
    ᭨祭
   . 让 ᠬ⥫  ६, ᡮથ  ୨樨

   
   

     ୨  - ⥬ 㠫쭠  㤥 ⠪ ᥣ,   .   ᮧ   <>,  ன 㦥  ᯥ  ᥬ 묨 .  ந⥫ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  짮⥫ ୨஢ ᢮ .   樮 ⥬   誠 -     㦥 < ﭥ>.   짮⥫?  㯠  ,  쭮 ,  ୨஢ .
     ᠬ  ᮭ  뫠   ୨樨.     뭥譨 ६? 쬥  ᮢ६ ᮭ . த  祣 뤠饣.   ⭮⥫쭮   ॢ   ࠡ ⠭,  ,  ⨢  ,  室,  ⪨   . ᫥ ⠪ ᫮ (  쭮 ண) 樨,   짮⥫  ﭨ 믮 ᢮ 㪠, ।  ।⠭ ᮢᥬ 㣮  -   .
   

    ୨ ( <३>,  . upgrade)-   ⢥ ⥬  .    ⠪ ਬ  ६ ᮭ쭮 ,   믮 ᢮ ᨫ (,    㣠 孨, ⮦ ). , ᫨ ⭮,  ,   믮  譨 ᫮,  ࢨ 業 ⮦  ६,    .   㤥   쭨  ᣮॢ襩 ⮩ -  ᪨ 楫ᮮࠧ: ᪮쪮 ᮢ ࠡ ᯥ樠 ᮮ⢥饣 ஢  ⮨ ஦, 祬  .
   ⮬ ⤥쭮    㤥 ᠬ ⨪: ⮡  ᠬ  । ࠢ   ਬ 㬬,  ॡ   ࠭.  쭮   ࢨ 業 짮⥫ <   >   죨  ࠭ 类 ࠢ⥩,   ᠬ   뫮. 筮  ࢨ 業  稭騥 짮⥫,      ,    㤭 ࢨ 業஢.     ⠫.
   訢:   ᫨  ࢨ 業 襫 த 짮⥫? ᭮ ,  ࠧ   祬,    ᬮ ꥣ,   ,  祬,   㦭  ᠬ ,   - .  ⠪  㬠: த 짮⥫, ࠧ騥  <>,  ࢨ 業ࠬ  室.  ᠬ  । 稭 ࠢ  ࠭ . ⮬-  ᪮॥ ࠢ     묨 騬, 祬  ࢨ 業 - 祬  ⤠ ᢮ 設  㦨 㪨, ᫨  ᠬ   <  㬠>?
   

       (   ਬ ⤥쭮  ⮩ )   ⮨   ࢨ 業. ਬ ⠪ 樨 -  ﭭ   㪥.  譨 ᫮   ⮨   ந, ⮬   㦭 㤮     ᯮ ਭ  㪠, ᫥ 祣 ਤ   設.
   

    ⮩    ᠭ ⮫쪮 ᮢ६ . ६묨   ,  த ᥩ,  ,  뫨 饭 2-3      ᯮ. 騥, 饭 ࠭, ᬠਢ  ᫠ -    ⮫쪮 㯮, ⮡  ,   ⠪ 뢠.  ࠪ⨪    ਤ    , ⠪   ⠭ ⮬  㤭묨 ᠬ   ३.  뫮 -  뫮. 孨  ⮨  .      ६ (   -    蠣 ।).
   
      

      祡,  ⥫쭮 ४  ਠ ᫥⥫쭮. 祬? ।,  ய⨫ ⢥ ,  ன   ⨢ .    ୨஢ ᢮ , ᫨  ,  ⨯  ᯮ  ୨樨? , -  .   - ᫥⥫쭮   ࠧ ᫥⥫쭮!
   

   ࢠ   饭 ⠬ ᮭ쭮 .    , ਭ᪨ , ⨢ , ⪨ ᪠, ਢ CD/DVD, , , , ன⢠   ..
     ᪠  ᡮથ  ୨樨 .   ᮡ    , ୨஢  ࠧ .      ᯮᮡ ୨樨, ࠪ᪨  ॡ ⠫.
    쥩   ࠧ   ⨪  ६ .  ᬮਬ ⨪ ࠢ⥩, 㧭,   ६஢,   - ,  ⠪ 稬 ᯮ짮 ⥬ ⠭ Windows.
   ᮡ类 ⮨ ᫥  쥩     楫.   㤥 ᬮ७ ୨ 㪮,  祭   ᥣ譨 , ᪮  ᯥ   <த> ,  㪢쭮 १  楢  ॢ    ᬥ 室 㣮. ⢥,    , ⮡  ६   ॣ.    ࠫ쭮 ॢ饩 設 ࠡ  .   ᪠   ᥪ <> ⮢,  栬  ⮦, ᫮, 㤥 祭  祭 .
    㦭 ᫥ ⭮  ਫ .   ᠭ  : ਬ, ਭ樯 ⢨ ᪨ ஢ ( १  ⠪ 㦥   ᢮ த), ⠭ Windows ( ⮦ , ᮡ ᫥ ᡮન  ),  ७,   㢥 㭪樮쭮 , 室  ஬,  孮 TPM, ⠭ 祭 ஢  稥  .
   

     ᫥ ⥭      , ࠪ᪨     <>, ,   㦭   䥪⨢ ࠡ,      ਫ. ᫨   ࠢ   ᠬ⥫쭮 ࠧ  ⮭   ୨樨  ६ ,    ࠢ:   ⥯  , ⮡ ᢮  ६.
    ࠫ쭮 ⮢?  ⠪ 砥  㯨  祭  ࠡ⪥ ।⠢   ਠ.
   

    I
    ᮭ쭮 
   

   

    
    

    ࢠ    饭 ⠬ ᮭ쭮 .  㧭,   , ਭ᪨ , ⪨ ᪨,   稥 騥,  ⠪ ,  騥  ⠭   ,   - .       ᬮ ୨஢ ᢮ . ⮬    㦭  ⥫쭮. 祬,    ᮬ,    ᤥ: ᫨  㯨   - , ୮ <>  ᭮.[1]
   

   

    

      1
      祣 ⮨ ᮭ 
    

    

     

       ⠪ 
     

     砫  㦭 ࠧ,  ⠪  .
     ,   ४ - ⥫ ண,  祫᪠ .    ⠫ ⮬⨧஢ ᢮ , ﭭ  堭, ।祭  祭 ⮩   ⥫쭮.   ४  祫  ,   ५ .
      堭᪨   ⥭ 檨 祭 楬  1673 .   ⠪,  ࠢ.
      மࠧ ᮢ६  - Zuze Z1 -  ᮧ  1938 .  ࠧࠡ⠫ ࠤ 㧥.  ன⢮, 筮, 譥 ᮢᥬ  宦  ᮢ६ ,   ন     (.1.1).  ᢥ稢   ⢮ 쪨 祪. 設 뫠 ⮩  祫᪨    42 頤.
      ᫥騥  뫨  ,   楫 .  ᪨ ஢ த  1981 ,  IBM ।⠢  뭪 ᢮ IBM PC. PC -  ᮪饭  Personal Computer,   ᮭ ,    ࠡ ᥣ  祫. IBM PC 㦥  宦  ᮢ६ : , ⥬ , .
     

     
     
.1.1.  뫨 ⠪

     
(-,   誠䮢    ).

     
 ਭ樯,   ᠬ,   ᥩ,  뭥譨 ᪮쪮 ⭥ 

         <஬> ࠧ㬥  .  ਢ몫,   룫廊 ਬ୮ ⠪ (.1.2).
      ᮢ६  ᥣ  ᭮ : ⥬ , ,   . ⥬      .  ࠡ뢠 ਭ  짮⥫ ( 祭  㣨 筨, ਬ  ୥) ଠ  ⮡ࠦ १  .  ᯮ  ᥭ ଠ樨 짮⥫.    -   ଠ樨.
     

     
     
.1.2.        룫拉 ⠪. ᫨ - ⠥  த    - 㣮, ন   ஭

        ଠ樨 㦨 ⮫쪮 ,    ᪮ 䥩 짮⥫ (,  ᪨ 䥩    ⮣ࠬ ࠧࠡ⠫  Apple,   Microsoft,  ਭ )  <> ⠫  .   , 筮, ,    ⠪ ⥯ 㤮,  娢, , 娧.
      ஡    ਬ   15,  ன⢠  (, 誠,   .)-   13.   -  ⥬ .
    

    

     

      ন <୮ 騪>
     

      ⥬  ᯮ  ࠡ⪨  ࠭ ଠ樨.  .1.3 ࠦ ⨯  .  ࠧ,   室  <୮ 騪> (,  ஬,   - ᬮ    梥 ).
       - ਭ᪠ ,  ࠦ  ஬ 1.  2 -  ⨫ .  ⨫஬  ࠤ,  㦥  ࠤ஬ - ᠬ .   ⨫  ࠤ    㢨.
      ࠦ  ஬ 3.  4 - ⪨ ᪨,  㭪  .  5 -  ਢ  ⥭ ()  ᪨ ᪮ (CD, DVD).  譥  ।,   ਢ, , 㦭 ,  ᠭ   ᢥ    ।  ਢ. ⪨ ᪨  ਢ CD/DVD   ਭ᪮    諥䮢, ࠦ  ஬ 6.
     

     
     
.1.3. 

      ७,   ⠭ ⥫  ७, ࠦ  ஬ 7.  8 -   ⠭.
    

    

     

       ᯨ᮪ ⮢ 
     

     ਭ᪠  (mother board)- ᠬ   ,  ன   ⠫  . ᬠਢ   3.
      (processor, CPU, central processing unit)- ந ࠡ . ᬠਢ   2.
     ⨢  (ram, random access memory)- ᯮ  ࠭ 믮塞 ணࠬ  , ࠡ뢠 ஬. ᬠਢ   4.
      (case) - <ࠬ> ,   ⠭  騥. ᬠਢ   13.
      ⠭ (power unit)- 筮 ⠢   ᮬ,   ⤥쭮  .  ⠭  ਭ   㣨  . ஡ ᬮ७   13.
     ⪨  (hdd, hard disk drive)- ᯮ  ࠭ ﭭ  ( ᮤন ⨢  ࠥ  몫祭 ⠭). ᬠਢ   6.
     ᪮   ᪮ (FDD, floppy disk drive)-  ᮢ६    ⠭ FDD, , ,  -⠪     樨 ᢮ 設. 뢠   8.
     ਢ cd/DVD - 楫ᮮࠧ ਮ 騩 DVD-ਢ,    , ⠢   ஢ (combo) ਢ, 㬥騩   뢠 CD-᪨  ⮫쪮  DVD-᪨. ਢ CD/DVD ᬮ७   7.
      (video card)- ⢥砥  뢮 ଠ樨   (ᯫ).      ஥  ਭ . 뢠   11.
     㪮  (sound card)- ᯮ  ந 㪠, 筮 ஥  ਭ . ᬠਢ   12.
     ⥢  (network card)- ᯮ  祭  쭮 , 筮 ஥  ਭ .  ᮢ६   ⥢ , 騥    ⠭ Fast Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet (᪮ 100/1000 /).
      (monitor, display)- ᯮ  ⮡ࠦ ଠ樨, 砥  .   ४᭮ ࠡ   , ᫨   ।祭  ࠡ  짮⥫.  ⠪   ᬠਢ  㤥.  ᠭ   15.
      (keyboard)- ன⢮   .   㣨 ன⢠  ᠭ   13.
      (mouse)-    ࠡ  ᮢ६ ஬ 祭 㤮, ⮬  ( 㣮 㪠⥫쭮 ன⢮, ਬ TouchPad  㪠)  易⥫ ⮬ .
    

    

     

        . 祭  
     

       ਬ  祭  ,   ࠧ६, 祬 ᯮ    ࠧꥬ    ⥬ .
       ᯠ . ᫨  㫨 뫮 宫,      ⭮ ⥬,   ਤ.   ६   ࠧ ᯥ  .  १   㤥  ⠭.
     
祭 

     砫 㦭 ᮥ ⠢  . 뢠 ⢨  (   室 ⠢   ᮥ),     ࢮ ࠧ,   ᠬ   ⮬ 祣 ᫮ .   ᯥ,  ⠩ , ⠬  ᯨᠭ.
     ⥬ 㦭    . ᫨    CRT-,   㦭   VGA-ࠧꥬ  (.1.4). ᫨   LCD-,   ᫥   DVI-ࠧ- . ࠢ ࠤ 㦭 ⬥,  LCD-     ࠧꥬ (VGA)   ᯥ樠쭮 室,  筮 ⠢  ஬.  ⮬ 砥 ⥪   砥  室,  ⮬    砥  VGA-ࠧꥬ.  筮  祭   ࠧꥬ  室, ᪮  ᮢ६  ᭠饭 DVI-ࠧꥬ.
      .1.4 ਢ 祭  ࠧꥬ ⨯筮 ᮭ쭮 . ⥫쭮  , ० 祬 㯨  祭 .
     

     
     
.1.4.  ⥬ 

     
祭   

     ꥬ  祭    (ࠧꥬ PS/2)   ࠧ  ଥ, ⮬   ९.
     ⮡ ⮣  ந室,  ந⥫ ன  ਤন 梥⮢ ન஢:
      䨮⮢ ࠧꥬ 砥  (⥪  ⮦ 㤥 䨮⮢ 梥);
       -  ( ⥪ ⮦ 㤥  梥,   ᥣ).
     㤠   ,    訬 ࠦ  ࠧꥬ:  ࠧꥬ  ᮢ ,   ࠧꥬ  - . ᫨  訡  롮஬ ࠧꥬ, 祣 㦠᭮  ந:       ࠡ.  ⮬ 砥 㦭 㤥 몫       ࠢ쭮.
     !  ⪫       祭 !
     
祭 ᪮ ⥬

      -   ᪮ ⥬ -    . 䮭 -  ᭮.   ᯮ   室.         ࠧ 㤨ன⢠: CD-ந뢠⥫, 䮭.
     
祭 ਭ  ᪠

      ᮢ६ ਭ   USB-.  .1.4 ,   ᥣ . ஡ 設 USB 㤥 ᬮ७   10.
     
祭 

       ( ADSL)    ᫥ ⥫쭮 (COM) ,   USB-.   ଥ  ࠧ USB- COM-    訡  祭.
     ADSL-    ⥢ , 筮  室 冷  USB-⠬.
     
      騥  ᫥. ਭ᪠   뢠   .  - , ⮬   ᤥ  ६. ⨢  - . ஥  ⪮ ᪠ - , ⮬ 쭮  ⪨  뢠 ⮬.  - .    뢠 設.
     
    

   

   

    

      2
     
    

    

     

       -  
     

      (CPU, Central Processing Unit)- ᭮ ன⢮, ஥ ࠢ ࠡ⮩   ࠡ뢠  ଠ.
     砫쭨 ஢  ᮭ ஢ -  Intel.    , ᪠ ﬨ AMD, Cyrix, IDT  ., ᮢ⨬  ⥬   ࠬ Intel.
    

    

     

         Intel
     

     
 2000 

      ᮢ६ ய஢ 稭  15   1971  -  ⮣  Intel ⨫ ᢮  ய Intel 4004.    㤥 ⮫쪮 㣫㡫  ,  ࠧ ३  < ᮭ ஢>,  砫  1981 ,   IBM ⨫  ᮭ  (IBM Personal Computer, IBM PC).
      IBM PC  ᭠饭 8- ஬ Intel 8086. <8- > 砥,  ⠪    ⠪  ࠡ ᥣ 8  (1 ).  1984   16- (  - 16-ࠧ來)  Intel 80286. , ᭠饭 ⠪ ஬, 뢠 <窠>.
      32-  Intel 80386   1985 . ,   ६  , 묨 ᭠頫 ᮭ , 뫨 32-묨, ࠧ來 ⠢, 﫠  孮   ࠡ⪨ ଠ樨 (  筮 , ࠡ  ஢). ஬ ࠧ來, ந⥫쭮  ࠪਧ ⠪⮢ :  ᫮ ᭮ 権 , ந  ᥪ㭤.    .  ᪠,  祬  ⠪⮢ , ⥬ ॥ ࠡ⠥ . ࠢ, ⠪ 뫮 ࠭.   蠥 孮, ਬ 拉 , ࠡ騩     2 , 㤥 ॥ 拉୮ ,  ࠡ⠥   2,5 .  ஢ 80286  ॢ蠫 12 ,   ஢ 80386 뫠   32 .
     ᫥ ⮣   80486 (1989 ,  133 ),   ᫥   Pentium ( 200 ) - 1993  (.2.1). ᮢ襭⢮ ᨨ ⮣    1995-: Pentium Pro  Pentium MMX ( 233 ).  ।砫   (  ६) ࢥ஢  ⮨ 쭮 ண.  ன  宦   Pentium,    뫨  樨  ࠡ⪨ ⨬.  1997      Pentium MMX 166 Mhz  16  , 1   ⪮ ᪥, ਢ CD-ROM 
     

     
     
.2.1. Intel pentium

       1997     Pentium II ( 450 ; .2.2).  1998     ᪮쪮 ᮢ襭⢮. Pen tium II  믮   ਤ, 饣 ਤ ஢ ⠢.  ⮣  Intel ⠭  ࠧꥬ, 뢠 <> (Socket),  Pentium II ⠭  ࠧꥬ,    Slot-1 (  ᫮ ७  ਭ᪮ ).
     

     
     
.2.2. Intel pentium ii

      1998  뫠 饭 祭  Pentium II -  Intel Celeron ( 433   Slot-1).  ᨨ Celeron   - (ᯥ樠쭠 த , ᯮ  ண 㯠  ଠ樨,   ᯮ짮 ) ண ஢, ⮬ ࠡ⠫ , 祬 Pentium II.    뫨 饭  Celeron,   ᢮ ந⥫쭮 ॢ室  Pentium II.
      1999   饭  Pentium III    Katmai.  ⠪  믮   ਤ (᫮  ⮣  뢠 Slot II), ⠪⮢  ⨣ 600 . ᮡ   - 樨 SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions)  ७   MMX.
       1999   饭  Pentium III    Coppermine (.2.3).  ⠪⮢  -  1200 .     Coppermine ࠡ⠫ 쭮 ⠡쭮  । ०,  稫 ९  Intel.   Intel ࠢ.  ⫨稥  Pentium II  ࢮ Pentium III,   믮    ਤ,    筮  ( 뢠 Socket 370).   1999    Intel Celeron Coppermine - ᮢ襭⢮  Intel Celeron;   PIII Coopermine,  Celeron ⠭   Socket 370,     ॢ蠫 1100 .
     

     
     

     .2.3. pentium iii ( socket 370)
     ᫨  뢠 ᮢᥬ  ॢ ᯮ,  ਭ      Pentium,   ⠭  ᫥騥 ࠧꥬ:
     Socket 7 -  Pentium (c 1994  1997 );
     Slot-1 -  Pentium II (c 1998  2000 );
     Slot-II -  Pentium III ( 1999  2000 );
     Socket 370 -  Pentium III (c 1998  2001 ).
     
᫥ 2000  (  )

     , 訥  2000-2007 , 㤥  ᮢ६묨. 筮, ⭮⥫쭮 ᮢ६묨.  ୠ 孨 ࠧ 祭 .   , ਬ,   Pentium IV,    2000 ,     㯨: . ⮬  ,    2000  2007 , ਬ ஡. -  ᮢ६ ,  묨  ࠡ⠥     .
     
Socket 423

      2000     Pentium IV Willamette.   ਭ樯쭮  , ন騩 મਧ   㣨 । 孮.  ⠭  ࠧꥬ Socket 423 (.2.4),      蠫 2   ஢,  饭  2000 .  ଠ Socket 423 தঠ  뭪 ஢ ४भ : ᥣ  楢.   2000   2001  .  Intel  ন  .   室,  맢    짮⥫. 㤨 ᠬ.  㯠 訩  (  2000    Pentium IV/Socket 423), 몫뢠   <>   ( ୮  ᥣ  ண, १  業   ᯠ),     ਧ. १  楢 Intel ⪠뢠  ⥪饩   室  뭮   - Socket 478. ஥ <> 㦥   㦭,   ୨஢    - 㦭 ⮫쪮  ਭ .
     

     
     
.2.4. ꥬSocket 423

     
Socket 478

      2001  뫠 饭 ᮢ襭⢮   Pentium IV Northwood, ࠡ   ᮪  -  2,8 .  Pentium IV ⠭  ࠧꥬ Socket 478 (.2.5).    뫮 512   ண ஢ ( ⮬,   ⠪,  ਬ ⤥쭮,   ),    ࠧ , 祬  ।饩 .
     

     
     
.2.5. ꥬ Socket 478

        ࠡ  ⨢  ᫥ ⨯: RD-RAM (Rambus), SD-RAM  DDR-RAM. ,       祬  ,        祬.
     

     ਭ樯쭮  ⨯  RD-RAM   ᯥ  ࠭ ந⥫쭮 ᮭ ஢.  RD-RAM 뫠 祭 ண , - 祣  稫 ப ࠭. ⮬ ᭠砫 Intel ⨫ ਭ ᪨ , ন騥 ⮫쪮 SD-RAM-,  ⮬  DDR-.  SD-RAM- ᯥ稢 ᥣ     ந⥫쭮 RD-RAM.
      த    뫮 㦭. ⮬  㬥  ஢  (   樨  ⨬  <祭> Pentium IV) 뫨 ⨬஢  SSE2.   㢥 ந⥫쭮  ⠪ ⥯,  ஢   ந   ॠ쭮 ६.
       뫨 ।⠢ ਭ᪨  (稯 845D  845GD), 騥 ࠡ ⮫쪮  DDR. 稭 - 襭 業 ᮣ襭  Rambus, ࠧࠡ稪 RD-RAM. ய᪭ ᯮᮡ    稯 뫠 ᥣ 2 / ( RD-RAM  ⥫   ஢ 3,3 /),  ᠬ ,   ਭ᪨  뫨 ⭮ 襢.
        媠쭠 DDR-,  १ 祣 ய᪭ ᯮᮡ DDR- ᫠  5 /.  <> 襫 .  ᫠ 㯠 ண RD-RAM, ᫨ 襢 DDR- ᯥ稢  ந⥫쭮!
      2002    Celeron (Willamette-128).  ,  祭  Pentium IV, ࠡ    2   ⠭  ࠧꥬ Soket 478.
     
       ᭮. ⮡  ७⮢,    ࠧ 㫮. Intel  ᪫祭.  Intel  AMD ᥣ ஢.  ,  AMD  ⮢  ᢮ ᮢ६ 64-  Athlon 64 FX, Intel ᪠ Pentium IV Extreme Edition.  祣  Intel  ५.   ⨫ ࢥ (।祭  ࠡ  ࢥ,     ᮭ )  Xeon   Pentium IV Extreme Edition.   .  ᮡ   -  ⥫ 2   쥣 ஢,  ⮣    Intel ⮨ 1000 ஢,   ⥫쭮 ॢ室  業  <>  AMD, ஥  ⮣  ⮨ 襢,   ࠡ⠫ ॥. ⮬  짮⥫ ।竨 ⮣ Athlon 64,  Pentium IV Extreme Edition ⠫ 㤠 䨭ᮢ 室 Intel.
     
     
Socket LGA (Land Grid Array) 775

      ଠ - Socket LGA775 (.2.9).  ଠ    2004       ᭮ ମ Intel. ᫨  㯨   ஬ Intel,   㤥 ⠭  ࠧꥬ Socket LGA775.
     

         ᢮ ᮡ -  ⠪ ७ᥭ  ᮪,       㢨.
     

     
     
.2.6. ꥬ lga 775

     砫   ᮪    Pentium IV Extreme Edition 3,4  ( Gallatin).    襫   Pentium IV ।饣  ( Socket 478).
      筮,    Intel ⮢  : Pentium IV   祭  - Celeron D.   Celeron D   ண ஢ - ᥣ 256 .
      砫 2005   饭 Pentium IV  襬 ண ஢ 2 .  ⢥ <⮯>   ।⠢   ⮩ 3,6 .  ⠪  稫,   Pentium IV  訬 襬 ࠡ⠥ , 祬  2004 .  类 砥,    , 祬 । .   ⮨ ஦.
      2005  뫠 饭  <६쭠 > () - Extreme Edition Pentium IV.  ࠪ᪨ 祭 筮 Pentium IV ( 2005 ),  ࠡ⠥   ⥬ 設 1066  (⨢ 800   筮 Pentium IV). ⥬ 㢥祭  ⥬ 設  1066  (FSB1066)    筮 Pentium IV  Extreme Edition.  ⮨   ? ந⥫쭮    ⠭,     㤥 ᨫ쭥.  ⮩  ( ன )  ਬ  ࠧ ஢.
     
Core 2 Duo  Core 2 Quad: 拉 

     ⮫ ࠬ  墠⠫  ,   ࢥࠬ (ᮡ ࢥࠬ  )  ᪨ ࠡ稬 ⠭,  ࠡ뢠 ஬ ꥬ ଠ樨,   뫮 . ⮬    ᪮쪨 ࠬ (SMP-設, Symmetric Multi Processing).  ࠭  SMP-設, ᪮  ⭮⥫쭮 襢:   襢  (  㦥  쬨). ᨬ쭮  ᫮ ஢  ᥣ譨  - 32.  ⠪   楫 ﭨ.
       ⮦  襢. ᫨ 㯠  騥,  ⮫쪮 ⮨ ਭ᪮  㤥 ⠢ 350 ஢  . ⥬ 㦭 㯨  . 筮 ᯮ  Intel Xeon (ࢥୠ    Intel).     300 ஢.
      2006  Intel ⨫ 拉  Intel Core 2 Duo,   ந⥫쭮 ࠪ᪨ 祭 ୮ 設. 拉  ।⠢ ᮡ < >, 祭   騩 .    ᢮  ॣ஢, ᢮  ࢮ ஢,  騩  ண ஢,  㢥祭   ࠧ  ࠢ  묨 (拉묨) ࠬ.  襢  Intel Core 2 Duo    1   ண ஢,   ண - 2   4 .
     
      ⮨ ᭮. Core 2 -  쬮  ஢   Intel, ᭮  ⥪ Intel core,   ᢮ । ஥   Intel p6.   ᥬ⢠ core 2 ।⠢ 27  2006 .  ᫥騥 ਠ: solo (1 ), duo (2 ), quad (4 )  extreme edition (2  4 ,   ࠧ஢ ⥫,   䥪⨢ ࠧ ).   稫 ᫥騥 : Conroe (ᯮ  ᮭ    ࠡ ⠭), Merom ( 㪮)  Kentsfield ( 拉 Conroe.       Intel: ண騩 Penryn -  ,   Merom,  ஥  45-஢ ,   Woodcrest -  ᪠  મ Xeon.
        2006    Core 2 Duo ந     ૠ.
     
      Intel Core 2 Duo ⠭     ᮪ LGA775, ⮬ ਭ᪨   ⠪  ண ( ࠢ  묨). <।> IC2D (Intel Core 2 Duo)  2   ⮨ ਬ୮ 180 ஢ ( 襢),  ਭ  ந⢠ Intel (!)      80 ஢.  ⥯  ⠥: 260 ஢ ⨢ 650 (SMP-設). , 㬠, ⭠, ᮡ  譥 짮⥫.
      ,  2006 ,  拉  Intel Core 2 Quad (IC2Q),  ⮦ ⠭     ᮪ LGA775 (.2.7).  IC2Q ন   稯,  ⮬ ᫨  ਭ᪮   LGA775,    砥,     ⠭ IC2Q.  -⠪ ਭ᪠     ⮨ ᥩ  祭 ண - 120 ஢. ࠢ, 業  IC2Q 稭  350 ஢,  ᠬ ண IC2Q ⮨    ஢ ( ⮫쪮 ).   砥 350 + 120 = 470 ஢ -  , 祬 ⮨  ஢  SMP-ਭ᪮ ,  ந⥫쭮  ᠬ 襢 IC2Q 㤥 .
     

     
     
.2.7.  Intel core 2 quad

     , ࠧ   IC2Q - 8 ,  4     ஢. 祢 ᫮  <>.   IC2Q -    ⤥    ᮬ,      Intel Core 2 Duo.    拉 騩 .
       拉  Intel 㦭  ᫥饥:    64-ࠧ來묨, ⮬, ᫨  , ⠭ 64-ࠧ來 ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ⮡   ⥭樠 .
    

    

     

        AMD
     

      AMD -  ७  Intel   ᠬ 砫. 뫨  Am286, Am386  ..,   뫮 ⠭  ஢ Intel. , ⮣  AMD 뫨  ⠪ ,   Intel,  ⮨ ⭮ 襢,   﫮  AMD   . ᫨ - ⥫  ⢨⥫쭮  ,   㯠   Intel. ᫨  - ⠫ , ⮣ 롨ࠫ   AMD.     ஢ K5  K6.  K5    Intel Pentium. ⠫     Pentium,  ⮨ ⭮ 襢.    AMD K6 ॢ室  ந⥫쭮  Pentium MMX,  ७⮬ ண   .  뫠 -०    Intel.
       ⠪ : ந⥫쭮,  ᯥ稢  AMD, ⠪     (   ਫ,    ᯮ짮) ந⥫쭮 ஢ Intel,  業   AMD      ࠧ 襢.
     ० 祬 㯨  ᬮ७ ஢ AMD,    ᫥饥:
      AMD   <祭묨>, <१묨>  - 㣨 業묨 ﬨ ஢ Intel.   ᮫⭮ ᢮ 孮,   ᮢ⨬  ஬  86,    ணࠬ ( 樮 ⥬),   ࠡ   Intel,  ࠡ    AMD;
        ⠭   amd  ਭ , ।祭   Intel ( :  ⠭   Intel  ਭ , ।祭  AMD).  㦭 뢠, ᫨ 㤥 롨 䨣 ᠬ⥫쭮.
     

     ᬠਢ  ஢  AMD   㤥.  ⠭  ᠬ ᮢ६  AMD:
     Sempron - ᠬ 襢   AMD,   ⥬ 砫쭮 ஢ ( 㯠, ᫨    - 襥);
     Athlon 64 - 64- , ॢ室騩  ᢮ ந⥫쭮 Sempron;
     Athlon 64 X2 - 64- 拉  (.2.8);
     Phenom - 訩  AMD,     ᢮ த,    室      㦥   ਫ  .
     

     
     
.2.8.  amd athlon 64 x2

      ᮢ६  AMD  64-ࠧ來묨,    ⠭  ࠧꥬ AM2 (஬ ஢ Phenom,  㦥 ᮪ AM2+). ⮬, ᫨  訫 ᠬ ᮡ ⥬     AMD,   ⠥! 筮, ᫨      AMD    ୨஢ ⥬,   ਤ  ਭ  - 㣮 室 .
     
 : AMD  Intel

      ⥯  ⢥   :    - AMD  Intel? ᬮਬ  業.  㯭 拉   AMD -  Athlon 64 X2 4200+  2  ,  ⮨ ᥣ 90 ஢,  Intel Core 2 Duo  2   ⮨ 180 ஢. 室,     AMD ⮨   ࠧ 襢.
         ? ᫨  譨 짮⥫,      X2.  訩 ᮢ६ -拉 . ७ ந⥫쭮 ஢, ⥬  ࠧ ,- ⨥ 쭮 ୮, ᪮   ਫ   㤥 ࠡ  , 㣮 -  㦥.   Intel,   AMD  楫 ᯥ稢 ᮪ ஢ ந⥫쭮. 譨 짮⥫ ਭ樯쭮 ࠧ  .  㤥 ⮫쪮  業: AMD  襢,    죨  㯨 ⨢  -   訩 䥪, 祬 㯪  ண .
     
ந⥫쭮 ஢ AMD. PR

     쬥 ᠬ ,  祭 ண   AMD - Sempron 3600+.  砥  ᫥  ? 㦥   ? ,   - ᥣ  2,0  (2000 ).
     3600+ -  ⠪ 뢠 Pentium Rating.   ਬ୮ ⠪: ᫨   Sempron  <㬮>,    뫠  3600 . 쭮 㡮,     ६ 筮. PR -  ⭮⥫ ⥫ ந⥫쭮 (⭮⥫쭮 Pentium IV ࢮ   ਬ୮ 묨 ࠪ⨪).
      , ᫨ ।   Sempron 3600+,   ந⥫쭮 㤥 ਬ୮ ࠢ ந⥫쭮 Pentium IV  ⮩ 3,6 .
     
砩 <㪠> -   AMD Spider

     20 2007   AMD ஢    ⮫ ᮭ ஢ - AMD Spider.  த ⮫쪮 稭 㯠   ஥     -  ਭ᪨   ᮪⮬ AM2+   Phenom.
          ଥ?    :
       AM2+,  ᮢ⨬  ᮪⮬ AM2,    ਭ  AM2+  ⠭  ।饣 , ⠭  ᮪ AM2;
      64- 拉  phenom (ᨬ쭮 ⢮ 拉 - 4).
     

      ४ ᥡ  ଠ,  ⭮,  㦥 ᥩ  뤥  :
      ⭠ ᮢ⨬  ।饩 ମ - AM2;
       ஢ ਨ Phenom ⠫   襢;
     -  AMD  拉 !
    

    

     

      來 
     

        Intel (4004)  ࠧ來,  4-.  砥,    ⠪   ࠡ 4  ଠ樨.  ᮢ६   64-묨,      ⥬ ஥  32- .  ࠢ, ⠪ ⥬ 뫨 㯫   ,  64-  ⮨ ਫ筮 ண.  , ⭮ ,  뫮 ᫠ 㯠 64- , ᫨ ࠪ᪨  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 뫮 32-.   죨 ⨫  ,    ᯮ짮.   ࠢ  㯨      .
    

    

     

      -
     

     ⨢   ந⥫쭮 ⢥ ⠥  ந⥫쭮 .  뫮,   ⠪ 㤥. ᫨  ந⥫쭮 ⨢  뫠 ਬ୮ ࠢ ந⥫쭮 ,   ⮨  ⭮ ஦.
         ந⥫쭮 ᥩ ⥬  楫, ᫨ ந⥫쭮  ᢮    ந⥫쭮 ? 㦭 ᯮ짮 -!
     - -  ᢮ࠧ த騩   ६ ࠭ ,       .   - ந  ॥, 祬   ⨢ ,   ন ந⥫쭮 ᥩ ⥬  ᮪ ஢. ᫨  ।쭮 ,   -  த   ६ ࠭  믮塞 ணࠬ  .
      ᮢ६  砥 - ࢮ (L1)  ண (L2) ஢.  ࢥ    - 쥣 ஢ (L3),  ⠪  ண   । .
       - - ࢮ ஢,   ꥬ  .  ࢮ ஢ ᯮ   ⠫  ஬,  ⮩     ࠡ.  L1 ࠡ⠥   ,   ⮩  ந  ⠪ ࠡ .   祭 ண.  ᮢ६ ⥬ 筮 砥   64  . (㬠:  ᮢ६  ࠧ   1  ⠥ ଠ .   ᥣ 64 .  ਪ,  ᪮쪮 ࠧ ⠭ ஦ , ᫨     㤥 ⠪  ன,  L1-!)
     L2- ⥫쭮 ॥ ⨢ ,   L1--.  ண ஢ ᯮ   ⠫ ,  <- 冷>. (    ண ஢  ᯮ  ਭ᪮ ,   ᫨誮 <>, ⮬  ᮢ६ ⥬  ண ஢ ७ᥭ <>   .) ꥬ L2- -  128  ( 㦥 ॢ ⥬)  8  ( IC2Q).
      쥣 ஢, ᫨   , 筮 ᯮ  ਭ᪮ . L3- ॥ ⨢ .
    

    

     

       ⥬  (設)
     

     ⥬  (  設, FSB - Front Side Bus) ᮥ   ⨢ .
      ᮢ६  ࠡ  ,   ᪮쪮 ࠧ ॢ蠥  ⥬ . 稭,     ॢ蠥  ⥬ , 뢠 ⥫. ,  Pentium IV, ࠡ饬   3400 , ⥫ ⠢ 4,25x ( ⥬  ࠢ 800 ).
     ⥬ 㢥祭 ⥫  ࠧ .  ⮬,   ᤥ,  ਬ  ன  .
      ⠡. 2.1 ਢ ⥫   ஢.
     
 2.1. ⥫   ஢

     
    

    

     

       㭪樨 
     

     ﭨ   ୥-, 騩   騬. 猪  ࠭窥  ᠭ ⮣      ਬ୮ ᫥ ப:
     㣮: AMD64, 3Dnow, enhanced 3Dnow, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, MMX.
     . 2.2   ࠧ  ⮬,    砥.
     
 2.2. 㭪樨 ᮢ६ ஢

     
     
    

   

   

    

      3
     ਭ᪠ 
    

    

     

      ᭮ ᢥ  ਭ᪮ 
     

     ਭ᪠  -   ᮭ쭮 ,     ⠫ 騥,  ⮬ ᫥  .  롮 ਭ᪮  㦭 室 祭 쥧,      ⮫쪮 ந⥫쭮 ⥬ ᥩ,    ७ (୨樨),   ந⥫쭮 ⥬ .
         ਬ  롮 ਭ᪮ .
    

    

     

      䠪 ਭ᪨ 
     

     䠪 -  ࠧ ਭ᪮ .  ।,   ਭ  ⠭    ⨯ .
     䠪  ᫮ ࠧ   㯯: ᮢ६, ॢ訥  ⠭. ६ - ,   ᥩ   த 묨. ॢ訥    ந⢠.  ᫨   㯨 ਭ   ॢ訬 䠪-஬,   㤥 /. ⠭  ࠧࠡ⪮  <> ந⥫ -  ७ த HP, IBM, Compaq  .
     ⭮,  ୨ ⥬ ࠭祭 䠪஬. ।,   -  ⥬. ਭ᪠  ⮦ ,   ন  ,  ⨯ .  㯠  ਭ    ஬   .      ⠭   .  ⮦ ਤ     ⠭, ⮬  ࠧꥬ ⠭   ࠧ 䠪 ⫨砥. (⮡  짮⥫  뫮 ᮡ ⠭   ⪠  쭨     ॢ襣 䠪.  砥  묨 ⥬ ⢥  ୨樨 - 㯪  ⥬ .)
      ॢ訬 䠪ࠬ ⭮:
     baby-AT - ᠬ ॢ 䠪, ਬ訩   IBM PC  IBM PC XT (砫 80-  諮 ).
     AT - ᠬ ࠭ 䠪 諮 . 砫 ᯮ짮  ६  Intel 80286.  Pentium ࢮ  ⮦ ⠭  AT-,    䠪 ०   ஢.
     LBP, WTX, ITX - 祭 । 䠪.  짮⥫    . 祣 譮  ந, ᫨      㢨. ᫨    㪠 -   ⠪ 䠪,  , 祭  ᬮ   㤮.
     

     ६ 䠪:
     NLX -  祭  䠪,    騩  ௮⨢ ।. 筮 ᯮ  ࢥ ਭ᪨ .
     mini-ITX -  ᯮ  ஢  ⠢, 祬  ᮭ .      䠪  ⠭   mini-ITX, Flex-ATX, micro-ATX  ATX. ⫨⥫쭠 ᮡ - ᥣ  ࠧꥬ PCI.
     ATX - 襫  ᬥ ୮ 䠪 AT.  ATX- ন ७ ࠢ ⠭,   몫 ⠭   ணࠬ,   ⮫쪮   몫⥫. 筮 ⠭  ⨪  (<襭>, .  - tower).
     mini-ATX -   ATX,   訬 ࠧࠬ.  ⠭   ⨪ (tower), ⠪   ⮫ (desktop, ਧ⠫) . ࠪ᪨   ᪠ ਭ᪨  ਭ  䠪.
     micro-ATX -   訩 ࠧ, 筮 ᯮ  ⥬ 砫쭮 ஢  ࠭祭묨 ﬨ ୨樨 -  <> .
     BTX - ᠬ ᮢ६ 䠪,  ।⠢  2005 . ᯮ  ᮪ந⥫ ⥬.  ᮢ⨬  ATX. BTX-   ⠭ ⮫쪮  BTX-.
     micro-BTX -  BTX, 㬥襭 ࠧ. ᫨ BTX  ᭮  砥  ࢥ୮ ।,  micro-BTX ᯮ  ஥ ⥬ । ஢.  䠪 micro-BTX   ⠭   BTX  microBTX.
     PICO-BTX - ᠬ 쪨 䠪  ᥬ⢠ BTX. 室  ⥬ 砫쭮 ஢   ⥬  ࠭祭묨 ﬨ ୨樨 (  : 祬  ࠧ, ⥬  ᫮⮢ ७ 頥  , ⮬   ୨樨 ࠭祭). ⠭   ⨯ pico-BTX, micro-BTX, BTX.
     

      饥 ६  ࠭  䠪 ATX. 設⢮ ᮢ६ ਭ᪨   ᮢ ᪠   ⮬ 䠪. BTX - ,    ࠭ ⠪ ᨫ쭮,  ATX. 㬠,  訥 , 뢠 ஬ ⢮ ந   ᮢ  ଠ ATX,   .
      । 䠪? -, 䠪 㪠뢠  ஡  ਭ᪮ ⮩,  ࠩ-,   ᠬ ਭ᪮ . -,    䠪    ⠭ ਭ .  뢠,  ࠪ᪨      ⭮  䠪 ATX,   訡.
    

    

     

       ਭ᪨ 
     

     쭮   <> ਭ᪮   ஥ (⥣஢) ன⢠: , 㪮   ⥢.
     祣 宣  ⮬ . -, ᥣ   ⪫ ⥣஢ ன⢮  ⠭ 筮,   ⥣஢,  ᢮ ᫮ ७. ⮬  ᫨ ᭮ ன⢮ <ᣮ> ( ⭮ ⮣ 祭 ),   ࠢ.
     -,  ᯮ짮 ⥣஢ ன ⢥ ᭨ ⮨ ⥬.    㦭 㯠   . ࠢ, 㦭 뢠 ᯥ樠 饩 ⥬.
     ᫨  楫 - ᮡ   ᬮ 䨫쬮  ࠡ  㬥⠬ (筠 ᭠ 蠤), ⮣  墠 ⥣஢ .  ᫨   ࠡ  嬥୮ 䨪    ⥫   ஬, ⮣  ⠢ ⤥ .
      롮    ਬ.    ஥ 㪮   ⥢  ⪠   -  ਭ᪨ ,    뫮  ன.
    

