭,
         p饥 ᯮᮡ  p:
                                   - 288 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         AL = 00H   p  砫 䠩
         AL = 01H   p  ⥪饩 樨  p
                   㢥祭
         AL = 02H   p   䠩  p
                   㢥祭

         p p쭮 p襭 p 㭪樨 p稩 䫠
         頥   4-⭮ 祭 p p頥
          pp DX  AX, p ⮬ p訥  室 
         pp DX.  p⨢ 砥 p稩 䫠
         ⠭,   pp AX p頥  
         祭:

         AL = 01H   室 p p pp AL
         AL = 06H   뫪 p⮣ 䠩

  43      .  p⮢ p⠢      2,3
         ᮡ ⮢ p (11-   pp):

          祭 p p ⠭  (p 1)
          0  "쪮 ⥭". p ⪥ p p
              pp ᮮ饭  訡.
          1  "p 䠩".  䠩  ⨬ p⮬ 
              뢮  p p   DIR.
          2  "⥬ 䠩".   ⨬ p⮬ ᯮ
              p p㧪 ⥬,  ⠪ p 믮
              設⢠ ⥬ p権.
          3  "⪠ ⮬". pp  pp "filename"
               ".ext" ⠢  ⮬.  ᪥  
              ⮫쪮  䠩  p⮬ "⪠ ⮬", p祬 
               pᯮ  p pp ᪠.
          4  "pp".   ⨬ p⮬ p⠢
              ᮡ pp.
          5  "p娢 䠩".   ⠭  䠩,
              p⠭  BACKUP.

         㭪 43  祭  p⮢. p
         p饭  㭪樨  pp DS:DX 頥 
         p ᨬ쭮 p, ᮤp饩 ᯥ䨪p  
          䠩. p  몠 㫥 ⮬. 
         pp CX 頥   p⮢,  pp
         AL - 祭 00  01,

         AL = 01H  㭪   p⮢  祭,
                   㪠  pp CX
         AL = 00H  㭪 p頥 ⥪饥 祭 
                   p⮢

         ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡,  p稩
         䫠 ⠭   pp AL p頥  
         祭:

         AL = 01H   室  pp AL 室 祭,
                   ⫨筮  01  00
         AL = 03H   䠩 㯥,  ᨬ쭠
                   p ᯥ䨪樨 䠩  稢
                   㫥 ⮬
         AL = 05H  p ⪥  p pp 
                   ⪨ ⮬.
                                   - 289 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  44     /    (IOCTL)  2,3
         㭪 㦨  p뫪    祭 
          p  /뢮.  ⠪ ᯮ
          p  pp p. p⢮
         ( 䠩) p  뫪  p ,
         頥  pp BX. 뫪  p 祭 0000
         -0004 ppp  㦤 p樮 ⥬ (.
         ᠭ 㭪樨 3).
         㭪 p  16 㭪権. p 롨p
         㭪樨 ( p 祭 00-0FH) 頥 
         pp AL.
         ᫨  p p 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         ⠭ p稩 䫠   pp AL p頥
           祭:

         AL = 01  訡筮  p 㭪樨,  饭
                   p 
         AL = 04H   ᢮ 뫮  p  䠩
         AL = 05H    䠩 
         AL = 06H  訡筮  뫪  p  䠩
         AL = 0DH  訡  
         AL = 0FH  訡筮  p p⢠

          00  01 (  )

         AL = 00H  뤠 p   譥 p⢠.
                   p, p頥  pp DX,
                   뢠 p騩  譥 p⢠.
                   p頥 祭 pp  ⠡..
         AL = 01H   p  p⢥. p p饭
                    㭪樨     pp DX.

                        
         騥 p 㭪樨 㦠  祭 
         p   p뫪  p  譥 p⢮.

         AL = 02H   p  譥 p⢠. p
                   p饭  㭪樨  pp AL 頥
                   祭 02,  pp BX - 뫪 
                   p ,  pp DS:DX - 
                   p p, 㤠 p뫠 ,  
                   pp CX - ⢮ 뢠 ⮢.
         AL = 03H  p᫠ p  譥 p᢮. p
                   p饭  㭪樨  pp AL 頥
                   祭 03,  pp BX - 뫪 
                   p ,  pp DS:DX - 
                   p p, ᮤp饣 ,   pp
                   CX - ⢮ p ⮢.
         AL = 04H  p p  ᪠. 㭪 筠
                   㭪樨 02  ⢥ ᪫祭. p
                   p饭   㭪樨  pp BL
                   頥 p ᪮ (00=p稩 ᪮,
                   01=A  ..).
         AL = 05H   p  . 㭪 筠
                   㭪樨 03  ⢥ ᪫祭. p
                   p饭   㭪樨  pp BL
                   頥 p ᪮ (00=p稩 ᪮,
                   01=A  ..).

                  /
         騥  㭪樨  p ⮢
         p⢠ ( 䠩)    뢮 .

         AL = 06H    . p p饭 
                   㭪樨  pp AL 頥 祭
                   06,  pp BX - 뫪  p
                   . ᫨ 뫪 ᮮ⢥ p
                    p⢮ ⮢  p ,  
                   pp AL p頥 祭 FFH. 
                   砥 ⮢ p⢠  pp AL
                   頥 祭 00.
                                   - 290 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         AL = 07H    뢮. p p饭 
                   㭪樨  pp AL 頥 祭
                   07,  pp BX - 뫪  p
                   . ᫨ 뫪 ᮮ⢥ p
                    p⢮ ⮢  뢮 ,  
                   pp AL p頥 祭 FFH. 
                   砥 ⮢ p⢠  pp AL
                   頥 祭 00.

                        
         AL = 08H  pp   ⥫ 
                   p⢥. ᫨ p pp
                   ⥫ (⥫  ), 
                    pp AX p頥 祭 00. 
                   p⨢ 砥 - 祭 01. 㭪
                   pp⠭   pᨩ MS-DOS (稭
                    pᨨ 3.0).
         AL = 09H  p pp p⢠: "쭮/
                   /祭  ⥢ ⥬ (㤠)".
                     p  pp DX
                   p頥 ᫮ p⮢  
                   pp.  㤠 - ⠭ 12-
                    pp.
         AL = 0AH  p pp 뫪  p
                   : "쭠/㤠". ᫨ 뫪
                     쭮,   pp DX
                   p頥 ᫮ p⮢  
                   pp.  p⨢ 砥 ⠭
                   15-  pp. 㭪 pp⠭ 
                    pᨩ MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.1).
         AL = 0BH  ⠭  p p饭 
                   p. 㭪 㦨  p
                   p p  p묨 p饭ﬨ
                    p (᫨ p⢮ p頥 ᨣ
                   "")   p祭  ᨬ쭮
                   ᫮ p p饭, p 
                   p 믮  p樨 p
                   (饣) 㯠  䠩. p 맮
                   㭪樨  pp CX 頥 ⢮
                   横  (.. p p 
                   p饭ﬨ),   pp DX - ᨬ쭮
                   ⢮ p饭.  㬮砭 p
                   祭: 横  - 1, ᨬ쭮
                   ᫮ p饭 - 3. 㭪 pp⠭
                     pᨩ MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.0).
         AL = 0CH    p p⢠. 㭪
                   㦨    p
                   pp p⢠.  pp⠭ ⮫쪮
                    pᨨ 3.3
         AL = 0DH  騩 p IOCTL. 㭪  믮
                   ᫥騥 p樨:
                   뤠 pp pp p⢠
                    pp pp p⢠
                   p p ᪮ p⢠
                    p ᪮ p⢠
                   pp ᪮ p⢮
                   p 㭪樨 p pp 
                   孨᪮ p㪮⢥  MS-DOS pᨩ 3.2
                    3.3.
                                   - 291 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                          ᠭ                        pᨨ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         AL = 0EH  㭪 p, ᪮쪮 ᪨
                   p pp  p쭮 p⢥
                   (  ᪮쪮). p p饭 
                   㭪樨  pp BL 頥 p
                   p쭮 p⢠ (0 = p稩 ᪮,
                   1 = A  ..). ᫨  pp AL
                   p頥 祭 00,   砥
                     p쭮 p ᮮ⢥
                    ᪮.  p⨢ 砥  pp
                   AL p頥 p ᪮ p⢠,
                    p p ᫥ p饭.
                   㭪 pp⠭   pᨩ
                   MS-DOS (稭  pᨨ 3.2). p pᬮp
                   㭪樨 0FH p pp p
                   㭪樨 0.
         AL = 0FH   p ᪮ p⢠. 㭪
                   pᢠ p ᪮ p⢠
                   ᪮,  p pp ᪮쪮
                   ᪨ p. p p饭 
                   㭪樨  pp BL 頥 p
                   ᪮ p⢠ (1 = A, 2 =   ..).
                    ⢥ pp pᬮp ⥬  
                   ᪮   ᪥.  ⮬
                   ᪮ pp  ᪨ p⢠
                   - A  .   ⤥  p
                    p ⮫쪮  ᪮ p⢮.
                   ᫨ p稬 ᪨ p⢮ 
                   A   室 ᯮ짮
                   p⢠ ,   p  p:
                   "Insert diskette for drive B: and strike any
                   key when ready".
                    p pp, ⮡  
                   p,  ᯮ짮 㭪 0FH 
                   樨  㭪樥 0. ppp㥬
                     pp ᫥饩 pp  ᥬp:

                   ;insert this code prior to accessing drive B
                                ;뤠 p ᪮ p⢠
                   mov  ah,44h  ;㭪 44h
                   mov  al,0eh  ;㭪 0eh
                   mov  bl,1    ;᪮ A
                   int  21h     ;p饭  MS-DOS
                   cmp  al,2    ;p  B?
                   je   exit    ;᫨ ,  室  pp

                                ;p᢮ p p⢠
                   mov  ah,44h  ;㭪 44h
                   mov  al,0fh  ;㭪 0fh
                   mov  bl,2    ;᪮ p⢮ 
                   int  21      ;p饭  MS-DOS

                   exit:

                   ᫨  p p 㭪樨 0EH  0FH
                   p諠 訡,  ⠭ p稩
                   䫠   pp AL p頥  訡.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   - 292 -

                             
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 15  14  13  12  11  10  9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
    -----------------------------------------------------------------
    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
    | R | C |   |   |   |   |   |   | I | E | R | R | I | I | I | I |
    | E | T |   |   |   |   |   |   | S | O | A | E | S | S | S | S |
    | S | R |    ppp    | D | F | W | S | C | N | C | C |
    |   | L |        MS-DOS         | E |   |   |   | L | U | O | I |
    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | V |   |   |   | K | L | T | N |
    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
    |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
    -----------------------------------------------------------------
    ISDEV = 1, ᫨ p⢮  
    ISDEV = 0, ᫨  ⢥ p⢠ ᯮ ᪮ 䠩

    p権 p뫪  (pp AL=00)   뢠 (pp
AL=01)               譥  p⢠  p
᫥⥫쭮 ⮢  pp DX.

