
                                    ਫ

        饥  ६  ࠪ᪨  ⢥  ᯮᮡ  ᪮
   ࠭  ணࠬ   த⮢     ࠦ஢  
    ᪮ (᪥)  ᠭ묨   ணࠬ (ਡ⨢
   ᪥).  ⮬     ᭮ ᠭ樮஢ ஢
   ਡ⨢  ᪥,  -  祣    -  ந⥫  ணࠬ
   ।   ௥  ⪨,    쬠  ⥫.    ᨨ 
   㡫   襣    ,       ᨫ   ᮢ襭⢠   饣
   ⥫⢠    ࠢ  ࠭  ணࠬ  ।,    ⠪ 
   䠪᪮       ࠡᯮᮡ,       ஡       ।饭
   ᠭ樮஢ ஢ ਡ⨢ ᪥ ᮡ 㠫쭠.
      ஡  砥   ⮬,  ⮡    ଠ 
   ⠭ ᪥ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡    뫮   ᪥,
   ᯮ  ⮫쪮 ।⢠  樮  ⥬  (DOS),     뫮
   ᪮஢  ⠭묨 ।⢠.  ⮩ 楫 ਡ⨢
   ᪥ ᭠ ᮡ ਧ, 뢠 祢 ⪮,  
   ⠭⭮ ஢  ७  ᪥ - .
      祢 ⪠      ⮬   ᪥, 
   ࠪ᪨     ।  ᭮   ࠪ⨪  饭
   ᪥, ⠪,   ᮢ⨬   ࠧ묨  ⠭묨 묨
   ।⢠   뢠,   ⮩稢   ⨢   ஢,   
   ந,  ⠡쭮   ࠬ஢     ६.  ⮩稢
   祢  ⪨ ⨢    譨  ⢨,  ⠪, 
   ९ ⥬  ,  , ଠ, 堭᪮
   ࠭   ⭮  뢠,  ⢥  ७ ਠ
   ᪥,     ⠪   ଠ樨, ᠭ   
   ᪥  ⠭   ⥬.     (   ࠪ᪨  ਬ)
   ⢮ ࠧ ᯮᮡ ᮧ  祢 ⮪  ᪥, ,
              㤮⢮  ᫥  ॡ.  
   ⭮,     ࠧ,     ਡ⨢   ᪥⠬,  饭
   ⢥묨 ணࠬ묨 ।⢠.  ନ஢ 祢 ⪨ 
   ந  ⮫쪮 ⠭묨 묨 ।⢠, 室騬 
   ⠢      (ணࠬ    ),         ᯮ짮
   ⥫쭮  (⭠ ).  ⢥ ⠪ 
    ᥣ ᯮ  , 騩   ண ⪮ 易
     ᪮,      ஬  ந   .     筮
   ஢ ᮬ 祭 릨  (ᯠ)    
   孮 ᪥ ⮦   㣫㡫 (holes),   
   祢 ⪮.   訩     ᯮᮡ  ᮧ 祢
   ⪨,  ப ᯮ 㯭묨 㡥묨 ଠ,  ॡ
    쬠  ண饩 .   室  ⬥, 
   ᮧ  祢  ⪨  ⥬   ०  ᪥    ।⮬
   (),  ᮫⭮    ⨬,  ᪮,    ⫨稥   ᯠ७
   ஬, 㤠 ਠ ᪥     ந室, ⮬ 
   ᪥ ࠧ  שׁ   㯠騬 ﬨ,  ⠢騬 ࠯ 
    ᪮.
       ⢥  ந⥫  ணࠬ ।   ਥ
   ணࠬ ᯮᮡ ᮧ  祢 ⪨.   襣  
    ਠ,    ਢ ᭮  ᢥ   ⠭⭮
   ଠ   ଠ樨    ᪥      ᮡ ࠡ
   ஫  ᪠ (FDC).