    

     

      ⥬ 設.  ७
     

     ⭮,  ।ᬮ,    㦭  짮⥫,   - 㣮, , ⮬  ਭ᪮  室 ᫮ ७,   ⠭  ७, 㢥稢騥  襣  (.3.1).
     ० 祬 ᬠਢ ࠧ ਠ ᫮⮢ ७,   ,  ⠪ 設.  -  ࠫ ।   ⨢   ⮩ ७.   ⠢  ७  ᫮ ७,  砥   設.
     

     
     
.3.1.   ࠧ ⨯ 設  ਭ᪮ 

      ᮢ६        設:
     PCI (peripheral component interconnect) - 32-⭠ 設, ࠧࠡ⠭  Intel,    ਭ᪮   10  ७ ( 筮  ⥬       PCI-᫮⮢),   ६ ᠬ ࠭ 設.  ਠ 設 PCI ।⠢  ⠡. 3.1.
     AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port)- 뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭  ⮣, ⮡ ᭨ 㧪  設 PCI,-  設 AGP । ⮫쪮 . ⭮,   ᫮ AGP   ⮫쪮 AGP-.  設 ஡ ᬮ७   11.
     PCI Express -   設 PCI.
     
 3.1.  ⠭ 設 PCI

     
     

      ⠡. 3.1  ।⠢ ⠭ PCI 2.0 -  ࢠ  設 PCI, 稢 ப ࠭.  PCI 2.0 ᯮ짮   ᫮  殮 5 .
       ⠭ PCI 2.1  ⠫  প  ७  殮 3,3 .  <஦> ⠭ PCI 2.2 砫 ᪠ 㭨ᠫ ,   ᯮ짮     PCI  ,   ,  ᫮ PCI 2.1. ⠭ PCI 2.3  PCI 3.0  ᮢ⨬  ⠬  殮 5 .
       ᠥ   ய᪭ ᯮᮡ,  ⠭ PCI 2.1-3.0  ࠡ   33  66 ,  ⮬ ய᪭ ᯮᮡ    (. ⠡. 3.1).
     

       ⠭ PCI 64  ⠭ PCI (2.0-3.0) 뫨 32-ࠧ來묨.  PCI 64  64-ࠧ來.  PCI 64 宦  ᫮ PCI,   . ଠ쭮 PCI 64 ⭮ ᮢ⨬  PCI,    ᫮ PCI 64  ⠭  ७ । 饣 .   ᨨ PCI 64:
     PCI 64 v1 - 殮 5 ;
     PCI 64 v2 - 殮 3,3 .
     PCI 64 ࠡ⠥   33 ,  ய᪭ ᯮᮡ ⠢ 266 / ().
     

     ⠭ PCI 66 -  ࠧ⨥ PCI 64.  ⫨稥   - 66    ᯮ짮 ᫮⮢ ⮫쪮  殮 3,3 .  襭  ᫠  ய᪭ ᯮᮡ,  ⠢ 533 /.
     

     ᫥ ⠭ PCI 66  ਤ ⠭ PCI 64/66.  ᮢ⨬  ᫥騬 ⠬:
     PCI 64 3,3 ;
     PCI 32 3,3 .
     PCI-X -    䨪 ⠭ PCI 64. ᭮ ⫨稥 - ᨬ  設  ⢠ ன: 66  - 4, 100  - 2,  133  - 1.   ᨨ PCI-X.  ࢮ ய᪭ ᯮᮡ 1024 /,  ன - 4096 /. 殮  PCI-X - 1,5 ,   設 ᮢ⨬  ⠬ PCI 64 3,3 .
     

     ஬ 㯮 䨪権 設 PCI   ⮫  ᫥騬 ਠ⠬ 設:
     Mini-PCI -  PCI 2.2  㡪;
     Cardbus - 32-ࠧ來 PCI-設  㪮, ࠡ⠥   33 ;
     ATCA (Advanced TCA)- ᯮ  ⥫㭨樮 , 砥 祭 ।.
     

      饥  設 PCI Express.  뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭, ⮡  設 AGP  PCI.  ᮢ६ ਭ᪨    ࠧꥬ  ⨯:  AGP  PCI,  PCI  PCI Express. 譥 ⫨  ࠧꥬ 祭   -  梥 ᫮:
      ᫮ - 設 PCI;
     筥 ᫮ - 設 AGP;
      ᫮ - 設 PCI Express.
     ਬ ஡  PCI Express, ᪮  設 饣   㦭   ਥ஢. ᨬ쭠 () ய᪭ ᯮᮡ 設 PCI ⠢ 0,5 / (筥, 528 /,     ᥪ㭤 ⥮᪨ 設  । 528 ).
      ୥  襩 設. ய᪭ ᯮᮡ PCI Express 1 ⠢ ⮦ 0,5 /.  , ᮡ ࠧ ,  ⠪ 뫮  ᠬ 砫 ந⢠ PCI Express. ⮬ 뫨 饭 ᯥ䨪樨 PCI Express 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 32.  ய᪭ ᯮᮡ  ᯥ䨪樨  - 㦭 <⥫> (ਬ, 2x) 㬭  0,5 /. , ய᪭ ᯮᮡ 設 PCI Express 4x ⠢ 2 /,  32x - 16 /.
     ⫨ 設 PCI Express   㣠 ᫮.  ᫨ ⮫쪮 ᯥ䨪 PCI Express 1x - ᫮  設 ਬ୮   ࠧ , 祬 ᫮ 設 2x-32x.  .3.2 ࠦ  ᫮ ७:  -  PCI,  ⪨ -  PCI Express 1x,   - PCI Express >1x.
     

     
     
.3.2.  ७ PCI, PCI Express 1x, PCI Express 4x

        ࠧ 㣨 ᫮?  ⮬  㦭 .   PCI Express ᮢ⨬  ᮡ, , ⮡  䨧᪨ ⠭  ᫮ ७.     ᫮ ७ 32x,  ⠭  ⠭  4x,   ᬥ  ⠭ -  㤥 ࠡ  ᢮ 4x. , ᫨ ਭ᪠  ন ⮫쪮 PCI Express 4x,    ⠭    PCI Express 16x,   ⮦ 㤥 ࠡ, ࠢ,  ᪮ 4x -  ᪮ 㤥 <> ﬨ 設.
       2006  뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭   PCI Express 2.0.   設 ᮡ  ࠭,  ᮮ頥,    ᮢ⨬  ࢮ ᨥ. ய᪭ ᯮᮡ 設 PCI Express 2.0 㢥祭   ࠧ,    PCI Express 2.0 1x  ⠢ 1 /,  PCI Express 2.0 2x - 2 /  ..
    

    

     

       
     

       ਭ᪠    ᮢ⨬. ,  ᮢ६  Intel ⠭   LGA775,   AMD -   AM2.
    

    

     

      롮 稯
     

      ।饩   㧭,  FSB (Front Side Bus), ⥬ 設, ᯥ稢    譨 ஬,    ᥬ ⠫묨 ன⢠.  ᮭ  ந ⠪:  ।⢮ FSB 砥  ⥬ ஫,  筮 뢠 ᥢ ⮬ (North Bridge).
      ⠢ ⥬ ஫ 室 㣨 ஫ - ஫ 設,    ਩ ன⢠. 筮  ᥢ୮   ᠬ ந⥫ ன ⢠, ਬ   設 PCI Express 16x.   ந⥫ ன⢠ (ன⢠, 砥  設 PCI)     (South Bridge),  ᮥ ᯥ-樠  設  ᥢ ⮬.      뢠 稯⮬ (chipset).
      ।,    ⠭,   - ,  ⨯   ᯮ짮,   - , ᪮쪮 ᥣ ⨢    ⠭.
     
 ஢ Intel[2]

      ⠡. 3.2 ਢ ଠ  ᮢ६ 稯  ஢ Intel.  ਢ ଠ  , ⨯ , ন ⥬   稯⮬. (   ਫ   ⨯ ,  ⮬  .)
     
 3.2. ६ 稯 Intel (᮪ LGA 775)

     
     

     
     

     ᫨    譥 , ⮨ 㯠 ਭ   稯⮬, ন騬  Core2 Duo  Core2 Quad,   ᫨ ᥩ    ⠭  ஢.     ⠭ ,    ⮣,    .  ⮬  ਤ  ਭ .
      ᫥    ᨬ ࠧ ⨢ .  ᥣ譨 , ᫨  ࠡ  Windows Vista, 쭮 室 1   (  Vista   512  <⨢>,     ⮫쪮  ,   ࠡ  ). 쪮 ⮢   ᫥  Windows, ᫮ ᪠.  ⮬ 㦭, ⮡ 稯 ন   4  .
     
 ஢ AMD

      ᬮਬ ⠡  ஢ AMD (⠡. 3.3).  稯⠬  ஢ AMD   ⠪ . ᫨ Intel ᠬ ந 稯,  㣨 ந⥫  ᪠ ਭ᪨    稯⮢ Intel,  稯  AMD  ந 㣨 , ਬ VIA  nVidia.   nVidia  ᬠਢ  㤥,  쭮 ᯥ᪨.     ந⢠ nVidia  ந ண  ⥬  . ᮡ  ਭ᪨   nVidia  ஥  nVidia. ⭮,   ⥬  <祭>     nVidia, ⮬   ATI ᯮ짮  .  業 ਭ᪮   nVidia  ⠪  ஥ ⮩ 㤥  襢 (  ᥣ  ⠪).
     
 3.3. ६ 稯 AMD (᮪ AM2/AM2+)

     
     

      AMD R770 - ⢥ () ন騩   ਨ Phenom.   室      稯 㦥 㤥 ࠭. ⮬, ᫨    饬, 㦭 㯠 ਭ᪨ , ন騥  ᮪  AMD - AM2+:     ࠧࠡ뢠  ⮣ ᮪.
    

   

   

    

      4
     ⨢ 
    

    

     ⨢  ᯮ  ६ ࠭   믮塞 ணࠬ. ন ⨢  ࠥ  몫祭 ⠭  ⨨  Reset  ⥬ .
     ⨢  ࠢ쭥 뢠   ந 㯮 - RAM (Random Access Memory), ᪮ 饭  ,  ࠭  ⨢ ,     ᯮ  .
      ᨨ  ᮡ⢥ । RAM - ⨢ 饥 ன⢮ (),     - ⨢ .
    

    

     

       ⨯ 
     

      ᮢ६    ⨯  ( ⨢,   ):
     ROM (Read Only Memory)- ﭭ 饥 ன⢮ (), 筮 ᯮ  ࠭ ணࠬ BIOS;
     SRAM (Static RAM)- ᪠ ⨢ ,   ண, 筮 ᯮ  -;
     DRAM (Dynamic RAM)- ᪮ , 筮 ᯮ  ⨢ .
           ᨫ쭮 , ᪮  祣     ᤥ -  ࠡ ᨬ  .   㫨 DRAM   ୨஢: ਬ,  ⥫ , ⮡ 㢥 ࠧ .  ⮡ 㯨 ࠢ ,   ,  㫨 ᯮ  襩 ⥬.
     ᭮ ⨯  DRAM, 㠫 ᥣ, ।⠢  ⠡. 4.1.
     
 4.1.  ⨢  (DRAM)

     
    

    

     

      ६ ⨯ . ⨬
     

      ᭮ ⨯  - DDR2.   DDR     室  㤥  ᯮ짮  ,     ३  DDR2.
     DDR  DDR2 ⭮ ᮢ⨬ (.4.1),    ᫮  DDR2  䨧᪨  ᬮ ⠭ DDR- ,   (᫨ 筥 㯮⢮  ᨫ⢥ ⠢ 㫨  㦤  ࠧꥬ,  ਭ ).
     

     
     
.4.1. ᭮ 䨧᪮ ⫨稥 DDR  DDR2

        SDRAM,  DDR  ᢮ ᯥ䨪樨 PC* (⠡. 4.2),   DDR2 ࠧࠡ⠭  ᯥ䨪樨 - PC2* (⠡. 4.3). । 㯪 㫥  㦭 㡥,  稯 ন ࠭ ⨯ .  쥩   ਢ ⠡ ᮢ⨬ 稯⮢  ⨯ .   㧭, 㤠    ન஢ த DDR II 533 (PC4200).
     ,  DDR2 (.4.2)  ᪠    ᯥ䨪樨.   ᯥ䨪 PC4200  ࠢ쭮 뢠 PC2-4200. ⮬ ⥫쭮 ⠩ ન஢ .
     

     
     
.4.2.   DDR2 PC2-6400  1 

     
 4.2. 䨪樨  DDR

     
     
 4.3. 䨪樨  DDR2

     
     

       ࠧ६  ⠩ ન஢. ᫮ ᫥ ᯥ䨪樨 PC 砥 ਬ ய᪭ ᯮᮡ    ᥪ㭤. ᫨ ⥫쭮 ᬮ ⠡,  ய᪭ ᯮᮡ  ᥣ ᮮ⢥  ᫥ PC,  ਬ୮ ࠢ .
     ᫮ ᫥ DDR 砥 ᪮ 設, ࠦ   横  ᥪ㭤.    設 ( ) ࠢ  ᪮ 設.
    

    

     

        饣 - DDR3
     

     DDR3 -   ୮  DDR, ᯥ稢   ய᪭ ᯮᮡ (⥮᪨  14,5 /)   ࣮ॡ ( 40%  ࣨ, 祬 DDR2),    ᯥ宬 ᯮ짮  ⨯   㪠.
        ⮨ ᭮᫮ ண. ਬ,  DDR2 (ᠬ 襢)  1    ஦ 30 ஢, DDR- ⠪   - 60 ஢,   DDR3 (⮦  1 )-  400 ஢!
        ⮫쪮  ண. 㯠 DDR3  ᫠, ⠪  ந⥫쭮   㯭  業 㫥 (DDR3-1066  DDR3-800)  ᨫ쭮 ॢ室 ந⥫쭮 襢 㫥 DDR2.     ࠧ ࠬࠬ ࠡ 㫥 DDR.
       ᮢ ਮ ਭ   প DDR3. ⮬  祣  ⮨  ,  ᯥ  -   ந⢥  㫥 㯨 :  ⠭ 筮 襢  ॠ쭮 ந⥫.
    

    

     

      室 ꥬ ⨢ 
     

      ଠ쭮 ࠡ  Windows XP 墠⠥ 512  ⨢ .    ࠬ ᥮騩 室  Windows Vista.
      㦥 ⬥砫 ࠭, Windows Vista ॡ   1    ଠ쭮 ࠡ.   ᮢ६  쭮 ॡ⥫   ⨢  (    ). ⮬ 1   ᥣ譨  - 室 . ᫨  ⥫  , ⮣   2  ⨢ .
     㯠  2    㦭. 祬  譨 죨 -  १ ,   ॠ쭮 , ᪠, 4  ⨢ ,  㤥 ⮨   ࠧ 襢.
      㯪 ਭ᪮  ᫥, ⮡:
     뫮  ᫮  ⠭ 㫥 ⨢  (    騢 ⨢ );
     ন   4  ⨢  (2  㦥 ᥣ,  ᪠, ଠ쭮,  ᪮쪮    Windows - ⭮);
     ন ⨢  DDR2-667  DDR2-800 (⥫쭮, ⮡ 뫠 প DDR3).
    

    

     

      ந⥫ 
     

      ⠡. 4.4 ।⠢ ᭮ ந⥫    ᠩ.
     
 4.4. ᭮ ந⥫ 㫥 

     
     

     
    

    

     

      ᪠ ⠭ 㫥 
     

      ⠭ 㫥   ਬ   17,  㤥 ᬠਢ ୨ .
    

   

   

    

      5
     BIOS:  ⥬ /뢮
    

    

     

      ᭮ ᢥ
     

     BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) ᫥ ਭ     ⭮ (hardware)  ணࠬ (software) ﬨ .
       BIOS ࠧ㬥 ࠩ ன. ⢨⥫쭮,   (ﭭ 饥 ன⢮, ROM)  뫨  ࠩ ன,  樮 ⥬, ⮡    ⮬   ன, 頫  BIOS.
      ⠪ 뫮   ᠬ  , ᭠饭 ⮫쪮 ஬, ன, ᪮   ᪮   ⪨ ᪮. ன 뫮 , ⮬ ࠩ  ன  ᮡ ஡ 頫  奬 .
       ⮤  ᢮ ⪨.  -    ,    . , ᥩ   ९ணࠬ஢    ணࠬ, ⮫쪮   ᯥ樠 ணࠬ,     80-  諮 .    뫮 . ࠡ稪 <> ⨫ ⠪:   ( ७), ⠭  ,  ᮡ⢥ ,  ஬  室 㦭 ࠩ. BIOS  ⮬᪨ 砫 㦭 ࠩ, ⠭   .   ᥣ 뫠  ᭠   ,      ஦. ⮬ 뫨 <⥭> ணࠬ ࠩ.   ६ 뫠 ࠭ 樮 ⥬ DOS (  ᮭ ஢, ࠧ㬥).  ᮤঠ  ᮡ⢥ ࠩ ன  䠩 IO.SYS  뫠 ॠ 㧪 ࠩ஢ ࠧࠡ稪,  ய뢠  䠩 CONFIG. SYS.
      ࠪ᪨ 祣  .  BIOS  ࠩ  ᭮ ன,   ७, ਬ SCSI-஫,  ᭠ ᮡ⢥ .    (ਬ, )   ந ,   㣨 (ਬ, SCSI-)-   ந ࠬ :  㧪  ᮮ饭 < ⠪-   ன SCSI->.
       ணࠬ ࠩ -  饥 設⢮.  ன 祭 ,   ।ᬮ,   㤥 ᯮ짮 .   ᫨ ࠭  ᮭ ஢ 뫠 ⮫쪮  樮 ⥬ - DOS,  ᥩ ࠧࠡ⠭  樮 ⥬,    ॡ ࠩ । ଠ. ⭮,    ᥢ ࠩ (      ன)  , ⮬ ணࠬ ࠩ ᥩ ८  묨.
      짮⥫  BIOS ࠧ㬥 奬, ⠭  ਭ᪮ .   - ⮫쪮 ࠩ ன.    㣨  ࠢ. BIOS   ⥬ /뢮 -  ᮢ㯭  BIOS ( ⮩,   ਭ᪮ ,  BIOS ⤥ ன)  ணࠬ ࠩ஢.  BIOS, ᠭ  奬  ਭ᪮ , 뢠 firmware.
    

    

     

       奬
     

       ⨯  奬  ਭ᪮  (   ):
     ROM (Read Only Memory)- ᠬ  ⨯ 奬,   ᯮ.
     PROM (Programmable Rom)- ணࠬ㥬 rom.  ⨯ 奬  砫쭮 ணࠬ஢. 奬 PROM த <묨>, ⥬   ணࠬ஢,    BIOS   ணࠬ.   ⠪ 奬  ᥣ  ࠧ   -   . ᫨ 㦭  BIOS,  㦭 㯨  奬,      .   ६ ᯮ 祭 ।.
     EPROM (Erasable Prom)- ࠥ ROM.   ᠬ,   PROM,   奬     䨮 (,   筮 䨮⮢ , ᪮ ᨮ쭮 ன⢮  ࠭ EPROM ⮨ ண),     ணࠬ. ᯮ   , ࠢ,  ᫥ ६   奬   ⠫   ⮬, 祬  .  奬 ⮨  -  1 .  ⠪ 奬 㪠뢠  27xxxx. 筮 ⠪      PROM-奬.   EPROM  쪮 誮, ய᪠饥 䨮.     १뢠 奬.
     EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Prom)- ᪨ ࠥ prom.  ९ணࠬ஢ prom,   奬  .  ⨯ rom  뢠 Flash-ROM.  १뢠 ROM  譨 ᫮,  祭 㤮.  奬 28xxxx  29xxxx. ᯮ  設⢥ ᮢ६ ஢.
    

    

     

      㭪樨 firmware.  ஫ BIOS
     

      奬  ਭ᪮ ,  ⥭쪮  ᮢᥬ ࠢ쭮 뢠 BIOS, ࠭ ᫥騥 ணࠬ:
     POST (power On Self Test)- ணࠬ ᠬ஢ . ᪠ ࠧ  祭 ⠭    , , , ஫ ᪠,   㣨   .
     Setup BIOS - ணࠬ ⠭ ࠬ஢ BIOS, ணࠬ ࢮ砫쭮 ன . ᪠ ⨥ ᯥ樠쭮 ,    ந⥫  ᨨ BIOS.    ਬ  ᪥  ணࠬ.
     稪 樮 ⥬ (boot loader)-    ணࠬ -    㧮筮  (Master Boot Record, MBR) ⪮ ᪠ 稪 樮 ⥬  ।  ࠢ. ᫨ 稪  ,  ந  稪  㣨 ன⢠ -  CD/DVD, ᪥  .. ᫥⥫쭮 ᪠ 稪   ஥, 㪠   Setup. ᫨ 稪      㧮筮 ன⢥,  뢮 ᮮ饭   த 㧪 ⥬.
     BIOS -  ࠩ஢,    ᯥ稢 ⢨   <>  ⠯ 㧪 ⥬.
     

     ᫨  ⥫쭮 ⠫ ।騩 ࠧ,    ,  祬  㬠.     ࠭﫨 ࠬ ணࠬ Setup, ᫨    ROM    ( 砥  ROM, PROM),  ,  ⮫쪮   ணࠬ (EPROM)?
          ⨯  - CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor),  ன  ࠭ ࠬ Setup.  CMOS   ࣮ॡ  ⠥  ⠭  ਭ᪮  ३. ᫨ ३ <拉>,    㤥  - ,  ᮡ ᮢ६ ஢.     ३,   ࠬ Setup  ⠭  㬮砭   㦭 㤥  ந Setup BIOS.
     

     , ᯮ  ᮡ,  祭    ஫ Setup BIOS:
     몫 ⠭ ;
     ᭨  ;
     ⭮  ३;
      ᪮쪮 ᥪ㭤 (5-10  筮);
     ⠭ ३ ⭮;
      ⠭ ;
     ஫ 㤥 襭!
    

    

     

       ணࠬ SETUP
     

      ᪠ ணࠬ ன BIOS ᯮ ᯥ樠쭠    ,    ந⥫  ᨨ BIOS. ᭮묨 ந⥫ﬨ BIOS ( 奬,  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 firmware)  AMI, Award  Phoenix (   BIOS  Award 㪠뢠 Award-Phoenix). ࠢ,  ந⥫ ஢, ਬ IBM, HP-Compaq,  ᠬ⥫쭮 ࠧࠡ뢠 BIOS, ⮬  樨    㣨.
      㧪  ⥫쭮 ⠩ 뢮 ᮮ饭.
     筮  ࠭ 뢮 ᪠ த <Press DEL to enter SETUP>.  ᮮ饭 砥,   室  SETUP 㦭  DEL.   SETUP   ⠡. 5.1.
     
 5.1.    SETUP

     
    

    

     

      ਬ ࠡ  ணࠬ SETUP
     

      BIOS 쭮 , ⮬ ᬮਬ ࠡ  ணࠬ ன Phoenix BIOS.    ணࠬ     F2, ⮩  ६ 楤 POST.
     

      ணࠬ (.5.1) ⮨  ᫥ 㭪⮢:
     Main - ᭮ ࠬ  த , ६  ࠬ஢ ᪮ ⥫;
     Advanced - ७ ࠬ;
     Security -   ⠭ ஫;
     Power - ࠬ ࠢ ⠭ (     BIOS,  樨 ࠢ ⠭ 뭥ᥭ     Advanced, . );
     Boot - ᫥⥫쭮 㧪 (     BIOS,  樨, ࠢ騥 㧪, 뭥ᥭ     Advanced, . );
     Hardware Monitor -  ᬮ ࠧ ࠬ ⥬ (᪮ 饭 ⨫஢, ⥬   ⥬ ),  㭪       BIOS;
     Exit - 室  㧪 ࠬ஢  㬮砭.
     
 Main

      ࠧ Main   ⠭   ६, । ⠭ ᪮ ⥫, ⠭ ࠬ   ᬮ ଠ  ⠭ ⨢ .
      ⠭ ६   뤥 ᮮ⢥饥   稭   ६ (  - )   (  - ).  ४祭  ᫥饬  (  )  Enter  Tab.
     ࠬ ᪮   ᪮,   ࠬ ⪨ ᪮,  ।஢  ਤ.    ( ⮡ࠦ  ணࠬ SETUP),    (ᮮ⢥⢥,   ⮡ࠦ).  襬 砥 (. .5.1)   ⠭      ⠭   ⪮ ᪠.
     

     
     
.5.1.  main

          ⠭ ⥫ ࠬ. Primary Master, Primary Slave, Secondary Master, Secondary Slave -  ⨯ 祭 ⪮ ᪠ ( 㣮 IDE-⥫)  設.    ⤥ ࠬ   ⪮ ᪠,  ᭠砫 㦭 ।,   祭  設.  ஡   㤨  ᫥饩 ,  ᥩ  ਬ  ࠬ Setup. 롥 ந ⪨    Enter.  㢨 ᯨ᮪ ࠬ஢  ࠭ ⪮ ᪠ (.5.2).
     

     
     
.5.2. ࠬ  ⪮ ᪠

     ࠬ Type  ⨯ ன⢠ (  ⨯ ३   Type  롥 㦭 ⨯    +/-):
     auto - ⮬᪮ । ன⢠, 筮 室  設⢥ 砥;
     user -   짮⥫᪨ ࠬ. ᯮ  砥, ᫨ ணࠬ  ⮬᪮ । ࠢ쭮 । ࠬ ⥫.   짮⥫᪨ ࠬ஢ 㦭   ᪠ (.5.2)- ⢮ 樫஢, , ᥪ஢.   ᪠ 뢠  ଠ樮   ᠬ ⪮ ᪥,   ஡  ਬ  ⮬  ᫥饩 ;
     cdrom - ⥫  ਢ CD-ROM  DVD-ROM;
     none -  設  祭 ⥫.
     

     
     
.5.3. ⠭ 짮⥫᪨ ࠬ஢

     ᫨   ⮬᪮ ।,   ࠢ    ࠬ (. .5.3):
     Multi-Sector Transfers - ᫨ 祭 (Enabled),  ࠧ蠥    ࠧ 믮 樨  ᪮쪨 ᥪࠬ ࠧ,   /뢠 ଠ  ᥪ୮,   ᥪ஢.   ந⥫쭮;
     LBA Mode Control - 砥 LBA (Logical Block Addressing)- 堭 樨  㯠  ᥪࠬ  ᪥,  ஬  ࠧ 樫, ஭, ᥪ  樫. २⢮  ०  ⮬,   ᯮ짮 訥 ⪨ ᪨, ᪮  ࠭祭   ࠧ;
     32 Bit I/O - 砥 32-   . ᯮ  襭 ந⥫쭮;
     ᫨ - ࠬ ⨢ (    ),    ন 訬 ⪨ ᪮.
     
 Advanced

      ࠧ Advanced   ᫥騥 㯯 権:
     Dvanced BIOS Features - ७ 樨 BIOS;
     Advanced Chipset Features - ७ 樨 稯;
     Integrated Peripherals - ࠬ ஥ ன (, 㪮 , ⥢   ..);
     Power Management Setup - ࠬ ⠭ (   BIOS ⮣ 㭪  ,  樨 ⠭ 뭥ᥭ  ⤥쭮  Power,    .5.1);
     PnP/PCI Configuration - 䨣 PnP/PCI.
     

     㯯 ࠬ஢ Advanced BIOS Features.
      ⠡. 5.2 ਢ   騥 ( ࠧ  BIOS) ࠬ 㯯 Advanced BIOS Features.
     
 5.2. ࠬ 㯯 Advanced BIOS Features

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     Advanced Chipset Features.[3]
     ࠬ  㯯 ।⠢  ⠡. 5.3.
     
 5.3. ࠬ 㯯A dvanced Chipset Features

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     㯯 ࠬ஢ Integrated Peripherals.
      㯯 Integrated Peripherals 室 ࠬ, 騥  ࠡ ஥  ன - ⥣஢ 㪮 , ⥢   .. 樨  㯯 ।⠢  ⠡. 5.4.
     
 5.4. ࠬ 㯯 Integrated Peripherals

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     
 Security

      ࠧ Security (.5.4)   ⠭ 짮⥫᪨ ஫ (user password)  ஫  (supervisor password). ஫  訢 ⮫쪮  室  Setup   ࠢ 室  Setup   ࠬ .   ஫ 짮⥫  ⮫쪮 㦠 ⥬;  ᫥ , ᫨ 祭 (Enabled) ࠬ Password on Boot.
     

     
     
.5.4.  security

     
 Power

       Power   ந ࠬ ࣮࠭, ਬ ⠭ ᨬ쭮 ࣮࠭. 樨   㠫 ⮫쪮  㪮 - ⮫ ࠬ  ᮡ 祣,      220 ,    ᮡ⢥ २.
     
 Boot

      Boot ࠨ 砫 稪 BIOS (.5.5). ᬮ  .5.5.   砥 ᫥⥫쭮 㧪 ᫥:
     ⪨  (HARD DRIVE);
     ਢ CD/DVD (CD-ROM Drive);
     ᬥ ன⢠, ਬ ᪥ (Removable Devices);
     ⥢ ன⢠ (Network Boot).
     

     
     
.5.5.  boot

     
 Exit

       Exit (.5.6)   ᫥騥 :
     Exit Saving Changes -   ࠭ ;
     Exit Discarding changes -   ࠭;
     

     
     
.5.6.  Exit

     Load Setup Defaults - 㧨 ன  㬮砭;
     Discard Changes - ⬥ ,   室;
     Save Changes - ࠭ ,   室.
     ணࠬ ன Setup  BIOS ࠧ ந⥫  룫拉 ᪮쪮 -ࠧ, ᮤঠ ⫨   㣠 樨.  .5.7 ࠦ 㣮 ࠭ ਠ Setup -  Award BIOS.
     

     
     
.5.7. Award Setup

    

   

   

    

      6
     ⪨ 
    

    

     

      ⪨    䥩
     

     ⪨  (HDD, Hard Disk Drive, , ) ᯮ  ﭭ ࠭ ଠ樨. ଠ  ⪮ ᪠ 㤠  祧  몫祭 ⠭. ⪨  -   ⮫쪮 ஭,   堭᪮ ன⢮, ⠪    ⠢  堭᪨ .    室  .  ଠ쭮, ᪮  堭᪮ ⠫ ᢮⢥ . ࠭⨩ ப ࠡ ⪮ ᪠ 筮 ⠢  . ᥬ  易⥫쭮,  १   ⪨  ᫮. ਬ,     ࠡ⠥ ⪨ , 㯫  1997  (Quantum, 1 ).
      .6.1 ࠦ  ⪨ ᪠   .
     

     
     
.6.1. ⪨ ᪨   :  ᢥ, 㣮 ᭨, த  ⭮?:) -,    ,   㣫.  宦  ஡,  筥,   ⠫  <>,  <몠>  ࠧꥬ  

      祭 ⪮ ᪠   ᥣ  ᯮ짮    䥩ᮢ:
     IDE (Integrated Device Electronics)- ࠧࠡ⠭  1986   ᯮ   ;
     SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)- ⮦ ࠧࠡ⠭  1986   ⮦ ᯮ   ;
     Serial ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)- ࠧࠡ⠭  2003 , 㢥७ ࠥ .
     砫쭮 IDE ࠧࠡ뢠 ⮫쪮  䥩 祭 ⪨ ᪮.    ஢  稫 樠쭮  ATA - ७ 䥩 祭 ⥫.
     ⫨稥 ATA  IDE 砥  ⮬,   ATA    ⮫쪮 ⪨ ᪨,   ਢ CD/DVD.
     䥩 ATA ﭭ ᮢ襭⢮,     ᪮쪮  ࠧ⥩, ଫ   ⠭⮢ (⠡. 6.1).
     
 6.1. ⠭ ATA

     
     

     ᫥  ATA 뫠 饭  2001 . 宦,   쭥襬 䥩 ࠧ  㤥,  㤥 ୮  ᢮. 騩 ਭ ⠭ - ATA-8 (2004 )- 㦥 뢠 SATAII,   IDE (ATA).
     

     䥩 SATA (Serial ATA, ᫥⥫ ATA) ᯥ稢  ந⥫쭮,  ATA. 䥩 ᨨ ATA-7 ন ᪮ ।  150 /,  ATA-8 - 200 /.  ,  ᠬ ࢠ  SATA ॥ ᠬ ᫥ ᨨ PATA.  SATAII  ॥.
     

     SCSI -  ᮪ந⥫ 䥩  祭 ࠧ筮 த ன.         ⮫쪮 ⥫,   ਩ ன⢠. ਬ,  SCSI-᪠, ᪮ ࠡ  ⥫쭮  ᪮ ࠡ ᪠஢,   ࠫ쭮 LPT-.    設 USB ⯠ 室 ந ਩ ன⢠  䥩ᮬ SCSI - USB  㤮.
     

      200 / -  ।  譥/᭮ ,    ࠡ祩 ⠭樨.   ᪮ ।   ᮢ६ 䥩 SCSI (孮 Fast-320DT) ⠢ 640 /.  ⠪ 䥩 ᯮ ⮫쪮  ᮪ந⥫ ࢥ - 設  짮⥫    ଠ,   室  ⠪ ᪮ .
    

    

     

      ᪮ 祭 ⪮ ᪠
     

     ⪨ ᪨ 뢠  ⨯: ATA (IDE)  SATA (Serial ATA). 筮 - 饥  SATA. 㬠, १ ᪮쪮  ATA-᪨ ᭨  ந⢠.
     !   䨧᪮ 䨣樨 ⪨ ᪮  㣨 ᪮ ⥫ ॡ 몫祭 ⠭ !
     
祭 -᪠ (IDE)

      ࠢ,  ਭ᪮    ஫  祭 IDE-᪮ - ࢨ  .   ஫    IDE-ன⢠.  ᯥ樠쭮   < ⪨ ᪠>, ⮬   IDE-஫   ⥫ CD/DVD.[4]
     ࢮ ன⢮, 祭  ஫, 뢠 ஬ (master).  ஫  㦭 롨  ஥ ன⢮. ஥ ன⢮ 뢠 稭 (slave).
     

     ⠪,  ⥬    (ᨬ) IDE-ன⢠:
     ࢨ  (primary master);
     ࢨ 稭 (primary slave);
       (secondary master)- ன ஫;
      稭 (secondary slave)- ன ஫.
     

     ன   . 筮  ஫ 砥 IDE 0,  ன - IDE 1 (  㬥 稭  ). ᫨   㦥 ⠭ IDE- (  㯨   SATA-᪮),   㤥 祭  ࢮ ஫.  ⫨ ࠧꥬ IDE  SATA-ࠧꥬ? 祭 : ࠧꥬ IDE 让,  SATA - 쪨.
     

        梥 IDE-諥,  ᮥ ਭ᪠   ⪨ . ᫨   (, 40-⠪),       (, 80-⠪):  諥  襩 ந⥫쭮 ( ⪨  㤥 ॥ ࠡ, ᫨     諥䮬).  祭 ⥫   ண  BIOS 뤠 ।०  ⮬,  ᯮ 40-⠪  (40 pin)   80-⠪⭮ (80 pin).
     

     
     
.6.2. IDE-ࠧꥬ  ਭ᪮ 

       IDE-諥 ᮥ  IDE-ࠧꥬ  ਭ᪮  ( ᯮ, ࠢ쭮    ⪭ -   ),  㣮 -  ⪨ ᪮.    稭 ᠬ ᭮.  稫 ⪨     ஫஢,  ⥯ 㦭   ० - master  slave.
     冷  ࠧꥬ  祭 IDE-諥  ⪮ ᪥ 㤥 ࠧꥬ 롮 ० ࠡ.  ࠡ 롨ࠥ   ,  㦭 ⠭    , ᮮ⢥饥 ⮬   ० ࠡ.
      ० ࠡ ⪮ ᪠ ᮢ  ᠬ ⪮ ᪥ -   ᢥ.   ன⢮ (master) 뢠 DEVICE 0 (.6.3),  稭 (slave) - DEVICE 1.     ᡨ  ⮫.
     

       :   ஫    祭     稭 ன⢠. ᫨  ஫ 祭 ன⢮, 㦭  ⪫  ஢ ० ࠡ - ᫨ master,  ஥ ன⢮ 砩  slave,  .
      ० ࠡ 㦥 ⠭ ன ⥫쭮. ।,  ࢮ ஫ 祭 ⪨   master -   㦠 Windows. ᫨  ⠭  ⪨   master,   ᤥ 稭,   㤥  㧨 Windows   ⪮ ᪠   , ⭮ , 祣  .
     

     
     
.6.3.  ० ࠡ ⪮ ᪠

     筮   ⨩ ० ࠡ IDE-ன⢠ -  롮  (CABLE SELECT).  ⮬ ० ன⢮ 㤥   稭  ᨬ  ⮣,   祭 -  ।    諥.  㦭 롨 ⠪ ०,   ஫       稭 ன⢠ (᫨  ࠢ쭮  ).
     

     ⠪,  稫 IDE-諥, ࠫ ० ࠡ, ⠫  ⠭.  ⨬  :   ⠭ 室   ⠭,      ⪮  -  , ࠢ쭮    . 筮 ⠭ 砥 ⠪,   ஢ 饭  .
      奬 祭 IDE-ன⢠ (,  ன⢠, ᪮ ਢ CD/DVD  筮) ࠦ  .6.4.
     

     
     
.6.4. 祭 IDE-ன⢠

     祬   ਫ  ᯮ ன⢠   ? , ਥ堫   ਪ  ਢ  ᮡ ᢮ , 筥 -  ⥬ .   ⥬  <> ᡮન.    ,  ⭮ 㤨 -   ஢ 뫠   .  宧୨  ⨫  , ன ⨫  ࠢ  IDE-ன-⢠ -  ⨬쭮 嫠.    - <⮩> ᡮન.    ᮡ  ,   騥,  ⮬ ᫥  , ந  .   ⠩᪨ ᠬ  ⠪,  ⪨ ᪨ 室 ᯮ  ⠬,    㦭  窨 ७ 嫠,  ⠬, 㤠 .  㦥      ஢.   ⮬ :
     
祭 SATA-᪠

      SATA-  ⮣.   襩 ਭ᪮    SATA-ࠧꥬ (.6.5).   ᮢ६ ਭ᪨   .  ,   ९⠥: SATA-    - 㣮 ࠧꥬ ਭ᪮ .
     

     
     
.6.5. SATA-ࠧꥬ

      SATA- , 祬 IDE:
     SATA-    ࠧꥬ -  .   砥  ਭ᪮ , ன -  ⪮ .  ࠧꥬ SATA ࠢ쭮  -   ;
      SATA-᪠  ६祪 (஢), ⮬   㦭 롨 ० ࠡ ன⢠;
       SATA-ࠧꥬ   ⮫쪮  ;
     ६窨   IDE-ன⢠     SATA-᪨;
     ᫥ 祭 SATA-    ⠭  SATA-.  :  㦥 ᯥ樠  ⠭ (3,3 ),  ⠢   ⪨ ᪮.  ⠢ 室, 騩    ⠭  SATA- (.6.6).
     

     
     
.6.6.  ⠭ SATA  室 (᫥)  䥩  sata (ࠢ)

     ᫨   ⠭ Windows  SATA-,   㦭 ᤥ 㧮. ?  㧪 ,  㢨  < DEL  室  SETUP>,  DEL, ⥬ । ஥ ணࠬ SETUP     Boot Sequence  Boot Device Priority.    㪮⢮  ਭ᪮ ,  ஬  ᠭ.  ⮩ 樨 -  㧮筮 ன⢮,  ண 㤥 㦠 樮 ⥬.      .  ⠭ Windows 㦭 ।⠢ ணࠬ ⠭ Windows ࠩ  SATA-᪠ ( ⠢   ).  ⮬  ਬ  ᫥饩 .
     

     ᫨  Windows 㦥   ⠭      ன ⪨ ,  ࠩ 㦭 ⠭ ᫥ ⠭ ⪮ ᪠: 砥 ⪨ , 砥 ⠭ , ᪠ Windows, ⠭ ࠩ.
      , ᫨  襩 ਭ᪮   SATA-ࠧꥬ,  SATA- 㦥 㯫?   㦭 ਮ SATA-஫ (.6.7) ⮨ 600 㡫   SATA-  ⮬ ஫ (SATA-஫ 砥  設 PCI).  㯠 ஫ SATA-2 -  ந⥫쭮 㤥 ,    ६  ਤ  (஫ SATA-2 ⮨  ஦).
     

     
     
.6.7. SATA-஫

    

    

     

      ⪠ ᪠
     

     ᫨  砥  ,   㦭 ࠧ,   ࠧ  ᪮쪮 ᪨ ᪮. ᫨   稫 㦥 ࠧ祭 ,   ࠧ 㯠  ࠡ,   ࠧ  ⮩ ᮢ ய - ୥  ,  㤥 ⠪ 室.
     

       ᠬ  ணࠬ  ࠧ⪨ ᪠  Partition Magic.   ?    ୥ (ᮡ ஡  ⠢),    㦥 ஢७   ⮬ ,   㯠 . 㬠, ⠬  易⥫쭮 .
      㬥 Partition Magic?    㭪樨:
     ᮧ  ࠧ;
     㤠 ࠧ;
      ࠧ ࠧ   ;
     ஢ 䠩 ⥬   ;
      ࠧ  䠩 ⥬   ;
     ଠ஢ ᪮.
     