ISDEV = 1. :
----------
    EOF   = 1  ᫨ p   諨    䠩
    RAW   = 1  p p  筮 p (pp  Ctrl-Z 
               p)
    RAW   = 0  p p  p ASCII (p pp 
               Ctrl-Z     䠩)
    ISCLK = 1  ᫨  ⢥ p⢠ ᯮ ⠩p
    ISNUL = 1  ᫨  ⢥ p⢠ ᯮ 䨪⨢
               p⢮
    ISCOT = 1  ᫨  ⢥ 室 p⢠ ᯮ ᮫
    ISCIN = 1  ᫨  ⢥ 室 p⢠ ᯮ ᮫
    CTRL  = 1  ᫨ p⢮  p뢠  p. 
                  ⠭ p 믮 㭪樨 44
    CTRL  = 0  ᫨ p⢮   p뢠  p

ISDEV = 0. 
----------
    EOF   = 0  ᫨ 뫠 p p 

    0-5 ⠢ p ᪮ (0 = A, 1 = B  ..)
------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  45H         .        2,3
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp  頥 뫪
          p  䠩.  p p 㭪樨
          pp  p頥 p 뫪  p
         .  뫪 ᯮ     㪠⥫ 
          p 䠩. ᫨ p饭  䠩 p
         p ᯮ짮   뫮,   p p饭
          祭 㪠⥫,  p p p饭
          䠩  p p 뫪, p樮
         ⥬ p뢠  () 祭 㪠⥫.
         ᫨  p p 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         ⠭ p稩 䫠   pp A p頥
           ᫥ 祭:

         AX = 04   ᢮ 뫮  p  䠩
         AX = 06H   pp BX 㪠 뫪 p⮣ 䠩
                                   - 293 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  46H    㭪 ᯮ  p  뫪    2,3
         p  䠩  p p 䠩.
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp  頥
         p 뫪  p ,   pp CX -
         p塞 뫪.  p p 㭪樨 뫪
          pp CX p  䠩, p饭 
         p p   뫪  pp BX.
         ᫨ 뫪  pp CX 砫쭮 p  p㣨
         䠩,   䠩   pp⥫쭮 p.
          뫪  ᯮ짮     㪠⥫ 
          p 䠩. ᫨ p饭  䠩 p
         p ᯮ짮   뫮,   p p饭
          祭 㪠⥫,  p p p饭
          䠩  p p 뫪, p樮 ⥬
         p뢠  () 祭 㪠⥫. ᫨
          p p 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         ⠭ p稩 䫠   pp A p頥
           ᫥ 祭:

         AX = 04   ᢮ 뫮  p  䠩
         AX = 06H   pp BX 㪠 뫪 p⮣ 䠩

  47H      . p p饭  㭪樨     2,3
          pp DS:SI 頥  p  
          64 ;  pp DL - p p⢠ (00 =
         p稩 ᪮, 01 = A  ..). 㭪 p頥
         ᨬ p ( p  pp DS:SI),
         ᮤp ᯥ䨪p  pp  p⢥,
         㪠  pp DL. 祭 ᯥ䨪p 
         砥 p p⢠,  ⠪ p p .
         p 몠 㫥 ⮬. ᫨ p p⢠
          pp DL  訡筮,   p p
         㭪樨 ⠭ p稩 䫠 (䫠 p祣
         ﭨ).
  48     . 㭪 pp       2,3
          p饣 p. p p饭  㭪樨 
         pp  頥 ⢮ 뤥塞 pp䮢
         (  16 ).  p p 㭪樨 
         pp AX p頥 p ᥣ pp
         . ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         ⠭ 䫠 p祣 ﭨ,   pp AX
         p頥   祭:

         AX = 07    p 
         AX = 08   筮 ⢠ ᢮ 

  49     . p p饭  㭪樨  pp   2,3
         ES 頥 p ᥣ  , 뤥
         㭪樥 48.  p p 㭪樨 㪠
          ᢮. ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠
         訡,  ⠭ 䫠 p祣 ﭨ,  
         pp AX p頥   祭:

         AX = 07    p 
         AX = 08      pp  
                   㭪樨 49
                                   - 294 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  4AH       . p p饭      2,3
         㭪樨  pp ES 頥 p ᥣ
         pp  ,   pp BX - 
         ⢮ pp䮢   (pp -  
           16 ).  p p 㭪樨 pp
            㪠 祭. ᫨ p
         믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡,  ⠭
         䫠 p祣 ﭨ,   pp AX p頥
           祭:

         AX = 07    p 
         AX = 08   筮 ⢠ ᢮ 
         AX = 09      pp  
                   㭪樨 49

  4BH       .   㭪樨 4    2,3
         pp  p㧨  믮 p pp.
         室 (뢠) pp 뢠 p⥫᪮,
          p㦠 (뢠) pp - 稭.
         稭 pp   p稪 
         MS-DOS.  ⮬ 砥 易⥫쭮 㪠뢠 
         pp MS-DOS (筮, 䠩 COMMAND.COM).
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp AL 뢠
         "祭 㭪樨":

         AL = 00H  p㧨  믮 pp. p樮
                   ⥬ ᮧ p䨪 ᥣ 稭
                   pp, p㦠  믮 . 
                    稭 pp p p
                   pp뢠  pp뢠  Ctrl-Break,
                   p ⥬  p⥫ pp.
                   㭪  pp p ᮤp
                   pp.
         AL = 03H  p㧨 p. p樮 ⥬ 
                   ᮧ p䨪 ᥣ 稭 pp.
                   pp p㦠  ᯥ樠쭮 ⢥
                    ⮣ . 믮 pp 
                   p. p ᫥ p㧪 p
                   p頥  뢠 pp.

         p p饭  㭪樨  pp DS:DX 頥
          p ᨬ쭮 p,  ᠭ p⢮,
         ᯥ䨪p    p㦠 pp. p
          몠 㫥 ⮬.
          pp ES:BX 뢠  p ,
         饣 室  p 㭪樨  -
         "祭 㭪樨".  ᮧ p p饭
          4. p  p  ⠡ A-1  A-2.
         뢠 pp 砥 p  p
           p   ᢮ . p
         p㧪 뢠 pp  , p
          뢠饩 pp, ppp 
         뢠   㭪樨 4AH.
         ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         ⠭ 䫠 p祣 ﭨ   pp A
         p頥   祭:

         AX = 01H   pp AL ᮤp 祭, ⫨筮 
                   祭 01  03
                                   - 295 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         AX = 02H    pp DS:DX 䠩   
                   訡筮 p
         AX = 05     䠩
         AX = 08H   p㧪 稭 pp 
                   筮 ⢠ 
         AX = 0AH  p p樮 p  
                    32 
         AX = 0BH  訡   䠩
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                             -1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
p                              pp
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ES:BX     (2 ),  p p ᥣ p樮
         p, p  뢠 pp. ᫨ pp
         ᮤp 祭 00,   뢠 pp p
         p樮 p 뢠饩 pp.
            p樮 p p⠢ ᮡ p㯯 ᨬ
         p (  ASCII), p ⠢ p䥩
         "pp - p樮 ⥬". p樮 p
         易⥫쭮 砥 p "COMSPEC = ᯥ䨪p 
         䠩 COMMAND.COM". p饭   p  砥
         室 ᯮ짮  pp p樮
         ⥬. ⠫ p p樮 p - 
         pp,    PATH  PROMPT. 
         p 몠 㫥 ⮬, ᫥ p -
          㫥묨 ⠬. p p樮 p  
         p 32 . p ᥣ p樮 p p 
         p 2CH  砫 psp pp.
ES:BX+2   ᫮ (4 ),  室 㪠⥫ 
         p ( p p). p⪨ p  p
         p  p ES:BX+2  ES:BX+3,  p ᥣ - 
         p ES:BX+4  ES:BX+5.  p p 
         p 80  砫 psp pp.
             psp, 稭 ⮬ 80   128 ⮢,
         ⠢ " pp" psp.  ⮩  室
         pp,    p ᫥   .
         p   "edlin sample.txt" MS-DOS p㦠 EDLIN.
         ⥬ EDLIN pᬠp  pp psp: "0 20 53 41
         4D 50 4C 45 2E 54 58 54 0D". p   pp
         p ⢮ ᨬ   p. p
         ᨬ (  p)   襬 砥 - ⮩
         (祭 20). ⠫ ᨬ ⠢ p
         "sample.txt"   ASCII. p 몠 ᨬ p
         p⪨ (0DH).
ES:BX+6   ᫮,  室 㪠⥫  p 䠩
         ( p ). p⪨ p  p  p
         ES:BX+6  ES:BX+7, p ᥣ -  p ES:BX+8 
         ES:BX+9.  p 䠩 p  p 5 
         砫 psp 뢠 pp.
ES:BX+10  ᫮,  室 㪠⥫  p 䠩
         ( p ). p⪨ p  p  p
         ES:BX+10  ES:BX+11, p ᥣ -  p ES:BX+12 
         ES:BX+13.  p 䠩 p  p 6 
         砫 psp 뢠 pp.
          p 5CH  6CH  砫 psp pp 室 p
         12- "p ⥩ pp".   
         p    p ᯥ䨪p 䠩.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   - 296 -

                                A-2
                           
------------------------------------------------------------------------
p                              pp
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ES:BX     (2 ),  室 p ᥣ,  p
         p㦠 뢠 pp.
ES:BX+2   (2 ),  室 䠪p (樥),
         ᯮ㥬   p p pp 
         뢠 pp.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  4     . 㭪 㦨  pp뢠        2,3
         p, p饣  p襭  pp AL.
            ᯮ짮    p
          䠩 (pp IF ERRORLEVEL), 
             㭪樨 4DH. 㭪 p뢠
          p뢠  pᮬ 䠩.
  4DH        . 㭪     2,3
         롨p  p襭 뢠 pp.  p
         p 㭪樨   p頥  pp AL. 
         pp AH p頥   祭:

         AH = 00H  p쭮 p襭 뢠 pp
         AH = 01H  pp뢠  Ctrl-Break
         AH = 02H  pp뢠  p᪮ 訡
         AH = 03H  TSR

  4        . 㭪          2,3
         pᬠp 㪠 pp  롨p 䠩 
         ᯥ䨪樥, 㤮⢮p饩 㪠. pp
         "filename"   頥 ᨬ (?  *).
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp DS:DX 頥
          p ᨬ쭮 p,  p
         ᯥ䨪 䠩 (p p⢠, ᯥ䨪p 
           䠩). p  몠 㫥 ⮬.
         p 䠩 㪠뢠  pp CX (.ᠭ
         㭪樨 43). ᫨ 䠩 ,   p
          㪠 ᪠ (DTA)  ᫥騬
         p:

         p⪨ p                  ᠭ
         ( 砫 DTA)
            00-14         ppp MS-DOS  㭪樨
                            4
            15              p⮢  䠩
            16-17         ⪠ p 䠩
            18-19         ⪠  䠩
            1AH-1BH         p 䠩 (襥 ᫮)
            1CH-1DH         p 䠩 (p襥 ᫮)
            1EH-2AH           pp  䠩,
                            몠 㫥 ⮬

         ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡,  䫠
         p祣 ﭨ ⠭,   pp AX
         p頥   祭:

         AX = 02H   pp DS:DX 㪠 p, 
                   몠 㫥 ⮬,  ᮤ
                   訡 
         AX = 12H    
                                   - 297 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  4FH         . 㭪  2,3
         ᯮ   䠩  室饩
         ᯥ䨪樥 ⥫쭮  䠩, p㦥 
          㭪樨 4EH.
         p p饭  㭪樨 p  p
          (DTA)  筮 DTA, 祭 
         p p 㭪樨 4. 㭪 4FH p頥
          䠩  室饩 ᯥ䨪樥  p
         㭪樨 4.
 50-53 ppp MS-DOS.
  54H       VERIFY. ᫨  VERIFY p⠥  2,3
          p off,   pp AL p頥 祭 00.
          p⨢ 砥 - 祭 01.   
          ⠭   㭪樨 2.
  55    ppp MS-DOS.
  56     . p p饭  㭪樨  pp  2,3
         DS:DX 頥  p ᨬ쭮 p,
         ᮤp饩 ᯥ䨪 p뢠 䠩. 䨪
         砥 p p⢠, ᯥ䨪p   p 
         䠩.  pp ES:DI 頥  p ᨬ쭮
         p, ᮤp饩  ᯥ䨪 䠩 (ᯥ䨪p
            䠩).  p 稢 㫥 ⮬.
         ⮩ 㭪樥   p p⢠. ᫨ p
         믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡,  ⠭
         䫠 p祣 ﭨ   pp AX p頥
           ᫥ 祭:

         AX = 02H   䠩  
         AX = 03H     
         AX = 05X    䠩 
         AX = 11H    p p⢠

  57    /    . p p饭   2,3
         㭪樨  pp  頥 뫪  p
          䠩. ᫨  pp AL 뢠 祭
         00,   pp DX 㭪 p頥 pp ,
           pp CX - pp p. ᫨ p p饭
          㭪樨  pp AL 室 祭 01,  pp
          䠩   ᮮ⢥⢨  祭 pp
         DX,  pp p -  ᮮ⢥⢨  祭
         pp CX. p  pp p   䠩
           p.
         pp p   p  p, ᠭ
         p pᬮp 㭪樨 38. p祬 p訩 
         p  pp DL ( CL),  訩  - 
         pp DH ( CH).
         ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         ⠭ 䫠 p祣 ﭨ   pp
         AX p頥   祭:

         AX = 01  p AL  ᮤp 祭 00  01
         AX = 06H   pp BX 㪠 뫪 p⮣ 䠩
                                   - 298 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  58    /  .  pp   2,3
         pp p  뤥   ( 
         㭪樨 48), MS-DOS pᬠp , ⮡ 
         ᢮ .  p "p⥣" 롮p 
          p   pp:
         1.  pᬠp, 稭  襣 p,
              p,   㤥 p㦥  
            pp . pp ⢮   .
         2. pᬠp  㯭 , 稭 
            襣 p; p ⮬ 롨p  ᢮
               pp . pp ⢮
            ,    p㥬  pp.
         3.  pᬠp, 稭  p襣 p,
              p,   㤥 p㦥  
            pp . pp ⢮   .
         㭪 58  pp p p
         p⥣ pp ,  ⠪ 
          p⥣. ⮡   p⥣, 
         pp AL p p饭  㭪樨 頥
         祭 00; ⮡  p⥣ - 祭 01.
          p 砥  p⥣ p頥  pp
         AX,  p -  롨p  pp BX (p
         p饭  㭪樨  室  
         pp BX).

          p⥣
         00   p 1.
         01   p 2.
         02   p 3.

         ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         ⠭ 䫠 p祣 ﭨ. ᫨ 訡筮
           㭪樨,   pp AX p頥
         祭 01.
  59        . 㭪 뤠     2,3
         p p  訡, p襤襩
         p⢥ p p饭  p稪 int24h
             ⥬ 㭪権 2FH-62H. p
         p饭  㭪樨 59  pp  頥 祭
         00.  p p 㭪樨  pp AX
         p頥  訡.  p p 
         : (1)  pp  -  訡 ( 訡
         p pp  p宦 - .); (2) 
         pp BL - p㥬 ⢨ (.. ⢨
         pp, 室  室   樨
         - .); (3)  pp  - ⮯ 訡
         (⮯ 訡 p ⨯ p
         p㤮, p ᡮ p  p諠 - .).

          =  訡
         -----------------
         01   pp (pp,  墠⠥ )
         02   pp뢠 (pp, p 䠩)
         03   pp襭  p
         04  訡  ⥫쭮 pp MS-DOS (.ᯥ祭)
         05   p p㤮
         06  訡  ⥬ pp MS-DOS (.ᯥ祭)
         07  訡  p pp
         08    䠩
         09  ᮢ⨬ ⨯ 䠩
         0AH  p 䠩
         0       p ⪮ ⮬
         0  p㣠 訡
                                   - 299 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         BL = 㥬 ⢨
         ---------------------------
         01  p p  뤠 p "Select, Ignore or
              Abort?"
         02H  p p  p窮 (p p p) 
              뤠 p "Ignore or Abort?"
         03    짮⥫ p p
         04  pp p pp  ⨬ p
              (p 䠩,  p  ..)
         05   pp뢠 p pp - 
              p ⥬
         06  p 訡
         07  p p ᫥ ⥫⢠ 짮⥫

          = ⮯ 訡
         --------------------------
         01  p⢮ ⭮
         02  ᪮
         03  訡  ⥢ ⥬
         04  p⢮  ᫥⥫ 㯮
         05  pp

  5AH      . 㭪 㦨            2,3
         p樨 p 䠩  㭨  
          pp.  p,  ᯮ 
         pp  pp, p뢠 p 䠩.
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp DS:DX 頥
          p p, ᮤp饩 ᯥ䨪 䠩.
         p  稢 ᨬ p  (\) 
         몠 㫥 ⮬.  p p 㭪樨 
         pp DS:DX p頥 㪠⥫  
         ᯥ䨪p 䠩.  ᯥ䨪p ⠪ 몠
         㫥 ⮬. ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠
         訡,  ⠭ 䫠 p祣 ﭨ, 
          pp AX p頥   祭:
         AX
         03    
         05     䠩

  5     . p p饭  㭪樨  pp       2,3
         DS:DX 頥  p p ASCII, ᮤp饩
         ᯥ䨪 ᮧ 䠩,  pp CX - 
         p⮢ 䠩.  pp AX p頥 뫪 
         p   䠩. 㭪 5 筠
         㭪樨 3CH. , 5 䨪p 訡, ᫨ 
         ᯥ䨪 饣 䠩. ᫨ p 믮
         㭪樨 p諠 訡,  ⠭ 䫠 p祣
         ﭨ,   pp AX p頥   祭:
         AX
         03    
         04   ᢮ 뫮  p 
         05     䠩
         50   䠩 
                                   - 300 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  5CH    /   . 㭪      2,3
         p頥   䠩   p  
         (..  p 롮p  - ⮫쪮 
         p pᮢ). p 䠩 筮
         p  p 㯮  䠩  ᫮
         ⥢ ⥬.
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp BX 頥
         뫪  p  䠩,  pp CX:DX -
         p p㥬 ⪠,  pp SI:DI -  .
         ᫨ p p饭  㭪樨  pp AL 頥
         祭 00,  䠩 㤥 p. ᫨ p
         믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡,  ⠭
         䫠 p祣 ﭨ   pp AX p頥
           祭:
         AX
         01  訡  㭪樨
         06  訡筠 뫪  p 
         21   ⮪ (  ) p

         p 䠩   䠩 p
         筮,   pp AL 頥 祭
         01.
  5DH    ppp MS-DOS (.p )
  500    . 㭪 p⠭  p         3
         ⥬ IBM PC Net  Microsoft Networks. p
         p饭  㭪樨  pp AX 頥 祭
         500,   pp DS:DX -  p p, 
         㤥 室  設  ⥢ ⥬.
          pp DS:DX p頥  p ᨬ쭮
         p,  p 室  設. p
         몠 㫥 ⮬. ᫨  設  p,
           pp CH p頥 祭 00. ᫨ pp
         CH  㫥,   pp CL p頥 p 
         NETBIOS. ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡,
          ⠭ 䫠 p祣 ﭨ,   pp
         AX p頥  訡.

         AX = 01H  訡  㭪樨

  502   . 㭪 p⠭  p        3
         ⥬ IBM PC Net  Microsoft Networks.  㦨
          p뫪 p饩 p  ⥢ pp.
         ᫥  짮⥫   p⭮
         pp ⥢ ⥬,  뫠  
         設   pp 䠩  p⢮
         㪠 p p.  祭
         p饩 p  p 짮⥫
         ⥢ ⥬, p   pp.
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp AX 頥
         祭 502,  pp BX -  p pp
          ᯨ᪠ p 뢮 (.ᠭ 㭪樨
         5F03),  pp CX -  p饩 p,  
         pp DS:SI -  p p饩 p.
         ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         ⠭ 䫠 p祣 ﭨ   pp
         AX p頥  訡:

         AX = 01H  訡  㭪樨
                                   - 301 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  503     . 㭪         3
         p⠭  p  ⥬ IBM PC Net 
         Microsoft Networks. 㭪 p頥 祭
         p饩 p, p  pp
         㭪樥 502. p p饭  㭪樨  pp
         AX 頥 祭 503,  pp BX - 
         p pp  ᯨ᪠ p 뢮, 
         pp DS:SI - p p ( 128 ),  㤥
         室 쭮  p⢠,   pp
         ES:DI -  p p ( 128 ),  㤥
         室 ⥢  p⢠.
         㭪 p頥   ᫥饬 p浪:
            ᫨ 㫥  pp  饭,  ,
          p ⨬ p⢮, ᫨  
         ⠭ - ᯮ짮 p⢠  ᪠.
            ᫨ pp BL p 03,  p⢮ 
         pp, ᫨ BL = 04H,   ⢥ p⢠
         p ᪮.
             pp CX 室 祭 pp,
         祭  p 믮 㭪樨 5F03.
            p pp DX  BP  p.
             pp DS:SI 室  p
         ᨬ쭮 p, ᮤp饩 쭮 
         p⢠. p 몠 㫥 ⮬.
             pp ES:DI 室  p
         ᨬ쭮 p, ᮤp饩 ⥢ 
         p⢠. p 몠 㫥 ⮬.
            ᫨ p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡, 
         ⠭ 䫠 p祣 ﭨ   pp
         AX p頥  訡:

         AX = 01H  訡  㭪樨
         AX = 12H   䠩  室 p

  5F03H   . 㭪 p⠭  p     3
         ⥬ IBM PC Net  Microsoft Networks.   
         ⠭ ᮮ⢥⢨ 쭮  p⢠
          ⥢ . ᮪  ᮮ⢥⢨
         뢠 ᯨ᪮ p 뢮.  ᯨ᮪
         砥  p. p p "쭮 
         /⥢ " p᢮  0. ᮪ p
         뢮 ᯮ p p 㭪権 502, 503,
         5F02H  5F04H.
         p p饭  㭪樨 p ᫥騥
         p樨:
          pp AX 뢠 祭 5F03H.
          pp BL 뢠 03, ᫨ p⢮ 
         pp,  04, ᫨ p⢮  ᪮.
          pp  頥 pp, p 㤥 ᥭ
          ᯨ᮪ p 뢮.
                                   - 302 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          pp DS:SI 頥  p p,
         ᮤp饩 쭮  p⢠. p 
         몠 㫥 ⮬.
          pp ES:DI 頥  p p 
         p, p 㫥 ⮬, p, ᮤp:
         (1) ⥢  p⢠, (2) ᯥ䨪p 
         ⥢ p⢠, (3) p. 砫 ᯥ䨪p
          ⥢ p⢠  ⬥   (//).
         p p쭮 p襭 p 㭪樨 䫠 p祣
         ﭨ 頥.  p⨢ 砥 䫠
         ⠭,   pp AX p頥  訡:
         AX
         01H   訡  㭪樨; p p p;
               p⢮ p
         03    
         05     p
         08   筮 ⢠ 

  5F04H     . 㭪         3
         p⠭  p  ⥬ IBM PC Net 
         Microsoft Networks.  㤠 , ⭮ 
          p,  ᯨ᪠ p 뢮 (.
         ᠭ 㭪樨 5F03H). p p饭  㭪樨 
         pp AX 頥 祭 5F04H,  pp DS:DI
         -  p ᨬ쭮 p, ᮤp饩 
         쭮  p⢠,   ⥢ ᯥ䨪p
          (稭騩  蠬 (//)). p 
         몠 㫥 ⮬. ᫨ 㪠뢠 ⥢
         ᯥ䨪p,  㭪 p뢠  쭮
         p⢠  ⥢ ⥬.
         ᫨  p 믮 㭪樨 p諠 訡,
          頥 䫠 p祣 ﭨ   pp AX
         p頥  訡:
         AX
         01H   訡  㭪樨; p p p
         0FH  p⢮ ,   ᢮ ᫥
              p襭 ⥪饩 p樨

  62       . 㭪       3
         pp 室  ᯮ짮 ᢮ psp. p
         p饭  㭪樨  pp AH 뢠 祭
         62.  pp BX p頥 p ᥣ psp.
  63       . 㭪          2.25
          ⥬ ⠡ ⨬ 祭 
         pp  ASCII, ⠭ 䫠 ᮫ 
         뢥 祭 ⮣ 䫠. 㭪 p祭 
         pᨨ 2.25.
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp AH 頥
         祭 63,  pp AL -   ᫥ 祭:

         00  뤠 p ⠡
         01  ⠭   䫠 ᮫
         02  뢥 祭 䫠 ᮫

         ᫨ AL = 01H,   pp DL  祭
         01, ᫨ p ⠭ 䫠,  祭 00,
         ᫨ 㦭  .
         ᫨ AL = 00H,   pp DS:SI p頥
          p ⠡. ᫨ AL = 02H,   pp
         DL p頥 祭 䫠.
  65                                        3.3
  66                                        3.3
                                   - 303 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                      ᠭ                            pᨨ
MS-DOS                                                           MS-DOS
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  67               3.3
          .  ⭮, psp  pp ᮤp
         20 ᢮ ⮢, p祭  p 뫮
          p  䠩.  p ⠭
         p祭  ⢮ p p 䠩.
            20 ( 20 㯭 뫮  p
         ). 㭪 67    p祭.
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp  頥
         p㥬 ⢮ 뫮. p p쭮 p襭
         p 㭪樨 頥 䫠 p祣 ﭨ. 
         p⨢ 砥 䫠 㤥 ⠭   pp AX
         p饭  訡.
         㭪 pp⠭ ᯥ樠쭮  pᨨ 3.3,  p
           뤥    p饭
          ⠡ 뫮  p . p ⮬
           뤥 pp䮢 ᯮ  p樨
         p饣   (..2, .12).
         , p ᯮ짮 㭪樨 室 뢠
         ᫥饥:
         1. ᫨ p ⭮ ⢮ 뫮,  
            ⠡ 뫮 ⥫쭮 뤥 64  
         2. ᫨ 祭 pp    祭 FFFFH,
              ⠡ 뫮 뤥  , 祬
            㯭 ⥬.  ⮬ 砥 設 ᠥ.
  68     . 㭪 頥  p,          3.3
         p  㪠 뫪  p 
         䠩   ᮮ⢥  pp.
         p p饭  㭪樨  pp BX 頥
         뫪  p . ᫨ p 믮
         㭪樨 p諠 訡,  ⠭ 䫠
         p祣 ﭨ,   pp AX p頥 
         訡. p p쭮 p襭 䫠 p祣
         ﭨ 頥.

                                   - 304 -

                           
                  

   p "㬥p ᢮⢠  MS-DOS" ⭮   㭪 
pp뢠, p 祭  p樮 ⥬,   p
 p㪮⢥  MS-DOS. p Microsoft  IBM  ⥬    p稭
  p  pp⠬  ᯮ짮    ᢮⢠.  ⮬ 
p뢠 p 祭 設  p樮 ⥬.
           筮  ᠭ 㭪樨,  ᫥⥫쭮 
⮢p p樨     祭   ⮤ 믮,   p
p     樥  짮⥫     pp     p  p
⥩. ਢ     p 㭪樨   ࠡ稪
뢠 p  p﫨   祭  p  p.
⮬    ᠭ ⮢p.
   p  ᯮ짮  㬥p  ᢮ p樮 ⥬
室  뢠    p-pp稪,    pp
p  ᢮  ᫥ p MS-DOS.

                              
------------------------------------------------------------------------
pp뢠                           ᠭ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  28     MS-DOS. pp뢠 28 pp p樮
         ⥬  ᨣp   p 室  DOS.
         (..2,.13).  㬮砭 p稪 ⮣ pp뢠
           iret. p,  pp뢠 祭
          ⥬, ⮡ ᯥ    MS-DOS 
         pp TSR.
  29     . pp뢠 Int29H p뫠 ᨬ  p
         ᯫ.  뢮 pp p ANSI.SYS
         (᫨  祭  p樮 ⥬). Int29H p⠥
         ⥫쭮 p 㭪権 MS-DOS 2H  9H. p ⮡p
         ᨬ Int29H p頥 pp   p ( 
         㭪樨 2  9). ⮬  㤮  ᯮ짮, 祬
         Int10H.
         ᫨ Int29H p  稢  (AL=7), 
           ᨣ, ⥫ 뢮 p稪
         .
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                

   p饭   㬥p 㭪樨  p ⠪  ,  
筮 㭪樨 MS-DOS.    p 㭪樨 頥  pp  AH,
ᮮ⢥⢥    ⠫  pp,  ᫥ 祣 뢠
Int21H.  㭪  1FH  pp⠭    pᨩ  1., 2.  3.. 㭪樨
32-53 -  pᨩ 2.  3.. 㭪 5DH -  pᨩ 3..

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                           ᠭ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1FH    㭪  筠 ᠭ  㭪樨 32.  ⫨稥
          , 㭪 1FH p뢠 ⠡ pp p祣
         p⢠.  p 1. p ⠡ ᪮쪮 ⫨砥
          p  pᨩ.
  32        . p p饭 
         㭪樨  pp DL 뢠 p p⢠ (0 = p稩
         ᪮, 1 = A  ..). 㭪 p頥:
            ᫨ pp AL = 0,  p⢮   pp DS:BX
         ᮤp 㪠⥫   ⠡ pp;
            ᫨ p⢮   ( ),  AL = FFH.
          pp  ᫥騩 p (p⪨ p
         p  ⭠p筮 p⠢):
                                   - 305 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                           ᠭ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
         p            㭪
          00     p p⢠ (0 = p稩 ᪮, 1 = A  ..)
          01     p p⢠ p ᪮ (0, 1, 2  ..)
         02-03   ⢮ ⮢  ᥪp
          04     ⢮ ᥪp  p  
          05      ᪮쪮 ⮢ 㦭 ᤢ , ⮡
                  ⢮ ⮢  p (᫮ ⮢
                 㬭  2)
         06-07   ⢮ ᥪp p㧪
          08     ⢮  FAT
         09-0A   ⢮ ᥩ  p pp
         0B-0C   p p ᥪp, ᮤp饣 
         0D-0   饥 ⢮ p  
          0F     ⢮ ᥪp,  FAT
         10-11   p p ᥪp pp
         12-15    p  pp
          16      ⥫ ⥫ (..14, .2)
          17     00, ᫨  p뢠 ( 騩 
                 㯥)
         18-1    p ᫥饩 ⠡ pp;
                 FFFF FFFFH, ᫨  ᫥   楯窥
  34       INDOS.  pp ES:BX p頥
          p 䫠 (..2,.13).
  37    /   . 䨪p
         祢 pp -  ᨬ, p騩  p
            - ᮡ⢥   祢 pp. 
         㬮砭 䨪p 祢 pp  ᨬ
         p  (/). ⮡  䨪p,  pp AL
         p 祭 00.  䨪p (  ASCII)
         p頥  pp DL. ⮡   ᨬ, 
         pp AL 頥 祭 01,   pp DL - 祭
         䨪p (  ASCII).
          p 2. 㭪  ᯮ짮, ⮡  
         ⠭ "forced\DEV\flag". ᫨ 䫠 ⠭,  
         p⢠  p⢮ pp "\DEV\". ᫨ 䫠
         饭,  pp "\DEV\" 易⥫.  祭 䫠
          pp AL 뢠 祭 02.  祭
         p頥  pp DL (00, ᫨ 䫠 饭; 01 - ᫨
         ⠭). ⮡ ⠭ 䫠,  pp AL 頥
         祭 03,   pp DL - 祭 00; ⮡ 
         䫠,  pp AL 頥 祭 3,   pp DL -
         祭 1.
  4        .  㭪 
         㭪樥 㭪樨 4  ᯮ p (DEBUG) p
         p㧪 pp. p p饭    pp AL
         頥 祭 01,   pp ES:BX -  p
          pp ( p  ᮢ  p⮬,
         ᯮ㥬  㭪樨 4, 㭪 0 (.p A)).
          p p 㭪樨  p ES:[BX+0EH] p
         祭 pp p㦥 pp: SS, SP, CS  IP.
  50       . p p饭 
         50  pp BX 뢠 p 䨪p p.
         㭪 砥 㪠 p p稬. 䨪p
         p -  p ᥣ psp. 䨪p p饩
            pp pᢠ p p樮
         ⥬, 뢠 䨪p p祣 p.
         50  ᯮ  pp TSR,  p  
         䠩 ⢫  뫪  p  䠩.
                                   - 306 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
㭪                           ᠭ
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  51       .  pp BX 㭪
         p頥 䨪p p祣 p.  
         ᯮ  ⠭  㭪樥 50  pp TSR, 
         p   䠩 ⢫  뫪  p
          䠩. 㭪 筠 樠쭮 㬥p
         㭪樨 62.  ⫨稥  , 㭪 51 pp⠭ ⮫쪮
          pᨩ 2..
  52       "INVARS".  pp ES:BX p頥
          p "invars". Invars -  ⠡ 㪠⥫,
         ᯮ㥬 p樮 ⥬.  "invars", ⠪   
         "indos", 樠쭮  ppp,  ᯮ
         pp⠬.
         p ES:BX ᮤp 㪠⥫   pp ᪮
         A.  p ES:[BX-2] pᯮ p  p
          (mcb). (..2, .12).
          pp 䨪⨢ p⢠ 室  p
         ES:[BX+22H].   p  楯窥  pp.
         p 4   ᮤp 㪠⥫  ᫥騩 
         楯窥 . (..2, .14).
  53       . p p饭 
         㭪樨  pp DS:SI 頥 p  pp
         ⥬ ROM BIOS (),   pp ES:BP - p ⪠
         ,  㤥 室 ⠡ (.ᠭ 㭪樨 32).
         ᬮp BPB p  .14, .2.
  5DH       . 㭪  ᪮쪮
         㭪権. p p饭  5DH p 㦭 㭪樨
         頥  pp AL.
         㭪 06 p頥  pp DS:SI p 䫠
         p᪮ 訡 (p᪮ ﭨ). pp
         ᯮ짮 ⮩ 㭪樨 p  .2,.13.
         㭪 0AH  p (extended) p 
         訡. p p饭    pp DS:DX 뢠
          p , ᮤp饩   訡 (3 ᫮).
         ⮡   p ᯮ 㭪 59.
         㭪  ᯮ짮  pp TSR, ᫨ p
         p  ⥬ ⠭   ⥬  p饭
          TSR p  訡.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   - 307 -