                           ଠ    

      ଠ   ⭮ ᪥ (䫮 ᪥, ᪥) ᮤন
      業᪨    㦭,   뢠    ஦   (tracks),
   ᯮ   ஭ ᪥  㦨  ⥭ -
    (heads).  ஭ ᪥ 㦨  0,  -
   1.    ⨢ ஦  ࠧ ஭ 뢠
   樫஬ (cylinder).  ⠭⭮ ᪥ 360 ࠧ頥 42 樫,
    DOS ন ⮫쪮  40 (  0   39), ⠫ .
   㬥  樫஢  稭    ,  祬  㫥  樫 
   訩 .   ᪥ 5.25"  1.2 ࠧ頥  84 樫 (DOS
   ন 80),  ᪥ 3.5" 82 樫, DOS ন 80.
       ஦,    ᢮  ।,     ᥪ, ।⠢騥
   ᮡ 㣨 㦭. ᫮ ᥪ஢   ஦   ந,
    DOS ন  ⮫쪮 ⠭ 祭  8  9   ᪥ 5.25"
   DS/DD, 15   5.25" DS/HD,  9  3.5"  DS/DD, 18   3.5" DS/HD. 
   ᥪ    ।       ,       ꥬ
   ᠭ     ଠ樨. ஫  䫮  - ᪠  (FDC  765 
   8272A)  A 筮 ন  ⮫쪮 ᥬ    
   ᥪ,   : 0  (128) ,  1 (256  ), 2  (512 ),  3 (1024
   ), 4  (2048 ),  5 (4096  ), 6  (8192 )   7  (16384 ).
      ᥪ,         ⠬  CRC,   
   ࠧ୮ 㣫,   ,  :  0 ᮮ⢥ 190
   ⠬, 1 -  318, 2 - 574,  3 - 1086,  4 - 2110, 5  - 4150, 6  - 8254, 7 -
   16446.    -   㣮,    室    
   ⥭    ଠ樮 . ஬⪨  ᥤ
   ᥪࠬ      ।饣    砫  ᫥饣   ਭ
   祭  1  255 (஬ ஬⪠  ᫥ ᥪ  ஦ 
   ࢮ,     ). DOS  ᯮ ⮫쪮  ᥪ஢
   2, ,  ஦    ᥪ  㣮   
   楫  ᪥.
        ᥪ      (ID),  騩      ⮢
   (C,H,R,N). C  -   樫,  H  -   ,  R -   ᥪ
   (  1,   ⠫    0), N -  ᥪ (0...7).
      ,      ID  ।祭  ⮫쪮   
   ᥪ ஫஬,      ।⠢  ⨭ 
   ᥪ  ᪥     ࠬ, . .  ᥪ   ID 7,0,124,4 
   ᯮ  㣮,   ⮫쪮   ஦ 7,0.  ⮣, C,H,R,N
     ,   ⮬ ᫥  䨧᪨ ᫥ 祭   0 
   255. ⨭ ࠬ ᥪ  ᮢ襭  ᮢ  㪠묨
     ,   ᯮ    楫  .    ⮬   
     ࠭祭,  ਬ,  ᥪ    㪠   䨪
     7    ࠢ쭮 ⠭ ஫஬.
      ⭮  -   ࠬ, ࠪਧ騩 ᨬ쭮 
   ᫮  ⮢  ᠭ  ଠ樨      ஦.     
   ᪮  ਥ/뤠   ଠ樨  ஫஬     ᪮  饭
   ᪥. ஫  ⭮ ন    ᪮: 250,  300, 500
   /.  饭 ᪥   ᪮ 5.25" ⠢ 5 / 
   ᪮  360  6 /  ᪮  1.2.  饭 3.5"
   ᪥ ᥣ 5 /.  ⭮  ய樮쭠 ⭮襭 ᪮
   뤠 ଠ樨 ஫஬   㣫 ᪮ 饭 ᪥. 
   ࠧ,  5 ࠧ 祭  ⭮  (祭 250/5 
   300/6 ᮢ).      ⮢   DOS  ଠ   Report  䠩 
   ᮮ⢥    Low  (250/6),  Double  (250/5    300/6),  Medium
   (300/5), High (500/6)   Quad (500/5).  室 ⬥,  ⭮
    Low  Medium   ন BIOS,     ᯮ짮 
   楫 .

                           ஥ ⠭⭮ ஦.