      :  ᯥ樠쭮 㪠뢠 <  >, ᪮ ⠪ 樨 㬥 믮  猪 ணࠬ.  ணࠬ  㬥 믮 㪠 樨   .  ᫨  㦭  ࠧ ࠧ,  直 砩 ᤥ १ࢭ    .
     

      Partition Magic.  ,    ⪨ ᪠ -  ࠡ稩,  ன  ⮫쪮  稫.  , ⮬ 㦭 ᮧ ⠡ ࠧ (.6.8).
     

     
     
.6.8. Partition Magic

          㢨   ࠡ  ࠧ.   :
     Create a new partition - ᮧ  ࠧ;
     Resize a partition - ᯮ   ࠧ 㦥  ࠧ;
     Merge partitions -  ᮧ   ࠧ .
     

     ᬮਬ,  ᮧ ࠧ. 롨ࠥ  Create a new partition. ஥ , 騩  ,  ஬   ᮧ  ࠧ (.6.9).
     

     
     
.6.9.  ࠧ

     ᫥ ⮣ 㦭 㪠 䨧᪮ ⮯ ࠧ.  祣 譮  - । ணࠬ ࠬ  ਥ, ⮬     Next.
     

     騩 蠣 - ⠭ ࠬ஢ ࠧ (.6.10):
     Size - ࠧ  ;
     Label - ⪠ ࠧ ( 㤥 ⮡ࠦ   ஢,   ᬮ     );
     Create as - ⨯ ࠧ (筮   ᪨ (logical)-  । ணࠬ);
     File system - 䠩 ⥬ (fat32  ntfs);
     Drive letter - 筮  㦭 , 㪢 ᪠ ᢠ ⮬᪨.
     

     
     
.6.10. ࠬ  ࠧ

       - ,  㤥 ᯮ짮 䠩 ⥬   ࠧ 㤥  ᮧ ࠧ. 筥  ࠧ. ।,      200 . ᫨ ᮧ  ࠧ   ⪨ ,   ⮣   㦥 Partition Magic -   饫  㪢  ᪠    ,  windows ᠬ ।  ଠ஢.    㤥  ࠧ  200 .  㤥 让  ⫨,   ࠣ    . ⮬ 㦭 ᮧ ᪮쪮 ࠧ. ⨬,   ᮧ  ࠧ  50 .    祣  ! 祬?  ᥩ ᠬ ६ ३  롮 䠩 ⥬.
     FAT32  NTFS? ᫨    ⨢  ( 512 ),    FAT32.   㤥 ࠡ ॥.  FAT32 -   쭠 䠩 ⥬.  ᥣ   ࠢ ,  ᨬ ࠧ 䠩 ࠭祭 4 . ᥣ-!   㤥 ᮧ ⠪ 訥 䠩? !  ஢ DVD 㦭 ᭠砫 ᮧ ࠧ ਣ쭮 ᪠,  ⥬    . ᫨ ਣ  ᠭ  (4,5 ),  䠩 ࠧ 㤥  4-4,5 . ⮬ ᫨   FAT32,  DVD  㦥  ᪮.
         . ᪨ FAT32  ন ᪨ ꥬ  2  (ࠡ).   Widows 98 ᨬ ࠧ ᪠ ࠭祭 124  - ࠭祭  ⨫ scandisk.  , 124  -   ⠪  ! ,     ᮣᥭ.        , 祬  Windows 2000  Windows XP ࠧ FAT-ࠧ ࠭祭 32 ? 砥, Windows 98  ࠡ  ࠧ  124 ,   ᮢ६  Windows ࠭祭 32 . ⮬ ᫨  ᮧ  ࠧ  50 ,   ਤ  NTFS : 室  Windows 98.      襥, ⮬   ࠫ NTFS. , , 筮, ᮧ  ࠧ  32   ଠ஢   FAT32 -  .
     

     ⠪, ࠧ  䠩 ⥬ ࠭,   Next ᮧ ࠧ.  ࠧ 㦭 ᮧ ⠫ ࠧ  ⪮ ᪥. ᫥ ⮣  ਬ 権 㦭   Apply ᭮ .
     ᫥ १㧪   ᮧ  ࠧ.
     

       뫮 ⬥祭,  Partition Magic 㬥 ८ࠧ뢠 ࠧ   䠩 ⥬  ଠ஢ .  ࠢ쭮,  ⮣ ᯮ ᫥騥  :
     Partition, Convert - ஢ 䠩 ⥬ ࠧ ( ८ࠧ FAT32  NTFS,  , ᫨  );
     Partition, Format - ଠ஢ ࠧ.
     ଠ஢ -   ࠧ⪨ ࠧ    ᮮ⢥⢨  ࠭ 䠩 ⥬. 㡮 , ଠ஢ -    ᮧ 䠩 ⥬.  १ ଠ஢ 㤠  ଠ  ࠧ. ଠ஢ 뢠 ஥  . ஥ ଠ஢ -   ⪠  ᪠,   ᪥ ࠭,    ⠭ (  筮).  ଠ஢ ࠧ㬥  ࠭ ଠ樨  ᪠ - ᫥  ଠ ⠭ .
     
      .    ࠭⨨,   㦭 ६  ६  ⪨ ᪨     ࠧ ࠧ ⥬ ,  㦭    ⪨ ? ਬ,     室   ⮢  ᢮ ⪨ ᪠, 묨  離 ⮫쪮  ᪠砭묨 䨫쬠.    ४ 㯨 ଠ  ⪮ ᪠ (.6.11). ଠ 砥  ਭ᪮    ⪨  ( ଠ   IDE-䥩ᮬ, ⠪   SATA),  ଠ 砥 ⠭.  祭 㣮 ⪮ ᪠  㦭  ⠢   ଠ. ଠ ⮨ ᥣ 10-15 ஢,     ! ,  । ⠭  祭 ⪮ ᪠ 㦭 易⥫쭮 몫 ⠭ .
       롮 ଠ ⤠ ।⥭ ⥬,    ⨫  嫠 ⪮ ᪠,  ⠪  - ⮡  襣 ⪮ ᪠   <>.
     
     
     
.6.11. ଠ  ⪮ ᪠

    

   

   

    

      7
     ਢ CD/DVD
    

    

      ⮩   ਬ  ᪨ ᪠ - CD  DVD,  ⠪  ਢ  ⥭   CD/DVD-᪮.
    

    

     

        CD
     

     
ਭ樯 ࠡ CD

     砫 ᪠  ࠧ CD.   - 120 ,  ७ ⢥ - 15 .  뢠  46  117- . , 稭   ᪠   46- , 뢠 Lead-In,  ,  117-120- , 뢠 Lead-Out.  뢠  ﬨ Lead-In  Lead-Out.[5]
      뢠     ⮢.  -  訥 㣫㡫  孮 CD. ⠫쭠 孮 (   ) 뢠 .  .7.1 ࠦ  (㣫㡫)  .
     

     
     
.7.1. 孮 CD

       㦭 㬠,     -  ᪠   ᪨ . ,    ଠ樨.       । ᪮쪮 ⮢ ଠ樨.
     ᬮ  .7.1. ଠ  CD 뢠 祭 ⭮.     0,5-0,83 . ਭ  - 0,5 . ਭ  ﭭ,       ஭ 㢥祭.
     ﭨ  ᥤ ᯨࠫﬨ (  뢠 ) ᥣ 1,6 ,    .7.1.
      孮   㬥    0,62 ஭, ,  ᢮ ।, 㢥稢 ⭮ .  ⠪ 孮   80-     1  .   孮 ᯮ 祭 ।, ᪮ ଠ CD -  諮,  饥  DVD.
     
⠭ CD

     ⠭⮢ CD 祭 .   ⠭⮬ 뫠 <᭠ >: ࢠ ᯥ䨪 AudioCD 뫠 饭  ᭮ , ⮬  ⠪  . ᫥ ⮣ 뫮 饭  ᪮쪮 梥  (⠡. 7.1).
     
 7.1. ⠭ CD

     
     
Audio CD

     AudioCD -  ᠬ  ⠭  -᪨. ⨯ ᪠ AudioCD (CD-DA)  ।⠢  1977   Philips,   ࠧࠡ⪥ CD-DA ⨢ 稫  Sony.
      ଠ  ࢨ ଠ⮬,  ⠫ ଠ CD - ந  . CD-DA । 䨧᪨ ࠬ ᪠, ⥬ 樨 ᨣ  ४樨 訡,  ⠪ 冷 ࠧ饭 ଠ樨  ᪥.
      ६   AudioCD 뫨     ᪮. ࢠ ᪮ (1) 砥 ᪮ ।  150 /. ⥫쭮, ᪮ Nx ࠢ Nx150 /.
     
CD-ROM

     ଠ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)  ।⠢  1985 .  ࠧࠡ⪥ ⮣ ⠭ ⢮    Philips  Sony.
     ᪨ CD-ROM ࠧ  ᫥ ᢮    த. ᪨  㦥 뫮 ⮢  室  ଠ, ,  㦥 ⬥砫,  ந ଠ CD-DA.
      ࠭  (䠩)  CD-ROM ᯮ 䠩 ⥬ ISO 9660 -   䠩 ⥬   CD  묨.  ⮩ 䠩 ⥬    ஢:
     Level 1 -  ᯮ짮  䠩  ⠫  ଠ DOS - 8 + 3 (8 ᨬ    3 -  ७). ᨬ쭠  ⠫ - 8 ஢;
     Level 2 -  ,   Level 1,  ᨬ쭠   䠩 - 31 ᨬ.
     

     ⭮,  ।⥫쭮 (  ᪮) ᯮ짮 ன ஢,    筮 -  Windows  ᮧ 祭   䠩 ( 255 ᨬ),  ⠪ 䠩     .    䠩   ᪨ ᨬ,  ⮦ ⨬  Level 2. ⮬  ᯮ ࠧ ७ ISO 9660, ਬ Joliet, RockRidge.    ࠭ ७ Joliet, ᪮   뢠  CD 䠩, ᮤঠ騥   ᨬ 樮 䠢⮢.
     ஬ 䠩 ⥬ ISO 9660,  ᯮ짮 䠩 ⥬ HFS  UDF. HFS (Hierarchical File System) 㤮 ᯮ짮,  㦭  ,   ⠫   Windows/Linux, ⠪   MacOS.  ᪨ 뢠 ਤ묨.   ਤ ᪠ 뢠  ଠ HFS, 㣠 -  ISO. ⭮,  ࠧ   ᮪饭  350 .   ⠪  㤥  . ᪮ ᮢ६ MacOS  ᮡ ஡  ISO-᪨, 室  HFS ⯠.
      ⥬ UDF (Universal Disk Format) ᯮ  ⭮  䠩     १   ᯮ짮 ᨨ. 㣨 ᫮,  ⮫쪮  ଠ   ଠ UDF,  ᬮ ࠡ     让 ᪥⮩. ⭮,  ଠ஢  ଠ UDF  ⮫쪮 १뢠 ᪨ CD-RW,    ਬ  ᫥饬 ࠧ.
     
CD-R, CD-RW

      㦭  ࠧ  ନ  ⠭⠬.  ᪨,   㯠   㦥 ᠭ묨,   ,  ᮧ ⮤ ⠬, ਭ  ⠭ CD-ROM.  ,   㯠   묨 (<>),-  ⠭⠬ CD-R (CD Recordable)  CD-RW (CD Rewritable).
     ᪨ CD-R  CD-RW    譨 ᫮, ⠭ ਢ   ᪮,  筮 뢠 CD-RW ( 㦭    ⠭).  ⮫쪮 ᪨ CD-R -  ᪨  ⭮ ,  ᪨ CD-RW - ᪨ ⭮ .
      CD-R-᪨    ଠ ᥣ  ࠧ. ᫨   뫨 ,         (᫨, 筮, 㤥 ᢮ ). ᫨  뫨 , , ᬮ     ᪥   ᢮  (ਬ,  ᠫ ᥣ 10 ),  ଠ   㦥 .
     ᪨ CD-RW 뢠 筮 ⠪ ,   CD-R (⮦  ᯮ짮 ),  ⥬ ᪫祭,   CD-RW      .
     ᪨ CD-R 䨧᪨ ⫨  CD-ROM.  ⠬  ᪨ CD-ROM   ᫮.  ᪨ CD-R  ᫮ ࣠᪮ ⢠, ⥬饣  ॢ. ᫨  ,  ᫮ ࣠᪮ ⢠ ஧祭.  ⢨   ⪨ ᫮ ⥬, ࠧ . ࠦ ᯮᮡ ࣠᪮ ᫮ 㦥, 祬 , ⮬ ᪨ CD-R  ⠫    ந뢠⥫.
       ⮢ ᪠  ।⥫쭠 ࠧ⪠ - ⠪ 砥  ᫥  ஦. 뢠 ४㥬 ᪮ ⥭   ᪠,  ⠪ 魮 . ⪠ ᪠   孮 ࠦ饣 ᫮ ᯥ樠 ⥫.  ⨯ ⥫   ᪮. 筮 ᯮ    ⥫:
     樠 - ᠬ 襢  ᠬ 宩, ⠪ ᪨ ,  뢠    ଠ.  樠 ⢨⥫  䨮, ⮬ ⠢ 樠 ᪨  ᮫  - 祭 ᪮   ⠥묨;
     ⠫樠 - ᠬ 㤠 ⥫,  ⢨⥫  䨮;
     ଠ -  ⭮⥫쭮 , ⮬   㤨 ࠭,   ࠧ ᪠,   ⥫  樠.
      ⥫  । ࠧ ணࠬ  ࠡ  CD/DVD.  ⭠  ⠪ ணࠬ - Alcohol 120%.  । ⨯ ⥫ ⠢  CD-R  ਢ,  ணࠬ,     ( 㤥 ᯨ᮪ ਢ) 饫 ࠢ   ਢ,    ⠢ ,  롥  ⢠.  襬    ⥫쭮 -  㢨 ⨯ ⥫ (.7.2).
     

     
     
.7.2.  ⥫ CD-R

     ᪨ CD-RW  䨧᪮  ⫨  CD-R. ᯮ 㣮 ⨯ ࣠᪮ ⢠, ஥  ⢨ ஬ 室  ஧筮 ﭨ  ஧筮,  .   CD-RW  ॢ 뢠   500-700.
      CD-RW  ᯮ짮    䠩 ⥬ - ISO 9660  UDF. ᫨  㤥 ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮   (ਬ,  ७ 㬥⮢),  㤮 㤥 UDF.   ᫨     CD-RW 䨫, ⮡ ᬮ   DVD-ந뢠⥫,     ଠ MP3, ⮡   ⮬,- 㦭 ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 ISO 9660, ᪮ UDF  ন  DVD-ந뢠⥫ﬨ,  ⮬⮫.
     
㣨 ⨯ CD

     ஬ 㦥 ᠭ ⨯ CD    ᫥騥:
     CD-ROM/XA (eXtended Architecture)- -᪨ ७ ⥪.  ᭮ ᪨ CD-ROM/XA ᯮ  㪮 ᪨, ᪮ ଠ XA  ᦨ    74        120  㪠;
     CD-I (CD Interactive)- ࠪ⨢ ᪨. ஬ 㪠  ᮤঠ 㣨 , ਬ ⮣䨨  ⮢ ᯮ⥫.  ᪨  ᬠਢ   , ⠪   CD/DVD-ந뢠⥫;
     Kodak Photocd - ᯮ  ᨮ  ⮣䨩, 㣨 ᫮ -  ᮧ ⮠졮;
     CD + MIDI -  ᮤঠ ஦ Audio CD   ଠ, ਬ midi-䠩, , 䨪;
     CD Text - ७ AudioCD, 饥 ࠭ ⥪⮢ ଠ, ਬ  樨;
     CD-Extra - ࢠ  CD-Extra ᮤন 㤨஦,   ந   筮 cd-ந뢠⥫. ⠫ ᨨ  ᮤঠ  䠩 - ⥪ ᥭ, ⮣䨨, . CD-ந뢠⥫  ⮫쪮  ,     ᬮ ⠫ ଠ;
     CD-3 - ᠬ 쪨 CD ஬ ᥣ 80 . ⥭,    240-300  ଠ樨. ,  Flash-᪨   뫨 ࠭,    CD-RW ଠ CD-3. 쭮 㤮.   த    砫, , ୮, 㯨  ᪮쪮 ;
     VideoCD -  뢠 䨫  CD. ଠ VCD (VideoCD)  ᮡ ७ ࠭. ন ᦠ⨥   MPEG-1. ᯥ稢 ।⢥ ⢮ ( ஢ )  쭮  -    䨫쬠 । த⥫쭮 筮 ॡ  -᪠.   ଠ MPEG-4 ᪨ VCD ⠫  諮,   ᮢ६ DVD-ந뢠⥫ -० ন  ଠ.
    

    

     

        DVD
     

     
२⢠  ⪨ DVD

       २.
      DVD-    4,5  ଠ樨.    䨫쬮  ଠ mpeg-4.
      ᫮, ஭  ᫮  ஭ DVD-᪨.  ᫥ (2 ஭  2 ᫮)    18  !
      DVD-Video  ᮤঠ 32   ࠮, 9 ࠧ 㣫  ( 묨  ४  ᬮ), 8 ࠧ 㤨⮪ (    ᪥   䨫, ॢ  8 ࠧ 몮), ন ࠧ ଠ ࠭ -  4: 3  16: 9.
     ᪨ DVD-Audio/Video ন ᮪⢥ 㪮 ⠭ dolby digital, dolby digital pro, dolby surround (  - 5 + 1),    묨 ⠬ ॢ   -⥠.
     DVD ⮨  ஦ cd,  ᥣ 襯᫥  CD !  ⥯  ⪠.   DVD 뫮  ⢥ ⪠: ண ਢ DVD-RW  ᮢ⨬  ਢ   ⨯ ᪮.  ⪠    ࠭.  騩 DVD-ਢ ⮨ 35-45 ஢,    㯥 設 譨 짮⥫,   ⮬ ন  ᮢ६   祭 ଠ DVD (  ⮫쪮,   ).    ⪮ !
     
ᮡ 孮 DVD

      ᮡ 孮 ࠧࠡ稪 DVD  ਤ㬠. DVD -   ஢  CD. ⮡   ଠ樨, 뫠 㢥祭 ⭮  ଠ樨 ⥬ 㬥襭    -  790   635   㢥祭 ᫮  ꥪ⨢  0,6 ( CD - 0,45).    -   ᥪ⮢ .
     ⥬ 뫨 饭 ࠧ 䨪樨 DVD. 砫 DVD,   CD,  ஭  ᫮ (DVD-5). ⮬  ᮧ ᫮ DVD- (DVD-9), ⥬ - ஭ , , ᫮  ஭ (⠡. 7.2).
     
 7.2. ન஢   DVD

     
     

     
     
⠭  ଠ DVD

        CD ⠭ DVD ᠭ  㬥,  ⮦ 뢠 :
      A - 뢠 DVD-ROM,   DVD  묨, ।祭 ⮫쪮  ⥭;
      B - 뢠 DVD-Video,     ;
      C - 뢠 DVD-Audio;
      D  E - 뢠 <> - ᮮ⢥⢥, DVD-R  DVD-RW.
      ଠ⠬ DVD-ROM, DVD-Video  DVD-Audio  ⭮.  ᪨ ।祭 ⮫쪮  ⥭   設⢥ 砥 ந  ᪨ ᫮ ⮤ ⠬.  㯨  DVD-R  DVD-RW   譨 ᫮    ଠ DVD-Video.    DVD-Audio ஡:    ⮦ ,  DVD-R  DVD-RW,   ⨦ ⢥ 砭 㦭 ᨮ쭠 ,  ⮨ 쭮 ண.
      ᪠ DVD-R  DVD-RW  ⢨⥫쭮  . 㦭 ⬥,  DVD-R  DVD-RW  ᮧ  Pioneer,  ᪮  Philips, Sony  㣨 ࠧࠡ⠫ ⠭ DVD+R  DVD+RW.
       ⨬ 뫠 楫 ஡.  DVD-ந뢠⥫ ( ⮢, ⠪   DVD-ਢ)    ᪨ <>, 㣨 - <>.   ᠬ 뫮    -  ਢ DVD-RW 㬥 뢠 ⮫쪮 ᪨  <ᮬ>, 㣨 -  <ᮬ>.
      ஡  ᮢ⨬  ( ᫮  ᮢ६ DVD-ਢ/ந뢠⥫),   ଠ <>  <>    ᫥饥:
     ᪨ DVD+R/DVD+RW ন 䠩 ⥬ Mount Rainer (த⢥ UDF),   ࠡ  DVD   筮 让 ᪥⮩,      䠩  DVD,   ᠬ .  䠩 ⥬ ন ᥬ ᮢ६묨 ﬨ Windows (XP, Vista);
     ᪨ DVD+R/DVD+RW ਣ  ⥫쭮 ࠭, ᪮  ᪫  ࠧ ०;
     ଠ DVD+R/DVD+RW   2003 , ⮬  DVD-ਢ (ந뢠⥫), 饭  2003 ,  㬥 ࠡ  ⨬ ଠ⠬.
     

     ஬ ଠ DVD-RW,    宦 ଠ - DVD-RAM.   DVD-RW, ᪨ DVD-RAM ন  ,  ᫨  DVD-RW  १ ਬ୮  ࠧ (ࠢ,   祬- ᪨ DVD-RW 稭  㦥 ᫥ ⮩ १),  ᪨ DVD-RAM -  .  ⥫  100 000 १ᥩ - 㡮 ⥮᪨.   DVD-RAM 쭮 ⥫, , ⮡  , , ᭮  DVD-RAM     100 000 ࠧ,   11 .      DVD-RAM   १ᠭ 100 000 ࠧ:    DVD-RAM   1998 !
     

     ஬ 100 000 १ᥩ, ࠧࠡ稪 ଠ DVD-RAM  ⥮᪮ ࠭    30  ( ᫮ ⢨ 䨧᪨ ०).      २⢠:
     祭    쪨 䠩 (ࠢ,   訬 䠩  <㣮>);
     ⮬᪠ ஢ઠ    (⨬     ᪮);
      ॡ  ᨨ.  ⪮  DVD-ram ⮦ 筮:
     設⢮  DVD-RW  ন DVD-RAM;
     設⢮ ⮢ DVD-ந뢠⥫  ন DVD-RAM;
     DVD-ram  ஦, 祬 DVD-RW.
    

    

     

       ਢ CD/DVD
     

      ᫥騥 ⨯ ਢ CD/DVD:
     CD-ROM - ᯮ ⮫쪮  ⥭ ᪮ CD-ROM/CD-R/ CD-RW.  த 㦥  , ᫠  㯠 ⮦  ( ᫨  ᫮  ஬ , 㦭 㯠   DVD-ROM).  ᫮ - , ஥  砥   ;
     CD-RW - ᯮ  ⥭ ᪮ CD-ROM/CD-R/CD-RW    ᪮ CD-R/CD-RW. ᫨  -   த  ਢ CD-RW, ,  ᪫  ஫    . ५,   CD-ROM;
     DVD-rom - ᯮ  ⥭  CD  ࠪ᪨  DVD-᪮ (   뢠 ஡  DVD-ram);
     DVD-ROM/CD-RW - ⠪ 뢠 ஢ ਢ (combo). ᯮ  ⥭/ ᪮ CD-R/CD-RW (CD-ROM  )  ⮫쪮  ⥭   DVD-᪮.   த, ⮨  襢, 祬 DVD-rw, ⮬ 㯠   ᫠.  ⠪ ஢ ਢ  ⠭   襢 , ਬ    㪮   ᠬ 㯭   Apple - Mac Mini.    롮 㪠  Mac Mini ⥫쭮 ⠩ ᯥ䨪, ⮡  㯨   combo-ਢ;
     DVD-RW - ᯮ  ⥭/   ଠ⮢ CD/DVD (⭮,    ଠ CD-ROM, DVD-ROM  DVD-RAM).
     

       㦥 ,   㯠 ⮫쪮 ਢ DVD-RW.
      㯪 ਢ 頩   ࠪ⨪, 㪠  ⠡. 7.3.
     
 7.3. ࠪ⨪ DVD-ਢ

     
     

     
     

     
     
.7.3.  ਤ  ᪠ DVD-RAM

    

    

     

      祭 ਢ CD/DVD
     

      CD-ਢ   ਭ᪮    䥩 ATA (IDE). DVD-ਢ (.7.4)     䥩 ATA  SATA.
     祭 ਢ CD/DVD ⢫ ⠪ ,    砥  ⪨ ᪮ ATA/SATA. ᪮ 祭 ⪮ ᪠ ᬠਢ  ।饩 ,  ஡ ᬠਢ 祭 ᪮ ਢ   㤥.
      饬, 祭 ATA-ਢ ᢮  ᫥騬 ⠯:
     롨ࠥ ० ࠡ ன⢠ (     ) - Master/Slave  CS ( 롮 );
     ਢ ⠭  ९   ;  䥩    ⠭.
     

     
     
.7.4. ਢ DVD-ROM

      砥  SATA-ਢ ᫥⥫쭮  ,   㦭 롨 ० ࠡ ன⢠ ( SATA   ⠭ SATA-᪠ 筮 室   ⠢ ਢ).  ᮡ ࠧ㬥,  㦭 ஢ ࠧ ᪠,   砥  ⪨ ᪮.
      砥  ATA-ਢ   ᥪ. ।,    ⠭  ATA- (⪨ ).   ਢ DVD  諥,  ᯮ  祭 ⪮ ᪠ (⮣ ਢ DVD 㤥 ࠡ  ० Slave).  ४ 㯨   䥩  (業  - 1 )   ਢ DVD  ஬ IDE-஫ (IDE1)   ⤥쭮 .  ⮬ 砥 ன⢮ 㤥 ࠡ  ० Master  ᪮  묨   㤥 ! ⮬  㯪 DVD-ਢ   ਪ㯨 ⤥ IDE-諥,    室   ⠢.
    

    

     

      ୨
     

      ॢ 騩 ਢ (ROM)  騩,  ᮦ, . ⮬ ୨ 믮 ⥬  ਢ. , 筮,   ਢ  ⥫,  祬 ஬  -  譨 室 ࣨ. ⮬   ਢ     ࠧ   ண.  ࠡ ன⢠ ( 砥  ATA-ਢ)  ⠢ ⠪,   ,   , 稢  ਢ  Master  ஬ IDE-஫ (. ).
        ⠭ ७ ਢ DVD (  㦥  ,    - ).  ⮬ 砥   譨 DVD-ਢ, 砥    USB (.7.5).
     

     ஡  祭 譥 DVD-ਢ   -  ᮢ६ 樮 ⥬ ন ⠪ ਢ.
     

     
     
.7.5. 譨 DVD-ਢ

    

   

   

    

      8
     ᪥
    

    

     ᪥ ।⠢ ᮡ  ⨪ ⨭,  ஬ ᫮,  ᪮  <floppy disk> (< >).  ⨭ 頥  ⬠ᮢ , 騩  ᫮  䨧᪨ ०.
      ᪥ 뫨 ᠬ ࠭ ꥬ ⥫  (.8.1, 8.2). 稭 ⠪ ୮ 뫠   - ᪮  ᪥  ᭠饭  ,  ᠬ ᪥ ⮨  襢 CD-᪮ (  㦥  ⮨ ᪮  ᪥ ⭮⥫쭮 ⮨ 饣 ਢ CD).
       ⮬ २⢠ ᪥  稢.  ⪮ 墠⠥:
      ᪥     1,44 .  뫮 ᯥ樠 ࠧ ଠ஢ ᪥ ꥬ 1,44   2,88 ,   ⠪ ᪥  <>;
     ᪥ -  ࠩ  ⥫ ଠ樨. 뢠 ⠪,  ଠ ᠫ  ᪥,    ⠢  㣮 ,   㦭  ଠ ७, ᪥ 㦥  ࠡ⠥.
     ⭮, ,  ⮫쪮 騥 ਢ CD-RW ⠫ 㯭, ᪥  ਭ樯 ⠫  㦭.  ᪨ ᪨   ᪥,  襢    700  ଠ樨 (  㦥  DVD!).
     

     
     


     
     


    

    

     

      ᪮  ᪥
     

     ᪥ ⠭  <쪨> ᪮ (.8.3), ,  ᢮ ।, ⠭  3,5- ᥪ ⥬ .[6]
     

     ᪮ 砥  FDD-஫. ꥬ FDD-஫- 宦  ࠧꥬ IDE-஫,   34 ⠪.   祭 ᪮ ⮦ 宦  IDE-諥,     ࠧ१  ࠧꥬ  祭 ᪮ A. ᪮, 祭  ࠧꥬ, 室饬  । 諥, 㤥 ᪮ B.
     ᥣ  FDD-諥   ࠧꥬ.  -  祭  ਭ᪮    -  祭 ᪮:     (    .
     

     
     


    

    

     

      ஥ ᪮
     

     ᪮ ⮨   ᭮ ⮢:
     ࠡ稩 ⥫;
     ࠡ稥 ;
     蠣 ⥫;
     ࠢ ஭.
     
     ᪮ ᭠頥  ஢묨 ࠡ稬  ( -  ⥭  ),  ᯮ  ࠡ祩 孮 ᪥.  ᪥ 筮  孮 - ࠡ稥, ⮬   ।砥  孥,  㣠 -   孮 ᪥.
      樮஢  ⢥  蠣 ⥫.
     ஭ 奬 㦭  । ᨣ ஫,   ⢥  ८ࠧ ଠ樨,  뢠  뢠 .
     ⮡  蠫 ﭭ ᪮ 饭 ਢ,  ᥣ  ࠡ ⮫쪮  ਧ⠫쭮  ⨪쭮 . 㡭   ࠡ  ࠭ ᪮ , 堭᪨ 吝⥫, 室 ᪫ ⠪  ﬨ, ᨫ쭮 ॢ.
    

   

   

    

      9
     ࠫ  ᫥⥫ 䥩
    

    

      ᮢ६      ᫥⥫   ࠫ , ᬮ    㦥   ⥢ , 設 USB  㣨 ᯮᮡ 㭨樨. ᪫祭   ࠧ  ᮢ६ 㪨 -       ᫥⥫,  ࠫ ⮢.
    

    

     

      ࠫ 
     

     ࠫ  (᮪饭  - LPT)   ᠬ ࢮ IBM PC.   뢠 Centronics -   -ࠧࠡ稪. ࠫ  ᯮ짮 ࠭ २⢥  祭 ਭ஢.
     ६ ਭ 筮    १ USB (.  10),     ࠧꥬ  祭 LPT- ( ࠫ쭮 ).
     稬 室 ࠧꥬ ࠫ쭮 .  .9.1 ࠦ LPT-ࠧꥬ  ਭ Lexmark E321 - 쭮 ᮢ६  (ਭ 㯫  諮 ).   - USB-ࠧꥬ  祭 USB-.    ⮬,     ਭ 祭   १ USB.
     

     
     
.9.1. LPT-ࠧꥬ  ਭ

     ᫨  ਭ 砫  ࠫ쭮  ,     , ࠦ  .9.2.
     

     
     
.9.2. 

      .9.3  ਭ᪠ .  让 ࠧꥬ, ࠦ  ⮬ 㭪,- ࠫ . 筮  襭  祭 ன  ࠫ쭮    ஧ 梥.  ࠧ ᫥⥫  ࠫ ,   ࠧࠬ? ꥬ ࠫ쭮   ⨯ <>,  ᫥⥫쭮  - <>. 㣨 ᫮,  ᫨  ९⠥ 梥 (᫥⥫  筮 訢  ᨭ 梥),   ᬮ   ᫥⥫쭮    LPT-.
     

     
     
.9.3. ࠫ  ᫥⥫ 

      ࠫ쭮 , ஬ ਭ,  :
      ⥫ , ਬ 譨 ਢ CD-ROM,  ⥫ <襭>  (࠭ 襭  ⠫ 120 );
     ਬ - ன⢠ ࠭   ⭮ .   ࠪ᪨  ᯮ,  ࠭  ᯮ짮  ᮧ १ࢭ   ࢥ ।⨩ -  ⭠  ⮨   ࠢ  㣨 ⥫ﬨ ଠ樨  﫠 뢠 訥   ६ ꥬ ଠ樨 (᪮쪮 ⮢);
     ᪠  ࠧ殢 (ᮢ६  १ USB).
     

     ஢ ,  ᮬ,  ᥣ  ਤ ᯮ짮 ࠫ ⮬,  ⠪ ⭮  -  ,    ७쪨 ਭ,    ࠡ⠥,  砥 ⮫쪮  LPT-.      ० ࠡ ࠫ쭮  (० ࠡ  筮 롨ࠥ  BIOS):
     SPP (Standard Parallel Port)- ⠭ ० ࠫ쭮 .   ० ࠧ蠥 ⮫쪮 ஭ ।     ਩ ன, 祭  .  ।  - 200 /;
     EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port)- ७ ०. 襭 ஭  묨.  ࠡ -  2 /. 蠥 祭  64 ਩ ன ( 楯);
     ECP (Extended Capability Port)-   ७묨 ﬨ. ᯥ稢 ஭  묨  ᪮  2,5 /. ন ᦠ⨥    RLE. 筮  ० (᫨  ন ਭ᪮ ⮩) ᯮ ᪠  㣨 ன⢠, ।騥 訥 ꥬ .
    

    

     

      ᫥⥫ 
     

     ᫥⥫  (㣨  - COM, RS-232, serial port),   ࠫ,  ॢ  ஢ ᯮ짮  祭  ன,   ᥣ   砫:
     誨  㣨 㪠⥫ ன⢠;
      -   ᥩ       ᫥⥫쭮 , ⠪   usb;
     <㬭> 筨 ᯥॡ ⠭ -  筨 ᯥॡ ⠭  ᮮ   ⥪饬 拉 ᢮ ३.  祭 㤮, ᪮  ,  ᪮쪮 ६ 墠 鸞     ᪮ 㦭 몫 .
     

      ᫥⥫  २⢥ ᯮ  祭  譨   <㬭> .
       ࠧ ᫥⥫쭮 : 9-⠪  25-⠪.  .9.3 ࠦ 9-⠪ ᫥⥫ .
       ਭ᪨  筮   ࠧ ᫥⥫  - <让> (25 pin)  <쪨> (9 pin).    -  <쪨>.   ᠬ ᮢ६  - ᥣ  ᫥⥫  ( ࠢ, 9-⠪), ⠢  ᮮࠦ ᮢ⨬.
        ᫥⥫쭮  - 㭨ᠫ ᨭ஭ ਥ।稪 16 450 UART (Universal Asynchron Receiver Transmitter). 筮  뢠 ⥣஢  奬   稯.
     ᨬ쭠 ᪮ ।  ᫥⥫쭮  - 115 200 /.  ᮢ६ ઠ  祭  ᪮,  ⥬  , 뢠,  ᪮ ᮢ६   ॢ蠥 56 000 /,   筮.
           ᫥⥫ ⮢, ,  㦥 뫮 ⬥祭, 㯭 뢠    .  Windows ᫥⥫  뢠 COMn,  n -  , ਬ COM1, COM2. ᫨   ᥣ  ,   㤥 뢠 COM1.
     ᫥⥫   ५.   1999  ௮ Microsoft  ᯥ䨪樨 <쭮 >,  ᨫ  PC99, ४ ⪠  ᯮ짮 ᫥⥫쭮    㭨ᠫ쭮 ᫥⥫쭮 設 USB,  ᥩ ⥯  ந室. 㬠, १   ᫥⥫  ⥫쭮 祧  ਭ᪨ .[7]
    

    

     

      ᫥⥫ 䥩 IEEE-1394
     

      1995   ࠧࠡ⠭  ᫥⥫ ⠭ ।  - IEEE-1394 (  1394). IEEE -  ᮪饭  , ࠧࠡ⠢襣 ⠭,- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers,  1394 - 浪   ⠭. ᭮ २⢮  ⠭ - ᮪ ᪮ । .   ⠢ 800 /.
      2000  뫠 ਭ  ⠭ 1394a,   2003- - 1394b (    ᠬ ᮢ६  ⠭). ᭮ ⫨稥  ⠭ -  襭 ᪮ ।  - 800 /,   400 /,   1394a.  쭥襬  ᪮ ।  3200 /.   (1394b) ⭮ ᮢ⨬  1394a,      1394a-ன⢠   1394b.
     ⠭ 1394 ⠪ ⥭   i.Link  FireWire. ࢮ  ਭ  Sony,  ஥ -  Apple,         - IEEE-1394.  Apple  ᯮ  FireWire 400  FireWire 800; 400  800 -  ᪮ ।   /. ᪨, FireWire 400 -  1394a,  FireWire 800 - 1394b.
     
⠭ 1394a

     ᫥⥫쭠 設 1394a ᯮᮡ ।   ᪮ 100, 200  400 /; 400 / -  50 /.   䨫 (⨯ ࠧ 700 ) ᪮  ⮩ 設 ᥣ  14 ᥪ㭤,  筮    ᥣ譥 ,   㦥  砫 2000 ,   ਭ  ⠭.
     , ᠬ , 400 / -  ⮫쪮 ⥮.   ࠪ⨪ ன⢠ 1394a  ।   ᪮ ᥣ 100 / (12,5 /).
        IEEE-1394a  ᫥⥫쭮   63 ன. ⭮,   祭   ன⢠ ᭨ ᪮ ।,   ࠪ⨪   砥    63 ன⢠. ࠢ, 設 IEEE  ࠡ  ࠧ⢫ ०,      63 ன   IEEE-業஬.    業    16 IEEE-ன.   ⮣ ?   ⠭ 1023 設 ६窨,     設 IEEE  64 000 (!) ன. ⭮ ,     ।⠢ ᥡ ⠪ ⢮ ன.
      IEEE-1394 ন 孮 P&P (Plug and Play),  ⮬᪨ ࠨ 祭  ⥬ ன⢮ (ࠩ, 筮, ⠭ ਤ,   㦭   ஢ 뤥  ன).   祥 祭/⪫祭 ன  ⪫祭 ⠭ .  IEEE 㤮 ⥬,   祭   ன⢮  ॡ ⮪  1,5 ,   訥 ன⢠ ( 墠 1,5 )  室   ⠭,   ⠭  IEEE.
      .9.4 ࠦ  ࠭ 6-⠪ IEEE-  , ᯮ騩  祭  ⮬ .   .9.5 ࠦ 4-⠪ IEEE-  ᮮ⢥騩 .
     

     
     
.9.4. 6-⠪ IEEE-

     
     
.9.5. 4-⠪ IEEE-

     媮⠪ IEEE- 筮 ᯮ  祭 ஢ .
     ᫨  襩 ਭ᪮   IEEE-஫,  ⠭ ⤥ ஫, 믮    ७ ⨯ PCI (.9.6).
     

     
     
.9.6. IEEE-஫

     
⠭ 1394b

     ⠭ 1394b ।ᬠਢ ᪮ ।  800 / (100 /)     -᪮ .   饬  ।   ᪮ 3200 /,    ன, ন ⠪ ᪮.
      6-⠪⭮ ࠧꥬ ᯮ 9-⠪ (.9.7),   1394b    ன⢠ ⨯ 1394a   ᯥ樠쭮 .    砥  1394a, ᫨  ⥬    ⥣஢ IEEE-஫,   㯨   PCI- ७ (.9.8).
     

     
     
.9.7. 9-⠪ (1394b)  6-⠪  (1394a)

     
     
.9.8. PCI-஫ IEEE-1394b

      IEEE-1394    ᫥饥:
     IEEE-1394 - ᮢ६ ᫥⥫ ᮪᪮⭮ 䥩, ᯥ稢騩 ᮪ ᪮ । ;
       ⠭ 1394 - 1394a  1394b;
     ᭮ ࠧ  ⠭⠬ 1394a  1394b 砥  ਬ 㣮 ⨯ ࠧꥬ ( 1394b - 9 ⠪⮢,  1394a - 6  4)    ᮪ ᪮ ।  - 800 /  1394b ⨢ 400 /  1394a;
     ⠭ 1394b ⭮ ᮢ⨬  1394a.
     

      ᫥饩   ਬ  㣮 祭 ࠭ ᫥⥫쭮 䥩 -  㭨ᠫ쭮 ᫥⥫쭮 設 USB.  USB  ⫨稥  IEEE   ᮪᪮⭮: ᪮ ।    ⠢ 12 / (1,5 /)  USB 1.1  480 / (60 /)  USB 2.0.  設 USB  ୠ, 祬 IEEE-1394. 祬?  ⮬  筮 ᫥⥫ 䥩 ᯮ  祭 ਩ ன,  設 ਩ ன (ਭ, ᪠, ⮠, )  㦭 ⠪ ᮪ ᪮,  ᯥ稢 䥩ᮬ IEEE-1394. , USB-ன⢠  ,     ६    襢, ⮬   .[8]
    

   

   

    

      10
     ᠫ쭠 ᫥⥫쭠 設 USB
    

    

     

      ⠭ USB 1.1  2.0
     

     ᠫ쭠 ᫥⥫쭠 設 USB (Universal Serial Bus)    ᫥⥫ 䥩ᮬ. ᪮  ᠬ  ᫥⥫ 䥩,   㦨 ⤥쭮 .
      USB  ᫥⥫쭮 ᮥ  127 ன (   ன⢮  ன, ᫨ ந⥫ ன⢠ ।ᬮ५ ⠪ ).    砥  IEEE, ন <祥> ⪫祭/祭 ன,     祭/⪫祭 ன⢠  㦭 몫 ⠭ .  ⮣,    砥  IEEE, ன⢠   ⠭  設 USB,   室  ⥫  ⠭.
      USB   ﭢ 1996  - ⮣ 뫠 ஢  USB 1.0.   ,  1998 ,  設 USB 1.1. ࠪ᪨  ன⢠ ᨨ 1.0 ᮢ⨬  USB 1.1,   -   뫨 ⥫.
      USB 2.0   2003 .  ⭮ ᮢ⨬  ﬨ 1.0  1.1.  砥,   設 USB 2.0   ன⢠ ᨨ 1.0  1.1. ।  ன⢠ 祭  -  ⨯ USB.  .10.1 ࠦ ⨯ USB ᨩ 1.0  1.1 (ᥩ  砥 ன⢮ ᨨ 1.1),   .10.2 - ⨯ USB 2.0.
     