                           
                      (BATCH) 

    p p pp ⥬-, p   
 䠩.  䠩 ⠢  p pᬮp
  p樯.   p  㦨  p樥
  㤮⢠ p樮 ⥬.
     䠩    p  ⮫쪮      p MS-DOS
(稭    pᨨ  2.00).  ᪮    ᯮ  p  p㧪
p樮 ⥬,  室   ⥬ .  ᪥
⠪      室   䠩   SORT.EXE,  MORE.COM,  THREE.COM  
CHDISK.COM,  ⠪        p  p饭  p p
  䠩.     ⥬-       䠩  p
p⥫쭮 3.000  ᪮ .
     p樨   ,  p饣   p⮩     䠩,
ᯮ  p.  ᫥  ᮧ   p 䠩. ⠪,
 ᫥騥  p (..2,.9). ⬥⨬,   p㧪
p樮 ⥬ p  p pp ᪠ C.

   C>debug
   -e 100 ba
   -e 14f ba
   -f 101 14e 20
   -m 100 14f 150
   -m 100 19f 1A0
   -m 100 23f 240
   -m 100 37f 380
   -m 100 32f 600
   -e 100 c9
   -e 14f bb
   -f 101 14e cd
   -e 240 cc
   -e 28f b9
   -f 241 28e cd
   -e 7e0 c8
   -e 82f bc
   -f 7e1 82e cd
   -e 16f "SAMPLE BATCH FILES"
   -e 1c6 "from"
   -e 210 "MS-DOS BIBLE"
   -e 383 "1. SORT DIRECTORY ALPHABETICALLY (specify drive)"
   -e 423 "2. SORT DIRECTORY BY DATE (specify drive)"
   -e 4c3 "3. REPORT STATUS OF DISK (specify drive)"
   -e 563 "4. EXIT BATCH FILES AND RETURN TO MS-DOS"
   -rcx
   cx 0000
   :730
   -n batmenu.txt
   -w
   Writing 0730 bytes
   -q

   쪮   p 䠩 "batmenu.txt".  䠩 㦨  
 ⠫  䠩.    ᬮp,    룫廊,
᫨   "type batmenu.txt".
      "copy  con:  [filename]" p㥬  ᠬ 
䠩   (..3,   ᠭ      COPY).  p  䠩  뢠
AUTOEXEC.BAT    㦨    ⮬᪮  p㧪 p  , 
⠪  ⮡p  ᫥ p㧪 MS-DOS.
                                   - 308 -

   C>copy con: autoexec.bat
   echo off
   cls
   date
   time
   cls
   type batmenu.txt
   prompt ENTER A NUMBER (follow 1, 2, or 3 with a drive letter) $g
   ^Z           <----  Ctrl-Z
          1 File(s) copied

   騩  䠩  뢠 "1.bat".   pp ᥩ
pp   ᯮ   䨫p   SORT.   pp  p  
䠢⭮  p浪    pp  "  䠩"  (filename).  뢮
pp ᥩ ᯮ 䨫p  MORE -  뢮  
p  24 p.

   C>copy con:1.bat
   echo off
   cls
   prompt $n$g
   echo SORTING DIRECTORY ALPHABETICALLY...STANDBY
   dir %1: |sort |more
   pause
   echo off
   cls
   type batmenu.txt
   prompt ENTER A NUMBER (follow 1, 2, or 3 with a drive letter) $g
   ^Z
         1 File(s) copied

    䠩  "2.bat" pp   pp   pp .
pp p  24- ᨬ . pp  
뢮    p    24  p.  p  pp 室, ⮡
pp   䠩 뫨  祭  .  p⨢  砥
p  ᫥饥:    䠩    pp  6-12-88,    pp, 㤥
pᯮ p 䠩  pp 12-14-86.

   C>copy con: 2.bat
   echo off
   cls
   prompt $n$g
   echo SORTING DIRECTORY BY DATE...STANDBY
   dir %1: |sort/+24| more
   pause
   echo off
   cls
   type batmenu.txt
   prompt ENTER A NUMBER (follow 1, 2, or 3 with a drive letter) $g
   ^Z
         1 File(s) copied

   p⨩    䠩  뢠  "3.bat".   pp ﭨ
᪠  ᯮ    CHKDSK.    뢮   p ᮤp
pp   ⮡p pp  ᪠ ᯮ   TREE  
䨫p MORE. p 뢮  p  24 p ( p).

                                   - 309 -
   C>copy con: 3.bat
   echo off
   cls
   prompt $n$g
   echo STATUS OF DISK IN DRIVE %1
   echo **************************
   vol %1:
   chkdsk %1:
   pause
   cls
   echo STRUCTURE OF DIRECTORIES AND FILES OF DISK IN DRIVE %1
   echo ******************************************************
   tree %1: |more
   echo off
   pause
   cls
   type batmenu.txt
   prompt ENTER A NUMBER (follow 1, 2 or 3 with a drive letter) $g
   ^Z
         1 File(s) copied

    䠩 "4.bat"  p    뢮  p  ⠭p
p ⥬, pp ⥬ ᠬ 짮⥫  .

   C>copy con: 4.bat
   echo off
   prompt $n$g
   cls
   ^Z
       1 File(s) copied

    , ᫥ 䠩 ⮡p  p  ᫮ "menu".

   C>copy con: menu.bat
   echo off
   cls
   type batmenu.txt
   prompt ENTER A NUMBER (follow 1, 2, or 3 with a drive letter) $g
   ^Z
        1 File(s) copied

   p  p㯨   p. p "menu"   pp㧨
⥬.   p   .   p p 
䠩. p ⮬  㪠 p ᪠, pp p   
ᬮp.  pp, ⮡ ᬮp pp ᪠ B,  1 .
᫨ p p⢠ 饭,  p뢠 p稩 .
                                   - 310 -

                               D
                              

   p      p⠢         p.      
pᬠ⨢ 孨  ⨢樨   p   孨 p祭
⨢ .   p᫥  ⨯ ᯫ,  ᯥ稢 p
p  p .

                               

     p  p⠢  ᮡ  ⠡,  p  ᯮ 
p pp ᫮  ( 設)  ⮡p 
p  ᨬ.    ⠢  ,  室     
pp  몮  ⠡,  ⠪        p   
㭨쭮 p ᨬ.
     pᨨ  MS-DOS,  p  3.3,   ᯮ짮 p 
p.      p樮  ⥬ ᮮ⢥ p
. pp,  MS-DOS, p   ,  p
    437,  ᮮ⢥饬  ᪮    (American  English).
筮, , p    p㣠, p  
ᮮ⢥⢥  863    860.  ᫨  .ᯥ祭, p祭 
p   , ᯮ    MS-DOS, p饩   p㣮
,   p p   p쥧 ᫮.
   ⮡      ⮣  p㤭,    pᨨ 3.3  pp⠭
  ⠭p    p  -    850.    ⮬   
pp   몮:

   죨᪨ (p.)      ᫠᪨
   ᪨ (p.)        ⠫᪨
   ᪨                   p᪨
   ᪨                   p㣠᪨
   p᪨               ᯠ᪨
   檨                  ᯠ᪨ (.p)
   ᪨                  ᪨ (U.K.)
   p᪨ (p.)      ᪨ (U.S.)
   p᪨ (.)

   p稪 MS-DOS p뢠   ,     饬 
850 㤥  p   ⠭p. ,  .ᯥ祭 p  pᨩ,
᭮   ᯮ짮 p㣨  , 㤠   祧.  ⮬
 饣 .ᯥ祭 祭   p 3.3.

                      ?

   設⢮ pp   p  p   p㦠묨 p
p⮢.  砥,  pp  p  ᯮ짮 
 p㦠 p.  p祭  p   p
p   ⨢ ﭨ (⨢p)  p ᯫ,
p      pp.   ⠢      p   饭
pᬮp 孮 p祭  p.
   p祭  p p  p⢠, p 
ᯥ  p       .  ⢥饥   .ᯥ祭
p⠢ ᮡ p樮 䠩  p (cpi).  饥
p   ⨯ p   ⨯ pp,  p  
p⭮   p (.⠡.D-1).  p樮 䠩   
p   MS-DOS pᨨ 3.3.