      ஫     ᪠   (FDC)  IBM   -   ᮢ⨬  ஢
   ন ଠ  ஦  ᮮ⢥⢨   ⠭⮬  IBM System 34.
   ଠ  뢠   ஦      ⮤ ஢
   ⭮ 樨 (MFM),  ।⠢ ᮡ ᫥⥫쭮 ⮢,
          ᫥騬  ࠧ.    ᪮ 
     ନ   ஦ 祭 窨 (), 祬
     뢠  ⥫    ⥫  (ࠧ ࠢ
   ⭮  ⮪      ᪮).      ⮨   
   .   ⮬    ⮨      ⥫쭮   
   ⥫쭮  ,  ,  ᫥騩    楩,  ⮨   
   ⥫   ,     ,   ᫥騩      㫥,     
   ⥫쭮    ⥫쭮 . ਬ: ᫥⥫쭮
   ⮢ 1001 奬筮 ।⠢ ᫥騬 ࠧ: _____.  
   ᮡ⥩  MFM   ,    ᫥⥫쭮   ⮢
         ᫥⥫쭮 㫥,    ᫥⥫쭮
   ,  ᨬ  ⮣,     ஫ 砫  .
   ࠢ쭮  ⥭  ⮢  뢠   ᡮ  ᨭ஭樨.    
   ⭮    ஦  (recording  density), ⥬   ﭨ
    ᨭ஭騬  . ஬  ᠭ ଠ樮 ⮢,
   ஫ 뢠  ஦  ᮡ , 뢠 થ묨. 
    ⫨  ଠ樮 ⥬,      ᫥⥫쭮
      㫥 ⮢, ன     뢠 ⠪,   ᫨ 
   ।    뫠  .    ⢥  砩,      ஦
   뢠   ⥫   .  થ   
      થ஢  (AM),   뢠   ஦   
   ଠ஢  ।祭   祭 砫 ஦  ᥪ஢.
      થ ⮨   3-  ᮡ થ  ⮢  -
   䨪  થ.  ।    થ஬  뢠 ⮥筠
   ᫥⥫쭮   12  㫥 ⮢.  ஥筠 ᫥⥫쭮
   ⮢ ।祭  筮  ன  ७ 楢
    ஫   ᮮ⢥⢨   ⭮  ⮩ 宦
    ᨭ஭樨  뢠饩   ᪮ (墠 
     䠧).    ன  ᮢ襭  室    -   
   ࠧ  祭  ᪮  饭   ᪮      ⠪⮢
    ஫஢.
      砫 ( 殬)  ஦  窠 祭 㦭
   ஦  ࠤᮬ, 室騬 १ 業 ᭮ ⢥ ᪥. 
   砫 ஦  ᠭ ᫥⥫쭮    80 ⮢  4E, 뢠
   GAP4A.   室   થ ஦  (IAM),  室
    ଠ쭮 ࠡ FDC. IAM ᮤন  થ  C2 (  
    ᫠ ।⠢ 16 - 筮 )  䨪 FC. ⥬
    ᫥⥫쭮  50 ⮢  4E, 뢠 GAP1  , 
   䨪  (ID)  ࢮ  ᥪ,   騩    ᭮  થ
    (IDAM), 4- ⮢ C,H,R,N, 2- ⮢ CRC. થ  IDAM
     A1,  䨪 -  FE.     ᥪ ᫥
   ᫥⥫쭮      22-   ⮢   4E,      뢠  GAP2
   (ᥪ ஬⮪), ⥬   થ   ᥪ (DATA
   AM), ଠ樮   (ᮤন ᥪ)      CRC. DATA AM
   ⮨    થ   ⮢  A1     䨪  FB     F8.  FB
   ᮮ⢥ ଠ  ,  F8  - ⠪  뢠  㤠 
   (deleted data),  祬 ⠪  ࠧ     ᫮ ࠪ,
   㤠  뢠    筮 ⠪  ,   ଠ,
    ᯮ ࠧ  ஫.
        殬  ࢮ  ᥪ  ᫥    ᥪ୮ ஬⪠,
   騥  4E. ᥪ ஬⮪,  騩  GAP3,  ⫨稥
     襮ᠭ,     ६  .         
   ଠ஢  ஦ ࠬ஬  GPL.  ஬⮪     ᫥
   ᥪ    ஦  뢠 GAP4B.   ஬⮪, 
   ⠬ 4E,    ६  , ,  䠪᪨,  ।⠢ ᮡ
     ⮪  ஦.     ஬⮪    쬠  
   祭  孨  ᪥   ஢,  祬 㤥 ᪠ 
   쭥襬.