     
     
.10.1. ⨯ usb 1.1:  (᫥)   (ࠢ)

     
     
.10.2. ⨯ usb 2.0

     孨᪨ ࠪ⨪ 設 USB 1.1 ਢ  ⠡. 10.1.
     
 10.1. 孨᪨ ࠪ⨪ 設 USB1.1

     
     

      ,  設 USB 1.1  ࠡ   ०:  ᪮⭮  ᮪᪮⭮.  ࢮ ᪮  ⠢ 1,5 /,  ஬ - 12 /.
     孨᪨ ࠪ⨪ 設 USB 2.0 ࠪ᪨ ⠪ ,   USB 2.0 ।ᬮ७  ᪮ ०:
     Low-speed (᪮ 10-1500 /c)-  ன  (, , ⨪);
     Full-speed (0,5-12 /)- ࠧ ।᪮ ன⢠;
     Hi-speed (5-480 /)- ⥫ , ன⢠.
    

    

     

      祭 USB-ன
     

       ⥭ ⥬  筮  㦨  USB- ( 6   8).   (.10.3) ਭ  ୥ 業ࠬ USB.   ୥ 業   USB-. ⥫쭮, ᫨    ⥬   USB-,  ᥣ  ⥬  ୥ 業, ᫨ ᥬ ⮢ -  ⥬  ୥ 業.
     

     
     
.10.3. USB-

     ன ᯥ ன ( ⮣ 믮  , ன,  ࠢ, ⥬, ३   㤮    ᯥ ன).   ᯥ ன ன 㯯 ஫ 㭨ᠫ쭮 ᫥⥫쭮 設USB (.10.4).
     

     
     
.10.4. ᯥ ன

      ࠢ    ୥ 業  롥  ⢠.  襬  ३   ⠭.  㢨 ᫥ ଠ (.10.5):
     ⨯ ⠭ 業 -  業 ୥, ⮬  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ⠭;
     ଠ  祭  ⠬ 業 ன⢠    ⠭ -  襬 砥 祭  ன⢮   ॡ ⠭  100. ᨬ  業  ।  500  ;
     ⢮ ᢮ ⮢ -  ୥ 業 ᥣ  ,     (祭 饥 ன⢮ - USB-), ⮬ ᢮  .
     

     
     
.10.5. ஡ ଠ  業

     ᫨   ᥣ  業      ᥣ  ன⢠,  , 訢,      127 USB-ன? -,  ⠬ ୥ 業    ⥫ USB-業 (.10.6). USB-業 砥  USB-,   ।⠢    ᢮ USB-. 뢠  ⨯ USB-業஢:  ᮡ⢥ ⠭   ⠭  த⥫᪮ .  㯠 業  ᮡ⢥ ⠭. 祬?   ,    । ᨫ ⮪ ᨬ 500; 100 ॡ  ⠭ ᠬ 業, ⮬  ன ⠭ 400. 室,     ⠪ 業  㦥  ᬮ  - 魮 USB-ன⢮,  ᬮ  ன⢠ த USB-᪮,  室 ᥣ 100.
     

     
     
.10.6. USB-業

     ᫨  業 㤥  ᮡ⢥ ⠭,   㤥 ᯥ  500   ,   USB-  業묨,   ୥ 業.
     ஬ ⮣,  ன⢠, ਬ ,  㯠  ஫ USB-業 ( ன⢠   USB-ன⢠).  砥   USB-,       ᪮쪮 ன. 筮    USB-   USB--. ⭮,   ன ⢠    <૨묨>, ᪮ ᥣ     ᠬ 500; 100 室  ⠭ ,  ⠫쭮   祭묨   ன⢠. 뢠 ⠪ ᪮ 祭 ன, ᫮ ᥡ ।⠢ ᥣ 127 祭   ன.    63 000,   砥  IEEE-1394!
       ࠧꥬ USB. ꥬ, 騥   ⥭ ⥬  (ᠬ  USB-ࠧꥬ), 뢠 USB ⨯ .   ࠧꥬ ⨯  ࠦ  .10.7.
     

     
     
.10.7.  ⨯ 

     ꥬ   ⨯ B ࠦ  .10.8. 筮 ࠧꥬ ⨯ B ᯮ  ਩ ன⢠ (ਭ, ᪠). USB-  祭 ਩ ன⢠   (.10.9) ᭠饭 ࠧꥬ ⨯ B (  -  ਭ /᪠)  ࠧꥬ ⨯ A ( 祭  ).
     

     
     
.10.8. ꥬ ()   ⨯ B

     
     
.10.9.   祭 USB-ਭ

     ஬ ࠧꥬ ⨯ A  B,   -ࠧꥬ,  ⠪  뢠 - mini-USB (.10.10). 筮  ᯮ  ᮥ USB-  ஢ ⮠, 쭮 ⥫䮭.  ⮬    - mini-USB,  ன - ⨯ A.
     

     
     
.10.10.  mini-USB

    

    

     

      ୨  ஢
     

         USB-⮢,   ⠭ USB--஫, 믮   PCI- ७ (.10.11)    PC- ( 㪮).  㯪 ஫ 㡥,     USB 2.0 (.10.12)- ᫨ ⠢,  ᠬ .
     

     
     
.10.11. USB-஫   PCI- (4 USB-)

     
     
.10.12. 寮⮢ - ( প USB   )

        祭  - প USB ,  ᨨ 1.1,  㦭  ன⢮ USB 2.0.  ⮬ 砥 ⮦  PCI-஫.  ࠧ :  㯪 㦭 㡥,   㯠  ஫ USB 2.0.
    

    

     

      USB 3.0
     

      饥 ६ ⠭ USB 3.0   ਭ,  㦥 室  ⠤ ࠧࠡ⪨. ।,   㤥 । ᨣ   ⮢ . USB 3.0 㤥 ⭮ ᮢ⨬  ﬨ 2.0  1.1.
       ᮧ USB 3.0 ࠡ ᫥騥 : Intel, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, Texas Instruments, NEC  NXP Semiconductors. 㥬 ᪮ ।  () - 4,8 /.
    

    

     

      ন   ⥬ USB
     

      , ᫨  USB-,   প USB ⮦  .    ᥣ ⠪. ਬ,  Windows 2000   Windows XP SP1  ࠩ  USB 2.0.  ᫨   ஫ USB 2.0,   ⠭ ࠩ  USB 2.0 設 USB 㤥 ࠡ  USB 1.1.
     砩 ணࠬ USB Ready   http://www.usb.org/about/ faq/ans3/usbready.exe,    ⥬  ।  প USB (.10.13).
     

     
     
.10.13. ணࠬ usb ready

        ⥬,    USB-஫?  ᪮쪮 ਠ⮢:
     ⠭    - Windows Vista,   ⮨  襢;
         Windows XP SP2; ⠭ ࠩ USB 2.0.
     

       ᥣ  ⠭  ࠡ ⥬.  㤥 ᪠ ࠩ.   ⠢   ਭ᪮ ⮩ - ⮣  .  ᫨    , ⮣ 㤥 ᪠   ୥.  ᭮,   ᠩ Microsoft  㦥 .  襫 㦭 ࠩ  ᠩ softodrom.ru:
     http://soft.softodrom.ru/ap/p4515.shtml.
     ᫨   室     ⠬ 㦥  㤥, 頩   -     .
    

   

   

    

      11
     
    

    

     

        ᠬ  ⮢ 
     

      -  ᯥ樠쭮 ன⢮, 饥 뢮 ࠦ  ࠭ .  뢠  ஬, ⮩.  砥   .  ,  -  .  ᫨     뫮   ,      㢨 १  ᫥. ⮬   㤭 業.
    

    

     

       
     

      ⮨   ᭮ ⥩:
     ;
      (஠ ८ࠧ⥫, Digital to Analog Converter, DAC);
     ;
     BIOS (   BIOS ).
      ᯮ   ⥭   ଠ樨.  , ஬ ,   業ࠫ .  㦥  ८ࠧ ஢ ଠ樨   ᨣ,    뢮 ଠ樨   .
      .11.1 ࠦ  ATI Radeon Sapphire X1950XTX.  :   쭮 魠, ⮬   ⠭ ᯮ ⤥ ࠧꥬ ⠭,      ⠭    ᯥ樠  (室   ⠢). ꥬ ⠭   4-  6-⠪묨.  ⠭    ᯥ樠  ⠭ (  ᬮਬ   18).
     

     
     
.11.1.  ATI Radeon Sapphire X1950XTX

       ,    ࠧꥬ ⠭,  ⠭  設,  ன  祭,-  AGP  PCI-E.
     

      뢠  ⨯:
     ⥣஢ - ஥  ਭ .  ࠢ,  ᫨  ⥣஢,  ⠢ ᮡ 㤠   ⤥쭮 ⮩ -   ਭ᪮  筮  AGP-᫮  ᫮ PCI-E;
     ⤥ - 믮    ७  設 AGP  PCI-E (. .11.1).
     

     ਭ᪨   ⥣஢묨 ⠬ 筮 ᯮ  ஥  ஢.    ந⥫쭮,   㯠⥫ . ᮪ந⥫쭠  ( ᮢ६ ઠ) ⮨ 80-130 ஢ (,  ஦,  ᬥ ⭥  ᨮ ⠬). ਭ   㦥 ஥ ⮩  㯨 ਬ୮  70-80 ஢. 祬 ⠪  ਭ᪠  ( ⠪  稯),    ⮨ ਬ୮  10 ஢ 襢 (㯠⥫  70-120 ஢,   ⨬). ⭮,  ⥣஢   ந⥫쭮    ஢ ⤥ , ᪮  ஥ ஥   ᯮ 襢  奬. 㯠     ⥣஢  -  ,  । 㯪 㦭 㡥,   ਭ᪮   ᢮ ᫮ AGP  PCI-E -  祭 ਣ  ୨樨 ,  ⥩ ஥   .
     

      ஥    ᮡ:
      <> ⠪   ,  ⮣  ᯮ  ⨢   ࠭ ᢮ .  ࠢ,   ᭠ ᥣ 512  . ⮡ , 㦭 㢥 ࠧ , 㯭  ,    32  ( ࠧ ⠭  BIOS -   ॣ㫨஢  ᠬ⥫쭮). 室,  ⥬ 㤥 㯭 㦥  512  ,  ᥣ 480.  ⮬ 㦭  ;
     筮 ⥣஢  ᭠饭  ࠧꥬ  祭 , ⮬  祭 ᮢ६ ஢    ᯥ樠 室 VGA-DVI.
    

    

     

      ᭮ ࠪ⨪ 
     

     ன  ࠩ-,   㢨    ⮪ , 饭     ⮣   奬. ਬ,  ⠫ 27  ࠧ ந⥫   稯 8500GT (nVidia).   ?   ᥪ,   ᫨  奬 ,  ࠧ    ᥡ -ࠧ.   ࠪ⨪ .     ⠡. 11.1.
     
 11.1. ᭮ ࠪ⨪ 

     
     

     
    

    

     

      
     

       ࠧ , ⥬  訬 ࠧ襭   襩 㡨 梥  ᬮ ࠡ.  ࠢ <祬 , ⥬ >  ᥣ ࠢ  ᪮ 窨 ७.  㯪  㦭 ।   ਬ. ।,  ࠡ⠥  ᭮  ⥪⠬   ᬮ 䨫,    ਬ -  .  ⮬ 砥   ࠧ襭 1280x 1024 (  ।   ᮢ६ ஢)  ᨬ쭮 㡨 梥 (32 )  墠 ᥣ-ᥣ 8  . ⮬   砥  ࠭ ஥ ஬  ⠭    ० - 8 . ,  ࠧ襭 1280x 1024  㡨 梥 32  㦭 ᥣ 5  ( 뫮 ᪠ 8, ⮬  ꥬ    ⥯ ), ⮬ 3  㤥  .   ᫠ ⤠ 32    , ⮡ ࠡ  ⥪⮬.
     ᥬ 㣮  - 譨 ,  ᯮ २⢥  .  㦭   128 ,   - 256 .   쬠 ।⢥   ந⥫쭮 .  襥 ﭨ 뢠 ࠧ來 設  (祬 , ⥬ )  ⨯ ᯮ㥬 .   ᮡ 㧪 ( ࠡ⪥ 嬥 ⥪) , ᫨ ࠧ  㤥 ,  嬥 ⥪,   ⨫  ,  㦥  ⨢ ,   㦥  ࠡ .  ᫮,   ⥫쭮 㯨   256  .
     , ᨮ쭠 嬥ୠ 䨪.  㦥 256  㤥 .  ᠬ ࠧ 512  (  1 ),     䨭ᮢ ⥩, ᪮   512   ⮨  3-4 ࠧ ஦, 祬  256  ( ᥣ譨 ),   㦥  1  .
      ਬ  ⨯ . ६  ⠢    ⨯: DDR-II  GDDR3 (DDR3, ᯥ樠쭮 ஢  ᪨ ஢). GDDR3   ⠪  孮᪮ ,   DDR-II,   GDDR3  .
     ॢ訥 ⨯  (FPM DRAM, VRAM, WRAM, EDO, SDRAM, MDRAM, SGRAM, DDR) 㦥  ᯮ  , ⮬     .
    

    

     

      ꥬ 
     

     ६    ࠧꥬ  祭 :
      DVI-ࠧꥬ (. .11.1);
     ࠧꥬ  祭  CRT-  DVI-ࠧꥬ, ᯮ㥬  祭 LCD- (.11.2).
     

     
     
.11.2.  ATI  ६ ࠧꥬ

     ६ LCD-   DVI-ࠧꥬ .       (ਬ, Acer AL1916), 騥  VGA-ࠧꥬ (D-Sub).
     DVI (Digital Video Interface)-  ஢ 䥩  祭 ஢ ன, 묨  LCD-. DVI ᯮ  ⮣, ⮡   ८ࠧ ଠ樨.  ᫨  LCD-,   ஢,    ன⢮,    祭  ,  ᭠砫  ८ࠧ ஢ ଠ   ᨣ,  ⮬  㤥 ८ࠧ뢠 祭  ᨣ  ஢ .  ࠢ 㦭 ⬥,  LCD-     ࠧꥬ, ᫨ DVI-ࠧꥬ .  .11.2  筠   ६ ࠧꥬ:
     VGA -  祭 筮 ;
     DVI -  祭 LCD-;
     TV/S-video -  祭 ⥫, 䮭.
    

    

     

       ७ AGP, AGP Pro  PCI Express
     

       設 AGP  砫  設 PCI (, ᫨   ᮢᥬ ॢ   設 ISA, EISA  VESA - 設⢮ 짮⥫   蠫  ).  饥 ६  ।⠢ ᮡ  ७  設 AGP  PCI-E.
     ,  ⫨ ࠧꥬ PCI, AGP  PCI-E:
      ᫮ - 設 PCI;
     筥 ᫮ - 設 AGP;
      ᫮ - 設 PCI Express.
      㯪   ,   ⠭ AGP  ⭮.  ᥣ   ⠭ AGP, ࠧ     ⠡. 11.2.
     
 11.2. ⠭AGP[9]

     
     

     ! । ⠭   ᫮ AGP 㡥,  ਭ᪠  ন ⠭ ⠭ . ᪨  ⠭  ⠭ 4x (殮 1,5 )  8x (1,5 )  ᫮ 1x (3,3 )  2x (3,3 ),  - ࠧ  殮  㤥 ०.   ਭ᪨  ᪠ ⠭ ஢   殮 3,3 , ⠪   1,5 .  ⮬ । ⠭  㡥,    ।  ਭ ,  .
      ᮢ६ ਭ᪨  ⥫쭮 ⠭   (AGP 1x, AGP 2x), ᪮ AGP-᫮ 筮 ⠭  ⠭  ⠭⮢ 4x  8x. ந ࠢ  ,  ⮫쪮  ᠬ  -    ⠭ 殮 ⠭   ᯥ樠쭮 ६窨.  ⠪ ६窨   ᠬ ਭ᪮  (ਬ,  筮   ਭ᪨    稯⮢ Intel 845  Intel 850).  ⮡ ,  ࠢ쭮  ⠭,  㦭  㪮⢮     ਭ᪮ .   , ⮡  ᪮,   ⠭ <ॢ>   ᫮ ᮢ६ ਭ᪨ .
     , ୮,  㣠   ᮢ⨬ . , 訥 ஡   -  ᮡ ஦.  ᮢ६묨 ⠬   .  ᭠饭 ᯥ樠묨 砬 (.11.3), ।騬  ⠭   ᮢ⨬  ⠭ ᫮.
     

     
     
.11.3.  3,3   1,5 

     ᫨    ,   ᮢ⨬  ⠭⠬ 1x, 2x  4x ( ࠢ,  4x-).   AGP 8x  ⮫쪮   -  室  ⮬  ,     1,5 .
       ਭ᪨   ᮡ ᫮ - AGP Pro. AGP Pro -  ७ 筮 ᫮ AGP,    ᫮  ⥫ ࠧꥬ ⠭  (.11.4).  ࠢ,  AGP Pro ⠭  , ॡ騥 ⥫쭮 ⠭.
       䨪樨 ᫮ AGP Pro:
     AGP Pro 110 - ।⠢ ⥫ 50-110   ⠭ ;
     AGP Pro 50 - ।⠢ 50   .
     

     
     
.11.4.  AGP Pro

       ᮢ⨬  AGP  ⬥ ᫥饥:
      ⠭ AGP Pro  ⠢   AGP-᫮ -   㤥 ࠡ;
      AGP  ⠭  ᫮ AGP Pro  ᫮,     ᯥ樠   ⠭  ⠪ ᫮ (.11.5).
     

     
     
.11.5.   ⠭   ᫮ AGP Pro

      ਬ  設 PCI-E.  㦭    設 PCI-X. PCI-X -  䨪 設 PCI64 (64-ࠧ來  設 PCI),     ⭮襭  設 PCI-X.
     ஡ 設 PCI   䨪樨 ᬠਢ   3, ᥩ  ᯮ ᭮ 䠪  PCI-E:
     ᨬ쭠 () ய᪭ ᯮᮡ 設 PCI-E 1x ⠢ 0,5 /;
      䨪樨 PCI Express 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 12x, 16x, 32x;
       PCI Express ᮢ⨬  ᮡ, , ⮡ ⠭  䨧᪨ ⠭  ᫮ ७.
    

    

     

       ⭮ ᪮७
     

        ࠢ    ࠭.   ⢠: ࠭ ३   ࠬ    ⥫쭮.  襬  ३   ⨪.    㢨 㭮 ⭮ ᪮७,   ⠭      (.11.6).  Windows  뢮 ᪠, ਬ   ஡.
     

     
     
.11.6. ன ⭮ ᪮७

       0 (㬥  ) ⭮ ᪮७  . 㭮  ⮬  室,  Windows 㦥  ᭮ ०   ஡  ࠩ஬ ,   DirectX. ᫨ Windows 饭  筮 ०,  ⭮ ᪮७ ⢮  砥, 㦭 ⠭ ࠩ   ,  ⠪  DirectX.[10]
     

     
     
.11.7. ஡  ⮩

      1 ᯮ,   ஡  ᪨ ࠩࠬ. ᯮ ⮫쪮  ᪮७.  ஡   ࠩ஢.
      2   ஡  嬥 ᪮७. ᪮७ DirectX, DirectDraw  Direct3D 㤥 ⪫祭. 筮  ⠭ DirectX. ᫥  DirectX  ᪠  ᠩ www.microsoft.com.
      3 ᢨ⥫  ஡  ࠩ஬  -  ,  ஡ 祧.
      4 ॡ  ࠩ஢ . 筮 ⠪ ஡    ⠭⭮ , ਬ  USB--  ஢ . 㦭  ࠩ .
     ᫥  (5) ᮮ⢥ ଠ쭮 ० ࠡ, ᯮ  ᪮७.
    

    

     

      祭  ஢
     

      祭  ஢ 㦭, ⮡   뫮  , ਬ  DVI-   VGA,  㣮 - DVI.  ᫨ ࠧꥬ ࠧ,  ࠧꥬ ஢  (  ࠧꥬ DVI  VGA,      DVI),  뢠  室 DVI-VGA  VGA-DVI.
     몫 ⠭     .  .11.8 ,     祭  ,    祭 १ 室.
     

     
     
.11.8. ᪮ 祭 ஢

      ⮫쪮   ⠭ ,  㤥 뫠  ࠦ   ,     㤥    ⨭,   ன.  㧪 Windows   ஢ (⥫) 㤥 몫祭,  ࠦ ⠭  ஬.
     

     
     
.11.9.  

      㦭   ࠭  ࠢ  ந ࠬ  ஢.   ந ० DualView,  ஬   㤥 த 㣮 (.11.9). 쭮  ०.        䨫,   ஬ - 1C   ⠫  (ࠢ,   ᮢᥬ 㤠筠 !),   ᪨      㣮. ணࠬ ன 筮 ஡  뢠,  ᫨  ⠫,  ᫥ ࠭:
     http://support.microsoft.com/kb/307873/ru.
    

   

   

    

      12
     㪮 
    

    

     㪮  - ꥬ  ᮢ६ , ᯮ  ந 㪠.  ⮩   ਬ  ࠧ⨨  ࠧ ⨯ 㪮 .
    

    

     

      ꥬ 㪮 
     

     ꥬ 㪮  쭮    <  > - 쪨  㣫. ⮡   ९⠫ ,  ਭ ⠭ PC99 Design Guide,  ஬ ⪮ 㪠 梥   ࠧꥬ:
     ᠫ -  室.  ⮬ ࠧꥬ    ⥬, 譨, ८ᨫ⥫, 騩  ᨣ, ᫨ ᯮ 魠 ᪠ ⥬.   㪮    室 -    ,  㣮 -  ࠢ;
     㡮 -  室. ᯮ   㪠,  㯠  譥 筨 (ਬ, 몠쭮 業)  ⪨ ;
     ஧ - 室  䮭  䮭᪮ ᨣ (   ᨣ 䮭). ᫨  㪮   䮭,      室;
      - ஢ , ᯮ  祭 ⨪  MIDI-ன⢠ (ᨭ⥧).   ⮣ ࠧꥬ ᯮ D-ࠧ 15-⠪ ࠧꥬ.[11]
     

      ஥ 㪮  ( ⠪ 設⢮)  ஢ .   , ⮡  , ᮢᥬ  易⥫쭮  㪮  - 筮  ஢   USB ( ன⢮ 砥 ⤥쭮). , ᮢ६ ⨪  ᨭ⥧    USB, ⮬  ⠪ 室  ஢ ࠧꥬ .
      ᯮ짮 ⤥쭮 㪮  (   ७) ⥫쭮 ᮥ   ਢ CD/DVD   ᯥ樠쭮  (.12.1)-    ᬮ ந AudioCD. ࠢ, ᮢ६ 樮 ⥬ 㬥 室   ⮣ ,    ⢮   .  .12.2 ࠦ ⤥쭠 㪮 .   祭 CD 室  ᠬ   ७ ஭,    㤥 室  ,   ᭠㦨.[12]
     

     
     
.12.1.   祭 㪮   CD-ROM

     
     
.12.2. ⤥쭠 㪮 

      .12.3 ࠦ ⨯ ਢ CD-ROM  ᠭ ࠧꥬ  .    ᯮ  祭 㪮 .
     

     
     

     .12.3. CD-ROM  ᠭ ࠧꥬ  
    

    

     

      USB-
     

      .12.4 ࠦ 㪮 ,     USB. ⮡ ⠪ 㪮  ࠡ⠫, 㦭 ᤥ ᫥饥:
     㤠 ࠩ 饩 㪮  (  ᤥ  ᯥ ன)-  ࠢ,  㤥 ७ 㪮 ;
     

     
     

     .12.4. 㪮  (USB)
     

     ⪫  SETUP ७ 㪮  (. );
     㧨 Windows;
      㪮  USB  ⠭ ࠩ, ᫨ 㦭.
    

    

     

      祭 ⤥쭮 㪮 
     

      祭 ⤥쭮 㪮  㦭 믮 ᫥騥 ⢨:
      Win + Break ( 믮  : , ன,  ࠢ, ⥬)    ⢠ ⥬;
      襬  ३   㤮    ᯥ ன (.12.5);
     

     
     
.12.5. ⢠ ⥬

       ᯥ ன (.12.6) ன 㯯 㪮,   ஢ ன⢠.  㪮  ( 㭪 - VIA AC'97 Enhanced Audio Controller);
     १㧨 ;
      㧪   SETUP (筮  DEL). ३  ࠧ Advanced, ⥬  Integrated Peripherals ( ࠧ  ୥   ࠧ Integrated Peripherals -    ᨨ BIOS);
     ⪫ ஥ 㪮 . 筮 㦭 ⠭ 祭 Disabled  樨 Onboard AC97 Audio Controller;
     ࠭  (F10)  몫 ;
     ⪫  ⠭  , ᭨  ⥬   ⠭ ⤥ 㪮   ᫮ PCI  PCI-E (  㪮 );
      ⠭ , 㧨 Windows  ⠭ ࠩ 㪮 , ᫨  㤥 室 ( Windows   㪮 ?);
     १㧨 . , 㪮  ⮢  ᯮ짮.
     

     
     
.12.6. ᯥ ன

    

   

   

    

      13
     ன⢠ 
    

    

     

      
     

     
  ⨯ 

      -  ன⢮ . ᫨     ࠡ  ஬,   㤮,    - .
      ᮢ६  㤥   105 .  ⠫  -  ⥫ <⨬> , ਬ  ४祭 ᥭ  ந뢠⥫,  ᪠ 㧥, ⮢ . 쭮  ⥫   ணࠬ஢,   । ⢨,   믮  ⨨ ⮩   . ணࠬ஢  ⢫   ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ⠢饣   ன.
     

     ᫨  㦭   ⥫묨 蠬 ( ᯮ,  쭮 㤮),  ᫥ 㯠 ⨬  (.13.1)  ⠭ ᯮ  (.13.2).   ਤ ਢ몠  ⠭⭮ ᯮ ,   㤥 ᯮ짮 ⥫ ணࠬ㥬 .
     

     
     
.13.1. ⨬   ⠭ ᯮ 

      A4Tech  ᫥ ६ ⨢ த ᢮  孮 - AntiRSI (Repetitive Strain Injury),  ।࠭    ﭭ ७殮  殮.  砥  ᮡ ᯮ  -  ᯮ  ⢥   祫 㣫 (.13.3).
     

         ᫥?   㯠    蠬. ᫨   㯭 (. .13.3),  㤥    ᫥ -       .
     

     
     
.13.2. ⠭⭮ ᯮ  (筠 )

     
     
.13.3. ᯮ    AntiRSI

     
祭  

          ६ ᯮᮡ:
      ࠧꥬ PS/2 - ⠭ ࠧꥬ;
     USB-;
     ஢ ᯮᮡ 祭.
     

      USB-     ᫠: -, ஢    ⥬   , ⠪  ⠫,  -,  USB-.
       ४    ࠧꥬ PS/2.  ⠭ ࠧꥬ,    㤥 ஡  ⠪ ࠬ.
       ஢   ࠡ  ᪠ Windows. Windows ᪠, 㦠 ࠩ,  ᫥ ⮣  ⠭ 㯭.   , ᫨    ࠬ BIOS?  祭- 㤮.  ᫨  業       譥 ,   㦭 ஢  (ࠢ, ,   ᠬ 襢, 㯨  ࠢ -  , ࠭     , ਬ,  㦭 㤥 ⠭ Windows). 祬, ஢    <᫮ ஢묨> -    ࠢ 㤥    祭 ਥ।稪.   ᠥ Bluetooth-,     ண.
     
 ४樨

      ᪮쪮 ४権 ⭮⥫쭮 롮 .
        ४ 㯠   ⠭ ᯮ  -  ਢ몭  ᢮ ,  ⮬  㤥 㤭 ࠡ  㣨 ࠬ.
     ⥫쭮, ⮡ ᪨ 㪢 뫨 뤥        ୮.    ਭ , 祬  㪢    ( 뢠, ᪨ 㪢 ⮦ )  ᨭ  ୮.
     ᫨    砩    ,  ப   ,   㯨 ⮩  (.13.4),     ஬  ४.
     ᫨   ࠭祭 usb-,  㯨   USB-⠬ (.13.5).
     

     
     
.13.4.  <> ⮩.   -   ⮣஢ ᫥ ⮣,     . 祣, த ࠡ⠥

     
     
.13.5. ஢   USB-⠬

    

    

     

       <>
     

     
⥭ 

      <> (筮  <>)- ᭮ 㪠⥫쭮 ன⢮ 樮 ஢.   ࠡ  ᮢ६묨 樮묨 ⥬ 㤮.
      ᫥ ᢮ ६饭  । ᢮ न . ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ᫥饥  । , ᨭ஭ ६頥  ࠭ 㪠⥫ .
     
      誠 뫠 ⥭   1963  㣫ᮬ -⮬,      ⠪ . ࠢ,  誨 뫨 ᮢᥬ  宦  ᮢ६. ᭮묨 ⠬  1963  뫨  ௥୮ ᯮ ,  㯠   .   ६頫,   ⨫  ᢮ ७.
        1963 , ᠬ ,   뫮 ᮭ ஢, ⮬  <> ⮫쪮  ਨ ⥭᪮ ᫥⥫᪮ .  ,  ⠫ த   ,   砫 80-  諮 .   筨,    Xerox 8010 Star Information System,   㣨 - Apple Macintosh.  ᥩ 㦥  ,   .
     
     
 ஢

       - ᥬ   㦤 ⮨⢠    ਪ 襩.  ਪ   ᭥ ᪨.  ᭮ ᪮  - ᪨ 稪,  ᫥ ६饭 ࠡ祩 孮 ⭮⥫쭮 .
     ᪨    ( 堭᪨ ⥩), ⭮,    㦭 ਮ᪨ ,  ᯥ稢  筮, 祬 ਪ , ᮡ    ୮ ஥஢.
     ᪨  ࢮ   ࠡ ⮫쪮  ᯥ樠 ਪ.  ஬  ( ᮢ६  ⭮  ஬ )  ⮪ ࠭,    ᯮ짮   ਪ.
       㯭  ,  ᭮  - ஢ .    ⠤ ࠧࠡ⪨,  ⭮,    ᯥ譮 ࠡ  ⥪ﭭ  ઠ 孮 (᪨    ⮣). ஬ ⮣,  ᯥ稢  ᮪ ࠧ襭, ॡ  ࣨ    ᢥ (᪨  ᢥ  ६饭 -  ᮡ  ࠡ).
     
樮  樮 

     樮  (.13.6)   室  ᯥ樠쭮 ਪ,  ࠡ⠥  ਭ樯 ᪮  (ன⢮   㭪  ).  樮  ⠢   ᪨ ⮬.
     २⢮ 樮 襩 -  ᮪ 筮. 樮  筮 ஢ (-ਪ 砥   ,   ࠡ⠥  ਪ)   樮 ⠭,    ⠭ ⠪   㦭 ,   砥  筮 ஢ .
       樮 襩  ᢮ ⪨.  ண, 쭮 ।   த    ᥣ 㤮.       ᪮    (᫨     㤮    ᬥ    㤮)- ਤ 㯠    ⮬.
     

     
     
.13.6. 樮 

      ᭮ 樮   ᥫ஬,  ।      ᥩ.    ࠡ    -   㦭 ࠡ 孮.  ⠪   ᮡ ஡ ࠡ  ઠ  ⥪ﭭ -孮 .
      樮   ᯥ樠 ४⥫, ⪫騩 ⥪ , ⮡   뫮 ६  ﭨ  㪠⥫. 樮  쭮 ᯥ᪨  ᯮ ।.
     
TouchPad - ⥫   㪠

      㪠   ᯮ ᯥ樠쭮 ன⢮ - TouchPad, ஥ ᫥ ६饭  짮⥫  ᢮ 孮.
     

     
     
.13.7. TouchPad

      ᭮ TouchPad   ᥭ, ᯮ  ⨪쭮  ਧ⠫쭮 ,   筮 ।  .  ,  ⮬ TouchPad  㤥 ࠡ, ᫨    ஢騬 ।⮬, ਬ ࠭讬.
     筮  TouchPad 室 , 㫨騥 ࠡ   (.13.7).  TouchPad ᠬ     , ਬ ⪮ ᠭ 筮 饫   ,   ⪮ ᠭ -  饫.
     砫 TouchPad  㤮,     ਢ몠.   짮⥫ (   ᫥)  <樮୮> ᯮ짮 㪠 (ਬ,  ⮫)     USB- - ⠪ 㤮.
     
, ᨪ  㣨  ࠢ 

      -, -  媭 .   ᯮ짮   Apple , ᫨ ⭮,    ⮫쪮  ⮣.
     -  媭  ﭭ ஢  ᮡ.  묨 뫨 媭 -   ᥣ  訥 ,  ᫮ ९,   ணࠬ ᯥ祭 筮 ࠧ㬥 ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮   -   ࠢ.    ६  ⮦ 쭮 ⨢ த,   뫮 ਭ 襭  ᯮ ।  ᨪ ப⪨ (祭 㤮  ࠡ  訬 㬥⠬   ⥭ ଠ樨  ).  ᨪ    ᮢ६ ,     ਢ몠,   ।⠢,  ࠭ 짮 筮   ᨪ (.13.8).
     

     
     
.13.8. 筠 媭筠   ᨪ ப⪨

      ந⥫ ᭠  ⥫묨 ,  筮 ࠧ    (.13.9).    ணࠬ஢  ᢮  (   砥  ⨬묨 ࠬ).
     

     
     
.13.9.   ⥫묨 

     
祭   

     ࠪ᪨  ᮢ६     PS/2, ᫨   USB-.
     ᫨ ᯮ짮 USB-  ४, ᪮   ᥣ ন BIOS    ࠡ  㧪 Windows,   USB-   . ,  㧪 樮 ⥬ USB- ࠡ  㤥, ,  ,  㧪 Windows    㦭.   㦭   ⠭ Windows,  ᪮ ⠭ Windows     ( ਤ ४  ⠬ ࠢ ணࠬ      Tab). USB- ਣ 짮⥫ 㪮, ⮬     ᮢ६ 㪠   PS/2.  ⮬  USB-  ᯮ짮  ⢥ USB-業-,    ⠪ 誠   㣨 USB-ன⢠, ਬ USB-᪨,  祭 㤮.
     ᮡ类  ஢  (.13.10). ᫨ ⭮,     ᮡ ᫠  ᯮ짮 ⠪ 襩. -,    ⪠뢠  ஢. ஢ 㤥.   㤥 祭 ᯥ樠 ਥ (ਬ, ࠪ),  㦥  ᠬ ⮫  㤥 ६  .     ⮫   ⠭. -, ஢  (஬ 樮) ॡ ⤥쭮 ⠭.     ⠭  ,    ஢ . ⮬  ஢  ஥ 筨 ⠭:   ३,  㦭 ,  ,  㦭 裂.  ᫥ 砥  㦭  ஥ ६   樮୮ ⠭,   ⥫䮭. -,  ᢮  ஢    砥 - 㦭 ﬠ   ਥ  .
     ࠢ, ᪮ ⪨ ஢ 襩  ࠭. ᫨  ।쭮 ,   㦥  ࠭.  த  ஢ Bluetooth-,    㦥 ஢   㦭 ﬠ .  Bluetooth-    室  ᪮쪨    - , ⮡  뫨  ࠤ ⢨ Bluetooth--,  ⠢  .  Bluetooth-  ࠢ ॡ 浪 (  ॥).
     

     
     
.13.10. ஢ Bluetooth-

     樮   ⠭  樮 ਪ.  ⠪   ஢묨 ⮫쪮 ᫮ -   ६ ⮫쪮  । ਪ. 樮   㦭 裂,    ᯥ稢 ⠪ ᢮ ६饭,  Bluetooth-.
    

   

   

    

      14
        ⠭
    

    

     

       ᭮  ᮢ
     

       ᭮  ᮢ:
     ⨪ (tower, ), .14.1; ਧ⠫ (desktop, ⮫), .14.2.
     ⨪  筮  ⠭  ⥫  㣨 ன,  ਧ⠫ -  ,   筮   ⮫      .
     

     
     
.14.1.  襭 ⨯

     
     
.14.2.  ⮫쭮 ⨯

     筮  ⠢   ⠭.   襭 ⨯  ⠭  ⠭ 魮 400   .    ⮫ ⠭   ⠭  -  墠 ,   嫠 ⮫ ᮢ ⠢  襣. ⮬ 300   ⠪  - ।.
     ,  쥩   ਫ  䠪 ਭ᪮ ? 뫮 ᪠,  䠪 ਭ᪮   ᮢ  䠪஬ ,  ਭ   㤥 ⠭  .     易, ⮬ ⠭ ⠭   ᮮ⢥⢮ 䠪 ਭ᪮ ,    ᬮ  ࠧꥬ ⠭  ਭ᪮ .
      ᯮ 䠪 ATX.  砥,   ਭ᪨  ᪠  ⮬ 䠪. 㯠  ⮦  ᮮ⢥⢮ ⮬ 䠪. ⭮,  ᫨  㯠    ⠭,  ஡ ᮢ⨬   .  ᫨  㯠  ⠭ ⤥쭮, ᬮ, ⮡   뫮   襩 ਭ᪮ .
    

    

     

      ꥬ ⠭ ATX
     

       ⠭ ATX 室 20-⠪ ࠧꥬ,  砥  ਭ᪮ . 祭  ⠪ ᠭ  ⠡. 14.1.
     
 14.1. ꥬ ⠭ ATX

     
     

      .14.3, 14.4 ࠦ 奬 ⠪⮢ ࠧꥬ ⠭ ATX   ⠭ .
     

     
     
.14.3. ꥬ ⠭ ATX

     
     
.14.4.  ⠭ ATX

     
     
.14.5.  ⠭ (4 ⠪)

       ⠭ ⠪ 室 4-⠪ ࠧꥬ ⠭ (.14.5) ⥫ ன (筮 ⥫ ). 祭 ⠪⮢ ⠪ ࠧꥬ ਢ  ⠡. 14.2.
     
 14.2. ꥬ ⠭ ⥫ ன

     
     

      .14.5 ࠦ ᪨ ࠧꥬ ⠭. ஬ ᪮ ࠧꥬ ⠭,   ⠭ 室 ⠪ 4-⠪,   ࠧꥬ ⠭. 祭 ⠪⮢  ⠪ ࠧꥬ ⠪ ,    ᪨ (㦭 ਥ஢  梥 ஢ -  ᠯࠬ).
    

    

     

      ꥬ ATX 12V
     

     ᮡ  㦨 ࠧꥬ ATX12V.    ⥫ 4-⠪ ࠧꥬ ⠭,    ⠭ ⠭,  ⭮ ஭  ᮢ६ .    SATA--, ᮪ந⥫    設 PCI-E (, ᫨ ࠧ,  ⠪ 㦥  ), DDR-3   ,    頥   ATX12V.
     

     
     
.14.6.  ⠭ atx12v - 24 ⠪

       ATX  ATX12V -  ⥫  ⠪.  ATX - 20 ⠪⮢,   ATX12V - 24 ⠪ (.14.6). 譥  ATX  ATX12V ⫨ ⮫쪮 ⢮ ⠪⮢  梥⮬:  ATX  ,   ATX12V - ୠ.
     

     
     
.14.7.  ⠭ ATX   ⠭ ATX12V

     
     
.14.8. 奬᪮ ࠦ  ⠭ ATX12V

     쭮   室 襭 -   20 ⠭ ⠪⮢ ATX  ⤥쭠   4 ⠪ - ATX12V (.14.7)
     㬥 ⠪⮢  ATX12V ।⠢  .14.8   ⠡. 14.3.
     
 14.3. 祭 ⠪⮢ ATX12V

     
     

     ᫨  㯨 ⥬  ⠭ ATX12V  让   24 ⠪,   ਭ᪠   ண ࠧ,     ࠧꥬ  20 ⠪⮢ ( ),  .  室 20-24 ⠪ (.14.9.)
     

     
     
.14.9. 室 20-24 ⠪

    

   

   

    

      15
     
    

    

     

       ஢
     

      ᫨  ᪮筮    , ,  , ⭮,     ஢: ᪨   ꥬ묨 㡪.  뢠 ⠫᪨ (LCD),   - ࠬ  ஭-祢 㡪.       ஢.  뢠 ᫥ :
       ஭-祢 㡪 (Cathode Ray Tube)-   ६ CRT- 뫨  ࠭묨 (.15.1).    ⮫쪮 譥 宦   ⥫:  ஥  ⮩  孮. ७ 孮 CRT-  ᯥ樠 ⢮ - ஬. 箪 ஭, 砥  ⮤-祢 㡪,    ,  稭 ᢥ.    ᥫ -  窠  .       - ,   ᨭ   窥 ࠭. 㦭 梥 窨 ( 窠    ⮫쪮 ᭮,   ᨭ) ନ   ⥭ᨢ 祢 㡪,  ⠪ 㣫  窮 ஭.  ᯮ ⥭ ᪨,    㤥 ⮫쪮 㣫㡫  孨᪨ ஡,  ३  ᫥饬 ⨯ ஢;
     ⠫᪨  (Liquid Cristal Display)-     ஢ 룫廊 ⠪: TFT LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display)- ⠫᪨   ⮭ ࠭ (.15.2).  ⮬  ⠪  뢠 TFT-ࠬ,   - LCD-ࠬ.   ࠢ. 孮 TFT LCD 쭮 ᭠: ⮭ ⨭ ᮤঠ   ⠫. ࠢ 祩 ⠫ ⢫ ⥬  (, , ⪫祭) ⮪  ࣨ,  ᪫砥 ஬ 祭,  ࠪ  CRT-஢;
      ᯫ (Plasma Display Panel)- ࠦ ନ ⥬ ४樨 ஢ ,  १ 祣 ந室 ᢥ⮢ ࠧ.  ᯫ    ண, ⮬  ᮡ ࠭;
     ࣠᪨ ᢥ⮤  (Organic Leds)-   ᯮ ࣠᪨ ⮭ ਠ, 騥 ᢥ.  ⨯ ஢ ᯥ稢  ப ᯥ 梥⮢   䥪⨢ ᯮ ॡ塞 ࣨ, 祬 LCD-.  ⠪ ⨯ ⥭쪮 ᯮ   ⥫䮭,    . ᭮ ⮪ ⮣  -  ࠡ⪠  ⪠  ࠢ  㣨  ஢.  ࠧ  뢭 ०  ࠡ   200 ᮢ, ࠢ, ᥩ  ⥫ ⢥ 㢥祭,     室  ⥫   LCD-஢;
     ஫業  (Electroluminescent Displays)- 宦  ᢮ 孮  LCD-,    ᯥ稢 ⪮ 梥⮯।,  LCD-,   મ ᢥ ࠦ  ஫業  ᪭.    ࠡ  ப ᯥ ⥬.   । ᯮ  ᮭ .   ᯮ짮    ⨢ ஢,      ⨢ ஢  設⢥ 砥 ᯮ LCD-ᯫ.
     