                                                     D-1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
          p⢮                   p樮 䠩
------------------------------------------------------------------------
IBM Proprinter Model                        4202.CPI
IBM Quietwriter ||| Printer Model 5202      5202.CPI
Enhanced Graphics Adapter                    EGA.CPI
IBM Convertible LCD Adapter                  LCD.CPI
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   - 311 -

      p 㪠   p   ᯥ稢  
p pp.   pᨨ 3.3 pᬮp  pp ᮮ⢥饣
祭   pp (PRINTER.SYS)     ᯫ (DISPLAY.SYS). 
   p  pp 室 p㧨  
設 (..3, ᠭ  DEVICE).

             

   ᫨ p⢮ ᯥ稢 ᪮쪮 ,     
䨪p   p   p㤮   p⢠.    p
p  p㤮  "⮢"    ᯮ짮 p p㧪 
 ᮮ⢥饣 pp.
    p  pp  MODE  ᭮  p樨
  䠩  cpi  (..3,  ᠭ   MODE).   뢠
"⮢묨"  p.  pp, ᫥   ⮢
 ᯫ  (con)   437   850.   pp  ᭮ 
䠩 "ega.cpi".

   mode con codepage prepare=((437,850) c:\dos\ega.cpi)

                      

    p  ᯮᮡ p祭  ⨢ :   (1)  
CHCP; (2)  MODE; (3)   㭪樨 44.
     CHCP  ⠭  p  㪠    p   
ᨬ쭮 ⢠ 室   ⥬ p.  pp, "chcp
850"   p 850   p⢠, ᯥ稢 p 
 ⮩ p.
     p饣  p   ⭮,       p  ⠭
㯭   p⢠:   (1) p  p㧪 ᮮ⢥饣 pp
 (2) p    MODE.   MODE ⠪  p p
⮢  p⭮     p    p⭮   p⢠.
  ⠢  ᯫ  p 850:

   mode con codepage select=850

   p  CHCP   MODE pᬠp  p쥩   
p ᠭ  .
     p  롨p  pp        㭪樨  44,
㭪 0CH.
   p  IBM  ⮢  讥  p㪮⢮     pp⮢,
ᯮ . p ᭮  ⮣ p㪮⢠.

   1.   ,      pp   㤥   p    ⥬,  
ᯥ稢饩 p祭  p. 筮  ⮣ p稢
⢮ ᨬ, ᯮ㥬  ⮡p ᮮ饭 (ᯮ
p  ᨬ).
   2.  ᯮ p᪨ ᨬ.
   3. ᫨  ⢥ p饣 ᨬ  ᯮ짮 
 ⠡   p,      ᨬ,   騩
⮬ 䠢 ⠡      p.
   4. ⠢ ⠡  p⥫ ᫮   ᨬ,  室  
⠡  p.
                                   - 312 -

                                
                             

   p,      p,  p⠭    ⥫,   
ppp  ᥬp. p  ᯮ짮   ⢥
  13-  14-  p  .
     ppp   ᥬp  ᯥ稢   pאַ     
  p  ,  pp,    ⠪  pp묨
p⢠.    ᪠,    pp    ᥬp "" 
設, 祬  pp   몠 ᮪  p (pp,  Basic 
Pascal). ⮬ pp   ᥬp 믮 p   p
  .  pp,  騥   p樮 ⥬,
筮     ⮬ 몥  (pp, pp   p
pp).  ,    .ᯥ祭  MS-DOS  ⠪  ᠭ  
ᥬp.

    

   p,  p騥    p  MS-DOS,  筮   
pp  ⨯   8088/8086/8086.     pp     p
饥  p⢮,  p  뢠  pp.    
pp p᢮ 㭨쭮 .   ⨯ pp:   (1)
ᥣ pp;  (2) pp  ; (3)   pp;  (4)
pp 饣 祭; (5) pp 㪠⥫  ᫥  
(6) pp 䫠 ﭨ.

    

    pp ᯮ  p 䨪樨 ᥣ  .
 -  pp뢭  ,  64 .   pp
p  樨  pp 㪠⥫  묨 pp
  ⮬ 砥 p p 祩 .
   ᥣ ᥣ pp p. p CS 筮 ᯮ  p
䨪樨  ,  p p  pp. p DS
-  p  䨪樨  ⪠  ,   p 室  ⮩
pp.   pp SS  p   .   ( -
  p  pp    , ᯥ稢 p䥩
"MS-DOS-p  pp").  p   ES  -  ⥫   (
᭮) ᥣ pp.      pp 㭪樨,
  p pᬠp .

    

     pp .  p  樨   pp
SS  p ⮭宦 . p SP 뢠  㪠⥫
砫 ,   樨   pp SS p p  
. p  BP 뢠  㪠⥫       樨  
pp SS p ᫥  .

    

     pp  ⮦  .  p  SI    DI  p   
樨    ᥣ pp  p  ⮭宦
p⭮ 祩 . p SI 筮 p  pp  DS,
pp DI -  pp ES.

     

    pp 饣 祭 ⭮ pp AX, BX, CX  DX (
p).  㭪樮 pp.

   p 㪠⥫ 
   p  IP  筮  p    樨    pp  CS   
p p ᫥饩 .
                                   - 313 -

   p 䫠 ﭨ
    pp 䫠 筮 室  䫠 ﭨ pp
( 䫠  1 ).  䫠 p p  p
p権, 믮塞  p MS-DOS.

   p 
   p    砥  2      (  16 ⮢). 쭮
pp 饣 祭 . , pp AX 砥 pp
AH (p ⠢ p訩   pp AX)  pp AL  (p
⠢ 訩  pp  AX). 筮, pp BH,  BL, CH,
CL, DH  DL - .

     

         p  ᮥ  ᮤp    
pp ᥣ  ᮤp   ⠢ pp. 祭
ᥣ⭮  pp  뢠  pᮬ  ᥣ. 祭 ⠫
pp  ⮬ 砥  뢠 ⭮⥫ pᮬ 祩  
( 砫 ᥣ)   p⪨ pᮬ.  p, p 
 p⢮ 㬭 p ᥣ  16,   祭
祭  p⪨ p.
   pp, ᫨  pp CS 室 祭 22,   pp IP
- 祭 100,  22 -   p ᥣ,  100 - p   
砫  ⮣  ᥣ.   ᪨  p  ⮣     
᫥騬 p:

   p ᥣ * 16 + p⪨ p = 䨧᪨ p
   22 * 16 + 100 = 220 + 100 = 230

   ᪨  p  筮  뢠    :   "p ᥣ,
稥, p⪨  p". ⠪,   襬  pp   㤥 룫拉
᫥騬 p:

   䨧᪨ p = p ᥣ:p⪨ p = cs:ip = 22B:100

   ⬥⨬,      pp    ᥬp  ᫠  뢠   
筮 p⠢.      16-p筮 p.  ⮬
砥 ᫮ 몠 ᨬ H  h.

    

   pp 몠 ᥬp        設  .
믮 pp p  ᫥饬 p浪:  (1) 뢠 
믮       p   CS:IP;  (2)   祭  pp  IP
㢥稢  ⠪  p,  ⮡  祭  CS:IP pp 
p  ᫥饩  ;  (3)  p楤p  (1)    (2)  p  
p襭 p pp.
     ᪮쪮  ⨯  pp  몠  ᥬp.      
pᬮp   p塞. pp move (砥  mov)
p    pp   p      p㣮
pp,    p㣮  .  p  p⢥  
   p頥. 쭮  mov p  p
,  ..  pᨬ    p      室   .
ᬮp ᪮쪮 pp p pp:

           
   mov ax,bc       p pp BX  pp AX
   mov ax,temp     p 祩  "temp"  pp AX
   mov ax,00A2h    p 祭 00Ah  pp AX

   pp Compares (砥 cmp) p 祭 pp 
祩   p㣨 pp  p㣮 祩 . ᬮp
᪮쪮 pp:
                                   - 314 -

           
   cmp ax,bx       p pp AX  pp BX
   cmp dx,0060h    p pp DX  祭 0060h

      p   p   祭   䫠   ﭨ
pp.  筮  pp  p  p    樨   
pp p室 jump.
   pp  p室  jump  (砥  jmp)  ᯥ稢 p室 
㪠    pp.  p  p쭮  p  p  pp
  믮  ᫥⥫쭮.  pp  p室 p 
pp    p⢫  .         ᫮   
᫮.    砥  ᫮  p室 pp⥫쭮 p
pp  䫠  ﭨ.  ᫨  p pp ⥫, 
p室  믮.    p⨢  砥  p室    p室  
믮 ᫥  p浪 .  砥 ᫮ p室
pp  p. ᬮp ᪮쪮 pp:

   jmp Init        p室  p Init
                    ᫮ p室.
   cmp ax,bx       p pp AX  pp BX
   je exit         ᫨ 祭 pp ᮢ, 
                   p p室  p exit
   cmp cx,0000h    p pp CX  祭 0000h
   jg loop         ᫨ pp CX  0000h, 
                   p p室  p loop

   pp  call  (砥  call)  ᯮ  p 室
믮  p㯯  ,   ⠢  .  p   
p楤p 筮  砥. p  믮 pp  call ᮤp
pp  IP   頥     .  ⥬   p⪨  p  p楤p
뢠  IP  p p   pᮬ CS:IP. ᫥
믮 p楤p ⠭ p 祭 pp IP.
   ᫥ pp p楤p  pp return (砥
ret).  ⮩  MS-DOS 롨p   pp⥫쭮 ᠭ
㤠  p    頥      pp  IP.  ᫥  ⮣  p
p         뢠饩   pp,  p  pᯮ
p⢥  pp p饭  p楤p.
                                   - 315 -