                              ଠ஢ ஦

      ଠ஢  ஦  -    ࢮ砫쭠  ࠧ⪠  ஦, 
   ன ᮧ   襮ᠭ   ஦.   ⢫
   ଠ஢,  室        FDC   ᮮ⢥  ,
   ᮤঠ  室 ࠬ,  :
      - ᫮  ᥪ஢   ஦,  ࠧ ᫥  襭 樨
   ଠ஢;
      -   ᥪ஢ (. );
      - GPL (gap length), ࠬ, ।騩 GAP3;
      -  D  (fill  byte),  ,           
   ᥪ஢, ࠧ  ଠ஢;
      -    ᥪ஢   浪  ᯮ, ⢥ઠ ⮢
   C,H,R,N,   ⮬ 室  ᫥,  ⮡ ᫮  㪠 
   ࠢ﫮  ᥪ஢  ஦.
         ᮧ   ଠ஢   ᥪ஢   ᥣ      
   ।  ⮫쪮      ,  ᨬ    祭 N,
   㪠    ᥪ஢.  ࠬ,    
   ᥪ஢,   ਭ  祭  0...255,  ,    롮 ᫠
   ᥪ஢,      GPL,  室   ।⠢  ᥡ 
   ଠ஢,       १.  ࠧ   ᫥
   祭  ଠ஢ ஦   ᥬ ॡ㥬묨 ࠬࠬ,
   FDC 室  ०   ᭮ ⢥ (砫 ஦). 
   ⮫쪮  砫  ஦  "",   FDC  뢠  GAP4A,  IAM,  GAP1,
   稭騩    IDAM     ࢮ  (  ᫥    
   ଠ஢) ᥪ, GAP2, DATA AM  ⮣  ᥪ,   ,
    , ।   ( ᥪ     
    ),    D,   CRC,  GAP3,   GPL,
    ᫥饣    浪 ᥪ,    ..   CRC  ᫥ 
   ᫥  ᥪ. ᫥  ⮣  FDC  뢠  GAP4B   믮
     ଠ஢ ஦  蠥.    ࠧ,   
    ஦    ࠧ   ⮢,   ।   
   ࠧ  ଠ஢,   ᯫ஢ ஦, .. 
   室 ࠬ      ଠ஢.  ଠ஢ 
     ,       ""  ᥪ    䨧᪨
   ࠧ   ஦,   믮    ᪠,
    ⠪  ⭮  (multirevolution format),    㬬ୠ 
   "" ᥪ஢ ॢ蠥   ஦, ਬ,  ""
   100 ᥪ஢     2,     ६,     ஦  䨧᪨ 
   ࠧ  10.   ⮬ 砥   १ 믮 
   ॢ頥   ⥬ ,   ஦      
    ᥪ,     ᪮쪮 ᫥  ᫥
      ᥪ஢,   ᨬ    ᮮ⭮襭 ࠬ஢.   
   ᫥  ""  ᥪ஢    ஦ ᥣ 뢠
   GAP4B,  ⮬   ⮣ ᥪ      ,  ⮬
   ᫥   砫  ஦. ⢥,  GAP4A,  GAP1, IAM    ⮬ 
   ⢮. ᫨   ᫥  "" ᥪ஢ ॢ蠥
    ஦, ᫥ 믮   ଠ஢, ஦ ⠭
   ଠ஢, ᪮    ⮣ ᥪ  ᮡ⢥
   .