     ஬ 襯᫥  ஢,   㣨 , ਬ 㬭 騥 ,  ᪮ ᨨ,   ᯮ  ०, 祬 ஫業 , ⮬     㤥.
     

     
     
.15.1.  㤮-ன⢮ - ஭-祢 .  २⢮:   ⠭ ࠡ,   ᯮ짮  㬡, ⥩, ᮡ 㤪:

     
     
.15.2. ⠫᪨  ᫥ <ᬥ>   졥⮬.   <>   ࠡ祥 ࠭⢮  ᡥ० ७

    

    

     

      २⢠ LCD-஢
     

      饥 ६  뭪 ஢    ஢ - CRT  LCD.  ? 筮 , LCD. -,  LCD-஢   栭, , ᮬ,  ࠧ  襬 ७. ஡ ࠡ  ᨪ   (CRT) ஬,  ⮬ ३  LCD-. 쪮 ३ 㦭 ࠧ ,     ࠧ.  ࠧ  CRT-  LCD-஬  ⢮   ,      - ᫨ ॢ   㪠 (LCD)   ,  ࠧ    㧪  .
     -, LCD-   ஬⭮ 祭.   뫮 ,  ஬⭮ 祭 ᮢ६ CRT-஢ ( ᮮ⢥ ⠭ TCO99)  뢠  祫 ⭮ ﭨ, 祬 譨 ࠧ ࣠ ᥡ । ⢨.
     -, LCD- ᯥ稢  ⪮ ࠦ. ࠢ,  ,   ᫥饩   ਬ  ⮬,  ࠢ쭮  LCD-, ⮬  ᯮ   ⮣,  ࠦ  LCD- 㤥 ⪨. ୮,  蠫,  ᨮ ,  ⠪ ᯥ樠, ࠡ騥  ᫮ 嬥୮ 䨪, ᯮ ⮫쪮 CRT-, ᪮  ᯥ稢   ⨭? -  ⠪,   㦭 뢠,   ᯮ ண ᨮ CRT-.  設⢮ ஢, ᯮᮡ 㤮⢮  筮 짮⥫,  ᠬ ࠩ 砥  ᨮ묨. ⮬ ᮡ  ᥡ  ⪮ ⨭  㦭.    孮    : ᫨ ⢮ ࠦ  LCD-஢ ⢨⥫쭮 ⠢﫮  襣,  ⥯  .
     -⢥, LCD- ॡ  ।  5 ࠧ  ࣨ. , ᫨   CRT- ⠫᪨, ᮡ  ࣨ  .  ᪮ ࣨ  ⠭ LCD- 㦭 ,  筨 ᯥॡ ⠭  砥 ⪫祭 ࣨ ﭥ  -  - ,  ⭮.  ⮬  LCD-    ,  ᮡ ⭮  ࠭ᯮ஢.
        稭 㯨  LCD-.   LCD-஬ 룫廊  ਢ⥫쭮  ᮢ६.  CRT- ᥣ 룫廊 ०⪮ 諮. ᫨ ࠭ ࠧ  業  CRT-  LCD-ࠬ 뫠 ⨬,  ᥩ  ࠪ᪨ .
     ⠪,    楫  稭 㯨 LCD-:
     ⢨ 栭;
     ⢨ ஬⭮ 祭;
      ⪮ ࠦ;
     襥 ࣮ॡ;
     ⭮   ᮢ६ .
    

    

     

      孮 ⮢ LCD-஢
     

       ᭮ 孮 ந⢠ -஢: TN+film, IPS  MVA.
       孮 TN+film - Twisted Nematic + film (   TN+film 뢠  TN - ⠪ ).  <film>   砥,   孮 ᯮ ⥫ ᫮,  ਬ  㢥祭 㣫 .   ஢  楩 TN+film ⠢ 90-150.
     ᬠਢ 孮  ᠬ ⮩. ⭮  TN- ⠢  襣,    쭮  ६ ⪫,     ࠤ.   ண 譨 ஢.  讥 ६ ⪫   থ, 뢪  㣨  䥪⮢    ,   業  ࠧ ᥬ .
      孮 - IPS (In-Plane Switching).  孮 ࠧࠡ⠭ ﬨ Hitachi  NEC. ᭮   -   ⪮ TN, , 㦭 ⬥, 稫  IPS: 뫨 ⨣ 訩 㣮  (170), ᮪ ⭮,  ६ ⪫ ⠫  ஢ TN.
     

      饥 ६   IPS-,   ⮫쪮  ஢ ᨨ, ਬ:
     S-IPS (Super-IPS, ࠧࠡ⪠ Hitachi, 1998 )-   ᠬ,   ips,  襥 ६ ⪫. ⭮ s-ips- ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪,   CRT-஢,  ⭮  ࠢ ⠥.  S-IPS- ந ᥣ   - Philips  NEC;
     AS-IPS (Advanced Super IPS, ࠧࠡ⪠ Hitachi, 2002 )- 訫 ⭮ ( ࠢ  S-IPS). ⭮ -  楩 AS-IPS  ⠪,    S-PVA (. ). ᯮ   NEC, LG, Philips;
     A-TW-IPS (advanced true white ips, ࠧࠡ⪠ LG  Philips ᯥ樠쭮  NEC)-  ,  AS-IPS,   䨫஬ TW (True White - 騩 ), ਤ騬  梥  ॠ筮.   ᯮ  ᨮ ஢, ⠭  ⮫;
     AFFS (Advanced Fringe Field Switching, ࠧࠡ⪠ BOE Hydis, 2003 )- 孮    㣫 , 襩 મ  㬥襭 ﭨ  ᥫ.  ᭮  ⠪ ⨯    ந⢠ Hitachi Displays.
     

     孮 MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment, Fujitsu)-  ᠬ ⨬쭠   ⭮襭.   訥 ਧ⠫ 㣫  ( 160  178), ६ ⪫   ࠧ , 祬  IPS-,  梥 ।  筮, 祬  TN-.
       ⮨⢠ MVA-  ⭥ 㡮  梥, ⢨  ⭮ .      ⪨.  ௥୮ 拉  ⥭  ய ⠫,   梥⮢    㣫 ७.
     

     㣨  ந  MVA-:
     PVA (Patterned Vertical Alignment), S-PVA (Super PVA)- ࠧࠡ⪠ Samsung;
     S-MAV (Super MVA)- ࠧࠡ⪠ CMO.
    

    

     

      롮 
     

      롮  㦭 뢠 ᫥騥 孨᪨ ࠪ⨪:
     ६ ⪫ -  쭮 ६,  ஥ 祩 LCD-  梥.  ᮢ६  ६ ⪫    4  8 . ⭮,  祬 , ⥬ .  ,    ᭮ ࠡ⠥  ᪮ ⨭ (㬥⮬),  㯨   訬 ६ ⪫ - 8-10 ,    譥 ᯮ짮 (   㤥   !) 㦭    訬 ६ ⪫ (4-6 );
     ⭮ - 祭 ⭮  ।  ᮮ⭮襭 મ    <ࠩ>  - <>  <>. ⭮   ⪮ ⮡ࠦ ࠦ. 祭 ⭮ ࠧ筮  ࠧ ⨯ .  S-IPS 訬 祭 ⠥ 400: 1,  PVA -  1000: 1,   TN + film - 250: 1. ⮬, । ⥬  㤨  祭 ⭮, 㦭 筨  த ⨯  .   砥, 祬   祭, ⥬ ;
     મ -  稭 ᮡ   , ᬮ ,    譥 ਬ. મ      . ଠ쭠 稭 મ -  300-500 /2. -⠪, 祬   祭, ⥬ ;
     㣫  -  祭   ⪮ ⨭, ᫨ ᬮ    㣫. , ᫨   ᬮ 䨫 ᥩ ᥬ쥩,  㣮  㤥 쪨,    祣  멤, ᪮    ⪮  ⨭;
     㡨 梥 - 祬   祭 (    16,7 梥⮢), ⥬  㤥 梥⮯।;
     ᮮ⭮襭 ஭ ࠭ (ଠ)- ᮮ⭮襭 ਭ  , ਬ: 4: 3, 16: 9, 16: 10.  ࠡ  㬥⠬  室 ଠ 4: 3 (᫨, 筮,   ᮡࠥ ﭭ ࠡ  㬥⠬  졮 ਥ樥 ࠭).     ᬮ 䨫쬮  㯨   ଠ⮬ 16: 9  16: 10;
     ࠧꥬ - । 㯪  㦭 㡥,      襩 .   ᯮ VGA, DVI  HDMI. ᫨  㦥 㯫,  ࠧꥬ    室,    室 DVI-VGA  VGA-DVI (.15.3-6).
     

     
     
.15.3. VGA-  祭 

     
     
.15.4. DVI-  祭 

     
     
.15.5. HDMI-

     
     
.15.6. 室 DVI-VGA  VGA-DVI

      ⠫ ,  ࠧ ( )  㯠. 뢠 ᭨ 業  LCD-,   ᮡ ࡠ   㯨 19- 
     ⭠⨤   த ।,       襢 17-. ᫨   ᭮ 㤥 ᬮ 䨫    , ⮣  㯨 20- .
    

    

     

       (䥪) ᥫ  
     

     ᫨ 窨 -ᯫ ﭭ ᢥ  梥⮬    ,  ⠪ ᥫ 뢠 묨 (䥪묨). 稭 - ࠢ -.  䥪  ६,    㤥 ⮨ ஢ ⮫쪮, ᪮쪮 ⮨  . ஢,    ᥫ,  ⥬ ⥫쭮 ᬮ ࠦ, ।    䮭 - ⠪    ᥫ.
    

    

     

      ⠭, ࠧ襭  ᮮ⭮襭 ஭
     

     쭮   ࠪ⨪  (ਬ,  ࠩ-) 㪠뢠  ⠭, ਬ SXGA. . 15.1   ࠧ  ⠭.
     
 15.1. ⠭ ஢ (஢)

     
     

     設⢮ ᮢ६ ஢ ন ࠧ襭 1024x 768-1280x 1024.  ⠫ ⭮   ᨮ  ᨮ.
    

    

     

      ࠢ ⠭
     

      ᮢ६  ন ࠢ ⠭.  砥,   襭 ࠡ 樮 ⥬  ⮬᪨ ३  ࣮ᡥॣ騩 ०. ࣮ᡥॣ騩 ०   ⨢஢  ६ ⥫쭮 뢠  ࠡ.
       ⠭ ࠢ ⠭ - DPMS (Display Power-Management Signaling). 設⢮ ஢ ন ᨣ ࠢ ⠭ DPMS.  ன DPMS  Windows 믮   , ன,  ࠢ, ࠭,   ⢠: ࠭ ३   ⠢    ⠭.    㪠,    몫祭  (.15.7).  몫祭 ࠧ㬥 ॢ   ࣮ᡥॣ騩 ०.
     ⠭ DPMS  ࠧࠡ⠭ 쭮  樠樥 VESA.  DPMS   ⮪ -  ᯮ ⮫쪮  ࠢ ⠭ . ⭮,  ஬  ࣨ ॡ  ᠬ , ⮬ ﬨ Microsoft  Intel  ࠧࠡ⠭  ⠭ ࠢ ⠭ - APM (Advanced Power Management).    ⠭   .
      ᯮ - ਭ樯쭮  ⠭ ࠢ    - ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface). ACPI  ࠢ ⠭  ⮫쪮 ,   㣨 ன - ⪨ ᪮, ᪨ ਢ, ⥢ , ਭ஢   ⮢ 孨, 砥    USB.  ᮢ६  ন ACPI.
     

     
     
.15.7. ன dpms  windows

    

   

  

  

   

     II
    ઠ  ୨ 
   

   

    

    
    

   

   

    

      16
     ࠥ  ᠬ
    

    

        ᬠਢ  ⥮᪮ 㪮⢮  ᡮથ .   ᫥饩   ᬮਬ ୨ . ⭮,  ୨ 祭 宦  ᡮ - 㦭 - ,  - ⠭. ⮬  㤨, ᫨   ਮ᪨ 뫠   17.    ᫠      ਠ   .
    

    

     

      २⢠ ᠬ⥫쭮 ᡮન
     

        ᮡ  ᠬ?   ⥨,   ᠬ⥫쭠 ᡮઠ     த,  ᢮ २⢠  ⪨.  ᭠砫 ࠧ६  २⢠.
     -,  㯨   騥,  ⠥ 㦭묨.    த 㦥 ᮡ࠭ ,  롨ࠥ ⮫쪮 ਬ 䨣  ⮣,  .
     筮,    ,   த (⭮,  ᡮમ) ஢.     䨣,        . ਬ,   ⪨   XXX (    ४),    NNN,    । .   稨  ஢  XXX,   ,  㣮 .  ? 㯠  ண  NNN (  뢠 ᮢᥬ   㬬). ⮬     ਠ:  ,  ਢ   騥 (   楫 ),  㯨 ,  ,   ,   墠⠥  㯪  ண ,  (⨩ ਠ) ᪠  .
        ஢  ᮧ । 㤮⢠.  㬠,  ਤ,  䨣,  १   ⮢  (   祭 ). ,  ,    ⠪.
        砥,      㯨   騥,  㦭 . 祬   㯠  騥? 筥  ⮣,  業  ࠧ.
      , ୮,   죠.   ⠫, ਬ,  ⪨  XXX 먣뢠   ⠫  ந⥫쭮 ,   㯨  . 祬  㯠 㣮, ᫨  㯨 ,  ?
        ଥ     稨   ,   㦭.  , ਬ, ⮫쪮   ਭ᪠ .   㣮 ଥ  㯨  ᠬ ⪨ ,  ஬  ⠫.  ⮬  砥 २⢮ ᠬ⥫쭮 ᡮન.
     -, ᠬ⥫쭠 ᡮઠ 蠥 ᠬ業. ࠢ ᠬ⥫쭮 ,    ᥡ 㦥  ,  ஢ 짮⥫.  ,  ⭮.
     -,  ᠬ⥫쭮 ᡮથ     .   ଥ, ᪠,  襢,   㣮 - 襢   ⪨ ᪨.   ࢮ ଥ 㯠 , ਭ   ,   㣮 -   ⪨ .    쭮 ⢥ 㬬  -  50  150 ஢,   墠  ⥫ 㫨 , ⪨  襣 ࠧ     ⥪騥 室.
     -⢥, ᪮  㯠 騥 ⤥쭮, ࠭   ⮦ 㤥 ࠧ쭠, ⮬ ⥬   㤥 ⠭ (஢).  ,    ᪠, २⢮. ਬ,  ⮢       ᢮ ஬ ⪨ ᪮,      ᢮   ᪮  室 ଠ.
     ᫨  ⥬  ஢, ⮣  ਤ  㯠 DVD-RW  ७ 䠩 (   㤮),  । 䠩  ୥,   ᥣ .     襣 ⮢    ୥ ,    ୥ (ਬ,  ᪮ 64-128 /  㤥 । 100-200  祭 ),      ண ( 砥 ⭮   䨪).
       ⮬᪨ 蠥  ࠭⨨.  , ᠬ⥫쭠 ᡮઠ ࠧ뢠  㪨 -   ࠧ  ,     ன⢠,   ⮬    ࠭.
     ⠪, ⮦.  ᠬ⥫쭮 ᡮથ :
       롮 ;
       ;
       ࠭, ᫨ ࢥ   ⥬ ,-   -  㤥 ;
     蠥 ᢮ ᠬ業.
    

    

     

       
     

      ⥯  ⪠ ᠬ⥫쭮 ᡮન.
     筥  ⮣,   㦭 祭 ⥫쭮 த㬠 䨣, ⮡  㯨 ᮢ⨬ 騥.   㯠   ᡮ,    ᮫⭮ 㢥७묨  ⮬,   ᮢ⨬ -   ࠡ⠥.
        砥 ᠬ⥫쭮 ᡮન   ⠪ .    㯨  ,  㡥,   ᮢ⨬. ਬ,  㦭   㯨 ਭ   ,  㡥,   㯫 ਭ   ⠭ 㯫 .    ⠭   LGA775   AM2,  .   ᠬ   㣨 騬: ⪨ ᪠, .
     ⮬, । ⥬  ࠢ    騬,  த㬠,   祬 ⠭ 몮.  ᯥ  ,  祣     ९.
        ⮭,  㦭   ᡮથ . ਬ, ,  ࠢ쭮  ⥫ USB-.   ⠪ ⮭  ਬ .
     

      㦭 㬠  ࠭⨨. ࠭  ⥬         .  殮 ⮣ ப      ,     .     ࠭⨨.
        㯠 騥 ᠬ, ࠭ 㤥 ७஢. ਬ,  ⪨  -  楢,     (   ந⥫:  Samsung -   ࠭⨨),   - ,   ⠭   ࠭   (⠪   ᪠箪 殮  뢥   )  ..
      ७஢ ࠭  ᥣ  .  㯪   ࠭⨥ -  ⮨  㯠, ᫨ ࠭  .
     室,  ⪠   :  㯪 ᮢ⨬ , ࠢ쭠 ᡮઠ  ᮡ ७஢ ࠭⨨.  ᫨ 㬠,    ⪨ -  . ᫨    <> (,  ᫥ ⥭   ⠪  㤥),    㯨 ᮢ⨬ 騥.   ᠬ   ᡮમ - ᫨   ࠢ쭮,  ஡  㤥.  ७஢ ࠭,   㦥 ࠧࠫ,  ⠪ 譠,     .
     

      ࠧ,  ᠬ⥫쭮 ᡮન  ᮡ ⪮.  ⮫쪮 २⢠.     ,     ⨫ : ᠬ⥫쭠 ᡮઠ ॡ ६. ᫨  ,   㫮   . ⮡  騥,   業  ⮫쪮 ⮬  㯨, ਤ   .  ᪮쪮 ᮢ 㩤  ᡮ  ⠭ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.   㯪 ᮡ࠭ ⥬  ( ࠢ, Windows 㦥 ⠭, ᫨    )  砥 㦥 ⮢ ,  ஬ 㦭  ,   ,-   ࠡ!   롮  : ६  죨.
    

    

     

        ᮡ , 㪮 ⮫쪮 ⮩ 
     

     ᫨ ⭮,    砫 ⠪ ,  ன 뫨  ᠭ ⮭ ᡮન   ⮬   ਭ᪨ , ஢  㣨 . ஬ ⮩    㪮⢮  ਭ᪮ , ஥ 㦭   ⮣,   筥 ᮡ .      ᭮ ଠ樨 ⭮⥫쭮 ⭮ 襩 ਭ᪮  (ࠪ⨪,  ਭ᪮   ..),    ⨯筮 ਭ᪮ .  ࠧ?
    

    

     

      ।  ਠ.  㦭  ᡮન 
     

       ᡮન  㦭 뫮 㬥 ঠ 쭨  㪠 (     -⠢,  砫  ⥫)!    㣨 짮⥫  ᠬ⥫쭮 ᡮન.
        㦥  쭨,  쭨,  ⮪,  ⬥. ,   㦭,-  ⮮ࠧ ⢥⪠. ,   ,      .  㦥  㤮   ஢ - ६祪  ਭ᪮ . 祬,  ⨬  ࠢ    筮 ᪮ ⢥⪨.
      㤥 譥 ᯥ樠쭠 ମ஢  (㫥ୠ ).   㯨   ୮ .  ⮩ 㦭 ࠡ    -  ९ ⨫.   ᯥ  ⢥ ⢮ ⥯  襥 嫠 .
     砥,   ᯥ譮 ᡮન 㦭 ᥣ  ⢥⪨  㫥ୠ .  类 砥,  ᡮથ ஢   祣  ᯮ.
    

    

     

      㯪 .    㦭 㯠
     

     ᫨   ᮡ ⢨⥫쭮 訩 , 㦭 ஢  ⮢⥫ ࠡ.  㦭   ୥ ࠢ⥫  : ஢, ਭ᪨ , 㫥 , ⪨ ᪮. ⭮,  ୥ -  ஬ ⥪,  ன   ᠬ 㠫쭠 ଠ, ⠪  ᮢᥬ ॢ. ⮬ ,  ᥩ 㦭 ਥ஢   LGA775 ( Intel)   AM2+ (AMD).     ᪠ ࠢ⥫  ਭ᪨   ஢  LGA775  AM2+. -  ஢  ਭ᪨   ४   -   멤  , ଠ 㦥 㤥 ॢ襩 (   - 㠫쭮,   訥 ࠧ).
      㦭   㫥 , ⪨ ᪮ (㦭 ᪠  SATA-᪮)   ( 設 PCI-E).  ⠫   ᮡ     ந⥫쭮.
     뢠,   ⮩  ᠭ ࠧ,  ⮬, ,   ࠧ ᢮ ,   㯨    ⠭ 魥 -  400 .   ࠩ -  650    㦭 - 祬 ९稢  魮,    㤥 ᯮ짮.
       ୥      , ⮬ 室 ࠢ   㣨 (묨) ᠬ⥫쭮. ᭮ ਨ  ࠢ    ⠡. 16.1.
     
 16.1. ਨ ࠢ 

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     ⥫쭮   樨  -  -       . ⮡  ,   ਢ  ,  ᠬ ⮢ ᯨ᮪ ⥫.
       㤥 ⠢ ᯨ᮪ , ⬥砩  ਬ 業. ⭮,    (୮ ଥ) 業 㤥  ⫨,     㤥 ਥ஢   浪.
    

    

     

      ⤥쭮   
     

          㯨 騥, 訥  㯮ॡ (/). ,   -  ଠ,   ୨樥,  㯠  ,  த  業    .
      㯪 /    ᠬ 襥 襭. ,  㯮  . 砫  㯨 <> /,    ,  㯠 .
     २⢮     - 業,     쬠 ᮬ⥫쭮 २⢮,  業 ,  ࠭⨨ . ᫨  㯫  ᣮ   ᫥ 㯪, 祣    ।. ࠭⨨ . 㯪 祣- / -     ⮬ - ࠢᨫ쭠    㫥.  , ,   -  .
     ᫨  -⠪ 訫 ᪭,  㯠 / 騥, 騥 堭᪨  - ⪨ ᪨, ਢ CD/DVD  ..  騥 室   ॥, 祬 ⠫.   ⭮,    뫮 - , ⪨  㦥 砫 <믠> ( 娥 ᥪ),   ਢ CD/DVD ࠧࢠ ,    ⠢  த.
      ⠫ 騥 (, 㫨 , ਭ᪠ ) ⮦  । ⢮ ᮢ ࠡ⪨  ⪠.  , ᪮쪮  㦥 ᯫ஢.  ᭮, ᯫ஢    ६ ० (ࠧ)  .  㤥  ⠪ 騬,  멤  ப?   ᣮ ࠧ ,    ࠡ ⮫쪮  -    .
    

    

     

      冷 ᡮન
     

     
⮢ 

      㯨  ᡮથ .   । 㦭 ⮢ .  .16.1  ⨯  .  設⢥ 砥   ਤ ⠭  ⠭ -  㦥 㤥 ⠭  .     室   ᠬ.  ⮬  祣 ᫮.  ⠭  ⠭ ( ⠭  ,   ᭠㦨)  ९    㯮.
      ⠫᪨ 誨, 뢠騥   ஥ ன. ⪨   ७  ண  㦭 -   㤠,   ਭ     㤥   ७.
     

     
     
.16.1. 

     
⠭ 

      㤥 <ᮡ> ਭ ,   ⠭     㫨 .   ᤥ  ⠭   , ᪮   ⠭  㤥 ᫮.
        ਣ 㪮⢮  ਭ᪮ . 筮    ࠧ <⠭  (CPU Installation)>. , ⠬   ᪮,  ᫨     -  .  ᬮ  ⨭ -    ࠢ쭮 ⠭ .
        ⠭  ᢮  ᫥騬 蠣:
     㦭  砣  ࠧꥬ  -    ᬮ ⠭ . 砣 㦭    ⨪쭮  (.16.2).  㦭 ਫ  ⮣  ᨫ -   . ᯮ짮  ⮩ 樨 ⨦  㣨 㬥 ᮢᥬ  易⥫쭮 -  쭮 㯪;
          ⠭  (. .16.2).    㣫  㤥 ⢥⨩.  ᬮ   ᭨ -    㣫  㤥 ⠪⮢ ().  ᮪   㦭 ᮢ - ⮫쪮 ⠪   ⠭  ᮪,    ᫮ ;
        ᮪.  㦭 ਫ - ᨫ  ⠭ . ᫨  ࠢ쭮 ᮢ⨫ ⠪,    ᠬ   <஢> - <>  ᢮ . ᫨ ⮣  ந諮, ஢:
     -ࠢ쭮   ᮢ⨫ ⠪;
     -  砣  㯮 ;
     -     ;
     ᫨  <ᥫ>  ,  㦭  .   砣  㯮  -   ⥫쭮 ९ . 쭮 ਦ   㦭 -  ⮣  .   AMD        -  אַ ᫥ ⮣ ᫮.
     

     
     
.16.2. 砣 㦭   ⨪쭮 

     
⠭ ⨫

     ⠪,  ⠢.  㦭 ⠭ ⨫.  ⥫쭮 ४ 㯠 BOX-ᨨ ஢, ᪮  ⠢   ⨫஬, 祬 ⨫ 㦥 ९  . ,   㦭,-  ⠭   ᮪.
     ᫨  㯨 OEM- ,    ᨢ ஡  ⨫,  ਤ  . 쬨 ମ (㫥ୠ ), , , 㦭 㯨 ࠭,  襭쪮 ࠡ⠩   孮 .
      ⠭ ࠤ ⨫   ମ,  ମ 祭 .   祬.  ⠫    㦥  (ਬ,   Pentium III).  蠫 ⥯⢮,   ⠫ 饭  ᪮,  ⥭쪮 ந室  ⠭ ࠤ ⨫. ⮬ ᮢ६  饭 ᯥ樠쭮 誮 - ⠫   ,     ࠤ஬ ⨫ 室 ⥫쭠 孮 - ⭠ 誠 .
       孮   ᪮᪨ ࠯   ஢. ମ    ࠯, ࠢ 孮, ⮬ 蠥 ⥯⢮. 嫠  - 祭 ⢥⢥ . ᫨  㤥   ,  ᪮  稭.
      㯨 <ࠢ> ମ.  襩 ⠥ Titan,  筮 ⠢   ⨫ࠬ ந⢠ ⮩  ( 㯠 ⤥쭮, ᫨  訫  ⨫ 㣮 ). 㯠 ௮ ⢥ ந⢠    ⠫ (ન ਢ  , ⮡   ⮬  뫮 ⥭  ஭ ந⥫).    ⢨⥫쭮 ⠪ ,   -  뢠,     ମ⮩ ⠢  㣮,   ମ.
     ᫥ ⮣  ᥭ ମ, 㦭 ९ ⨫.   ஦, ⮡  । . ⨫ ⠢   ࠤ஬.  ९   ,  ⨫ -  ࠤ. ᫨  ᫮ ⠭ ⨫,     - ᠬ ⨫, ⠭ ᭠砫 ࠤ,  ⮬  ਪ९ ⨫ (筮  ९   㯠).
     !    BOX- ஢. ,  ࠧ ⠢  ⨫ࠬ.   ମ  ⠪  ᯮ ମ䥩. (᫨  ⠭ ⨫,   㢨,  ମ䥩 宦  ⥫ १.)  ⮬   <>. ᫨  㦥 﫨 ࠤ,   ୮  ⠭ 㦭 ᯮ짮 ମ,   ମ䥩 BOX-ᨩ ஢ ࠧ.   ⮬!  ࠭   ࠤ  ⨫    ਤ  ,   ⮣ 㦭 㤥  . ⠭ ⭮ , ⮬  ମ䥩 㦥  㤥 䥪⨢ 믮 ᢮ 㭪,   ⮣   ॣॢ . 㦭 ⭮ 㤠 ମ䥩  ࠡ 孮  ମ⮩. ᫥ ⮣  ⠭ ⨫.
      ମ   ॢ 1  - ⮣  筮.  ਥ ⠪.   ମ  墠  ⠭  .  㦭 < > 뤠   ᮤন -  -  譥!
     ⠭ ⨫ 㦭   !    ᮪ :    㤥 讥 襭,   ᠬ ࠤ   륬 - 㦭, ⮡  ᮢ,  ⠪  ஬  ࠤ஬  㤥 ,  ॣॢ ந ࠧ ᫥ 祭 ⠭ (.16.3).
     

     
     
.16.3. ࠢ쭠 ⠭ ⨫

      㦭 ९ ⨫   饫 (.16.4).  ࠤ   ஭  饫,   ᮪ - ᯥ樠쭮 <>. 㦭  饫     饫.  㤮 ᥣ    㧪 ᪮ ⢥⪨. ,    ९ ⨫ (   ஭!).[13]
     

     
     
.16.4. ⠭ ⨫  Pentium IV

     !    ⠭ ⨫,  ⮫   㤥 ! ᯮ ࠧꥬ  ⠭ ⨫     㪮⢥  ਭ᪮ .   ਭ᪮   筮 砥 CPU FAN (⠪  祭   ࠧꥬ  ਭ᪮ ,  ᠭ 祭  ⮬).  ਭ᪮   ᪮쪮 ࠧꥬ ⠭  ⨫. 祭   ⨫   <த> ࠧꥬ,   BIOS 㤥 ࠢ쭮 ⮡ࠦ ଠ  ᪮ 饭 .
      .16.5 ࠦ ⠭ ⨫.
     

     ! ᫨  ,     -  ,    ୮  ⠭   ⨫  ਭ . ࠢ,  ⮬ 砥  ਤ 㯠     .
     

     
     
.16.5. ⨫ ⠭

     
⠭ 㫥 

       筮  - 쬨  ⠭    ᫮ .  ⠭  ᮡ ஡,  ᫮,  ⨯    ⨯ ᫮  ᮢ.  ⮬ 㦥  ࠧ ਫ  ⮩ ,  ᫨   ⠥ 롮筮, ⮣  ᯥ譮 ⠭ 㫥   㦭 ⥫쭮  ᫥騥 :
      4 -   ᪠뢠  ࠧ ⨯    ⮬,  ⫨  ⨯  㣮;
      17 -     ࠪ᪮ 㪮⢮  ⠭ 㫥 .
     

     ࠢ,  ᤥ ᠬ ⢥⢥ ࠡ!   㦭 ᫠ -   ।⮨ ᤥ.
     
⠭ ਭ᪮ . 祭 ⠭  ஢

      ⥯  ⠭ ਭ   . 祣 ᫮  ⮬ ,  㦭  ࠡ  ⮫쪮 ,   㪠, 筥, ⢥⪮.  㦭   ,   設⢥ 砥   㭨ᠫ, ⮬    ९ ⢥⨩  ঠ⥫. 祣 譮  ⮬ .   䨪樨 筮 䨪஢      ঠ⥫.   ঠ⥫  ,      .
     ᫥ ⮣   ९ ਭ   , 㦭  ⠭.   ⠭  ਭ  筮 ᯮ 20-⠪ ࠧꥬ.   20-⠪   ࠧꥬ ⠭ (.16.6).
     

     
     
.16.6. 祭 ⠭

     筮 ⮣ 筮.    ਭ᪨  (ਬ,  ᮪⮬ Intel LGA775) 㦭   4-⠪  ATX12V (.16.7).
      ஡  ⮬,   ⠭  ਭ᪮ ,  ᬮ : ࠢ쭮,  㪮⢥  ਭ᪮ .
        .  㦭   ⥫ ,  :
        Power (<⠭>)  Reset (<>)-      ࠡ;
       ஢ ⠭  饭  ⪮ ;
      ⥬  -  祭 ⮣    㤥 ࠡ, ᫥⥫쭮,  砥 訡    ᪨ ᨣ.
     

       㦭 ஦, ⮡  ९ <>  <>.    ᠭ,  祣  ᯮ (.16.8):
     SPEAKER -  ;
     POWER SW, RESET SW -   ⠭   ᮮ⢥⢥;
      ஢ ⠭ POWER LED, HDD LED  ⪮ ᪠.
     

     㤠  㦭     ,  ᬮ   㪮⢥  ਭ᪮  - ⠬   ᮮ⢥ ⨭.
     

     
     
.16.8. 祭 ஢

     ᮡ ஦ 㦭 ᮡ  祭 譨 ⮢ USB ( 室     ⥯  㦭   ਭ᪮ ). ᫨  ࠢ쭮  ,  祣 譮  ந -     ࠡ.   ᫨  ࠢ쭮   USB,    ᦥ ਭ . ᫥ ⮣     ࠡ ( ᫨ ⮬   ࠢ쭮).  ࠧ  ࠢ쭮  稫,  १  ᣮ५, ,  ਭ᪠  ⠫  ०.  .16.9  祭 USB-.   ⮬,    ᫥ ,     㪮⢥  ਭ᪮ .
     

     
     
.16.9. 祭 USB- ⥬ 

     
⠭   㣨  ७

      ᯥ ⠭   ᫮ ७. 砫 㦭 <ਬ> . -,  ᪫  ࠢ쭮 ⠭ ,  -,  筮 㧭,       㦭 㤠 (. .16.1).
      ⠭  ७  祣 ᫮ - , ⮡ ᮢ ⨯   ⨯ ࠧꥬ.   ࠧꥬ      3,   ࠪ᪮ ⠭/  -   17.
     ᫥ ⠭   ७    ९   -    ⮢,    ᯥ樠쭮 ᪮,  㤥ন   ७,  ᨬ  ⨯ 襣 .
     
祭 ⥫

      ⠫ ᤥ ᠬ :  ⪨ , ਢ DVD  ᪮  ᪥, ᫨   㯠.  祭 ⪨ ᪮  ਫ   6,  ਢ CD/DVD -   7,  ᪮ ᬠਢ   8.
     ᫥ ⮣  뢠  ⥬ ,  , ,    ⠭ . ० ᥣ । ⠭ 樮 ⥬ 㦭 ந BIOS (  ⠭ ࠢ   ६)-  ⮬  ਫ   5.  ⥬  㯠  ⠭ Windows (ਫ 2).
    

   

   

    

      17
     ୨ 
    

    

     

        ୨஢  
     

     쭠  ᮢ६ ஢   ୨஢. 祬 ୨ -   - ᢥ᫮  㬭, , ୨஢    稭騩 짮⥫.
     

     ୨஢  ࠪ᪨  .  쭮  (᫨ , ᪠, 5-7 ). ࠢ, ᫨  ,   㯨 ࠧ  ⥬ , 祬   ୨樥 - ⮨ ⠪  ॢ ⮨  ⥬ :
         ⠭  ਭ᪠  (    䠪 AT,    - ATX);
       ६, ⮡  ॢ訥 㫨 ;
     ,  訢 BIOS  প ⪨ ᪮ 襩 .
     

      ᫮,  砥  ᮢᥬ  ஬  ⠪ த,   (ਬ୮   ࠧ )  㯨 .  ᫨   ᮢᥬ , ᪠,  ᥣ ᪮쪮 , ⮣   ୨஢.
     ᭮ ࠢ  ୨樨 ᫥饥: ஢ ᮢ⨬ !   㯠  , ஡  ᮢ⨬  㤥.   ୨樨  㯠 騥 ⤥쭮. 祭 , ਬ, 㯨 ,   ন  ਭ᪠ .  ⮣?  㯠  ਭ , ᪮॥ ᥣ,   ஬        室騩 .
       㯨 ,   ⠭   ਭ .  ਤ 㯠  ਭ .    㦭   ᮢ⨬. 㦭   㣨 , ਬ  ⪨ ᪠.   ਭ᪨   IDE-஫஢,  ࠪ᪨  -壮 ⪨ ᪨  <IDE-묨>.  ⮣? 㯠  ⪨ ?  ,   㯪 ਭ᪮  㡥,    浪?  㦭    . ॥ ᥣ,    㤥  設 AGP, ⮬ 㦭 㯨 ਭ   ࠧꥬ AGP, ⮡  뫮 ⠭    .   ࠧ: ୨஢ ⠪ ୨஢! 祬 ⠭  , ᫨  㯨 ? - ⠪,  ய   ୨樨.   㯨  ⥬ .  ᭮  ୨樨 -   ।!
     ⠪, 㯨  ୨樨 襣 . 砫  ⠥  ⨢ .  ⮬ ३  㣨 ⠬ .
    

    

     

      塞 ⨢ 
     

      ⨢   祭 ண,    ᠬ 䥪⨢ ᯮᮡ ୨樨. ,  , 㤥 . ᫨   ᥣ 256 ,   ࠡ  ᮢ६묨 ਫﬨ 㦭     512 ,   - 1 .    㤥 768  1280   ᮮ⢥⢥.
      ୨樨 ⨢   让 ᥪ. । 㯪     -  㦭 ࠧ   ࠡ⠩, ⮡ 業 ந⥫쭮 ⥬. ᫨ ஢ ந⥫쭮  ࠨ, ⮣ ࠢ    ⨢.   ᫨ , ⮣ 㦭 㬠    .     ,   ਭ᪠   ন  ⨯ .   ਤ 㯠   + ਭ᪠  + ⨢. ,  祬  ?   ࠧ 㯨   (祬  -  ),  ᫨   ந ஢ ந⥫쭮, ⮣  ਤ  㯠 ⨢  -  ⨯! 祬  ?
     
 

     ᫨   ⠫  4,  । ୨樥 ⨢  易⥫쭮 ⠩ !    ਬ  ⨯ ,   ᮢ६ ,  ᭮ ଠ ਢ   4.
      த ᥩ   ⨯ ⨢  - DDR  DDR2. DDR3     ⮨ 祭 ண,   ਭ᪨ , ন DDR3,  .  ᭮ DDR3 ᯮ   .
     DDR,   㦥 , 砥 Double Date Rate,     㤢 ( ࠢ  ॢ訬 ⨯  SDRAM) ᪮ । . DDR-II ( DDR2)- , ࠡ   襩 ᪮.
     
஡ ᮢ⨬,    ९ ⨯ ᫮ ⨢ 

     DDR2   ⭮ ᮢ⨬  DDR,  砥,     ⠢  DDR2  ࠧꥬ DDR. 筮    ⠢  DDR  ࠧꥬ DDR2.     ⠢  DDR3  ࠧꥬ DDR/DDR2.
     ࠢ,   (쭮 ।) ਭ᪨   ਤ묨 ࠧꥬ, 騬 ⠭ 㫨 DDR/ DDR2  DDR2/DDR3.    祬    - 㦭  㪮⢮  襩 ਭ᪮ .  뢠 ⠪,   ਭ᪮    ᫮  ⠭ 㫥 DDR2   ᫮  ⠭  DDR3.  ६ ⠭  ⨯  !
     

      㧭 ⨯ ࠧꥬ   梥 (  㦭  । 㯪):
     㡮/஧ - DDR3;
     /࠭ - DDR2;
     ᨭ - DDR.
        ந⥫ ਭ᪨  ਤন  ન஢.
      訡  롮  ?  :  ᥣ ᬮ      ⮣  ꥬ,  㣮 ⨯. ?  ⮬ ,   㯨   . ᫨   室  ࠧ,  ன 㪮⢮  ਭ᪮ :    㧭,   ⨯ ন  <-ਭ>.
     

     !   ⢨⥫  ᪮ 殮, ⮬  㦭 뭨   ᪮ 㯠 ( ன ⠢ )  ᠬ  ⠭. । ⠭   㦭 ਪ  ⠫᪮  , ⮡   ᥡ 訩 ᪨ .
     

     ᫨ 㪮⢮ 﫮,   -  㦥 騩         -  . 㯨 ⠪ .   .    ᮡ     易⥫쭮 -  ᠬ 㫥 ᠭ  ⨯.
      祭    ६    ⢮, 室   .  㤥 祭.  㤥 ⠭   (  - ⭮),  ⠭  ࠢ୮,    让 饫箪 -   ਧ ⮣,   ⠭ ࠢ쭮.[14]
     

     ᫨   ⠭ ࠢ쭮,    ᪥ 㤥 ,  ⮣ ⮡ 㦠. 祣 譮. 몫 ,    ⠭  .
     

     
     
.17.1.  

     筮  ਭ᪮    ᫮ ( )  ⨢  (.17.1).  㦥 㤥 , ⮬   ୨樨 ࠭祭  ᫮⮬ . ।,    ⠭ 512 .  ன ᫮   ⠭ 1 ,    㤥 1,5  ⨢  ( 筮  ᥣ譨 ).   蠩 ,   ன ᫮ 㦭 ⠭  ⮣  ꥬ,    . 㦭 ⠭  ⮣  ⨯ (᫨   ਭ᪠  ন DDR2  㦥 ⠭   DDR2,  ன  ⮦   DDR2),   ꥬ.
    

    

     

      ୨ ⪮ ᪠
     

     ୨ ⪮ ᪠ 砥  㯪 .    .  ⮬    롮:
         ਭ᪮ . windows ⠭  㦭.  㤥 㦠  ண ⪮ ᪠;
     ⠭  ⪨   , ⠭   windows.  㤥 㦠   ⪮ ᪠,   㤥 ᯮ짮  ⥫.
     