                            F
                          ASCII

                                                    F-1
                         ASCII
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      |
---------------------------------------------------|     
.  ⭠.  쬥p.  ASCII   IBM GRA.      |
 X10      X16         X8              .        |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
  0       00          00      NUL     (nul)            <Ctrl-@>
  1       01          01      SOH                     <Ctrl-A>
  2       02          02      STX                     <Ctrl-B>
  3       03          03      ETX                     <Ctrl-C>
  4       04          04      EOT                     <Ctrl-D>
  5       05          05      ENQ                     <Ctrl-E>
  6       06          06      ACK                     <Ctrl-F>
  7       07          07      BEL                     <Ctrl-G>
  8       08          10      BS                      <Ctrl-H>
  9       09          11      HT                              <Ctrl-I>
 10       0A          12      LF        
              <Ctrl-J>
 11       0B          13      VT                      <Ctrl-K>
 12       0C          14      FF                      <Ctrl-L>
 13       0D          15      CR
              <Ctrl-M>
 14       0E          16      SO                      <Ctrl-N>
 15       0F          17      SI                      <Ctrl-O>
 16       10          20      DLE                     <Ctrl-P>
 17       11          21      DC1                     <Ctrl-Q>
 18       12          22      DC2                     <Ctrl-R>
 19       13          23      DC3                     <Ctrl-S>
 20       14          24      DC4                     <Ctrl-T>
 21       15          25      NAK                     <Ctrl-U>
 22       16          26      SYN                     <Ctrl-V>
 23       17          27      ETB                     <Ctrl-W>
 24       18          30      CAN                     <Ctrl-X>
 25       19          31      EM                      <Ctrl-Y>
 26       1A          32      SUB                      <Ctrl-Z>
 27       1B          33      ESC                     <Esc>
 28       1C          34      FS                      <Ctrl-\>
 29       1D          35      GS                      <Ctrl-'>
 30       1E          36      RS                      <Ctrl-=>
 31       1F          37      US                      <Ctrl-->
 32       20          40      SP      (p)         <SPACE BAR>
 33       21          41      !         !              ! (᪫.)
 34       22          42      "         "              " (窨)
 35       23          43      #         #              #
 36       24          44      $         $              $ ( p)
 37       25          45      %         %              % (p業)
 38       26          46      &         &              & (pᠭ)
 39       27          47      '         '              ' (p)
 40       28          50      (         (              ( (p.᪮)
 41       29          51      )         )              ) (p.᪮)
 42       2A          52      *         *              * (窠)
 43       2          53      +         +              + ()
 44       2C          54      ,         ,              , ()
 45       2D          55      -         -              - ()
 46       2E          56      .         .              . (窠)
 47       2F          57      /         /              / ()
 48       30          60      0         0              0
 49       31          61      1         1              1
 50       32          62      2         2              2
 51       33          63      3         3              3
 52       34          64      4         4              4
 53       35          65      5         5              5
 54       36          66      6         6              6
                                   - 316 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      |
---------------------------------------------------|     
.  ⭠.  쬥p.  ASCII   IBM GRA.      |
 X10      X16         X8              .        |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 55       37          67      7         7              7
 56       38          70      8         8              8
 57       39          71      9         9              9
 58       3A          72      :         :              : (稥)
 59       3B          73      ;         ;              ; (窠  .)
 60       3C          74      <         <              < ()
 61       3D          75      =         =              = (p)
 62       3E          76      >         >              > ()
 63       3F          77      ?         ?              ? (p)
 64       40         100      @         @              @
 65       41         101      A         A              A
 66       42         102      B         B              B
 67       43         103      C         C              C
 68       44         104      D         D              D
 69       45         105      E         E              E
 70       46         106      F         F              F
 71       47         107      G         G              G
 72       48         110      H         H              H
 73       49         111      I         I              I
 74       4A         112      J         J              J
 75       4B         113      K         K              K
 76       4C         114      L         L              L
 77       4D         115      M         M              M
 78       4E         116      N         N              N
 79       4F         117      O         O              O
 80       50         120      P         P              P
 81       51         121      Q         Q              Q
 82       52         122      R         R              R
 83       53         123      S         S              S
 84       54         124      T         T              T
 85       55         125      U         U              U
 86       56         126      V         V              V
 87       57         127      W         W              W
 88       58         130      X         X              X
 89       59         131      Y         Y              Y
 90       5A         132      Z         Z              Z
 91       5B         133      [         [              [
 92       5C         134      \         \              \ (p )
 93       5D         135      ]         ]              ]
 94       5E         136      ^         ^              ^
 95       5F         137      _         _              _ (p)
 96       60         140      '         '              ' (業)
 97       61         141      a         a              a
 98       62         142      b         b              b
 99       63         143      c         c              c
100       64         144      d         d              d
101       65         145      e         e              e
102       66         156      f         f              f
103       67         157      g         g              g
104       68         150      h         h              h
105       69         151      i         i              i
106       6A         152      j         j              j
107       6B         153      k         k              k
108       6C         154      l         l              l
109       6D         155      m         m              m
110       6E         156      n         n              n
111       6F         157      o         o              o
112       70         160      p         p              p
113       71         161      q         q              q
                                   - 317 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                      |
---------------------------------------------------|     
.  ⭠.  쬥p.  ASCII   IBM GRA.      |
 X10      X16         X8              .        |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
114       72         162      r         r              r
115       73         163      s         s              s
116       74         164      t         t              t
117       75         165      u         u              u
118       76         166      v         v              v
119       77         167      w         w              w
120       78         170      x         x              x
121       79         171      y         y              y
122       7A         172      z         z              z
123       7B         173      {         {              {
124       7C         174      |         |              | (.)
125       7D         175      }         }              }
126       7E         176      ~         ~              ~
127       7F         177      DEL       DEL            <Del>
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                   F-2
               ASCII
------------------------------------------------------------------------
    쬥p.   .   ⭠p.       
   2           X8          X10           X16               ASCII
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1000 0000      200          128           80                 
1000 0001      201          129           81                 
1000 0010      202          130           82                 
1000 0011      203          131           83                 
1000 0100      204          132           84                 
1000 0101      205          133           85                 
1000 0110      206          134           86                 
1000 0111      207          135           87                 
1000 1000      210          136           88                 
1000 1001      211          137           89                 
1000 1010      212          138           8A                 
1000 1011      213          139           8B                 
1000 1100      214          140           8C                 
1000 1101      215          141           8D                 
1000 1110      216          142           8E                 
1000 1111      217          143           8F                 
1001 0000      220          144           90                 
1001 0001      221          145           91                 
1001 0010      222          146           92                 
1001 0011      223          147           93                 
1001 0100      224          148           94                 
1001 0101      225          149           95                 
1001 0110      226          150           96                 
1001 0111      227          151           97                 
1001 1000      230          152           98                 
1001 1001      231          153           99                 
1001 1010      232          154           9A                 
1001 1011      233          155           9B                 
1001 1100      234          156           9C                 
1001 1101      235          157           9D                 
1001 1110      236          158           9E                 
1001 1111      237          159           9F                 
1010 0000      240          160           A0                 
1010 0001      241          161           A1                 
1010 0010      242          162           A2                 
1010 0011      243          163           A3                 
                                   - 318 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
    쬥p.   .   ⭠p.       
   2           X8          X10           X16               ASCII
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1010 0100      244          164           A4                 
1010 0101      245          165           A5                 
1010 0110      246          166           A6                 
1010 0111      247          167           A7                 
1010 1000      250          168           A8                 
1010 1001      251          169           A9                 
1010 1010      252          170           AA                 
1010 1011      253          171           AB                 
1010 1100      254          172           AC                 
1010 1101      255          173           AD                 
1010 1110      256          174           AE                 
1010 1111      257          175           AF                 
1011 0000      260          176           B0                 
1011 0001      261          177           B1                 
1011 0010      262          178           B2                 
1011 0011      263          179           B3                 
1011 0100      264          180           B4                 
1011 0101      265          181           B5                 
1011 0110      266          182           B6                 
1011 0111      267          183           B7                 
1011 1000      270          184           B8                 
1011 1001      271          185           B9                 
1011 1010      272          186           BA                 
1011 1011      273          187           BB                 
1011 1100      274          188           BC                 
1011 1101      275          189           BD                 
1011 1110      276          190           BE                 
1011 1111      277          191           BF                 
1100 0000      300          192           C0                 
1100 0001      301          193           C1                 
1100 0010      302          194           C2                 
1100 0011      303          195           C3                 
1100 0100      304          196           C4                 
1100 0101      305          197           C5                 
1100 0110      306          198           C6                 
1100 0111      307          199           C7                 
1100 1000      310          200           C8                 
1100 1001      311          201           C9                 
1100 1010      312          202           CA                 
1100 1011      313          203           CB                 
1100 1100      314          204           CC                 
1100 1101      315          205           CD                 
1100 1110      316          206           CE                 
1100 1111      317          207           CF                 
1101 0000      320          208           D0                 
1101 0001      321          209           D1                 
1101 0010      322          210           D2                 
1101 0011      323          211           D3                 
1101 0100      324          212           D4                 
1101 0101      325          213           D5                 
1101 0110      326          214           D6                 
1101 0111      327          215           D7                 
1101 1000      330          216           D8                 
1101 1001      331          217           D9                 
1101 1010      332          218           DA                 
1101 1011      333          219           DB                 
1101 1100      334          220           DC                 
1101 1101      335          221           DD                 
1101 1110      336          222           DE                 
1101 1111      337          223           DF                 
                                   - 319 -

------------------------------------------------------------------------
    쬥p.   .   ⭠p.       
   2           X8          X10           X16               ASCII
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1110 0000      340          224           E0                 
1110 0001      341          225           E1                 
1110 0010      342          226           E2                 
1110 0011      343          227           E3                 
1110 0100      344          228           E4                 
1110 0101      345          229           E5                 
1110 0110      346          230           E6                 
1110 0111      347          231           E7                 
1110 1000      350          232           E8                 
1110 1001      351          233           E9                 
1110 1010      352          234           EA                 
1110 1011      353          235           EB                 
1110 1100      354          236           EC                 
1110 1101      355          237           ED                 
1110 1110      356          238           EE                 
1110 1111      357          239           EF                 
1111 0000      360          240           F0                 
1111 0001      361          241           F1                 
1111 0010      362          242           F2                 
1111 0011      363          243           F3                 
1111 0100      364          244           F4                 
1111 0101      365          245           F5                 
1111 0110      366          246           F6                 
1111 0111      367          247           F7                 
1111 1000      370          248           F8                 
1111 1001      371          249           F9                 
1111 1010      372          250           FA                 
1111 1011      373          251           FB                 
1111 1100      374          252           FC                 
1111 1101      375          253           FD                 
1111 1110      376          254           FE                 
1111 1111      377          255           FF                 
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   - 320 -

                          