                       ᮡ ⥭   ᥪ஢

       ᥪ   ஦     ᠭ   ⠭ ஫஬
   ᨬ  ⠫ ᥪ஢.   ⥭ ᥪ, 室 
   ⥫ ᪮, 릤  ६, 室   稢 ᪠,
   ⠭  (樮஢)   ᪮    ॡ㥬  ஦ 
      FDC   ⥭  ᥪ,  祬   ⠢   ⥭
   ᥪ  室    뢠  ᥪ  (C,H,R,N).  ࠧ ᫥
   ਥ  ⥭,  FDC 뢠    ᥪ஢, 室
     ,   ࠢ      .    ⮫쪮 㦨
   ॡ㥬 , FDC 室   ० ⥭   ᥪ, ,
   "墠⨢" DATA  AM, ᫥騩   ,  뢠    ,
   ᯮ ஫ אַ  㯠    (DMA).  砭 ⥭
   , FDC 뢠   CRC   ࠢ ⠭ 祭 CRC 
   ᫥      ⥭  .    ⥭  ᥪ 
       ଠ쭮  (normal  termination),  ⠪      ଠ쭮
   (abnormal termination). ଠ쭮 襭 樨 ந室, ᫨:
      - ᥪ   , ..    ᥪ ᭮ ⢥⨥
   (砫  ஦),    ॡ㥬      㦥,    ⮬ FDC
   頥  ND;
      -    DATA  AM  祭,   㤠 (䨪  F8), FDC
   頥  CM;
      - 訡 CRC , .. ᫥ ஫쭠 㬬  ᮢ
    ⠭, FDC 頥  DE;
      - 訡 CRC , FDC 頥  DE+DD;
      -     IDAM, FDC 頥  MA;
      -    થ   (DATA AM), ..  ,
       ("⮩" ᥪ), FDC 頥  MA+MD.
      FDC  ஥  ⠪  ࠧ,   ,  ᫨  ᫥  뢠  ᥪ,
   ஫  DMA          ⥭       ।⥫쭮
   ணࠬ஢ ꥬ,   㤥 "ॡ" ,  FDC,  "ॡ"
   DMA, 㤥   ᫥騩   浪 ஢ ᥪ.  ⮬
    R  ᪮   ⮬᪨ 㢥稢   . 
   ࠧ, ᫨   ᥪ   ஦      
   C,H,N,    R    ᫥饣  浪  ᯮ ᥪ 
    ,  祬   ।饣,     ⠪ ஦   
         ⥭            ᪠,   筮  
   ணࠬ஢ ஫ DMA  ਥ 㬬  ᥪ஢ ஦. 
   ⮬, , 室   ,  ஬⮪ GAP3  ᥤ
   ᥪࠬ   ⠪ ஦,        22 ⮢,   FDC
     ᯥ 墠 ᫥騩 ᥪ ᫥ ⥭ ।饣.
          ᥪ   室  믮       ⮢⥫
   樨,      ⥭,     FDC      ᥪ.
   ਭ ,  FDC ᪨  ॡ㥬    ந .
     ⠪    ଠ쭮  襭  樨    ᥬ ࠭
   ᫥ 稭,   ᪫祭 CM, DD,  MD.   
   ᥩ ஦   ,     ᫮,     ⥭. 
    ᥪ,    "࠭" ᫥    浪 ᯮ
   ᥪ஢  ⮩  ஦.   ந室  ⮬ 砥, ᫨ ࠬ N
    ᥪ ॢ蠥   , 㪠   ଠ஢. 
    ⠪ ᥪ,    ନ , 祬  
   㤥 㦥 ᮮ⢥⢮   N .   㤫  
   ᠭ  ᥪ        ᪮쪮  ᫥    浪
   ᥪ஢     ஦.  ᫨   N  筮   ,       
   뢠  ᥪ    㤫  ⮫쪮,    ॢ 
   ஦     ᭠砫   ᫥騥 ᥪ,    ⥬ ᠬ  ᥡ 
   ஬ !