     ᫨  ६,  ४  ன ਠ.   ⪨  㤥  ᮢ६   , ᫥⥫쭮, ⥬ 㤥 ࠡ ॥ (  㧪 Windows 㤥 ந ॥). ᫨  ਭ᪠  ন SATA--,  ⮨ 㯨  SATA-, ⮬   ⠪ ⪨ ᪠ 饥.   , 祬 IDE-᪨.
     

         ⠭  ⪮ ᪠ 㦭 믮 ᫥騥 ⢨:
     몫 ;
     ன  ⥬ ;
     ᫨   IDE- (ATA-), ᪮䨣  ० 祭  設 (Master/Slave)   ६窨. SATA-᪨  㦤  ⠪ ன;
     䨧᪨ ⠭ ⪨   , 㡥,    ९;
      䥩  (IDE  SATA);
       ⠭;
      , 㡥,  ⥬ <>   (  ᤥ  SETUP);
     ன  ⥬ .[15]
     ᬮ  .17.2.   ࠦ  ⪨ ᪠ (1),  祭  ਭ᪮    䥩  (2), ⠭        ⠭ (3).
     

     
     
.17.2.  ⪨ ᪠

        ,   ⪨ ᪠ ᯮ    .  ⠪ ०  ,    ॢ.  ᯮ ⪨ ᪮ 祣   -  ஡  ᮢ६ ᮢ. 㦭  㯠 ஬ ,  ஬ ᥬ 騬 㤥 ୮,      ॣॢ.
     ० ᥣ 㦭 㧭 ⥬  ⪨ ᪮.   ᤥ   ணࠬ HDTune,  뢠   19. ᫨ ⥬   ⪨ ᪮ ॢ蠥 60 ࠤᮢ, 쬠 ⥫쭮 ⠭ ⥫ ⨫  ⪮ ᪠ (.17.3).  ⪨  㤥  ७. ⨫ ९ אַ  ⪮   砥    ࠧꥬ ⠭, 室  .
     

     
     
.17.3. ⨫  ⪮ ᪠

     祣 ᫮  ⠭ ⨫  HDD . ⨫ 㦭 ᮥ  ᠬ <祬> ⪮ . ᫨   (   䨧᪠, ⮬  ⠪ ⨫  ண). 㣮 , ⨫     .    ⥫ ⨫  ⥬ .  ⠭     ( ७ ஭)  砥  ਭ᪮ .  ਭ᪮   㦭  ࠧꥬ  祭 ⥫쭮 ⨫.  ⮬   㪮⢮  ਭ᪮ ,  ᠬ ࠧꥬ 뢠 System FAN 2 ( ⨫ -  ⨫ ).
     

     
     
.17.4. ⥫ ⨫  ⥬ 

     ⥫ ⨫ (.17.4) 㤥 ᯮᮡ⢮ ᭨ 饩 ⥬  . 筮,  ⪨ ᪮   ⠪ 䥪⨢,  ᯥ樠 ⨫  ,    , 祬  祣.
    

    

     

      ୨ 
     

       ,     㣮 ன⢠,   筮, 筥, 魮. 㣨 ᫮, ࠪ᪨    ࠡ    ᯮ⭮.     ⣮  ࠧ. 祬?   뢠, 祬 ந⥫ <१>  , ࠭稢  ⮩,  ᠭ  ᯮ?  㬠,     ⮬, ⮡  ࠡ⠫ ?   ⮦,  ᭮ 稭  ⮬,  設⢮ ஢ ⠡쭮 ࠡ  襭 .    ࠡ  襭  , 㣮 - . - ⮣    ᠭ,  १㧪 .   ᫨  㤥 ࠡ ⠡쭮,   १ 襭  㤥 襭  ࠡ ⥬. ,  㦭 㤥 㯨  訩 ⨫,  ⮬ ( મ)    <   >,      .
         稭,  ன   ४ ࠧ . ᫨  㢥  ,  ᮡ  ந⥫쭮   .   ᫨ 㢥  ⠪, ⮡  頫,  ᪠ 筮,  ⠡쭮 ࠡ ⥬  ᯥ祭.
         ࠧ.    ࠧ 筮 ,  㣮  襬 襭   ᪥ ⥬ ࠧ  ࠭.
       ᤥ 뢮,   ⮨ 뢠  ࠧ . ᫨   筮  ࠡ⠥,  , ⮣  㯨   ?
      ᫨  ⠪ 訫 ࠧ ᢮ , ⮣ ⥫쭮 ⠩ ᫥  -   饭 ஡ ࠧ.
    

    

     

       
     

         쭮 ண 㤮⢨, ᪮   ⠭ ࠢ襣  㦭  ਭ , ⮬    ন ⠭ . ⮬ । 㯪  㡥,   ਭ᪠  ন .
     , ᬮ      ⮨  ஦  , ࠧ  ந⥫쭮 㤥 ⢥. ⮡ ⢨⥫쭮 ⢮ ࠧ, 㦭 㯨     ,     ᮢ६ 孮, ਬ ⠭ 64-ࠧ來   32-ࠧ來.
      ,     . ⨬,   ᮢ६ ਭ᪠   ࠧꥬ Socket LGA 775   Pentium IV. 襭  ᫠  騩     Pentium IV,   Extreme Edition.  ᥣ 㯨  Intel Core 2 Duo -   ⮦ ⠭  ࠧꥬ LGA 775.   㤥 ⮨ 襢, 祬 P4 Extreme Edition,  ந⥫쭮   㤥  -   Core 2 Duo  . ᫨  䨭  ਭ᪠ ,   ⠭ -拉 .
     ᫨    ਭ᪠  ।饣 ,    ⠭ ᮢ६ ,  ਤ ୨஢ ਭ ,    .
     

          ந ⠪:
     ⭮ ᭨ ⨫ ( ⮣   ⢥⪠);
     ⥬  砦 (.17.5), 室騩 冷   ;
        , ,    ⠭ (ᯮ 祩);
     ⠢   ( ࠧ   ண). ⭮,     ⮣  ⨯,   .  ⨯ ஢    ᮢ⨬  ਫ  ன . ᫨  - 뫨,  ᢥ ᢮ , ⠢ ;
      䨪騩 砦 .  㤥 䨪஢  ;
     ᫨  ᯥ樠쭠 ମ஢ ,  ᬠ   (  ). ⥫쭮 㯨  -  ⮨ ண;
     ⠭ ⨫, 㡥,  ⨫  ९  ⭮ ਫ  ;
      ⠭ ⨫.
     

     
     
.17.5. 騩 砦

      ࠪ⨪, ᫨  稭騩 짮⥫    祣 ᯮ, ਬ ᦥ   - ࠢ쭮 祭 ⨫  - ⮣,   㤥  ⠭ ⨫,   ᥣ ⢥ ⥬    , 㯨 ⠬     ⠭    ⥬ . ᫨  ᠥ,  - ᬮ   ,  㦭 ⬥,    ᮡ ⪨  易⥫쭮:   ⠢  .
    

    

     

      㡮 ୨:  ਭ᪮ 
     

       ਭ᪮   祣 ᫮.  ᫥⥫쭮 ⢨ ⠪:
     몫 ⠭  (  ⥢   ஧⪨);
     ன  ⥬ . ⭮,  । ⨬ 㦭 ⪫    ᯮ ⥬  ⠪, ⮡  뫮 㤮 ந  ਭ᪮ ,-  ⮫   ;
     ⪫    ਭ᪮ ,  ⮬ ᫥   ⠭, 室騩   ⠭.      㦭;
     ᭨ ਭ  (筮  ਪ祭  ⥬ );
     । ⠭  ਭ᪮  ⠭   , ⨫  ⨢  - ⠪  㤥 ;
     ⠭ ਭ   ⥬ , ९ ;
       ⥬  (Power, Reset),  ⠭  HDD  ਭ᪮  ( ⮬  ਫ  ।饩 );
      ࠧꥬ ⠭  ਭ᪮ , ⥬  䥩  ⪨ ᪮. ᫨ 㦭, ⠭  ७;
      ᡮ .
     

     ᫨  ᮬ  ᮡ⢥ ᨫ,    ⮬,   ᬮ ࠢ쭮 ⠭   ⨫ -   ᠬ ⢥⢥  ,   ᤥ  ୮ ,   㯨 騥.  ᥣ  㦭 㤥 ⠭ ਭ   ⥬  (।⥫쭮  ),  ⠭, ⠭ 㫨    ७. , ⠪ 㤥  -  䥪 ⮣,   ᠬ ᮡࠥ ,     । .
    

    

     

      ୨ 
     

       ᯮᮡ 㢥 ந⥫쭮 :
     ⠭ ᫥  ࠩ -     㤥 ࠡ ॥,  ६쭮 ᪮७  ⮣  . ᫥  ࠩ  ᪠  ᠩ ந⥫ ;
     ࠧ   -  ணࠬ, 騥 릠   襩 .  ࠧ   ᠭ  ୥,    ஡  ଠ  ⮬.  ⮩   ࠧ ᬠਢ  㤥:  , ⮡  ⮬    ⮬,  ᮦ ᢮ .  室     ࠧ 祭 ⥭, ᪮  ࠡ⠥  । ᢮ ⥩;
     㯨  ᮢ襭  - 宦, ᠬ ਥ ਠ.
     

     ० 祬 㯠  , ᭨ ⨯ 襩 .  ⮬     -    ਫ  ⮬,  ࠧ 設 PCI-Ex  AGP:  ᮢ६  ந  祭  ⨬ 設.
     

     㯨  , 믮 ᫥騥 ⢨:
     饫 ࠢ    ࠡ祬 ⮫, 롥  ⢠;
     ३   ࠬ. ⠭ ࠧ襭 640x480.   ਬ;
      Win + Break, ३   㤮,   ᯥ ன;
       ᯥ ன  ᢮ ,   Del   㤠  ᯨ᪠ ன. ᯥ ன । १㧨 . 蠩. ᫥ ⮣  windows  ᢮ ࠡ, 몫 ⠭ ;
     ᭨  ⥬ ,   ;
     ⠭  . ஢:     䨪஢;
     ன  ⥬    ⠭ ;
     Windows 㦨  ன⢮, ⠭ ࠩ .
     

     ᫨   ७ ,    ⠭ ,    19 - ⠬  ᠭ.
    

    

     

      ୨ BIOS
     

      㦥 ⬥砫, BIOS -  ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  ,   .  BIOS    প   ஢ (ਬ,    䨧᪨ ⠭    ਭ᪮ ,  ⥬ ᯮ  ࠢ쭮),  প  ⪨ ᪮ (  BIOS  ন ⪨ ᪨  32 )  ..
     

        ᨨ BIOS 㦭 ⬥ ᫥饥:
      ⠪  BIOS  㦭 - ᫨   ࠨ ( - ணࠬ- 訡,  ன⢠ ন) BIOS ண  㦭;
        ਢ   砨,  ॡ  BIOS,-  쭮 . ᫨  訫  BIOS,     稭 .
     

         BIOS?  㦭 ᪠   ᠩ ந⥫ BIOS,   ᠩ ந⥫ 襩 ਭ᪮  (㪠  ஡  ਭ᪮ ⮩), ᪮ BIOS ࠧࠡ뢠 ⭮  ਭ .
     

     ⮡  ࠢ  BIOS,  㦭 :
     ⥪  BIOS (뢮  㧪 );  ਭ᪮ ;
     ⨯ 襣 .
     

      㦭 ᪠     BIOS,     襩 ਭ᪮ .  ᫥⢨  BIOS, ।祭   襩 ,   ।᪠㥬.
     ६,   ।  BIOS   ਭ᪮ . ᬮਬ ਬ ᮮ饭, 뢮  㧪 .
     

     Phoenix - AwardBIOS v6.00PG, AN Energy Star Ally
     Copyright (C) 1984-2002, Phoenix Technologies, LTD
     

     Main Processor: Intel Pentium(R) 4 3.06 GHz
     Memory testing: 524288K OK
     

     Primary Master: Maxtor 4W060H
     Primary Slave: None
     Secondary Master: None
     Secondary Slave: None
     

     Press DEL to enter SETUP
     07/23/2002-i845E-XXXXXX-XXXXXX-ID
     

     ⭮,  ᮮ饭 <஫> 祭 , ⮬     Pause, ⮡ ᯥ  .   砥   ᫥ ଠ:
     ந⥫   BIOS (Phoenix - Award v6.00PG);
      ਭ᪮  (XXXXXX-XXXXXX);
     䨪 BIOS (ID).
     

      ⮫쪮  ᮡ 㦭 ଠ, ࠢ  ,   㯠  ( ਭ ),   㤭    襣 BIOS. ,  楤 ⭠. ,  砥  EEPROM (Flash ROM)   믮  譨 ᫮,  ⮫쪮 ᫨ ,  , ᪮       ਭ᪮ . ⮬  ⨬  ,        ,   ᨮ.[16]
     

      -⠪ ᪠,  ୨ BIOS,  ⥫쭮  ४ ஢   ᠬ⥫쭮. ᫨   訫 ᤥ  ᢮ 㪠, ,     ᢮   ,- ⮬  㦭    ,    ⥯   㦠 !    ।०!   ⮬,        BIOS  ᢮ . , ᫨  ன  ᫮.
     

     ⠪,   BIOS 㦭 믮 ᫥騥 ⢨:
     1.।  ਭ᪮   ᨨ BIOS.  ଠ 뢮  㧪 .
     2.砩  ᠩ ந⥫ ਭ᪮  㦭  BIOS.
     3.ᯠ 祭 娢  - ⠫, ਬ  C: \bios.
     4. ⥬ ᪥.  ⮣    , 饫 ࠢ   ᪥ :, 롥  ଠ஢   襬  ⠭ ० ஢ ⥬ 䠩. ⥬   ଠ஢ (। ⨬ 㦭 ⠢ ᪥  ᪮).
     5.३  ⠫ C: \bios  ⠩  ⥪⮢ 䠩 -   筮 뢠 ⢨,  㦭 믮   BIOS. ⠫?    ⠫ C: \bios  ᪥.
     6.  ਭ᪨  ⮨    BIOS -    ᬮ  ᥫ ⠬.  ⠪  ணࠬ ( SETUP 㦭 몫  , ਬ Flash BIOS Protection),   - ⭠ (㦭 ᮡ ࠧ ⠭ ।   襩 ਭ᪮ ).     ,   . 㦭  㪮⢮  ਭ᪮ . ᫨    ,      ୥.
     7.᫥    㧨  ᪥.  ⮣  SETUP 㦭  㧪  ᪮   ᪮ ( First Boot Device - Floppy).
     8.᫥ 㧪  ᪥    BIOS.  ?  ⮬ 뫮 ᠭ   ᠬ ⥪⮢ 䠩. ਬ,   AMI BIOS ᯮ  amifl827 <䠩  BIOS>.  Award - flash <䠩  BIOS>.
     9.! ணࠬ  易⥫쭮  , ࠭     BIOS. 筮, ࠭!
     10.᫥  BIOS १㧨   ॡ ணࠬ.
     

      ,   BIOS 㦭   ᪨ (᪮   ⠥ 㬥,     BIOS)  DOS (Disk Operating System)-  ⮣ ⮦ 㤠  . ᫨  祣-  ,    ᨮ!
    

    

     

      樮 室  ୨樨
     

     ﭭ   ,  ,   (॥)  ।. ⭮,  ᫨   ୨஢ ᢮ ,    멤 .  ⮨   ?  ᠬ:   த ,  ⮨ 300 ஢. १   () 㦥 㤥 ⮨ 200 ஢. ,     㯨 襢? 筮, ᫨   ⨫⭨ <ॢ>,   ࠢ  ந ୨ -  ਤ   ⥬ .
     

      ᪠   ⮬,   ୨஢ ᢮ . ਬ୮   (,  - 㦥  )  㯫  ᫥饩 䨣樨: AMD Duron 1,6Ghz/256 MB/40GB/CD-RW/ nVidia GeForce MX-4. १ ஥ ६ 뫨 ⠭:
      512 M ⨢ ;
     ⪨  WD 160 GB;
     DVD-RW;
      nVidia GeForce FX5200.
     

       뫮  諮 .  諮    ଠ쭠 ࠡ 蠤. 祬   ୨஢ ? ⮬  64-    ਭ   ⠭,  㯠   32-    ᮪ ⮩  ᫠. 쭥襩 ୨樨  㤥, ⮬     ᫠ -  䨣 ⨣ ᢮ ।.  ᫥饩 ୨樨  㯫  ⥬  - ⠪ 㤥 .
      ⥯ ⠥ .   㯫  ᢮ ६ ᥣ  450 ஢ (㦭 ,  㯠!),   ୨ - 160 ஢ ( , ᫨ 㯠 騥  ஧, 뫮   ஦). ⮣ ࠡ 設  諠  610 ஢    - 200 ஢  .  祭 襢. ७,    㦨   ,       Vista -  ⮣  ⮣  ਤ 㯨   .
    

    

     

         묨 騬
     

      ,  ᫥ ୨樨   ⠭  騥, ਬ , ਭ᪠    ( ⮫쪮 ).    ?     ୨樥 ஢,    ਭ  騥, 稢 ࠧ  室  묨.  筮   㯠 騥  ⠪ ᬥ譮 業,   룮    த      ⭮ 㬥  ୥. , ⠪ த <>  㤥 ,    ⮣   .  祬 , ᮡ⢥,  ?    騥  ,    !
    

   

   

    

      18
      
    

    

     

         ᫥⢨
     

      ।饩  뫮 ᪠,   筮 ࠡ   ᨬ쭮 . ந⥫ ⠢ ⠪ 뢠  筮.   ७쪨 , ࠡ騩   1000 ,   ᪮쪮  ⠢ ࠡ   1100   类 ୨樨.
        ,   ⮬ 砥  ࠡ⠥  ᢮ ᨬ쭮 ,  ॢ ॣॢ  室   .  ⮬  ⥬ ࠧ (  筮 , , 뢠 overclocking:  ᫮ over - <ᢥ>, clock - <>)   ந⥫쭮 ᨬ  20%. 筮 砥  ⨯業⭮ 㢥祭.  ,   ࠧ ।  ,- 100%.
     祭  뢠,   10-20%  ந⥫쭮   ⮣, 짮⥫    砥.   ᠬ , 쬥 ७쪨   ஬ 1   256  ⨢ . ᫨  㢥 ꥬ   512  768 ,     , 祬 㢥祭   1,1 . 筮,    ,   ࠧ.
      ࠧ 㡥,  ⠭ ⨫   嫠  ⠪ ,  㤥 祭  १ ࠧ. ਬ, ᫨    2,0 , ⨫ ⠭   ,   㢥   2,2 ,  १  - ॣॢ. ᫨  㯠   ન஢ BOX,     ⨫   ஡,  ⠪ ⨫    ࠧ -  ⠭   ⠪⮢  . ⮬ ਤ ⠭   ⨫.  ⮩   ⠪ ਬ  ⨫    ࠧ.
     㦭 ⬥,  ᥩ ࠧ ⠫  , 祬  .  ( ⭮⥫쭮  ) ࠧ ⢫ ⥬ 롮  FSB  ⥫      ਭ᪮ . ᫨ ⠭ ࠬ (  ⥫), ⢥ ॢ騥 ⨬ ,  ᦥ .  ⮬  ਭ᪨   ᯥ樠묨 ।࠭⥫ﬨ. ,  ࠧ  ࠢ쭮 ⠭  設,  ⮣    稫.   ,    ( ।࠭⥫ ਤ  ᥡ),  ࠡ⠫.
      ࠧ ⢫ ⥬ ⠭   ࠬ஢,   ணࠬ SETUP,    ந室  ணࠬ,    ⭮ ஢,   ࠧ   㦭 뢠  ⥬ .
       砥,  ᫨ ᫥ 襭   ,   ࠡ   ॣ.  ᯠᠫ ⮫쪮   ⨫.  ᯠᠥ BIOS,  ﭭ ᫥  ஢쥬 襣  (   ணࠬ SETUP  㭪 PC Health),     ⥬ன, ⥬ன ⥬   ᪮ 饭  ⠭ ⨫஢ (஬ ⨫  ⠭). ᫨ ⥬  ॢ  ண,  ⥬  몫 ⠭.  १  ந ॣॢ .     ᢮  . ,  ன ந室 몫祭 ⠭, ⠭ ᠬ 짮⥫.  짮⥫  ⠭ ᫨誮 ᮪ ண ( ᯥ  ࠧ ᣮ,  ⠪   ⨣ ⠭ ⥬)   ⪫  㭪. ⮬  ࠧ  ⪮  ⤠ ᥡ   ⮬,   .
      㦭 ⬥, , ⠪   ࠧ ࠪ᪨ ᥣ   㤥 襭 ⥬ (筮,  ⠭ 祭  ⨫  㯨 ᯥ樠   襭 嫠,  筮 짮⥫ ⨬ ७ॣ, ᪮ 㬠,  ࠧ -    ᠬ,   ୨ ,  ஬), ⥬  ⠡쭮 ࠡ. ⠡쭮 ࠦ  ᠬந १㧪 (⭮,    ⮬ ।०  㤥)  ᠭ.
    

    

     

       ࠩ
     

      㬠,  ࠧ,   ᯮ,  ⭮⥫쭮 ?   ᮢ६ ஢?  訡!     ६  8088,  ࠡ⠫   ᥣ 8 . ⥬  楢   뫮      12 .   ᠬ ६   ફ- - 䠭 ࠧ.
      ࠪ᪨  ᠬ  ફ  㧨 ࠧ   訥 㯯.  ࢮ ⭮ ,    ࠧ   ,    .      襭 ந⥫쭮   業.   ⥫쭮, ⮡ ࠧ 祣  ⮨!     ࠩ -        ⨫. ࠢ,  ⤠  ⠪ ࠧ 쭠 - 祭 ,  㦥 뫮 ⬥祭,     襭 ந⥫쭮  ⠪.
      㯯 - 騥 ६.  ⮢     ந⥫쭮. ᫨ ࢠ 㯯,  ࠢ,  ࠧ 㦥 ॢ ஢ (   㯨   ,   ந⥫쭮 㤥 , 祬  ࠧ ண),   㯠 ᠬ       ६쭮 ந⥫쭮.       -  ⮫쪮   ⨫,       嫠:
     ⭮,  ࢠ 㯯 ᫥, 祬 .  㦭 ।,   㯯 ਭ :
    

    

     

        
     

       ⥫쭮  訫, ⮨  ࠧ   ?     ਭ ⥫쭮 襭.
      㦥 뫮 ⬥祭 , ࠧ 㢥稢 ந⥫쭮 ⥬ ࠪ᪨  ᮡ ⠫. ,   Pentium IV 3,0   ᠬ  ஬,   ࠧ  3,4 .  ,  ᪮쪮   稫  饣 -    ६   뫮 P4 3,4 ! 㣮 ,  祭 ⥬ ࠡ⠫  祭 ⠡쭮.
     ⮡ ਭ ⥫쭮 襭,     ந⥫쭮  . ᫨  ࠡ⠥  묨 㬥⠬      ⨬, ,   ⪠  ࠧ.  ,  㢥७.      㢥७,   祭 ⠪ 䥪 㦥  ࠧ,   .
     ᫨   襬  ᠬ  -  ࠭ 襩  ,   ஡ ࠧ. ᫨ ⥬ 㤥 ࠡ ⠡쭮,  ᥣ ᬮ   ⭮.
     , ୮,  ᭮ ,  ᫥ ࠧ  ⭮ 室   ,  ᫨   ୥  ० ? 祬?  ࠧ६.   ᭮ 稭 室   奬 - , ⥯뤥  殮.  奬 ⠭  । ப ࠡ.   ᮪頥  ப. 祭  㢥 ᪮ 믮 権, ᫥⥫쭮, 㤥 ⨢ ᮪  ᠬ ப ࠡ.
      襭 ⥬ 奬 ॥ ॢ, ⠪ 襭 ⥬,  㦥 뫮 ⬥祭,  稭 ⠡쭮 ࠡ ⥬, ⮬ ᫥ ࠧ ⥬ 㦤  ⥫쭮 嫠,      ⠡쭮 ࠡ.
       殮 (   蠥  ࠧ), ⥬  ᨫ ᨣ, ⮬ 襭 殮 ਢ  ॢ 奬,  奬 (  砥 - ) ॥ ᣮ.  ⮬  襭 殮 ⠪ 蠥  ⥯뤥,      䠪   ࠧ ॥ ᮪ ப 㦡 .
    

    

     

          ࠧ
     

     ୮,  㤥 㤨,  ࠧ   ⮫쪮 ,  ⠪   .
     
 

       㦥 ,  ᮢ६  ࠡ  ,  । ⥬ 㬭 ⥫    FSB. ਬ,    , ࠡ騩   500 . 뢠,  FSB    ࠢ 100 , ⥫ ࠢ 5x.    稫  ᠬ 500 .
     ⮡   , 㦭   ⥫,  . ਬ,  ⥫  6x,  稬  600 .   㣮 ᯮᮡ -    FSB  120      600 .
     

      ᥩ   ஡  ࠧ.  ᮢ६ ,   Intel, ⠪   AMD, ᪠  ஢ ⥫. 祬 ந⥫ ஢ ஢  ⥫?  ᤥ   稭:
      楫   襭,  ⥬ ६ન஢ ஢ 뤠 ᫠     (죨, ࠧ㬥, ࠫ    );
      楫   ફ஢.  짮⥫, ⠢,   ࠧ  㢥   FSB,  ⥫, ࠭    㢥  ,  ⥫.
     

     ࠢ,  ஢ AMD   ᥪ,   ﭭ ६窠  孥  .     ,    , ᪮,   ࠪ᪮ ,    ᯮ .
     

        ந⥫ ஢    -஢ ⥫.  Intel  Extreme Edition,   AMD - FX.
     

     ⮬  設⢠ 짮⥫ ⢥ ᯮᮡ ࠧ  -  㢥祭  FSB.   FSB 㦭  ᫥饥: 뢠 䨧᪠  設  䥪⨢. ᪠,  ࠢ,  䥪⨢  ᪮쪮 ࠧ. ਬ, 䨧᪠   FSB1066 ࠢ ᥣ 266 ,   FSB1333 - 333 .
     

     쬥  : AMD Athlon 64 X2 4600+  Intel Core 2 Duo E6600+.   ࠡ   2,4 .   AMD 䨧᪠  設 ࠢ 200 ,   Intel - 266 . ⮬, ⮡    2,4 ,  AMD ᯮ ⥫ 12,  Intel - 9.
     ᬮਬ ਬ ࠧ  ஢.  ⠡. 18.1 ਢ ࠪ⨪ ஢   ᫥ ࠧ.  ਢ  ࠧ :   ᠬ ᮢ६ Pentium III  ⠭ ᥣ譥  - Intel Core 2 Duo.     ࠧ.
     
 18.1. ࠪ⨪  ஢Intel   ᫥ ࠧ

     
     

     ਬ砭.  ⠡ 㪠 䨧᪠ (ॠ쭠)  設,   䥪⨢. ਢ몠:  ࠧ 㦭 뢠  䨧 !
     

      㦭  뤠騬 ⥬⨪, ⮡ ,  ந⥫쭮  ஢ ᨫ  50%.   ⨬ -    頭 10-20%.
      ⮬  ᫨  ᮢ ਥ ࠧ  ࠪ⨪ ஢,  ⨫,    ⠡ ।⠢ ᠬ  (襢)    ஢. 쪮  㬠,   ࠧ , 祬   ண ᮡ. ,  ண , ,  ਥ  ࠧ.  ⮫쪮 㬠, ᫨   Pentium IV 2,4  (  1,6 ,    릠 2,4 ),       릠 2,7 ,  ⮬  ᮡ । ,-   ᨬ ந⥫쭮 ᥣ  12%.
      , ⮡  㬠   筮.  ᫨  Pentium IV <Northwood>  ⮩ 1,6   ࠡ   2,4 ,  祬  ஬ન஢ ᥣ  1,6 ?   ⮬  뢠? 祬 ࠧ   2,4 ?  ᮬ,   쭮  让 - 800 .
      ந⢥ ஢ 쭮 让 業 ࠪ.  ࠪ 뢠 ࠧ. 뢠 ,    ࠡ: ⭮,   த  㯠.   ᥣ ࠪ ஢   ࠡ  襩 ⮩  ࠡ   ⠡쭮.  ந⥫ ᥣ  ᭨    ⨬,  ன  奬 ⠡쭮 ࠡ⠥. ⮬    ᬮ ࠧ  2,4 ,  ன (⠪ )   ࠧ   2,0 .  ⮬ ⮦ 㦭 .
     
 . 

        ⨢ . 祬 ࠧ থ 設⢮ 㫥 ( ⮩   ⥯).  ࠧ   ⢠ ᠬ 㫥    ⢠ ᡮન.
     祬 㦭 ࠧ ?   ।饬 砥  㢥稫   Celeron <Tualatin>  1,5 ,   設  150 .  - -० ࠡ⠥  襩 ⮩.  ᫨  ⠢   ࠡ   150 , ந⥫쭮 ᥩ ⥬ 뫠    ମ筮.
       ࠧ  㦭  ।쭮 ஦ -  ⥬ 㤥 ࠡ 祭 ⠡쭮.    - ⮣,   BIOS  ᥣ ࠢ쭮 ⮡ࠦ ॠ쭠  ࠡ . 筮 ⮡ࠦ 䥪⨢   ⭮襭  ⭮   (   ࠧ).    ࠧ塞 , 㢥稢  FSB,    ࠡ ,  BIOS -० 뢠 ஥ 祭.  ⠥   ( ,   㦥 襭)   ॢ蠥 ⨬ ।:
          PC2-4300 (DDR2-533)   Core 2 Duo E6300 <Conroe>.  ⭮ ०  FSB ࠢ 266  (FSB1066).  ᨫ  FSB  333  ( 㦥 FSB1333).   㫠 㦥  祭 667  (DDR2-667),  BIOS ⮨  ᢮ - , ᥣ  533 .  ⠥     ॢ蠥 ⨬ ।.
       BIOS 뢮  祭: ⭠    ॠ쭠.  ⮬ 砥 , ⠪  ࠧ  ,  ன ࠡ⠥ .
     ,   襭 FSB 蠥   .        ,   㤨, 祬 ᣮ५ <⨢>.
      ।   ਫ  ⠩ (প).   প, ⥬  ந⥫쭮. , ⮡  ⠡쭮 ࠡ⠫  襭 , 㦭, , 㢥 প.  㤥 ᯥਬ஢  ஬, ⠭ প    ஢ 5-5-5-15 (  ).     ᠬ ⨬  ,  ⥯ 㬥 ⠩  ஢ ࠡ ⥬. ᫨  訬 প  ⥬ 㤥 ࠡ ⠡쭮,  ⠪   .  ⨢ 砥 㦭  প   ᮪ ஢.
     
 

             ,    FSB,    , ᪮   ᢮ ⠪⮢ .        ࠢ ࠩ஬ ,    ᯥ樠 ணࠬ.
        ᬠਢ  㤥.  ⮬,   ᫮,  ⮬,    ⠪   祬  -    ᬮ५ ࠪ᪨ ࠧ ஢,   㦥  .   ୥ ( )   ஡  ଠ  ࠧ . , ਬ,   뫮,   ணࠬ  ࠧ :
     http://www.izcity.com/data/soft/article533.htm.
    

    

     

      ᮡ ࠧ ஢
     

         -  㦥 뫮 ,  8088. ⭮,    㤥 ᬠਢ ࠧ   ஢.   ॠ쭮,   襭 类 ᫠. ⮬ ⠭   ᥣ譥 ,     AMD  Intel  ᮪⮢ AM2  LGA775.
     
Celeron D 331  LGA775

       (.18.1) ᭮  ⮬   (  Prescott),     ᮪ந⥫ ᮡ -  Pen tium IV,   <>  (2,66 )  襭쪮  ࠧ .
         .   砥 - 331.   310  ஡ 室  FSB 533   800 ,  ⮬ 殮 ⠭  ० ஢.
     

     
     
.18.1.  Intel Celeron D 331

       315 ᫮ - 㦭  殮  1,45 , ⮡   FSB 800  ( 䥪⨢,   ॠ쭠 )    3,4 . ॢ 殮  1,5  ⥫쭮, ᫨  , ⮡  ࠡ⠫ .
       331  ஡.  ⭮ ०   ࠡ⠥  ⥫ 20x. ᫨    FSB800 (ॠ쭠  - 200 ),    㤥 ࠡ  ⮩ 4,0 ,     ᥣ .
     ⮬   FSB 800   ⮣   ,  ᯮ짮 ⠭  FSB 667  (ॠ쭠  166 ).  ⮬ 砥   㤥 ࠢ 3,33 ,   ਥ:  㢥稫    700 ,   ⮬   ࠤ.  ⮬   ⠪ ०   ࠡ  ⠭ ⨫஬  Intel (஡),     .
     
Core 2 Duo E6300 LGA775

      E6300 (.18.2)- 騩  祪  -.   ᮡ ஡  ࠧ  2,6  ( ⭠  - 1,86 ),  ⮬    ⨫.
      2,6  -   ।, ᪮॥,  ⨬ ।,  ஬ ⥬ 㤥 ࠡ .    ᮡ 㤠  ࠧ   3,0 , ࠢ, , ਤ  ⨫.
      ࠧ ⮣  㦭 ,   ॢ 殮 1,45 .
     

     
     
.18.2.  Core 2 Duo E6300

     㪮⢮  ࠧ       :
     http://www.thg.ru/cpu/core2duoe6300overclock/index.html.
     
Sempron 2800+  Socket AM2

     Sempron Manila (.18.3)- ᠬ 襢   AMD  ᮪ AM2.  ॠ쭠  ᥣ 1,6 .  ⥬ ࠧ    릠  2,6 ,   ⮬ 砥 ਤ  殮  1,6 . ࠢ,  ,   ⠪ ६쭮 ०  ﭥ  .
     ᫨  , ⮡  ࠡ⠫     ( ,   -  ),  ᫥ ॢ 殮 1,5 .  ⮬ 砥   㤥 ਬ୮ 2,4  ( 設 - 300 ),   筮.   200  (2,6  2,4 )   ,   ,  १    ᣮ,-  筮.
     ᫨  訫  殮  1,5 ,    த ⨫.  㦥 ᮪ந⥫ ⨫,  롮 ண  ਬ .
     

     
     
.18.3. Sempron 2800+

     
Athlon 64 X2 4200+  AM2

      Athlon 64 X2 (.18.4)  ᠬ 訩 롮  -.   ࠪ  ⮬ ॢ    . ᮡ 㣮 ࠧ  X2 3800+ -      ᯥਬ஢.
     

      X2 4200+ ࠧ 쭮  (ᮡ  ࠢ  3800+),  ᫨  , ⮡      ⫨,  㦭 ॢ ண 1,5  -  ᪮ 祭   .
      X2 4200+  릠 ᨬ 2,75  ॠ쭮 , ᨢ  設  250 .
      ࠧ ஢ Athlon 64 X2    ⥬ன ( ᮮ⢥騩 㭪  SETUP - PC Health). ᫨ ⥬    55 ࠤᮢ - ᭨ 殮 (ᮮ⢥⢥,  )  ࠢ     ⨫஬,    ⠪ ⥬ன   ﭥ.
     

     
     
.18.4.athlon 64 x2 4200+

    

    

     

       ࠧ 
     

     
⮢  ࠧ: ᭨  , 㢥祭 ⠩

       -   ,  ᫮,   ,  .  ᫨ ⠪   ,  ਤ   ਨ.
      㦥 뫮 ⬥祭, ࠧ  㤥 ⥬ 襭  設,   ⥫, ᪮  ⥫      . ⮬ ࠭稬 ⮫쪮 襭  ⥬ 設.  ⮬   ᯮᮡ    २⢮.       設. ⥫쭮, 㢥稢  ⥬ 設,  㢥稢   , ⠪ ࠧ  ந⥫쭮 ᥩ ⥬  楫,   ⮫쪮 ந⥫쭮 ,   뫮   砥 ࠧ ⥫.
     । ࠧ   蠫   㪮⢮  ᮡ⢥ BIOS, ⮡ ,  室 樨, 室  ࠧ.
     ⠪, 㯨  ࠧ.   BIOS. ᫨   ,   ᤥ     ⠪,  ⠩  4. ⥫쭮 ⠩ , ⮬      襬 砥  ᤥ 㦥,   襬 - । ⥬.
     

      ᯥ ࠧ 㢥稢  ⥬ 設,  ᫨  ,   ᤥ (ਬ, 㦥 ⠫  ⮬  㪮⢥  ਭ᪮ ). 㦭 ᭠砫   BIOS, ⠭  ࠡ .     ࠧ Advanced Chipset Features,   ࠧ Advanced,  POWER BIOS Features (  ᨨ 襩 BIOS).    뢠 ⠪:
     Memclock index value;
     System Memory Frequency;
     Memory Frequency;
     㣮  (⠩ 㪮⢮  ਭ᪮ !).
     

        ⠭  ⨢ .  ⢥ 祭  ᯮ짮 祭   祭  DDR400, DDR333, DDR266  .. 㦭  ᠬ 쭮  㯭 祭.
     訢, 祬 㦭 ⠭   ,    ᯮᮡ  襥?  ,   ࠧ塞  ⥬ 襭  FSB.   㢥祭  ⥬ 設 㤥    ,  ࠭稢  ࠧ. 㣨 ᫮,    ⠪ ⨣ ᢥ  ( ॢ ),   㤥 ࠭稢 ࠧ .  ᫨ ⠢ ᨬ  ,   襬 ⨨  ⥬ 設 㤥 ॢ襭 ⨬      ᬮ ࠧ   ᨬ.
     ᫥ ⮣ 㦭  , ⠭ ⠩ . 筮  뢠 Memory Timing  Timing Mode.  ࠢ,  ⮩ 樨 ⠭ 祭 Auto.    ⠭ ᠬ 訥 ⠩   .    㤥 .
      訥 ⠩ 㦭  ⠡쭮 ࠡ ⥬ ᫥ ࠧ.  ਭ᪠  筮 ⠭    ⥬ 設  ,  ᫥ ࠧ  ० Auto   ⠭ 祭 쪨 ⠩,  ⥬    㤥 ࠡ.  ᫨  ⠭ ࠭ ࠡ稥 ⠩,   ⮬    , ⥬,  ࠩ , .
     ᫥ ⮣   ந , 멤  SETUP  ࠭ ஥. 筮  ⮣ 㦭  F10,  ⥬ ⢥न ࠭,  Y. ᫥ १㧪 㡥,   ଠ쭮,  訡 㦠.    ⠯ 訡   .
        SETUP.   㦭 ஢  設 PCI  AGP.   ⮬,   㢥祭  ⥬ 設  設 PCI, PCI-Ex, AGP  ⮦ .  ⥫쭮 襭 FSB 祣 譮  ந.    ⥫쭮  ⪠ ࠡ.
     쭮 祭   設 PCI - 33,3 ,  AGP - 66,6 .  稯 㬥 ஫஢   - ঠ   ।  祭,   直 砩 㡥  ⮬.   AGP/PCI Clock  㡥,    ⠭ 祭 66,6/33,3 .
      稯 (ਬ, ࠪ᪨  稯  VIA, ࠭ 稯 Intel, SiS)  㬥 ஫஢  AGP/PCI. ⮬ 室饩 樨     SETUP.  ⮬ 砥   .     ᬮ   ⥬ 設  225 .  ᫨     ᤥ , ⥬ 㤥 ࠡ 業 - ⠭ । ⪨ ᪨, ⪠ ࠡ   㪮 .
      稯⮢  nVidia    設 HyperTransport. 筮  ࠢ 1000  (5)  800  (4). । ࠧ  㦭 㬥  ⮩ 設. ,   ᤥ, 뢠 HyperTransport Frequency,  HT Frequency,  LDT Frequency. 㦭 ⠭ 祭 3 (600 )  2 (400 ).
      ᭮ ࠭塞 ன  १㦠 ⥬. 㦭 㡥,   ࠡ⠥ ଠ쭮 -  , ,  ந⥫쭮 ⥬.
     
蠥  ⥬ 設 (।⢥ ࠧ )

        SETUP.   㯨  ࠧ .  ⮣ ३  ࠧ Frequency/Voltage Control.   ࠧ  ᨬ  BIOS  뢠 ⠪:
     POWER BIOS Features -  ਭ᪨  EPOX;
     Jumperfree Configuration -  ਭ᪨   ASUS (, asus    ,  ࠭ ࠧ  ⢫ ࠬ  ਭ᪮ , ⮬ ᮮ⢥騩 ࠧ SETUP 뢠 JumperFree -  ஢);
     Guru Utility -  ABIT.
     

       ।⮨  ,   ⥬ 設 (FSB). , ᫨     㪮 㪮⢮  ਭ᪮  - ⮣  筮 㧭,   뢠.   , 筮, , 祬 ᬮ.    뢠 ⠪:
     CPU Host Frequency -  砥 Award/Phoenix BIOS;
     CPU Clock/Speed -  ਭ᪨  EPoX;
     CPU Frequency -  ASUS;
     External Clock -  ABIT.
     

     ⮡  뫮 ⭥, ਢ ⨭ ᮮ⢥ ࠧ SETUP.  ⨭ , ᪮  ᯮᮡ ᤥ ᭨ ࠭ SETUP.   ⮣஢,  ⢮ ⠪ ⮣䨨 - 栭  㤥 娬,     - ᬮ.
     
⨭ 18.1.  Frequency/Voltage Control

     
     

       砥 (⨭ 18.1)  㦭   CPU Host Frequency.  ⮬ ᬮ, ⮡ 殮  ( CPU Voltage Control)  ॢᨫ 1,5  (  ஢ - 1,45  - . ).  AGP/PCI/SRC Fixed  䨪஢  AGP/PCI.  AGP/PCI/SRC Frequency(Mhz) ⮡ࠦ ⥪騥 祭  AGP/PCI.
     