.............................................................1
    ⠪ MS-DOS..................................................1
   p樮 ⥬  짮⥫...............................1
   p⪠ p ᮧ MS-DOS...................................1
   p ..................................................2
   p⪮ ᮤp ...........................................3
    짮 ...........................................3
   ...........................................................4
 2.
 1.  MS-DOS.............................................5
p㧪 MS-DOS......................................................5
    p..................................................6
   ⠭p p ⥬........................................7
      p  㬮砭..............................7
   p 䠩................................................7
   p ⥬...................................................7
p娢 ⥬ ᪥..........................................8
   p  ⥬   ᪮.......................8
   p  ⥬   ᪮........................9
   pp ᪥............................................10
    p稩 ᪮........................................10
 2.   MS-DOS.............................................12
䨪 䠩.................................................12
䨪 䠩..................................................13
p 䠩...................................................13
   ⥬   ᪮......................................14
   ⥬   ᪮.......................................14
頥 ᨬ..................................................15
   頥 ᨬ "?"............................................15
   頥 ᨬ "*"............................................15
 3. , , ....................................16
pp᪠ pp 䠩......................................16
   㦨 䠩  MS-DOS.....................................16
   pp᪨ ⥬ 䠩.....................................16
   p..........................................................17
p pp᪮ pp 䠩..........................18
   .............................................................18
   p pp...........................................19
    p祣 pp....................................20
    ⠪ p⥫...............................................20
   祭 䠩  pp..................................20
   ᬠp p..............................................22
    pp...........................................23
 PATH........................................................23
 APPEND......................................................25
 4.     ...................26
-᪨  ⨫ FDISK..........................................26
⮢ ⪮ ᪠  p..................................26
   p -᪠...........................................27
    -᪠  pp⥫쭮 p ............28
⨢  pp -᪠...............................29
p㧪 p樮 ⥬  ⪮ ᪠......................30
   ⮦ -᪠...........................................30
   祭 p筮 p樨..................................31
   롮p p p祣 p⢠.................................31
⥫  MS-DOS pᨨ 3.3........................31
 5.  ............................................33
 ⠪  䠩............................................33
p  䠩........................................33
   頥 pp.............................................34
   頥 pp  頥 ᨬ........................35
    PAUSE....................................................36
    REM......................................................37
                                   - 321 -

   AUTOEXEC.BAT.....................................................37
    ECHO.....................................................38
   ᯮ짮 ECHO  뢮  p ⮩ p.............39
    ECHO OFF..............................................39
    GOTO.....................................................40
    IF.......................................................41
    IF NOT...................................................42
    FOR......................................................43
    SHIFT....................................................43
    CALL.....................................................44
   p饭     ᯮ짮  CALL.....45
   ᯮ짮 p p樮 p......................45
 6.  /,   ............48
⠭p p⢠   뢮...............................48
   ⠭p  p...................................48
p   뢮...........................................48
p.............................................................49
    SORT.....................................................49
    FIND.....................................................51
    MORE.....................................................52
㭨樨........................................................52
     p /뢮  㭨樥........53
 7.   EDLIN...................................54
   p 䠩   EDLIN................................54
   p⪠ 䠩   EDLIN..................................54
    /b.........................................................54
   室  EDLIN...................................................55
 EDLIN.......................................................55
    INSERT...................................................56
    LIST.....................................................58
    EDIT.....................................................60
   㭪樮  EDLIN.....................................60
    DELETE...................................................62
    SEARCH...................................................63
    REPLACE..................................................64
    WRITE....................................................65
    APPEND...................................................66
    END......................................................66
    QUIT.....................................................66
    MOVE.....................................................67
    COPY.....................................................67
    PAGE.....................................................68
    TRANSFER.................................................69
 8.    
          ..................................................70
   p㧪 ANSI.SYS................................................70
   p ANSI.SYS..............................................71
   pp...........................................................74
   祭  䠩 祧饣 ᨬ.............................74
   pp ..........................................75
   㭪樮 ...........................................76
   pp..........................................................76
   p p...............................................77
 9. DEBUG......................................................82
    DEBUG....................................................82
p⠢  p...........................................84
   室  p...............................................84
   뢮 ᮤp ⪠   p ᯫ................84
    ......................................................88
⠫쭮 pᬮp DEBUG........................................90
   p  䫠.................................................90
   樠 p..........................................90
   祭 ᮤp pp..................................90
   p 設    ᥬp.....................92
   믮 pp  p p...................94
   pp pp..........................................96
                                   - 322 -

   p  ᥬp  設 ......................98
   䨪 䠩..............................................98
   p㧪 䠩..................................................99
      ...........................................100
   p  .........................................101
   p .............................................102
   p ..................................................102
    ...............................................103
   p뫪   㭨樮 p.......................103
   뢠   㭨樮 p....................104
   p䬥᪨ ⢨  ⭠p묨 ᫠............104
 10.   LINK.....................................105
   祭 LINK.................................................105
   VM.TMP..........................................................105
p pp 痢.............................................105
   p ᯮᮡ...................................................105
   p ᯮᮡ...................................................107
   p⨩ ᯮᮡ...................................................108
⥫ pp LINK......................................108
   pp /HIGH..................................................108
   pp /Dsallocate............................................109
   pp /Linenumber............................................109
   pp /Map...................................................109
   pp /Pause.................................................110
   pp /Stack:[Number]........................................110
   pp /No....................................................111
 11.      
          .................................................112
pp ᪮...................................................112
   p  ᥪp...............................................112
    ᪥..................................................112
⪨ ᪨......................................................113
   pp ᪠............................................113
    p ⥬...........................................113
    p饭 䠩  pp..........................113
   ⥬ 䠩.................................................114
   ⨬ p樮 ⥬...............................114
pp pp  ⠡ p饭 䠩 (FAT).............115
   pp pp............................................115
    p饭 䠩.......................................118
   祭 pp ᪠   p....................121
   pp......................................................122
    p饭 䠩.......................................124
   ⨥ 㦨 䠩..................................125
   pp  p 䠩...............................125
   ᯮ짮 FCB...............................................127
   뫪  p  䠩..............................127
 12.      
          .................................................128
p .................................................128
   ........................................................128
     .................................................128
   p㧪 MS-DOS.................................................129
   p䨪 ᥣ pp.....................................131
   믮塞 䠩...............................................136
   p樮 p..............................................136
   p p樮 p.......................................137
   p뫪 pp p樮 p  뢠
   pp.......................................................138
   p ............................................138
   ⥫쭠 ...........................................140
   EMS 4.0.........................................................141
 13.  TSR............................................143
   騩 p.....................................................143
p㧪 pp TSR.............................................143
   ppp pp p pp뢠.....................145
                                   - 323 -

   ᯥ祭 ᮢ⨬ TSR...................................146
    楯窮..................................................147
   p ................................................147
   p  MS-DOS.........................................148
   ⥬ 䫠 INDOS............................................148
   pp뢠 28..................................................148
   p᪠ 訡..............................................149
   TSR  뫪  p  䠩........................149
pp pp TSR - pp POPCLOCK..........................150
   p稪 pp뢠..........................................152
   p TSR........................................................154
   pp 㦨  ROM BIOS...........................155
 14.  MS-DOS..........................................166
   p pp............................................166
   p⢠ ᨬ쭮  筮 p .............166
   祭  ⥬ ⥫쭮 p⢠..................167
   pp pp..............................................167
    pp..............................................167
   ⥫   ᫥饣 pp......................168
    p⮢ p⢠.......................................169
   pp p⥣..........................................169
   pp pp뢠.........................................170
   㭪樨 pp...............................................170
   p楤p ᪠ pp.......................................171
    p饭  pp..................................171
   p饭  pp............................................172
 pp...................................................174
   INIT............................................................174
   MEDIA CHECK.....................................................175
   BUILD BPB.......................................................175
   IOCTL INPUT.....................................................176
   IOCTL OUTPUT....................................................177
   INPUT...........................................................177
   NONDESTRUCTIVE READ.............................................177
   INPUT STATUS....................................................177
   INPUT FLUSH.....................................................178
   OUTPUT..........................................................178
   OUTPUT WITH VERIFY..............................................178
   OUTPUT STATUS...................................................178
   OUTPUT FLUSH....................................................178
   IOCTL INPUT.....................................................178
   DEVICE OPEN.....................................................179
   DEVICE CLOSE....................................................179
   REMOVABLE AREA..................................................179
   OUTPUT UNTIL BUSY...............................................179
   GENERIC I/O CONTROL.............................................180
   GET LOGICAL DEVICE..............................................180
   SET LOGICAL DEVICE..............................................180

 3.  MS-DOS............................................182
   p ..................................................182
   ⠪ ...............................................183
   頥 pp............................................184
   祢 pp..............................................184
   䨪 p  MS-DOS   ⥬
   pᮭ p........................................184
   APPEND..........................................................185
   ASSIGN..........................................................188
   ATTRIB..........................................................189
   BACKUP..........................................................190
   BREAK...........................................................193
   BUFFERS.........................................................194
   CHCP............................................................195
   CHDIR...........................................................195
   CHDSK...........................................................196
   CLS.............................................................200
                                   - 324 -

   COMMAND.........................................................200
   COMP............................................................202
   COPY............................................................203
   COUNTRY.........................................................207
   CTTY............................................................207
   DATE............................................................208
   DEL.............................................................208
   DEVICE..........................................................209
   DIR.............................................................214
   DISKCOMP........................................................216
   DISKCOPY........................................................217
   ECHO............................................................219
   ERASE...........................................................219
   EXE2BIN.........................................................219
   FASTOPEN........................................................220
   FCBS............................................................221
   FDISK...........................................................222
   FILES...........................................................222
   FIND............................................................223
   FOR.............................................................223
   FORMAT..........................................................224
   GOTO............................................................227
   GRAFTABL........................................................227
   GRAPHICS........................................................228
   IF..............................................................229
   JOIN............................................................230
   KEYB............................................................231
   KEYBxx..........................................................232
   LASTDRIVE.......................................................233
   MKDIR...........................................................233
   MODE............................................................234
   MORE............................................................239
   NLSFUNC.........................................................239
   PATH............................................................240
   PAUSE...........................................................241
   PRINT...........................................................241
   PROMPT..........................................................243
   RECOVER.........................................................245
   REM.............................................................246
   RENAME..........................................................246
   REPLACE.........................................................247
   RESTORE.........................................................249
   RMDIR...........................................................251
   SELECT..........................................................251
   SET.............................................................253
   SHARE...........................................................254
   SHELL...........................................................254
   SHIFT...........................................................255
   SORT............................................................255
   STACKS..........................................................255
   SUBST...........................................................256
   SWITCHAR........................................................257
   SYS.............................................................258
   TIME............................................................258
   TREE............................................................259
   TYPE............................................................259
   VER.............................................................260
   VERIFY..........................................................260
   VOL.............................................................260
   XCOPY...........................................................260
 A.     ...........263
    ⠪ pp뢠............................................263
   ᯥp 㭪権...............................................263
   pp뢠  모 ppp ᮪ p.............264
     ROM BIOS...............................................264
   ENVIZE.PAS......................................................264
                                   - 325 -

   BRK_OFF.C.......................................................267
pp뢠 MS-DOS..................................................270
㭪樨 MS-DOS.....................................................272
ppp 㭪樨..........................................272
 訡.........................................................272
 .  ..........................304
pp뢠.........................................................304
㭪樨............................................................304
 .  ......................................307
 .  .........................................310
   騩 p.....................................................310
    ⠪ p祭  p............................310
   p p㤮  ⮢  p.........311
   p祭  p......................................311
 .   .................................312
 F.   ASCII...................................315
 F-1.   ASCII..................................315
 F-2. ⥫쭠 ⠡ ᨬ쭮  ASCII.........317
p.........................................................320