             ⢥ 뢠 権 ଠ஢  

      樨    ଠ஢     ⢥ ࢠ 
   襭.     뢠  筮  뢠  ⪮  , 
   ଠ஢  뢠 - ⪨ ଠ஢.  ਥ ப
   ਬ   ᮧ  祢  ⮪   ᪥.  窠 뢠
   ଠ஢    ࠭     ஦,   ⮬ 
   ஦     砫   窨  뢠 㤥  ନ஢   
   ᮮ⢥⢨     襮ᠭ  ᫥⥫쭮   믮  
   ଠ஢ ஦,  ⠢     ࠭ ०
   ଠ.  ࠧ, ᯮ  ୮ ⪮ ଠ஢, 
   ᮧ ஦    ଠ⮬ (repeated  - formatting track), 
   ।  -    ᥪ  ⠪  ஦      ᮧ  ⤥쭮
   樥 ଠ஢    ᨬ  ࠭묨  ࠬࠬ. 
    ப  ଠ஢  ஦ ਬ     
         ᥪ஢.      ⮬   窠   뢠   ଠ஢
   ⠭  ।  ஬⪠ GAP2 ⮣  ᥪ, .. ⠪, ⮡
    ९ ,   ஭  DATA AM    ᥪ.
   ⪠  ਬ,  ࠢ,   "窨" ண  CRC
     樨 訡    ᫥饬  ⥭  ⮣  ᥪ. 室
   ⬥,      ॡ  ⨭  ᭠᪠  筮  
   뢠 ,  ᪮  ஬          뢠
   १ (truncation)  뢠 ᥪ,        । -
   ⢨ 樨 訡.
       ⢫ 뢠  権 ଠ஢     筮
    ,  ணࠬ, ࠢ  FDC,    ⠩, 騩
   ᨭ஭   ७  ᠬ FDC    ᪠ ६   砫
   믮  .  ஬  ⮣,  室,  ⮡      ᪮
   頫       ࠢ୮.  ᨬ쭮  ⨦  筮
   ⠭  뢠  樨 ।   宦 室
   ७ ᮢ ணࠬ   FDC, ⠪   ࠢ୮ 饭 ᪠.
   쭠 ࠪ᪨  ⨦ ࠧ  室 ᮢ  ⠢ 
           ᪠,       ६,    訡,  맢
   ࠢ୮  饭  ᪠,  筮  ࠧ  . ୮
   饭  ᪠  ,    ࠧ,    樨    ⢠
   ⮢ ⥫  ਢ ᪠.   ०     ਢ ᪠
   ᯮ짮      த⥫      ஬堭᪨
   ॣ஬ ᪮ 饭.   ᪮ ( ᭮, ᪮ 
   ᪮  ந⢠)          짮⥫. 
   ᮫⭮  ਣ  ࠡ  ணࠬ, ᯮ騬 ⠭
   뢠 ଠ஢   .   ᮢ६ ᪮ ਬ
   ᪫⥫쭮    ᪮  ᨭ஭ த⥫
   ﭭ ⮪   ࠢ    ᮡ⢥ 楢   
   ।⢥ ਢ ᪠.   饭 ⠪ ⥫ 쬠
   ⠡쭠, ,  頥   ᪠窠,  ᪮,  
   饭   ।  ,  ⢮   ᪠窮 ࠢ 
   ᮢ ⥫,   稭     (筥,  樨)
   ᪠.    ⥫     쭮   ᨢ  ᪮  筮
   ⠭  ண   ᪮   (ਬ, Sony,
   Panasonic). ⥫쭠  譮   뢠   ⮬ 砥
   ⠢   .  襢  ""  ᪮    (   ᥣ)
   ࠧ 㦥,    뢠 ⥫  譮     - 
   ⮢. ,   譮  砩,   ⥬᪠, ⮬
       ""  ᪮४஢,  ᫨  ணࠬ    .
   ⢮ ᪮  ࠭稢   ணࠬ,  ࠢ FDC,
   ਬ,        ᪮, ᪮ 
   ॡ 筮  +-10 ⮢  (  GAP2,   㦥 ᪠,  ࠢ 22
   ⠬),   ६,  "窠" CRC - ⮫쪮  襬.

                   ᮡ ᮧ 祢 ⮪  ᪥.