⨭ 18.2.  POWER BIOS Features (ਭ᪨  EPoX)

     
     

     BIOS ਭ᪨  EPoX 㤮 ⥬,   㢥祭  ⥬ 設 ( CPU CLOCK/SPEED) ࠧ ⮡ࠦ  ,  㤥 祭  १ ࠧ.
     
⨭ 18.3.  JumperFree Configuration (ASUS)

     
     

     BIOS  ASUS ᥭ ⥬,   㬮砭 殮  (CPU Voltage) 㢥稢 ⮬᪨ (祭 Auto)-  襭  設 (CPU Frequency). ᫨ , ⮡   ࠡ⠫    ᡮ,    殮   ஢ 1,45-1,5 .
     
⨭ 18.4.  Guru Utility (ABIT)

     
     

      BIOS  ABIT ⮦ 쭮 㤮.  㦭 㢥稢  External Clock,   ⮬   殮 ( CPU Core Voltage).  뢠  ࠧ㬭 ।! BIOS 뢮 ⠪ ⥫ (Multiplier Factor), , ⭮,    .    ⥫     ,    室:
     External Clockx Multiplier Factor.
     

      襬 砥   2700 .
      㦥 ,    ⥬ 設. ⠫ ⮫쪮 ,   ।  .   ,   ᮢ⮢. ࠧ     ࠧ  ⮨.   ⥯, ਬ  10-20   쭮. ᫥ 襭  ࠭ ࠬ ( F10)  㧨 Windows. ,  ⥬ ⠡쭮 ࠡ⠥.  ஢ન ⠡쭮   ᯥ樠 ணࠬ,   ᬮਬ ,         ࠩ  - (  業, ᪮쪮  ⠫ ࠡ ). ᫨   ६ ⥬  ᭥   १㧨,   ஡   㢥  設.  ६   5  ४砩  Windows  ஫ ⥬ ࠡ  (  ᤥ   ணࠬ CPU-Z -   ᬮਬ ).    ॢ 60 ࠤᮢ. ᫨ ⥬  60 ࠤᮢ,   ࠫ - 㦭 몫 ,    ,  ⥬ 㬥  設 ( 类 砥,  㯪  魮 ⨫).
       㧭,   ᯮᮡ  ?    ࠧ ஢:
     http://www.overclockers.ru/cpubase/.
     

     ,   㦭,-   . ᫥ ⮣   ᯨ᮪ ⠢  ஬ ᯥਬ⮢. ᯥਬ ⠢ ᠬ 짮⥫ ᠩ.  ⮦  ਭ ⨥    .
       (.18.5) ᮤন  ଠ   ࠧ:
      ;
     ⭠  ;
       ᫥ ࠧ;
     ਭ᪠ ;
      BIOS;
     ⨫;
      ࠧ (    易);
     ਨ .
     

     
     
.18.5.   ࠧ

       ᯥ ࠧ ⠭ ᨬ .  ᫨   ⠪  , ᮢᥬ  砥,   㤥 ⠡쭮 ࠡ  ⮩ ⮩,  㪠   .      㣠 ਭ᪠ , 㣠  BIOS, 㣠 .  㦭 짮, ⮡ 㧭 ᨬ ।,  騢 ந⥫쭮 ᫥⥫쭮,  뫮 ᠭ .
     
⨭

       Intel    ᮡ ﭨ, ஥ 뢠 ⨭. ᫨    ⨭ ( 筮 砥  ॣॢ),   ந⥫쭮 ⭮ ᭨, 祬  ⠭  , 祬  쭮 ०.  ᬠਢ ⨭  ᮡ  ०.   ᭮ 筮 -   ᫠ ࠧ   ⨭.   ⮨ ᢥ. 㦭  㬥  設,  㯠  ⨫ ( ).
     ,   ⨭,  ணࠬ ThrottleWatch  RightMark CPU Clock Utility (.18.6).  .18.6 ᭮,  砫 ⨭, ⮬ 㦭 몫 ,       設.
     栬 ஢ Intel Pentium IV  Celeron ᫥  易⥫쭮 浪 ᯮ짮 ⨫ ThrottleWatch, RightMark CPU Clock Utility   .   ⮬,   ॣॢ      ⨭,  ࠦ  ⭮ ᭨ ந⥫쭮.   ⨭   ᫠, ᪮ ᪮      祭,   뤠  쭮 ०. ⨫ ᬮ ।।  砫 ⨭, , 㦭 㤥   襬 嫠  㬥 ࠧ.
      㯮 ணࠬ   ᠬ:
     http://www.panopsys.com/Downloads.html - ThrottleWatch;
     http://cpu.rightmark.org/ - RightMark CPU Clock Utility.
     

     
     
.18.6. ணࠬ RightMark CPU Clock Utility

     
  ᫥ ࠧ 

     ⠪, ࠧ  襭. , ᫨  ,  । ࠧ     㢥稫 ⠩ .  ⥯      ⠩. ᫥   㦭 १㦠   ஢ ⠡쭮  ࠡ.
     
  ᪠ ᫥ ࠧ

     ᫨  ࠫ,   -  . , ⥬  ᪠ ( ᪠,  ࠧ ᫥ ᪠ ᠥ).  ᮢ६ ਭ᪨  ᫥ ࠧ,   ᫥饬 ᪥ ⥬ 㤥 饭  쭮 ⮩ .
     ᫨ ⮣  ந室,    ⥬  ⮩ 襩 Insert - 筮  ᯮ    設 ( 㣨 祭)  쭮 祭. 쪮 ,  ᫨ ⥬  ᪠,   砥,   㦥 ॣ५, ⮬  ६   - 筮    筮.
     ᫨ 祣  ,  ३  ⥬ .  ᪮쪮 , ⥬ 筨  ᭠砫, ⮫쪮  ࠩ ᭮!
     
  ࠧ 

     ᫨   㧭  ଠ樨  ࠧ  襣 ,  ४  ᫥騥 ᠩ:
     http://www.overclockers.ru/ - ᠩ ફ஢.    ଠ  ⮫쪮  ࠧ ,    㣨 ⮢ ஢;
     http://www.thg.ru/cpu/ -  ( ⮬ ᫥   ࠧ)  ᮢ६ ஢.
     

       ᠩ   ⮫묨 ।  ᪮ ᠩ⮢, 饭 ࠧ,     ફ.
     
ணࠬ  ࠧ

      BIOS   릠   ᨬ, ਬ   㢥  設   ஢. ९訢 BIOS   ,   .   ?
      ᯮ짮 ணࠬ  ࠧ ஢.     ஢७ ணࠬ:
     http://www.cpuid.com/clockgen.php - ClockGen;
     http://tw.giga-byte.com/MotherBoard/FileList/NewTech/Tech20041125PXET5.htm - EasyTune5 ( ਭ᪨  Gigabyte);
     http://soft.softoogle.com/ap/msi-dual-corecenter-download-3789.shtml - CoreCenter ( ਭ᪨  MSI).
     

      ணࠬ  ࠧ    䥪⨢, 祬   BIOS.   ࠧ    ணࠬ 䥪⨢, ᪮ BIOS  ᥣ  ॠ ⥭樠 .
     

       ᯮ짮  ணࠬ  ⮫  ᫥騬 묨 ﬨ:
     ࠧ   BIOS ,  ணࠬ -    ணࠬ,   <>,     訡  ..;
      ᫥  ணࠬ  Windows--ࠬ, ᫥⥫쭮,  㤥 ࠧ ⮫쪮  Windows,    㤥 ࠡ  㣨 樮 ⥬, ਬ  Linux, ந⥫쭮  㤥 쭮 (,    襬 -    ᯮ짮  );
     ᫨  ࠧ   BIOS,    㣨   ࠡ ॥  ᠬ ᪠ ,  ᫨  ࠧ ᯮ짮 Windows-ணࠬ,  ࠧ  ந ⮫쪮 ᫥ ᪠ Windows.
     
ணࠬ  ஢ 

       ફ   ᫥騥 ணࠬ:
     CPU-Z -   ଠ  , ਭ᪮ , ⨢  (.18.7-18.8). 㡮 ଠ樮 ணࠬ, ⥬   ࠢ쭮 । ,  , 殮 ⠭, ࠧ  ⮭宦 .  ᫮, 㦠  ணࠬ  ᠩ http://www.cpuid.com/cpuz.php -  ;
     

     
     
.18.7. CPU-Z: ଠ  

     
     
.18.8. CPU-Z: ଠ  ਭ᪮ 

     Super PI -  ᫮   ᨬ쭮 筮. ࠪ᪮ 業  ⮬ ᫥ ,    ⠪ 㦠 ,  ணࠬ ਦ । ફ஢. ⠭ ⢮  ᫥ ⮩    Calculate.  ॥   ᫨ ᫮ , ⥬    ࠧ. ணࠬ  ᯮ짮  ᢥ ७ ந⥫쭮   ࠡ ⥬.  ணࠬ   : http://www.region59.com/item1588.html;
     Prime 95 - ணࠬ  ७ ந⥫쭮 .  㦠   㦥, 祬 Super PI, ⮬  ⮦  ᯮ짮  ஢  ࠡ .  ணࠬ   : http://download.chip.eu/ru/Prime95-v24.14128627.html;
     Motherboard Monitor - 뢮 ࠪ᪨  ࠪ⨪ ਭ᪮ .  㧭   ᢮ ਭ᪮ . ࠢ,  ᥣ譨  ணࠬ ५    ਭ᪨ , 饭  2005 . ᫨   ⠪ ਭ᪠ ,    ᪠  ணࠬ  : http://mbm.livewiredev.com/download.html;
     speedfan -  ஫஢ ᪮ 饭 ⨫஢  襩 ⥬.    ⮫쪮   ᪮ 饭,    .  ணࠬ   : http://www.almico.com/speedfan428.exe;
     SiSoft Sandra - ணࠬ  ஢ 饩 ந⥫쭮 .  ஢  ⮫쪮 ந⥫쭮 ,   ᥩ ⥬  楫.    : http://www.sisoftware.net;
     3DMark'06 -  ணࠬ ⮫쪮 ୠ, , ୮,    ⮨  뢠.  ணࠬ - ⠭ -䠪 । ணࠬ ஢ ந⥫쭮. ⥫ 3DMark  ,   ᯮ  ஢ ⥬ ࠪ᪨ ᥬ ᨬ묨 ﬨ  ⤥묨 ࠬ <>.  ணࠬ   : http://www.futuremark.com/download/3dmark06.
     

     
     
.18.9. CPU-Z: ଠ  

    

    

     

      ⠬ 頥
     

      ⠥,   ࠧ -    ,  㯨   ᠬ  ஢  ᥣ譨    릠   ?   ࠧ -  .    ਬ  ⥬ 嫠, ᯥ樠     ⠭.
     
⥬ 嫠

      ਢ몫   ⥬ 嫠,    ⨫ࠬ. ,  砫쭮 ஢ ⨫ 㤥  筮.   㯨 ᠬ  ⨫ (,    ᫥ ࠭窠: http://www.overclockers.ru/reviews/cooler/air/), ⥬ ⠭ ⨫  ⥬ .  ࠭   । ⨫  ௠.
     ⨫ ⭮   ⥬ 嫠,     .  䥪⨢? ,     ࠧࠥ  ⮬.   ⮬ ᯮ  ⥬ 嫠, ᫨   <஦> -  968.  ᯮ 譠 ⥬ 嫠.  , ୮,  ᫠ -   ⮣ ⭮,  ⭠ ⥬ 嫠 .
     ࠢ,    ⮬,  ⨫   ⪠뢠  ᮡࠥ. ਭ樯 ୮ ⥬ 嫠 ᫥騩.   ᯥ樠쭮 ⨫   ⠫   ⥬   ࠢ  ⥬ 嫠. ⥬ 嫠 -  ࠪ᪨ 让 宫쭨,  ஬ 嫠  . ⥬ 嫠    .
       ᠬ 䥪⨢ 譨 ⥬ ⭮ 嫠  ⥬ Zalman Reserator XT (.18.9-18.11). ࠢ,     ᠬ ண.
     

     
     
.18.9. ⥬ 嫠 Zalman Reserator XT

     
     
.18.10. ⥬ 嫠 Zalman Reserator XT  ᡮ

     
     
.18.11. ⥬ 嫠 zalman reserator deel 2

      ⥬ 嫠 Zalman  ਫ筮 ண. ⮫쪮 ண,    ⮨    㯮  .  㣨 ⥬ 嫠,  ⮬ ᫥   ,   ᠬ,  ᬮ   :
     http://www.overclockers.ru/reviews/cooler/water/.
     
  ࠧ

       ⥬  ॢ.  襩 ⥯   ⮬ ,   㣨  (ᮡ , ⪨ ᪨) ⮦  ᢮ .   㯠  ⨫ ,  㦥  ⥯ ⭮  ( ⮫쪮 ⥬ ⪮ ᪠  ⨣ 50-60 ࠤᮢ!).
     樠  Intel 訫 ᬮ    . 뫮 ਭ 襭 嫠  宬 ,    ⥬ .  ⮣   ⥭   ᯥ樠 客, १   㯠 ।⢥  ⨫ .  客   ⥫ ⨫஢ -  㯠     ࠧ   ࠭⢮     饭.  .18.12 ࠦ 客, ਪ९  誥 ⥬ .
     

     
     
.18.12. 客

      襭 稫  Chassis Air Guide 1.1 (CAG).  㯪  ᫥, ⮡  ᮮ⢥⢮ ᯥ䨪樨 CAG.  ⮬  ᮢᥬ  譨 㤥 稥   ⥫ ᠤ   ⥫ ⨫஢ -    . 筮, ᫨  ᮡࠥ ᯮ짮  ⥬ 嫠, ⥫ ⨫   ,  ᪮ 㦥 ⮢ ⥬ ⭮ 嫠  ண,  ᮡ ᮡ⢥  ண <㫥᪮> ࠤ  ᨫ  ,  ⮨ 㬠    ⢥ 譮 嫠,   㦥 稭   .
     
  ⠭

      ॡ 魮  ⠭. 祬?  㬠 . -,  ࠧ  蠥 殮 ⮢  - , .   ⥫ ࣮. -,  騥, ᯮ騥  ࠧ, ॡ ⢥ 嫠. ⮬  ⠭  ⨫  , . , ⠪ ਤ ⠭ ⥫ ⨫, ਬ,  ⪨ ᪮,  ⥬ .    ⮦ ᮧ ⥫ 㧪   ⠭.
     

     ⠪, ⭮ - ன ,   ⠭ ᥣ .  ?  ᯥ 㯠   ⠭. ஡㥬 ࠧ㧨 . 뢠   ⢮  襩 ࠭, ᪮॥ ᥣ,    UPS (筨 ᯥॡ ⠭). 筮 䨣 ᫥: UPS 祭   220 , ⥬  祭  USP,   -  ⥬  (    ⠭).  ⮦ ᮧ 㧪   ⠭, ⮬ 㦭    UPS ⤥쭮. ᫨  UPS ᥣ  ,     롮:
          220 . ⭮, , ᫨ ⪫ ⢮, ਤ ࠭  㣠.    . 筮  ࠭  ᯮ   Ctrl + S. ⮬  . ⥬   Power   . ६   ⨨ ⮩  筮 몫 ⠭  (   ⨥  Power  ⠭   ࠢ - - ய⠭,  ⥫쭮). ᫥ ⮣  㤥 譨 ᪮쪮 ࠧ  Enter.     㣨 㬥,  ⥬  襣 ࠧ襭   ࠭ (.18.13). । 襭 ந ,   ᠬ 筮;
     㯨    ⠭,  魮  ਬ ⮬;
     㯨   UPS  ⠭ ,  業 UPS 㤥  業  ⠭, ⮬  ਮ    ⠭.
     

     
     
.18.13.   ⨥  Power

      ᮢ६  ⠭  ⠭ 魮 300-350 .  ⠪:  筮 ࠡ ⮣  筮,    ࠧ .  ᢮ த   ⠭ 魮  300  1010 . 㬠,    㦥.
      魮 300  350  뢠 ࠧ -   㦥 ⠪ ; 400 ,  㬠, ⮦ 㤥  - ᥣ  50-100  , 祬   ᥩ.
     

      ਬ 業   ( 襬   ୮  業   ,   ਬ୮ 㤥 ,    ਥ஢):
     450  - 60-63 ;
     500  - 77-80 ஢;
     550-560  - 90-110 ஢;
     650  - 120 ஢;
     750  - 135 ஢;
      800  -  200 ஢.
     

     ᫨  ࠭祭  ।⢠,  㯨    魮 500 .   ਬ୮  77-80 ஢.  魮 450  ⮦ ,  ࠭     ⠭ . ⨬  ⠭ - 650 .   業   ⠭ 560  ᥣ 10 ஢,   魮  墠  ᮬ. ,  魥 650 ,-  㦥 ࠩ.   ᫠ ⤠ 200-220 ஢   ⠭  1000 , ᫨   㤥 ᯮ짮  600 .
      ᥣ 砥   让 魮   .    頥  ,    - ⮣  .  㦭 ⠭ ⥫  ⠭ (.18.14)  ࠧ㧨 ᭮ .  ⥫쭮     ( - ᫨    ᪮쪮), ⪨ ᪨, ਢ CD/DVD. ଠ Thermaltake । ⥫  ⠭,  ⠭  ᥪ 5,25" ( ⠪ ᥪ ⠪ ⠭ ਢ CD/DVD). ⥫  ⠭ 砥  ᭮ १ ᯥ樠 室,   ᨭ஭஢ 祭/몫祭  ⠭. ⠭  ⥫   १    220 ,  뢮 १  ᫮ ७    .
     

     
     
.18.14.⥫  ⠭

       ⠭ Thermaltake ।祭 ⮫쪮  祭 ,   ன ᭮஢  ⠢ ᮡ 㤠 ᯮ짮   ᯥ祭 ࠡ ⪨ ᪮  ਢ CD/DVD.
     魮 ⥫쭮  ⠭  ⠢ 450  650 , 祣  筮.
         Thermaltake   :
     http://www.pcnews.ru/news/thermaltake-power-express-w0157-0187-450-650-w0187-12v-30-25-pci-24-hardwaretech-204973.html.
    

   

  

  

   

     III
    ⨪  ࠭ ࠢ⥩
   

   

    
      ᥣ  ६஢   譨 ᫮.    ࢨ 業    ६⮬  -  ந   .     ᠬ  ᠬ!    ,   ன  ᬮ ᫨ ன⢮, ஥ 諮  ,     㪨, 묨  ⠭  ன⢮. 祬  ६    ࢨ 業  稢 ࠡ ?    ᠬ ᬮ ᤥ   ࠡ.  类 砥,  ⮩    稬 ࠧ  ࠢ 襣 , ⮡   蠫     - , 㦭  ਭ   㫨 ,   ᠬ  室 ᥣ     ⠭ 㫨 .  ⮫쪮 㬠:  ,       ࠧમ/ᡮમ ,  짮⥫ ⤠  35 (। ⮨  )  100 (⮨ ਭ᪮ ) ஢   ! ᫨     ⢮  祭  㤭 ࢨ 業஢,  㦭   ,  ᫨  ᠬ   뢠  ⥬      ᤥ, ᪮  室  ࠭⨨  ⠭ ࠭⨥.
   

   

    

      19
     ⨪ ࠢ⥩
    

    

     

        砥
     

        ⠭,    砥.   ᫥. ० ᥣ 㦭 ஢,     ⠭. ,  뫨  ⥢ 䨫 (  த - <>)  筨 ᯥॡ ⠭? ᫨ 䨫 祭, ⮣ ஢ ᠬ ࠧꥬ ⠭ - 뢠 ⠪,   ஭㫨 , 祬 訫 <ᠤ> .
     ᫨  ⠭     浪, ᬮ   ⥭ .    ⠭  让 몫⥫. ,   室   1,   0,   祭.
     ,  ⠭  ଠ쭮. , 㦭 뢠 , ⮡ ᭨ 稭. ᫨     ࠭⨨  ࠭   ⥬ ,    ⠭, ⮣ 뢠,   ,  㦭,  㦭    ࢨ 業 -  ᠬ ࠧ.[17]
     

     뢠 ⥬  , ᫨:
     ࠭ 㦥 稫;
      ࠭  騥,     ࠭⨩  뢠  ,  ᠬ ⥬   ⠭.
     

     訢,    㢨, ᫨ ஥ ?    殮 ३   ਭ᪮  (.19.1).    3 . ᫨ ३ ᥫ,      ᬮ.  殮   ஬.    ? 㯠   ⮨,  㯨   ३ -  ⮨  襢 ⬥ (  ⨢ ).
     

     
     
.19.1.३  ⥬ 

     㯨 ३    ୮ .  㦭 ३ ⨯ CR2032 (3).  ⮨ ண, ⮬    ࠧ  襬 . 쪮 ﭥ ३, ᪠ ᫮. 뢠,    ஦    ᫥ 㯪 .   ᠬ ࢮ  , 㯫  1997 , ३    .  ,   - .
      ३ 祭 : ⭮   ⢥⪨ ⮦ 㤥ন ᪮   ३.
       㦥, ᫨ ᫥  ३  ⠪   稫. ᬮ  ਭ .      ⠭ (筮 ᭮ 梥). ᫨  ,      ਧ ,  ਤ   , / ਭ .
     ᫨        , 㦭 ।, ࠡ⠥   ⠭. ᬮ  ⨫: ᫨   ࠡ⠥,  㦭   ⠭.
      室騩  ⠭  , ⮬  ⮢   . ஢  ⠭  ᮢ - ⠩  ⠪  ⠭,   ⠭   ,  ࠧ 㯨  .
    

    

     

      ⨪   BIOS
     

     BIOS   ﭨ 믮 ⨪   । 稭 ᡮ. 饭 BIOS 뢠 㪮묨  ⥪⮢묨.   - 㪮 ᮮ饭,  ⥪⮢ ᮮ饭   묨 (  ᥣ).  饬,  ਬ  ᥬ  浪.
     
㪮 ᮮ饭 BIOS

      ᫥ 祭 ⠭  稭 .   ਧ ⭮ 訡. ⢮ ᨣ   ᫥⥫쭮    ⥬ /뢮 (BIOS, Basic Input/Output System). 筮   ந⥫ BIOS 뢮  ࠭  㧪 .      ࠭ 祣 㦥  뢮 (ਬ, ஡  ⨢    ⮩),     ⮩ 訡  頫     ந⥫ BIOS.  ⮬ 砥 㧭 ந⥫ BIOS   㪮⢥  ਭ᪮       稯 BIOS  ᠬ ਭ᪮ .    BIOS ந⢠ ᫥ : AWARD, Phoenix, AMI. ஢ 㪮 ᨣ  BIOS  ந⥫ ਢ  ⠡. 19.1, 19.2, 19.3 ᮮ⢥ ⢥.
     
 19.1. ஢ 㪮 ᨣ BIOS  AWARD

     
     

     
     
 19.2. ஢ 㪮 ᨣ BIOS  Phoenix

     
     

     
     

     
     
 19.3.஢ 㪮 ᨣ BIOS  AMI

     
     
⮢ ᮮ饭 BIOS

      ⠡. 19.4 㪠   騥 ⥪⮢ ᮮ饭 BIOS.   ࠧ ७樠樨  ந⥫ BIOS  㤥, ᪮  ⥪⮢ ᮮ饭    訡,   㤥    ,  ᨬ  ᨨ BIOS.
     
 19.4. ⮢ ᮮ饭 BIOS

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
     

     
    

    

     

      ஡  ⨢ . ஢ ⨢ 
     

      ⭠ 稭 ᠭ ணࠬ (᫨ ᪫  ᠬ ணࠬ  Windows)-  ⨢ .    㫥 ⨢  <>,     墠⠥ ⨢ . 㤥 ,  ⨢    筮, ⮬ 㦭 ஢ ᠬ  ⨢ .
      ᥣ    ⠢  㣮 . 쪮 ᬮ, ⮡ 㫨  뫨 塞! ᫨ 㣮   㪮 ,   ஡ ⠢ ⨢   㣮 ᫮. ᫨   , ⮣ 쬨  ⮢  ࠡ稩    ⠭  ᢮. ᫨  㤥 ࠡ ଠ쭮, ,    .
      த  ணࠬ ஢ન ⨢ . ,   ,-  Memtest86,   쭮 ᯥ᪠ ணࠬ, ᪠  - 樮 ⥬,  ⤥쭮 -  樮 ⥬. 稭饬 짮⥫  ४ ᫥饥.  ᯫ⭮ DVD  Ubuntu Linux (https://shipit.ubuntu.com/login). , ⠭ Linux   ਤ,  㧨  祭 DVD   㧪 롥 㭪 Memorytest (.19.2).
       㦭 - :    ⢮ 訡, ᫨ ⠪ . ᫨  ६   ᭥  १㧨,    筮    浪  ﬨ .
     

     
     
.19.2.㧮筮  ubuntu linux

     
     
.19.3.ணࠬ Memtest86

     ᫨  Memtest86 (.19.3)  㦨 - ஡,  稭 ᠭ  ᠬந १㧮 㦭 ᪠  祬 㣮,  ⮫쪮   ⨢ .
     ᭮ 稭 (᫨ ᪫ ⨢ ) ᠭ  ⥫ १㧮 - ⭠ 訡. ᯮ, ᫥ 祣 砫 ⠡쭠 ࠡ .  ,  ⠭  ன⢮, ਬ  ?    ࠩ? 稭 ᠭ   ࠢ쭮 ࠡ ஭ ⪮ ᪠: 让 饫箪, ᮯ஢ ஬,  ⨢ 㪮 ⠭  ⪮  ,-  ਧ ⮣,  ⪮  ⠫  .  ⮬ 砥     ,  ࠭  ࠡ饥 ன⢮.
    

    

     

      ⨪ ⪨ ᪮
     

     ⪨ ᪨ -  堭᪨ ன⢠,   ⮫쪮 ஭ .  堭,   ,  室  .  ७?   ⮦!  ᫮,    祭 ४   ⪨   <믠>,      ࠧ ⠪ 뢠 <>  (bad blocks).  ଠ    ,   ⥭  稬  ,  뢠. ⪨   <믫> ⠫쭮 -   쭮 .   த   (  ࢮ ⮣ ᥪ)  ᪮쪨  (   ⪠ ⪮ ᪠). ⮬ 祬 ࠭   ஡, ⥬   塞  饬.
      ணࠬ  ⨪ 孮 ᪠.  뢠 ଠ   ,  ⮬ : ᫨ ⠫ ,  ᠫ,   ⠥ ଠ. ᫥ ⮣ ⠭ ࢮ砫쭮 祭  (⮡   﫨 ᢮  ᫥ ⠪ ஢ન).
       ⠪ ணࠬ  Norton Disk Doctor,  室  ⠢ ணࠬ  SystemWorks 2005 ( 訥 Norton Utilities).  SystemWorks <> 쭮 , ⮬, ᫨   ࠭祭 䨪,  ୥    ⤥쭮 ᠬ ணࠬ - Norton Disk Doctor.   Norton Disk Doctor   ᪮ 設,     뫮  ᠩ,    ᪠. 㦭 ᪠稢 ᫥  - 2005. , -  ⤥쭮 2006-  (  ⠢  SystemWorks),       襫.
     ᯮ짮 ணࠬ 祭 .    롥 ᪨,    ஢ (.19.4).   ᯥ   ஢ઠ.   ࠬ  롥 ࠬ  ஢ ᢮  -   ஢ 孮 ᪠ (.19.5).
     

     
     
.19.4. 롮 ᪮  ஢ન

     
     
.19.5. 祭 ஢ન 孮 ᪠

     ᫥ ⮣    ஢ઠ (.19.6).
     

     
     
.19.6. NDD ஢ 

     ஬ NDD  ᯮ짮 ⠭ ணࠬ  ஢ન ᪮. ன  , 饫 ࠢ   ⮣ࠬ ᪠,    ஢, ⥬ 롥  ⢠, ३   ࢨ    믮 ஢.  襬   ࠬ ஢  ⠭ ० ᥪ     (.19.7).
     

     
     
.19.7. ⠭⭠ ணࠬ  ஢ન ᪠

      ᬮ७ ணࠬ 祭 ,    ᪠ - ਬ⨢,   쭮 室  窮. ᫨     騬   ⠭ ⪨ ᪮, ४ ணࠬ HDTune,   ᪠  : http://www.hdtune.com/.
      ணࠬ  㧭 ⥬ ⪮ ᪠, ᪮  ࠡ ( Benchmark)  ஢ ⪨   稥 訡.  ⮡ࠦ   㬥⮢ ணࠬ (.19.8).
     ⮡ 㧭 ᪮ ࠡ 襣 ⪮ ᪠, ३   Benchmark    Start.
     

     
     
.19.8.  ᪮ ⪮ ᪠

       Info (.19.9)   뢠 ଠ   ⠭  襩 ⥬ ⪨ ᪠:
      ࠧ ⪮ ᪠ -   ࠧ 뢮  ࠧ, 業 ᯮ짮, ⨯ 䠩 ⥬  㣠 ଠ;
      ন 㭪 -  .19.9 ।⠢ ⪨  ন S.M.A.R.T. (㭪 ᠬ ⨪), 48- , ୨ ஥ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 (Firmware Upgradeable), ஢   .. / 몫 ࠧ 㭪樨   ᬮ - ணࠬ ⮫쪮 뢮 ଠ,  㭪樨 ন,   - .
     

     ஬ ⮣, 뢮 ᫥ ଠ:
     Firmware version -  ஥ ணࠬ ᯥ祭;
     Serial number - ਩  ᪠;
     Capacity -  (뢮  ॠ쭠 , ⠪  ଠ஢,  筮  ॠ쭮  5-6%);
     Buffer - ࠧ   ;
     Standard - ⠭ ⪮ ᪠ (䥩);
     Supported - ন ० DMA (אַ 㯠  );
     Active - ᯮ㥬 ० DMA.
     

     
     
.19.9. ଠ  ⪮ ᪥

       ErrorScan (.19.10)  ஢   稥  ᥪ஢.  ஢થ ᪠  梥⮬ 뤥 娥 ᥪ.
       ஢ન ⪮ ᪠ 㦭 ᯮ짮     ணࠬ  ணࠬ HDTune. ᫥  ஢ 孮 ᪠,   ந ஢ 䠩 ⥬.   믮    NDD,    ⠭⭮ ணࠬ  ஢ન ᪮  Windows.
     

     
     
.19.10. ஢ઠ ᪠

     
      .  ४  ᫥騥 ࠭窨:
      http://hddguru.com/?lang=ru - ᠩ, 饭 ⪨ ᪠  ⠭ ଠ樨.  ⮣ ᠩ  ᪠ ணࠬ HDDScan,     窮, ⮬ ᯮ   ஦!
      http://www.ixbt.com/soft/hddscan.shtml - 㪮⢮  ᯮ짮 HDDScan.
      http://dalas.hardw.net/ - ணࠬ  ஢  ⠭ ⪨ ᪮ DALAS. ᯮ ஦!
     
    

    

     

      ஡  ⮩
     

     
 ࠦ  ࠭

      ᮤন । ⠡:   ᠭ,    ⮬ 砥.  設⢥ 砥 㦭    ᭮ ⠭  ( 몫祭 ), ஢ਢ 祭   .   㦭  .
     
५ ஥ 

       ਭ᪨  ⠭ ஥   㤥襢 ⮨ .  (쭮 ।) ஥  室  .   ਭ᪨   ᫮  ⠭ 譥 . ᫨  , 㯨  室饣 ⨯ (AGP  PCI-Ex)  ⠭   譨 ᫮.  設⢥ 砥 ਭ᪠  㦨    㤥  ᯮ짮.
     ᫨   ਭ᪮   ᫮ AGP/PCI-Ex,  㦭  ਭ . 祣 ᤥ .
     
  ᯮ짮  

     ஥  筮  ᠬ ந⥫ ( ᭮ 楫 ⮩  - 㤥襢 ⮨ ,    ⢥ ࠡ  嬥୮ 䨪), ⮬  짮⥫  ६  ⠭  . ᫨    ᫮ (AGP/PCI-x)  祭 譥 ,   ⠥ ⮫쪮 㯨  㦭 ⨯.
     몫   ⠭  .  ᯥ    .  ,   SETUP (Del  F2).  㦭   ( ⮬,   뢠,  ᬮ   㪮⢥  ਭ᪮ ), ⢥⢥  樠 . 筮  뢠 Init Display First  室  ࠧ Integrated Peripherals (   ࠧ ⮩ 樨   ந⥫  ᨨ BIOS).    ,   樠஢ ࢮ - ஥  . 㦭   - AGP  PCI-Ex. ᫥ ⮣  F10  ࠭ ஥, 몫 ,    譥 .  ⥯  冷! Windows ।     ⠢   ࠩ஬.
     
 ࠭ - 䠪

     䠪 -  訥 ࠦ,        ࠭, 祬  讬 ⢥.   㦤  .
     
  ᪠, ॡ  DirectX

     DirectX -  ⥪  ࠡ  䨪  㪮, ࠧࠡ⠭  Microsoft. ਬ  ᮧ   㣨 ணࠬ, ⨢ ᯮ 䨪.    ॡ ᠬ ᫥ ᨩ DirectX. 筮 ⥪ DirectX ⠢  -᪥   ன -   ⠭ 䠩  ⠭ ⥪. ᫨ DirectX  -᪥  ன ,    ᪠  ᠩ Microsoft (ᯫ⭮):
     http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/Browse.aspx?displaylang=ru&categoryid=2.
     
ࠦ ࣠  

        稭 ⮣:
     ᫠  - ஡  ;
      墠⠥ ⨢  -   ᮢ६  512  -  室 ,     㤮⢨ 㦥 1  ⨢   ;
     ᫠  - ᫨  㯠    5  ,   ஬,  ,     浪;
     訡 ࠩ  DirectX - ᫨  ᠬ-ᠬ, , 㦭  ࠩ  DirectX. 砩  ᠩ ந⥫ ᫥  ࠩ  ⠭ , ᫥ ⮣ ⠭ ᫥  DirectX, ᪠砭  ᠩ Microsoft;
      Windows - ᫨  魠, ⠭ ᫥ ᨨ ࠩ஢  DirectX, ,  㦥  ⠭ Windows. ᫨ ࠦ ࣠   㣨 , ⮣ 筮 㦭 ⠭ Windows.
    

    

     

      ஡  㤨⮩
     

     筮  㪮 ⮩  ஡ -  㪠. 稭 ᫥騥:
     ࠢ쭮 祭 ᪮ ⥬ - ஢, ⮡ ⥪ ᪮ ⥬  祭    㪮  (筮 室 ।  LINE-IN   䮭). ஢ ஢ ஬  ᠬ ᪮ ⥬ , , 祭  ⠭ ;
      ணࠬ ஢ ஬ - ᫨  ⠭, 祭  ஢ ஬   浪, 㦭 ஢ ⥬ ஢ ஬.  ⮣ 롥   , 믮,   sndvol32 (.19.11)  ⠭ ᨬ ஢ ஬ (⠪ 㡥,   祭 䫠 몫.  Front Speaker, , ⥧  CD Player);
     訡 ࠩ -  ணࠬ ⠭ ࠩ, ᫥ ⠭ ࠩ १㧨 ;
     㪮  ⪫祭 - , - ⨫  ⪫稫  㪮   SETUP.    㪮⢮  襩 ਭ᪮  -   㦭   樨, 饩 /몫 ஥ 㪮 . 筮   室  ࠧ Integrated Peripherals.
     

     
     
.19.11. ஢ ஬

    

    

     

      ।⢠ ⨪ DirectX
     

     ⥪ DirectX ᮤন  ணࠬ    㪠  .  ᪠ ணࠬ ⨪ 믮  , 믮    dxdiag.   ⥬ (.19.12) ⮡ࠦ  ଠ   -  ,  樮 ⥬,  ਭ᪮  (筥, 稯 - 뢮  ப  ), ந⥫   BIOS, ⨯   ਬୠ  , ꥬ ⨢ , ଠ  ᯮ짮 䠩 窨,  DirectX.
     

     
     
.19.12. ଠ  ⥬

      ᯫ (.19.13)  ஢  :  ஢ન ᯮ  ஢ઠ Direct Draw  ஢ઠ Direct 3D. directdraw -   DirectX, ।⠢  㭪権  אַ 饭  ⥬ . Direct3D -    ᠬ,   DirectDraw,  ᯮ  ࠡ  嬥୮ 䨪.
     

     
     
.19.13. ⨪ 

         몠  ஢ 㪮 . ,  windows  宩  ⨪ 㪮 , 騩  稭   ⭮ 짮⥫. ३   ᫨ 祣   ணࠬ dxdiag    . ஥ , ᫥  ண  ᬮ <> ᢮ 㪮  (.19.14).
     

     
     
.19.14.  ᪠ ࠢ

     
DMark 2006

      㯨   nVidia,   ⮢ -   ATI.  ,   - ᠬ ,   ⠨,  ?    3DMark 2006 -  ணࠬ  ᫥ ந⥫쭮 ⥬  ࠡ  嬥୮ 䨪.     , ⥬ . ⭮, ᫨    ,   먣ࠫ.  3DMark 2006 (᫥ )  ᯫ⭮  :
     http://www.futuremark.com/download/3dmark06/.
     

     
     
.19.15. 3DMark  ࠡ

    

   

   

    

     20
      ᢮ 㪠
    

    

     

       ६,   - 
     

     ᫨ -   室  ,   㦥,  ࠢ,  ६.    楫ᮮࠧ  ᪮ 窨 ७.    ஡, ६  ६   짮⥫ ஢.     ⠪, , ⠪ ᪠, ᮡ ᯮ짮 . ⭮,  設⢮ 짮⥫   ᠬ ࠭  ஡, ⮬   .   ந ⠪ 뢠 <६>,   ᠬ    ࠭ ஡, ன, ᫨ ,   ६ -   㤥 ᨤ  訬 ஬  쭨.
      ⠡. 20.1 ਢ  騥  窨 ७ ६⮯ਣ.
     
 20.1. ⮯ਣ  

     
     

     
     

       ਬ  ࠧ ஡,     ᯫ樨     ࠭ ᢮ ᨫ.
    

    

     

       騥 ஡
     

     
⥬   ஢ 

      㯨  ஢ , 稫 ਥ (ᨢ, receiver)   USB,    ࠡ⠥!   㡥,  ᨢ ஢    ᯥ ன. ,   - ᮡ ,    ࠡ 㦭 ⠭ ࠩ.
     ᫨ ᨢ   ᯨ᪥ ன, , 㦭 ஢   - ३. ,   ࠢ쭮  ⠢ (஢ ୮). ३    ࠧ殮. ஡ ⠭ 㣨.  (     ३)  㦥  ᪮쪮 楢  .  ,  ३  ᯮ.    筮    ன ⠢ ३  祭 襣  ⢠. 㯨 ३ 襭  (ਬ, 2000-2500),   ⮠,   㤥   ਬ୮  ,  ,    -  . ॥ 筮 魮 墠⠥ ਬ୮   .
     ᫨  ३   浪, , ᪮॥ ᥣ,  뫨 ਢ易   ᨢ. ⠩ 㪮⢮  襩  - ⠬   ᠭ,   ᤥ. 筮 㦭   Connect  ᨢ   Connect   (  室 ᡮ   뫮  ).
     
஢  ਮ᪨  ࠡ⠥

     稭 ⠪  - ᫠ .     믮 ਢ離  - ஡ 祧.
         訥 !  ,   ३.  -    ३,    १浪. ன⢮  浪 ⮨ ਬ୮ 5 ஢. 殮 ஢ 墠  祬  . ⮬    १廊,   ਬ୮ 10 ᮢ,  ᨬ   ஢  魮 ன⢠  浪.  襢 ன⢠  浪  । ࠬ 150  . ⥫쭮,  浪 ஢  2000 㦭 ਬ୮ 13 ᮢ.  ⮨ 㢥稢 ᨫ ⮪  300,  ᫨ 來 ன⢮   ᤥ,- ⠪  ᮪ ப 㦡 ஢.
     
⥬    

      砥   (PS/2),    ࠡ⠥. 稭    ࠢ쭮 祭 (஢, ,  稫     ),  ᠬ     PS/2.
     ० ᥣ ஢塞 ࠢ쭮 祭. 㤥 ,   ࠫ ࠢ쭮 . ⥬ ஢ਬ ࠡᯮᮡ . ஡    㣮  ( 襣 ⮢, ᥤ). ᫨   㤥 ࠡ, ⮣ ⠩,   ,-    㯨  .
     祬 ,  㦭 㯠  ? -, ⥯   㤥  ᨢ .  -, ᫨    ࠡ,   諮   ਭ !   砫  室    PS/2. , ᫨ ਭ᪠   ࠭⨨.  ᫨ ࠭⨩ ப 㦥 稫,  㦭  ਭ .
     ᫨   ,   㯨 USB-.  ᫨   ⨢஢ প USB-  BIOS  室   PS/2- (   BIOS  ন USB-),  USB-  㤥 ࠡ  㧪 Windows.  ⮬ 砥 ⭮,  USB- 㤥 ६ 襭 ஡   ࠢ ࠭   ਤ  ਭ .
     
  譨 DVD-RW  USB

      㯨 譨 DVD-RW (砥    USB),   ⪠뢠 ࠡ? 稭    ᫥饬:
     ࠡ稩 USB- - ஡  ਢ  㣮 .    ࠧ६,    ࠡ稬 USB-⠬;
     ᮢ⨬ USB-ᨩ -     ਢ USB 2.0,   ⥬ ⠭ USB-஫ USB 1.1. 祣    - ਤ 㯠 ⤥ ஫ USB 2.0, 믮   PCI- ७ (. ਫ 3);
      ⠭ - ,  USB-஫ 㦥 祭  USB-ன   USB-ਢ  墠⠥ ⠭. ᫨  ⠭   浪,     ⠭  USB- ,  ⮪ ਢ  뢠.
     