      1.  ᯮ짮     樫஢.   ⠭  5.25"   40  -
   ஦ ᪮    뢠 42 樫, 80 - ஦
   - 84  樫, , DOS  ᯮ ᮮ⢥⢥  ⮫쪮 40   80 
   . ᪮ 3.5"  ন 82 樫,   DOS ᯮ  80.
    ᯮ㥬  DOS 樫  뢠 묨.   樫 
    ந ⠭ ଠ, ਬ,  ᥣ  ᥪ
      饩     ஦      㣮 .
   ᯮ짮  樫஢  祭 㤮,  ,  ᭮,
     ᪮,   ন騥.
      2. ᮡ  ᥪ.   饭   ᪥, DOS,  뢠 뢠
   BIOS 13H, ⠥  뢠   ஦   FDC.  ⮬,
    㦥  뫮 ᪠,    ᥪ   ஦    ⠭
     ᯮ  浪 ⠭ ஢. ᫨   
   ଠ묨  ᥪࠬ   ᥪ    ⠭  , 
   㤥 ந஢   ⥭.   ᮡ  ᥪ  ᮧ
    ଠ஢ ஦  ᯮ짮  ⢥ 祢 ⪨.
      3.   祢 ଠ樨    ஬⪨. ⨬  ᯮᮡ ᮧ
        ᠬ       㤭㦨   祢  ⮪.  ⥬
   ஢ ਬ    ⪮  ଠ஢   ⪮
   ,        祢   ଠ        ஬⮪
   (GAP1...GAP4). , ⮡   祢 ଠ   GAP3 
      ᥪࠬ, ॡ ଠ஢ ஦  ଠ쭮
   ᫮ ᥪ஢      2   ଠ  GPL,   ࠬ  N 
   ࢮ ᥪ ⠭  ଠ஢   2,  3. ⥬ ந
           ᥪ  ⠪,  ⮡  ⮫쪮-⮫쪮   
     ண ᥪ  (᫨  ६    ࢠ   ,
   ன ᥪ  㤥    㤫襩     ࢮ). 
   室 ࢠ,    室    -   ⮢    IDAM ண
   ᥪ.  ⥬,  ⥬  ⪮  ଠ஢,  室  
    ࢮ ᥪ  ଠ.   १ GAP3   
    ᥪࠬ  㤥  ᮤঠ     4E,    ᠭ ଠ.
   室    ⬥,         ᯥ譮     ⢫    ᠭ
   ᫥⥫쭮  権   ॡ   ᮪   筮   ⠩.  
     ணࠬ ।  ⮫쪮  Floppy  Disk  Analyser ᯮᮡ
   ᮧ ᠭ  祢 .    ஢ન   祢 ⪨,
   饭 ⮩ ⪮  ணࠬ  ᯮ짮   FDC "⥭
   ஦".   ୮  ⪮ ଠ஢,  ᮧ
   ᥪ  ஬⪨   .  ਬ,  ᫨  ᫥ ଠ쭮
   ଠ஢,  ந  ⪮   ଠ஢  ⮩    ஦,
   ""  ⮫쪮    ᥪ    ࢠ      GAP3  
   ।᫥   ᫥  ᥪ஬,   १    ஦ ⠭
   ⮫쪮   ᥪ, 祬     砫 ஦,   㣮  -  .
       뢠  "騬  ଠ஢",  ᪮  ஥
   ⪮ ଠ஢ ᮧ   ᥪ (  ""),  ࠥ
   , ஬ ᫥.
      4.  ,  室騥   १  砫  ஦.   ᫨  ࠬ  N
   ᫥  浪 ᥪ  ஦ ⠪,  , ᮮ⢥
   ⮬ ࠬ, ॢ蠥  㬬 䨧᪮   ᥪ  GAP4B, 
    ᥪ   ଠ쭮  ,  ᪮   㤫 
    ३    ஦     IAM,     ᪮쪮
    ᥪ஢. ,  ⠪  ᥪ , 祬 㤥 ⠭
    ⮫쪮   ⮣  ᥪ,   ⮪ ஦, த騩
    ।,   । 䨧᪮   ᥪ,   室騩 १
    ஦.    , ⠭ ଠ  㤥 ୮ ⮫쪮 
   ⪥  砫     ᥪ    ஦, ᪮ 
   ந ᡮ  ᨭ஭樨 ⥭.     ⥬,  ࢠ
    ⠬  ᨭ஭樨    ࠭ ஦  뢠  ᪠箪 -
   ࠢ⢠   㦭  ஦ 楫  ࢠ 
   ⠬  ᨭ஭樨.    ⮩  稭,      ᨭ஭樨 ᫥
   ࠭ ஦       ﭭ  ᤢ   ⭮襭 
   ࠯樨   ࠭筮 ᯮ  १ ࠭.  ⥬ 
   ଠ樨,  ⠭    ᡨ⮩  ᨭ஭樨,    筮 
   ⮫쪮  "㯥쪨",  ..   窨,  ࠭稢騥  ,  
    .  ਬ,  ᫨   ப  aaaaabbbc,     
   ⥭  ᡨ⮩ ᨭ஭樥,   ந쭮 ,  
    室   a   b     b   c  ⠭ ०,   ᤢ
   ᨬ    . ᪮   ⠪  "㯥"  
   㠫  ࠬ஢  ᪮,    ஬  ந ,
   ⮬  室騥  ᥪ     㦨  祢  ⪮,  
    ᪮஢.   祢  ⪨ ⠪  ⨯    
   ஢, ,  ,   ࠩ   ⮪,  ,
   ந   १⮢       ⪨    -   砩,
   ⭮⭮ ࠪ  몮   ஦     砫.   
     ⮬   ᪮    ࠧ   ࠧ १.
     ⥭  祢  ⪨,    ᨭ஭  砩   "
   筮  ᨫ쭮  ᡨ",    ᠬ⠭  ᨭ஭樨 
   ந쭮 ,  ,  ᫥⥫쭮, ࠧ    㯥쪨. 
   ⮩ 稭,   祢  ⪨    饭
   ணࠬ,     , ᮡ,    ᮢ ࠦ஢
   饭 ᪥.   ⥬  ᪥  ஢, ⠪
   祢 ⪨ ᯮ CopyLock, Cerberus,   㣨.
      5.   訡 CRC. , , ᠬ  ᯮᮡ ᮧ
   祢 ⪨.  ,   㦥  ⬥祭,  ஢ 訡  CRC ⥬
   "窨"  ண    CRC        뢠  樨  
   襭. ,  ⠪  ᯮᮡ  ॡ   襣  ᪮ 
   ᮪  筮  ⠩  ࠢ饩   FDC  ணࠬ,      ᥣ
   ਥ.   㣮  ᯮᮡ  樨 訡  CRC  ⥬ 
     ᥪ.   ⮣  室  ଠ஢  ஦ ⠪
   ࠧ, ⮡ "訡"  ᥪ     ࠬ N  
     ॡ㥬, ਬ,  3    2-.  ⥬  ந 
       ᥪ, ⮡      ᫥饣  浪
   ᥪ, , , ந  ୮ ⪮ ଠ஢ ஦
    ଠ묨    ᥪ஢   뢠   ।   GAP2
   ॡ㥬 ᥪ.    ᯮᮡ   ,  ᪮  ॡ 
   筮     .   ⫨筠,   㤭㥬   祢  ⪠
   砥,  ᫨  ᮧ    ᫥⥫쭮  ᯮ  ᥪ 
   묨   訡 CRC  .  ⮬   ஬
    浪 祢 ᥪ 㤥 ஢ .
      6. ""  ᥪ. ᫨ ᥪ   ,   DATA  AM  
     , ⠪  ᥪ  뢠  "".  "⮩" ᥪ
      ᮧ    ᫥騬   ࠧ.    砫   ந   "饥"
   ଠ஢    ⪨  ᥪ, ⥬  ⪮ ଠ஢ 
   뢠 樨   GAP2 ॡ㥬 ᥪ.

                   ࠢ⥫ ࠪ⨪ 祢 ⮪.

      ᭮묨  ࠬࠬ,   ࠪਧ騬   ⢮   祢  ⪨
   :
      - ᮢ⨬, .. ᯮᮡ  祢 ⪨ 㢥७ 
   ᥬ ࠬ  ⨯, ਬ, PC/AT;
      -  ⮩稢  ⨢   ᠭ樮஢  ஢  ࠧ묨
   ணࠬ묨  묨 ।⢠;
      - ⠡쭮  祢 ⮪   ⢥ ७  ᪥  
    ࠬ஢ 㦠饩 ।.
      1. ⨬.  襩  ᮢ⨬    祢 ⪨,
   稥      ஢      ⠭  㭪権 BIOS
   (ᮡ  ᥪ),  ।  -  ⪨,    ஢ન    室
      FDC,   ⮫쪮   楫     ⥭   ᥪ
   ("" ᥪ),  , , 襩  - ⪨,   ஢ન 
   室   ⥫ 㭪 FDC,  ᯮ㥬 BIOS,
   ਬ,  ⥭  ஦,  ᪠஢   (  ଠ樨    GAPS).
   㤮⢮⥫쭮  ᮢ⨬,  ᨬ     ᯮᮡ  ஢ન,
   ⫨ ⪨,  ᭮   ᡮ ᨭ஭樨,  ਬ, ᥪ,
   室騥 १ 砫 ஦.   ⪨, ᮧ 襯᫥묨
   ᯮᮡ,      ஢७    ।⢠  BIOS,  ⠪    
   饭  FDC.
      2. ⮩稢  ⨢  ᠭ樮஢ ஢.   ᥣ
    ᮡ  ᥪ   ࠧ  ⠭ ଠ,  㤭 -
   ᥪ  訡 CRC  ஢મ   १,  㤭 - ଠ
    ஬⪠ (GAPS). , 室騥  १ 砫 ஦,  
   ஢ , ᫨ ஢ ᡮ ᨭ஭樨,  ⠪ ⪨ 
   .
      3. ⠡쭮.   ⥭ 祢 ⪨     
    ⥭  ⠫쭮 ଠ樨,  ᠭ ⠭ ᯮᮡ.
   ⮬ ॡ      㤮⢮ ᮡ   "" ᥪ,
   訡  CRC.     ,      㤮⢮⥫ 祢
   ⪨, ᭮     ଠ樨    GAPS, ,  , ᮢ襭
   㤮⢮⥫        ⪨,   ᭮     ᡮ
   ᨭ஭樨.       ⭮       ⮩稢  ⨢  ७,
   襭  ⥬   ,  譨     (⥫䮭,
   , ⮢ ࠤਡ).