஡  祭 IDE-⥫

     뢠 ⠪,   祭   IDE-⥫ (⪮ ᪠, ਢ DVD)  IDE-஫,  ஬ 㦥 祭  IDE-ன⢮, ⥬ ⠥   ன⢠. 稭 砥  ࠢ쭮 롮 ० ன⢠ master/slave. ஡ 祭 IDE-ன ᬠਢ   6, ⮬ ⥫쭮 ⠩ .
     
⥬   㦠  譥 USB-ਢ

     㧪  譥 USB-ਢ (  USB-᪠) , ⮫쪮 ᫨ BIOS ন ⠪ ᯮᮡ 㧪. ᫨    ᪠ ( ⮬   㪮⢮  ਭ᪮ )  SETUP  㧪  USB-⥫,   ⥬  ন  ᯮᮡ 㧪.
      ? 筮    ᯮᮡ 襭 ஡: 㧪  㣮 ⥫,  ন ⥬ (ਬ,  ਢ ७ DVD-RW),   BIOS.  ਥ ᯮᮡ -  㧪  㣮 ਢ.  ᫨ 㧪  USB -  ਭ樯,  㦭  BIOS.  ⮬    17. ᫨  ᮬ  ᢮ ᨫ,     ࢨ 業,   ᤥ ஢ ᯥ樠.
     
 뫨 ஫ CMOS

      ਭ᪮    (६窠),  뢠 CMOS Clear ( - Password Clear).   ᪠ 㪮⢮  ਭ᪮ , ⮡ ᬮ,     㦭 ⠭  饭 CMOS?   몫       ३  ਭ᪮ . ,  ਤ ⠭ ࠬ SETUP , ,  ࠩ ,   ᬮ   SETUP.
     
  ᪠

      ।饩   㦥 ᬠਢ  稭 ⠪ 㤮⢮⥫쭮  .   ࠧ ,  稭   ࠧ廊 ३  ⥬ .  㦭  .   - 1 .
     
३ CMOS ᫨誮  ᠤ

     ३ CMOS  墠     . ᫨ ३ ࠧ廊 ᫨誮 , , ᪮॥ ᥣ,   ३, ப 㦡 ன 㦥  襫.  㯪 ஢  䠪.  ᫮, ஡  ३  ࠧ.
     ᫨ 㣠 ३ ⮦  ࠧ廊 ( ᫮,  砫쭮 ३ 뫠 ),    ਭ᪮ . ⥫쭮    ࠭⨨, ᫨   . ࠭⨨ 㦥 ?    ३  த ਭ᪮  (࠭    ୨ ,   ਭ  㦭 㤥 த),  ࠧ  ਭ  (  ).
     
 ६  BIOS 몫稫 ᢥ

     ⭮,  ᫥ ⮣ ⥬  ᪠.  .   ﬠ ண  ࢨ 業,  १ 奬 BIOS ணࠬ஬     ( 筮 १뢠).   ,   ந  , ᪮  ᪨ 㦥   ணࠬ஢, ⮬     BIOS  ⮣ ன⢠. ᫨  ⠪ ᪮  ,  ਤ  ਭ .
     
஡  

       騥 ஡  ⨢   ⥬⨧஢  ⠡. 20.2.
     
 20.2. ஡  ⨢ 

     
     
BIOS 뢠 訩 ꥬ , 祬 ⠭  ⥬

     ॥ ᥣ, 稭  ⮬,  ⥣஢  ࠤ뢠  ⨢ . ਬ,   ⠭ 512 ,  १ࢨ 32 , ⮣ BIOS 㤥 뢠 ᥣ 480 .
     ஥  筮 쭮 ᫠, ⮬ ਭ᪨   ஥  㯠    , 㤥  - ࠡ⪠ 㬥⮢. ᪫祭  ⠢ ਭ᪨  nVidia  ஥묨 ⠬  nVidia.
      ᪮쪮 ᮢ⮢.
     ᫨   ,  - 墠⪨  ।  㦤 㯠 ਭ   ஥ , 㯠 ਭ   nVidia. ஥  祬  㤥 ⫨  ᢮ ⤥쭮 , ஬ ⢨   ,-  ⢥  㤥 ᯮ짮 .  த  쭮 娥 ਭ᪨   ⠬   稯 GeForce 7025 ⮨  60 ஢. 쭮  業, 뢠 ,   稯  ᫠쪨.
     ᫨   ᭮ ࠡ⠥  ஬  ० ஭ 饩 設,   ࠡ⠥  㬥⠬, ⠭  BIOS  ࠧ , १ࢨ㥬  .  㦥 뫮 ⬥祭,  ࠧ襭 1280x1024  32-⭮ 梥  墠 5 .   ⠭ 8   -  .  㤥 , ⠭  , ਬ 32 .  ⠢ ᫠ .   筮 ० (  ⤥쭠 ) ⥪  ᭠砫 㦠  , ⮬ ,   頥,-  ⨢.      <㠫쭮> -    ᠬ ⨢ , ⮬ ᮡ ࠧ   .
     
஦:  AGP-

     ।,     AGP-,   뢠,   ਭ᪠ ,   ன  AGP-ࠧꥬ ᨨ 2.0 (殮 1,5 )  3.0 (殮 0,8 ). ᫨ ⠭   (殮 3,3 )  ࠧꥬ   ਭ᪮ ,   ⠪ । 稯,    㢨 让     奬. ࠢ,  ᮦ ਭ !
     ⮬    砥  㦭 ⠭     ਭ᪨ ! 筮,   ࠢ  ᪫祭, ਬ ६窠  ਭ᪮ ,   殮 AGP-᫮.    ᪫祭 㦭   ⠭   ᫮,   ᫥.
     
  USB- ࠡ

     祬  USB- ࠡ⠥,  ன - ?    稭:
        ᪮쪮 ୥ 業஢ usb.   業  usb-.   業   ⠭  500. 筮 USB-ன⢮ ॡ ⠭  100,     ஦૨ . ᫨  稫  ࢮ  ன⢮, ஥ 㫮  400,  ன⢮, 祭  ஬ , ࠡ  㤥;
     ᡮ ࠩ. ன ᯥ ன, 㤠  ୥ 業 USB,  ⥬ १㧨 ;
      襫   -  ᮡ ஢ 祣. ᫨  㦥    (  ᣮ५), 㯨 USB-業 (⥫쭮 㯠 業  ⤥ ⠭)     ࠡ饬 USB-.  ⮣   3-5 ࠡ  ᢮ USB-⮢.
     
 ⨫

      ⥬       ⨫ - ⨫   ⨫  ⠭.   ⥬ ⨫஢   , ਬ ⥫ ⨫     嫠 ਭ᪮ , ⨫ , ⨫ ⪮ ᪠.
          ⨫஢ 筥   ᮢᥬ  㪨, 宦  ⠫᪨ ०,-   .   㤥 㬥    殮 ᥩ ࠡ .
     

      ᯥ 㯠  ⨫. <> ⨫  㦭 ᬠ.  <⠢> ⨫  ⠭. ᫥ 祭 ⠭   㬥 ᪮쪮 ,   室  .   ௥  墠⨫.   㦭 ᤥ, ⮡ ਢ   ⢮:
       ⠭.  ⮬  ᮢᥬ  易⥫쭮 ⪫  ਭ᪮ .  ᫨  㤮 (ਬ, ⥬  室  ⮫), , 筮 ,  ⪫   ⥬  - ⠪ 㤥 ;
     ⥬ ࠧ ᠬ  ⠭.  ⮬  祣 ᫮ -  誠 ९   ;
     ᫥ ⮣  ⨫  ⠭.  ⮦ ९   . ஢ ⠭ ⨫ ਯ    ⠭, ⮬  ஦ - ᫨  ࢥ ,  ਤ   㪨 쭨;
        ⨫.  ,  ᠬ 業, 㤥 १ ( ⬠ᮢ) 誠.  ;
      㢨 ⮪ ⨫.    㦭 ᬠ (.20.1).  ࠩ - 筮 ᪮쪮 !  ᬠ  ᥣ ਬ ᫮, ஥ ᯮ  袥 設,- ⮨ ,  㯨     宧⢥ .   ᯮ짮 ⮬쭮 ᫮, ᫨    㯨 楫  ᫠  ⮣, ⮡ ᯮ짮 ᥣ ᪮쪮 . ࠢ,  ⨫,   ⨫஢ ᨭ᪮ ⮬쭮 ᫮ 室  (⨫ 쭮  稭 㬥 ᭮ - १ ᪮쪮 楢). ⭮,   ⭮ ᫠;
     ᫥ ᬠ ⨫ 㦭  ⮪ 誮  ந ᡮ  ⭮ 浪.
     

     
     
.20.1.  ⨫  ⠭

     ⠫ ⨫ ᬠ뢠  ࠧ. 筮,   㦨 ன⢠,   ᬠ ( 誨  ).  ⮬ 砥 ਤ 㯠  ⨫.
     
㬭 ࠡ ਢ CD/DVD

     稭 㬭 ࠡ ਢ CD/DVD - ᡠ.  ࠭ 㬠 ஢,   ९ ਢ  . ᫨   祧, ⠭ ⥬   ஢ 孮.   .
       稭 㬠 -  ᠬ ᪨.    - ਢ묨.  ⮬ 砥    ᯮ짮,  ⠪   ࠧ  ਢ,  ⮣  ਤ 㯠  ਢ.
     
䠪  ࠭

     䠪 - 訥 ᪠ ࠦ  ࠭.       ࠭, 祬 ।᪠   .  짮⥫ 㬠,   <>     ࠧ.
      稭  䠪 -    (  ஢ઠ     ।). 稭  䠪⮢ - ࠩ  ᠬ . ० 祬   ࠩ,     ⠭   (筮 ,  몫祭 ). ᫨ 䠪  祧, ன ᯥ ன  㤠 , १㧨    ⠭ ࠩ .  ? , ᪮॥ ᥣ, 㦭  .
     
 ᪥    ࠦ  ࠭

       㦥 뫠 ᠭ   11. ,  稭 뫠 <ਢ> ⠭ . 㦭 뫮   ⠭  ᭮.
     
CRT- १୮ 栥

     栭 (  १୮)-   ࠢ,  ᮡ ࠡ CRT-. ⮡ 㬥 栭, 㦭 ⠭    ࠭ (.20.2).
     

     
     
.20.2.   ࠭

      ࠢ    ࠡ祬 ⮫  롥  ⢠.  襬  ३   ࠬ    ⥫쭮 (.20.3). ⥬ ३     ⠭   ࠭. ⥫쭮 ⠭  85  ( ),    ᥣ ন ஬. ਬ,  ७쪨    ࠡ   85   ࠧ襭 1280 1024. ⮡ ⠭ 85 , 諮  ࠧ襭  1024x 768.    .
     

     
     
.20.3. ⢠ 

     
⥬   32  ⪮ ᪠

      㯨  ⪨  , ᪠, 200 ,  ⥬ ᮮ頥,    ᥣ 32 !  ᯥ 㣠  த殬. ॥ ᥣ,     BIOS,   ⮫쪮  32 . ⠩ 㪮⢮  ⪮  (祭  ४樨   ⠭      ⪮ ᪠)- 筮 㦭 ⠭ । ࠧ ᯥ樠 ,  ⮣ ⪨   㤥 ᯮ짮    ன ᨥ BIOS. ᫨  ⠪   ,  ਤ  BIOS - 㣮 室   .
    

   

   

    

      21
     ⥬ ⠭ Windows
    

    

     

       祣    ⮩ 
     

       饭 <> - ⭮  .  ⠪  砥,  Windows  , 祬 室   騥 , ⮬   㤥 ⠫  ணࠬ묨 訡,   묨.  ⮩   ਬ  ⠭ Windows, ᬮਬ ᮡ ਠ 㧪 Windows  ᯮᮡ ⠭ .
     祬  ࠫ   ?  ।⠢, 㤠  㤥 , ᫨ Windows ⠭ 㦠? ࠢ쭮,  ࢨ 業.  ⠢ ⠬ ᢮ , 㤭 業    㤭   . ⥬  ᮮ,   ਫ ⠭ Windows,  ⠪,   ன ⠫ ०   㬥 楫!   ⠢   祬  1000 㡫.      ,   楫, 㩤 .
      ᠬ  Windows    ᮡࠫ ⠭.   ⠭.     ᨫ  :  뢮!
    

    

     

      ⠭ ஫쭮 窨 Windows
     

     ।  ⥬   (⠭ ⥬ ணࠬ, ࠩ  ..) Windows ᮧ ஫ .  砥,    ᤥ ⪠,   ⠭ ।饥 ﭨ ⥬.  ⥭쪮 뢠 ⠪,   ࠩ  襫,   ந襫 - ᡮ,  ⥬ ४⭮ ࠡ⠥.  ᥣ  ⠭ ।饥 ﭨ ⥬.
      ⮣ 믮   , ணࠬ, ⠭, 㦥, ⠭ ⥬.    ⠭ (.21.1) 롥 ⠭  ࠭ ﭨ     .
     

     
     
.21.1.  ⠭

       㢨  (.21.2).    ⬥祭 ,  뫨 ᮧ ஫ 窨. , ਬ, 2  뫠 ᮧ ஫쭠 窠 - ⠭ ணࠬ Partition Magic. ᫨ ᫥ ⠭ ⮩ ணࠬ ⥬ ⠫ , ⠭  ஫ .  ⠭   .
     

       ,  Windows ᮧ ஫ 窨  ᢮ ᬮ७. ᫨  ᮡࠥ 믮 ⢨, ਬ ⠭ - ணࠬ,  ॢ,    । ⥬,   믮  ⢨ ᮧ ஫ .   ४ ᮧ ஫  ࠧ  , ᨬ  ⮣, ⠭  ணࠬ  .   ࠡ⠥?   祭?  ᪠  ⠭  롨ࠥ    ⠭.   㤥  ⠭   砥 祣.
     

     
     
.21.2. 롮 ஫쭮 窨

    

    

     

      Windows  㦠! ⮤?
     

     १㦠  ,  ⮫쪮 諠 ஢ઠ ,  F8.  F8 㦭  ।⢥ । 㧪 Windows,  ᮢ६  ⠪  㦠,     ᯥ.  㢨  ⥫ (ᮡ) ਠ⮢ 㧪 Windows:
      ० - 㤮 ᯮ짮  ⠭  ( ⠭ ஫쭮 窨, 㤠 ᮢ), ᫨  筮 ०   㦠;
      ०  প ⥢ ࠩ஢ -  㬮砭  ᭮ ०  ,  ୥  㯭. ᫨  㦭 প ୥  쭮 , 㦭   ਠ;
      ०  প  ப -  ⮣ 㭪   ᠬ  ᥡ,   祣;
      ⮪஢ 㧪 -  롮 ⮣ ਠ   㧪 㤥 ⮪஢  䠩 C: \bootlog.txt,  ᬮ    ᭥ 稭 ᡮ. , 稭騩 짮⥫   ⮬ 䠩  ᭮  ᥡ;
      ० VGA- ᯮ  ࠭ ஡  . ⥬ 㤥 ࠡ  ࠧ襭 64048016 (16 梥⮢)-  ⠪ ० ᬮ ࠡ     ;
     㧪 ᫥ 㤠筮 䨣樨 ( ࠡᯮᮡ묨 ࠬࠬ)-   ਠ 㦭 ஡   । (.21.3);
      ⫠ - ⮦  㦥 稭饬 짮⥫;
     筠 㧪 Windows - ᯮ  筮 㧪, ਬ ᫨  砩      뫨  ࠤ ;
     १㧪 - १㧪 ;
       롮 樮 ⥬ - , ᫨   ⠭ ᪮쪮 ᨩ Windows,-   ⮣ 㭪  ᬮ  ,    㧨.
     

     
     
.21.3.  ⥫ ਠ⮢ 㧪 Windows

     砫 롨ࠥ ਠ 㧪 ᫥ 㤠筮 䨣樨. ᫨   ,  㦠  ᭮ ०  ந ⠭ ஫쭮 窨. ⥫쭮   ᫥,  ।᫥.  ,  ᯮᮡ ய뢠 ᥡ  ᫥ ஫ , ⮬ ᫨       ⠪ ᮬ,  㦭 ⠭ ।᫥ ஫ .
    

    

     

      ⠭ ﭭ 
     

      䠩  ⨫ ২?  ࠨ.    ⠭ 㤠 䠩.  㤠 䠩 㤠   - 㤠 ⮫쪮   ⠡ ࠧ饭 䠩,   ⮩  ࠭  १ࢭ  ⮩ ⠡,  ᮧ ⮬᪨ 樮 ⥬.   :  㤠 䠩 ଠ   ࠥ   ᪠,      . ᫨  ६, 襤襥   㤠 䠩,    뫨 ᠭ 㣨 묨,  䠩  ⠭.  뢮: 祬 ॥  㦨 <ய> 䠩, ⥬  蠭ᮢ  ⠭.
      ४ ணࠬ:
     FILERECOVERY - ᯮ  ⠭ 㤠 䠩  IDE/SCSI-᪠,  ⠪  Flash-᪠.
     RescuePROT Deluxe - ᯮ  ⠭ 㤠 䠩  ஢ ⥫ (CompactFlash, SmartMedia, MMC, xD/SD, Memory Stick, XD Cards, Microdrive, PCMCIA, Video CD, DVD). :  ணࠬ   ⠭ 䠩, 㤠  ⪨ ᪮!
     FILERECOVERYR Repairit - ᯮ  ⠭ 㤠  ० ࠧ. 㣨 ᫮,  ணࠬ ࠡ⠥   ⠡楩 䠩,   ⠡楩 ࠧ.
     

       ணࠬ - ᪨ (  ,  㦭   ᪨ ணࠬ?). ᯫ ᨨ  ᪠  :
     http://www.lc-tech.com/software/software.html.
     

      ⮩   ᬮਬ ⮫쪮  ணࠬ.  ᪥ ணࠬ ,    ⠭ 䠩:  ,  ⥬ ᬮ ᯨ᮪ 㤠 䠩,   ⠭,     䠩,   㤠,  ணࠬ ᠬ ⠥   - ᫨  ,    㤥 ⠭ (.21.4).
     

       ࠢ  ० -      ,  㤠 - 䠩 (ਬ, 㤠 ﭭ ⠫,    뫨  䠩),    ⮣ ०  ᬮ  㢨 (  , 祬 ॥  㦨 ய, ⥬ ). 롥  (.21.5)    OK.
     

     
     
.21.4. 롮 ० ࠡ

     
     
.21.5.롮 ᪠

     ᫥ ⮣  㢨 ᯨ᮪ 䠩  ⠫ 襣 ᪠. ⮡ 㢨 㤠 䠩  ⠫, ३  ० .   -  ,    ᪥ ᥩ,   - ,   㤠    ⠭ (.21.6).
     

     
     
.21.6. ᮪ 䠩  ⠫,   ⠭

      ⠭ 䠩  ⠫ 饫   ࠢ    롥  ࠭ .  ⮫쪮 -  㬥 ⠭ 䠩  ⠫.  㦭   .  㯨,   - ⢮.    ஢   㢥 ,   祭  ⠭ 䠩.     ୥   ᪮  FILERECOVERY full version download.
     ஬ ᬮ७ ணࠬ,  ४  ணࠬ Winternals Administrator Pak.   室 ᫥騥 ணࠬ:
     ERD Commander 2005 - ᯮ  ⠭ ⥬ NT4/2000/XP/Server 2003,  ࠧ  ⥩, 祬 ⠭⭠ ᮫ ⠭ Windows, 뢠    ᥬ ࠧ NTFS, FAT  FAT32  ० ᪠. ணࠬ  ।஢ ॥,  ஫ ஢  ..   ⮩ ணࠬ  ᬮ ࠭  ,  筮 ࠢ ⥬ ⠭ ⥬;
     NTRecover - ᯮ  ⠭ ०  㤠 䠩  ⠫;
     Remote Recover -  ⠭ 䠩 ⥬    ० ⥬ Windows NT4/2000/XP/2003, ᯮ ᮥ  TCP/IP. ᯮ  㤠 ⠭ . ᯥ稢    ࠧ ⪮ ᪠    襩 ,  ࠧ NTFS/FAT/FAT32,  ⠪ ᪨,   ࠧ  ࠧ,  ଠ஢ ᪨;
     Locksmith -  ⠭ <> ஫   ⥬ Windows NT4/2000/XP/2003. ᯮ짮 ணࠬ 祭 : 롨ࠥ      ஫.
     

      Winternals Administrator Pak  ୥ ᮡ ஡  ⠢.  ⮫쪮 ࠩ    ⮣,  <஬ ﭥ>   訬 ஬ - .
    

   

   

    

      22
     ୨ 㪮
    

    

     

      ᮡ ୨樨 㪮
     

     ୨ 㪮    㪨   - ᫥ ᯥ譮 ୨樨   㯠  ,     ᯫ஢ ,   襢 㯪  .
      䥪⨢묨 ᯮᮡ ୨樨 㪠  㢥祭 ꥬ ⨢   ⠭  ண   ⪮ ᪠. ⠫ ᯮᮡ  १୮ ண,   .    ᬮਬ ୨   㪠.
      ⮢  ⮬,  ୨ 㪠    ୨樨 ᮭ쭮 ,     ୨ 㪠  . ᫨  㯠 ,  । 㯪 㡥,    ୨஢.   筨  ୨樨   ⪮ ᪠.  㦭 㯠 㪨  ⠩᪨ .  ⠬   ୨஢,    ३ - 㦥 . ᪮쪮    㯨 ⠪ .    , 宧鶴 ᪠,  ३ 諠  .  ⠫  ३   ,   祣  稫,   த  ( ⮬  ਫ த ஦, 祬 㯨,   㦥 㣠 ).
        ୨஢,   - ? 쭮  ⠫ 㪠 㭨 - ந⥫ 㪮 ࠧࠡ뢠 ᮡ⢥ 襭, ⮡ ᮤন 㪠 ⨫   让 . - ⮣ 쭮    㦭 騥   祭 ண (祬 ⭥ 騥, ⥬  ᫮   ⥬ ஦ 멤 ३),   ᥣ ୨ 㪠  믮  ࢨ᭮ 業.  騥 㪮 室 ⮫쪮   । ந⥫, 祬 㡮  । . 쭮  騥 ਯ  ਭ᪮  㪠.  ⮬ 砥 ᫨    믮 ୨,  ⮫쪮  ࢨ᭮ 業.  ,  㦥 ⬥砫,  祣  ୨஢,  ⮣  ⠥ ࠧ 誮 -  ⮫쪮   㦥  ᪠ ᮢ६ ணࠬ ᯥ祭,   .   ४     ॥ - ,  ⠭ ,   㤥  ᮢ६ ,     㤥 த.
      ⠡. 22.1 ਢ  ୨樨 ࠧ ⮢ 㪠.
     
 22.1.  ୨樨 ⮢ 㪠

     
     

       ਬ  ୨樨 㪠,   믮 ᢮ ᨫ.
    

    

     

        - ᠬ 䥪⨢ ᯮᮡ ୨樨
     

      䥪⨢ ᯮᮡ ୨樨  , ⠪  㪠  㢥祭 ꥬ ⨢ .  ⮬   ᠬ ண ᯮᮡ ୨樨, ᮡ  䮭 ⪮ ᪠  .
     㫨  㪠   ⠭  ᫮,      ਭ . ⭮,  ᫨ 㫨 ,     ந ⮫쪮  ࢨ᭮ 業.     ਯ  ਭ᪮ ,  㯥  ⮩ ᫮,    ⠭ ⥫  .  㯭   ᫮.  饬, ॢ୨  . 筮   誥   த 誠, 뢠 ᫮  . ,  ࠢ, ९    㯠.  室 ᭨   㪠, ⮡ ந ୨   㡥   .
     㫨 , ᯮ騥  㪠, ⭮  ⠭ SODIMM (Small Outline Dual-Inline Memory Module), ⮬  㫨   㪠 ᯮ짮 .  .22.1 ࠦ   SODIMM DDR-2  256  ந⢠ Kingston.
     

     
     
.22.1.   㪠  256 

      .22.2 ࠦ  ⠭  SODIMM  ᫮  㪠:
      㦭 ⠭  ᫮  㣫  楢 ஭ ;
         -    ⠭  ࠢ쭮.
     

     
     
.22.2. ⠭  SODIMM

     ୨  㪠   ஦ 筮 ୨樨 ᮭ쭮 . ਬ,   SODIMM DDR-2  1  ⮨   40 ஢.     35 ஢.  㫨  512    20 ஢. 筮,   砥, ᫨  ᫮⮢. ᫨   ﭭ,  業 ᪮쪮  -   ਤ 稢 㣨 ࢨ᭮ 業.
    

    

     

       ⪮ ᪠
     

      ⪮ ᪠ - ன  䥪⨢ (᫥ ୨樨 ) ᯮᮡ 襭 ந⥫쭮.   ⠭  ⮫쪮 ⪨  襭 ,    ந⥫ ⪨ .  㦥 諮 ६ ୨樨 ᪮, 㯫 2-3  .  ࠢ, ᪮ 饭  ⪨ ᪮ ⮣ ६  ॢ蠫 4200 ⮢  .  ᮢ६ ⨬ ⮣ . ⮬ ⥫쭮 㯨 ⪨ , ᪮ ண 5400 ⮢  . , 筮, 㯨 ⪨   ᪮ 7200 ⮢  ,  ⠪ ⪨ ᪨  ⢥ ஦  ॡ  ࣨ, ⮬ ⨬묨  ⪨ ᪨  ᪮ 饭 5400 ⮢  .
       ,    㪠  ⠭ ⮫쪮  ⪨ , ⮬ । ୨樥 ᪮       ᪨ CD/DVD, ⮡ ⮬  뫮  ७   ⪨ .
     ⪨ ᪨  㪮   ਭ᪮   ⥬  䥩ᠬ,   ⪨ ᪨  - ATA  SATA,  ࠧ  <> ⪨ ᪮  - 2,5" ⨢ 3,5" ( ). 뢠,  ୨㥬   襭 2-3  ,  ।,    ⠭ ATA-  40-60 . ஡㥬   . ᪨   160  㯭 ⮫쪮  䥩ᮬ SATA.  ⨬ ਠ -  ந⢠ Samsung ( HM120JC)  ᪮ 饭 5400 ⮢  , ஬ 8    120 .  ⮨ ஢ 100 ஢ -   ଠ  㤠,  ࠧ 㤥 ⨬.  ⮬ ⪮ ᪥   ࠢ  ࠬ: ६ ࠡ⪨  ⪠. ந⥫ ࠭,  訥 330  ᮢ    㤥  浪.
      ୨樨 ⪮ ᪠ 㦭 ᭨   㪠. 筮    祣 ᫮, ᫨, 筮,   ਯ  ਭ᪮ .
     訢,      ⪨ ᪮?    ࠡ稩.    Hitachi,  ⨫ ᭠  ⪮ ᪠. ਭ樯 ࠡ -    砥  ଠ  ⪮ ᪠ ᮭ쭮 .  ⠢ ⪨   ᭠,  ⮬ 砥     USB.  訩 ⪨  ॢ頥  譨 ⪨ ,    짮  ᮡ ࠭祭 (ࠧ  ࠡ  㤥 , ᫨   
     

     
     


     ᫨ ⪨  ,    ࢨ᭮ 業,   㦭 뢠  譨 ⪨ ᪠!  ⪨ ᪨     USB -  祭 ,   㦭 뢠  㪠. 筮 譨 ⪨ ᪨ 讣 ࠧ,      㬪  㪮.  ७ ⪮ ᪥  ࠭ ᠬ  䠩,       ,   ⠫쭮 (娢, ਡ⨢ ணࠬ, 䨫, )-  譥 ⪮ ᪥, ᫨   ﭭ    ᮡ. 譨 USB--   ஦ ७  -  120 ( 40 )  200 ( 160 ) ஢, 筮, ᫨  ਭ   ᪨ ᮢᥬ 让  (250  - 300 ஢)  ⪨ ᪨,  ⠢  嫠  ࠫ쭮   㣨 ⠬.  :  宫    묨 ⠢  ⮨ ஦, 祬 ᠬ ⥫.
     

     
     
.22.4. 譨 ⪨ , 砥  USB

      .22.4 ࠦ 譨 ⪨   Toshiba.  : ⠭ (5 )   ⤥쭮 (  ⠢   5 ), ᪮ USB   ﭨ  ⪨ .
     २⢮ 譨 ⪨ ᪮ 砥   㭨ᠫ쭮 -      ⮫쪮  ,    樮୮ .
    

    

     

      ୨ ਢ CD
     

     ᪮쪮   㪨 ᭠頫 ਢ CD-RW  --ਢ DVD-ROM/CD-RW  襬 砥 (᫨   ᠬ 襢,   ⠭ ਢ CD-ROM). ⭮,  ᮡ ᫠ ᥣ  ਢ CD-RW .  㦥 ਢ DVD-RW.
     ୨஢ ਢ CD 쭮 . 筮  ⠭  ᯥ樠 । .  ᫨    ਢ DVD-RW  ⠪ ,   , । ,      ண ਢ.
     । ୨樥 㦭   ਢ  ࠢ  ᪨ .  ਢ   ⠪  ࠧ, ⥫쭮, ⮡ ।  ⮦ 뫠 . ᮡ    ࠧꥬ 祭  ஫  ࠧꥬ ⠭ -    ⠪ ,   ண ਢ. ⥫쭮, ⮡  뫨 ᯮ   ஭.
     筮 ,   ᤠ ᢮   ࢨ 業 - 猪 ⠬ 㦥   稨 㦭 ਢ,  ᠬ     .     㪠  ⠢  㤥.
     ,   ᥣ ⠭ DVD-RW  . 筥  ⮣,   ᬮ DVD-䨫쬮, ࠢ     DVD-᪮,    ᮮ⢥⢮ ᫥騬 ॡ:
      Pentium II 400MHz  ;
     ⨢  256   .
     ᫨   ᮮ⢥ ⠪ ॡ,   㦭 ୨஢ (᫨ )   த  㯨  - ᫠ ⠢   DVD-RW .
      , ᫨  ⠭ DVD-RW ?    譨 DVD-RW-ਢ,    USB  FireWire.  ࠩ 砥  㦭 뢠  USB-᪠ (Flash-᪠).   Flash-᪨,      8  ଠ樨 (    DVD- - ᥣ 4,5 ),   ⮬  ⥫쭮  DVD-᪠!
    

    

     

      ஡  ஬
     

      ६   ᢮   <ঠ>    .   㪠 ࠡ⠥ ᥣ   ,  㦭 .   ਬ୮  100 ஢.     ॢ   ⮨  200 ஢,   㪮  ﭭ ந⥫  ᫮  .
     ᫨  ୨ ,  㯠  襭 .    ଠ쭮 ० ࠡ <ন> ਬ୮ 2-3  (   ⮣,  ਫ 㦠 ),  襭  -  4 ᮢ.
          ३  ᢮ 㪠,     ,    ३ Valence N-Charge (ਬ୮ 300 ஢). ஡      :
     http://thg.ru/mobile/valencen-charge/index.html.
     
      . ⮡  , 㦭 ਤন ᫥ ४権:
      㬥 મ ᯫ - 祬  મ, ⥬ ॥ ࠧ廊 ;
      ⬥ ⮬᪨  ࠧ ࢨ ணࠬ,  筮 ᫥ ᪠    㢥 (system tray)  ⮫쪮  ୮ ६,     㦭;
      ⪫ ᯮ㥬 㦡 (, 믮, Services.msc).
     
    

    

     

      ७ 㭪樮쭮 㪠
     

       㪨  ন  ⠭, ਬ USB 2.0, FireWire, Bluetooth  . ⮡  প  孮, 㦭 ᯮ짮 ⠬ ७ PCMCIA   㯨 USB-. ਬ,  USB- Bluetooth. ஡ ன⢠, 騥  㭪樮쭮 㪠  筮 , ᬮ७  ਫ 3.
    

   

  

  

   

    祭
   

   

   
   

   室    ࠧ  ६  ୨樨 . ᫨   ⥫쭮 ⠫  ᤥ 騥 뢮,  ⥯   ᠬ த 짮⥫,  ஬ 諠   .   㦭   ᢮ ६  죨  室  ࢨ 業,      ᪮ ᯮ.   稭   ३     ॥  ᠬ!      ᥡ,    -. ⮬  㡥,     ன⢠  ९   ,   ⠭ ਪ稢 ⪨ ᪨     த뢠   ⠪  ᮬ⥫ ஢.     ᮮࠦ:  ⮪    ⮨ ᪮쪮 ⪮ ஢,     ⤥쭮   ᥭ.   - ⢥ 設,  ࠡ ன  筮 . ⮬  , 筮 , 稭 , ⢥,    室    ᠬ ᥡ . ஬   襥 ࠢ: <᫨  ᤥ - , ᤥ  ᠬ>.
   ,  ⨫,  ⥯  ᮡ ஡ ⠥ 䨣樨 ஢  ࠩ-?  ॢ  ନ,    ஡,  
      ⥯? -, ᮢ ﭭ ন ᢮    ஢.  ᪮쪮   ᠩ⮢, 饭 <>,  ॣ୮ 頩 . ᫨ ६ த  ୥ ,   뫪 ⥩    .   ᠬ 㠫   ࠢ אַ   ஭ 騪.   㤮!
    ᮢ    ᪮॥  ⥮ਨ ३  ࠪ⨪.   ? ⠫ ᮮ⢥騥 ࠧ,   㪨 㬥  ᬮ,   ஥    ᠬ . ୨ ᢮ 設,   , ⠢    <ਫ->. ᫨ ,    ࠢ (祬   ), , 筥    த⢥   ; ⮬  ⠢  ,  १ -㣮 ⠭ ᮬ  ! 祬 ? 襭  ᪫,    㦨  ᮬ  祭 , ⥫쭮 䨪樨.  ,    ᪨ , ⠩᪮ ࠬ⮩, ᥣ ⠭ - ᭮,       뤥 饩. 祬    ஬ ⥬,   , ᢮  ᫥?
   
   易

   ᫨    - 砭,    ਨ,    㤮⢨ .    ᫮!  㦭    e-mail,    ᮡ ஡   ୥.  쬠  e-mail   ⢥   ⮩ 稭:     ६,       ᮮ饭 (  ⫮   ६,  ⮬ ). ⮬     ᠩ www.dkws.org.ua.  㤥 ﭭ     ᮮ饭, ⮬  ᮮ饭  ⠭ 祭.
   
뫪

    祭  ४ ᪮쪮  뫮:
   www.3dnews.ru -  ஢, ਭ᪨ , ᮢ,   祣 <>;
   www.thg.ru - ᥢ ,  <>, ⠪  㦥 ⮢ ஢  ⥢ ன,  ⠪ , 易  ଠ樮 ᭮;
   www.overclockers.ru - ᠩ, 饭 ࠧ  (, , ).  ᠩ  ﭭ 塞  ࠧ.       㧭  ࠪ᪨ (  ⥮᪨) ।.
  

  

   

    ਫ 1
    ᪨ 
   

   

    

    
    

      ,  ࠭   ६ 孮, ᯮ㥬 ᥣ  ᮧ ஢, ⨣ ᢮ ।.     - -  , ⮬ 㦥 ᥩ 稭 ᮧ த⥫, த ⥫   ᯨ⮢ ⥫! 筮 ⠪   ᫮    ଠ樮 孮 - ६ 孮 稭 ᪠ . 祬  ᬮ७ । ᮫⭮ ࠧ ਠ  -    ᪨ ஢. ⮯!    ⠪?        ⮫, ᪠, १   㤥    ਩,   ,    饣 㤥 ⠭ ᪨ ,-  ॠ쭮.   ਬ  ⮬ 㤥  祫᪨,  ਨ  ਭ樯 ࠡ. ࠢ, ⮡  뫮 ⭮, 㦭   ⨪ ( 㪠  ᢥ).       ,   㤥 ᮢᥬ ,  .
   

   

    

      ਨ
    

       㬠,  ᪨    㤠.     ஢, ᪮   ᮧ  த ᮧ  ६ 孮.   ᠬ  ࠡ  ᮧ ᪮  砫   쬨.   ⮬,  㦥 ⮣ ६ 孮 ⥫   ᮢ襭,   ࠤ  - 祬   ᮧ ୠ⨢ ⨯ ?
     砫 ࠡ  ᮧ ⠪ ⨯ ஢ ।⢮ ᪮쪮 쥧 ࠡ   ᪨ ⮢ ஢, -襬 - ஢ (. 1).  ⠩  㤮: ᥩ 㤥  ஭,   ᭮ .
    

    
    
. 1. 

     1964  ஢, ᮢ   稫  ६  ᢮ ࠡ,  ந  ॢ  ⮢ ஭. ᫥ ⮩ ࠡ ⠫  ᮧ ⮢ ஢  ᨫ⥫, ᭮  ୮ ਭ樯.   1971  .  稫 ६  ⥭ ᪮ ⮤.   ਬ  ⮣䨨, 樭,  ⨪ ᡮ  ࠧ ன⢠,  ⠪  㣨 .
     ⥯ ୥  ⥬ 쬨,     砫. ᫥⥫  ᪮ ஭ 砫 ࠡ  ᮧ ᪮   . ᪨    ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠 ,   ᢥ ࠢ ᢥ⮬. ᪨ 樨 ।⠢  ⢨ ⢠  ᢥ⮬.  1990  ଠ Bell ᮧ  ᪮ ன⢠  த஢ 믮 ᪨  䬥᪨ 権  祭 ᮪ த⢨.   2003   Lenslet (www.lenslet.com) ᮧ    ᪨ , 祬  뫠  樮 ,   1990 ,  ᪨ த,   뫮 㯨.  뢠 EnLight256,  ந⥫쭮 ⠢ 8 ࠮ (ਫ 䬥᪨ 権  ᥪ㭤)! 樨 믮   樨 ⮪ ᢥ,   ஭, ⮬ ⨣ ⠪ ந⥫쭮.      ࠢ : 祬  ⠪ ந⥫쭮? , 筮 짮⥫   㦭,  ࠢ ࠤ 㦭 ⬥,  ᪨     ਥ஢  筮 짮⥫,  , ⮡  XP ࠡ⠫ ॥, 祬  ᥤ. ᪨ 孮   । ਥ஢ ( ࠩ , ᥩ)  ஬諥 ந⢮,  孨,  㦭  ॠ쭮 ६ ࠡ뢠 訥 ⮪ ଠ樨,  ஬  ᪮쪮  ᥪ㭤   ࠢ묨 ᫥⢨ﬨ.
   

   

    

     २⢠
    

    ᬮਬ २⢠ ᪮ 孮:
     ࠫ쭮 । 楫 ࠦ   ᢥ⮢ 箪;
     ᯮ짮 ᮢ襭 ࠧ । ।, ࠭  ࠡ⪨ ଠ樨;
    ࠡ⪠ ଠ樨   ६  । १  ⥬,  ॠ ᫨⥫ ।. ।⠢,  ࠢ ⨭   ࠡ⪨ -  㤥 ࠡ⠭  , ⮬  ࠡ뢠   宦 १  ⥬;
    ଠ,  ஢ ᪨ 箬,  ।   ࣨ!  ⢨⥫쭮 ,  祬   ࣨ, ⥬ ;
    ᪠ ⥬   墠뢠 ଠ, ᪮ 祣  砥  㦠 ।;
      २⢠ ⨣  ⮬,   ⢥ ⥫ ଠ樨 ᯮ ⮭,   ஭.
   

   

    

      ᪨ 
    

     㦥 ⬥砫,  1990   Bell (BellLabs) ᮧ  ࢮ ᪮ .  ᭮   嬥  ⠡ ஢ ⮢  ⢠ ⮢ .    ம᪨ ᢮⢠ ( 筮  砥 ॢ SEED - Self-Electro-Optic-Effect Devices). ᢥ饭 ⮢ ந ஢ ஬ १   . 魮 祭  ⠢ 10,   - 850 .    ࠡ⠫?  室 १  ,  楯  ⮪, ,  ᢮ ।, ਢ   殮   ⪨   襭 ய᪠ ᢥ १  .  ⠪  ⭠ ,  ᮢ㯭 ⮢ ࠧ뢠 ᪨ 祩 -, -  ..  ᪨   ᥣ   .     ᪠.  室  ᪠ ।﫮 ࠭⢥ । 祭  ﭨ 室饩  ⠢ ᪠ ⠫᪮ ᪨. ࠢ ᪮ ந  筮 .
     ஬  ᪨ ஢ ᯮ짮 -୮-筠 . ஥  뫮 ।⠢ ஬ DOC-II (Digital Optical Computer).
    

    ⮪    DOC-II 砫 64 㫨㥬  ,    ⠢﫠 837 .     ⮡ࠦ    筮 ࠭⢥ , 騩 ࠧ ண ⠢ 64 128 ⮢. ⤥   -    ,  ᪠ ᪠ 祩 ( ᭮ GaP). ,  室  ,   楫  ⮤ (128 ). ᬮ  ⮣ DOC-II (. 2):   8192 ᯮ⥫ ᮥ.  ᥪ㭤   ᤥ 0,8192 ४祭,  ⮬   ४祭 稢 7,15 䄦, ᫨   ⮭,    3000 ⮭. ,    ᫠   - ⠩᪠ ࠬ, ⥫  ॠ ਬ. !
    

    
    
. 2. ᪨  DOC-II

    ।⠢,   㦭  - ᫮  ⥪.  ஢ 让 ᯥਬ. ⮢ ⥬ Duron 1,6/256 MB/Win XP SP1, 饭  50 ᮢ.  㬥 MS Word  954 ࠭, ᠫ ⭮ ᫮  953- ࠭ (⠪ ᫮ 뫮 ⮫쪮   㬥). ⨫  ⮣ ᫮  ६   <>  ᢮ ᥪ㭤.     3 ᥪ㭤 (  3,175), 㤥 ,  3 ᥪ㭤 -    㦭 뫮  <⮯>.    ਭ樯쭮, 2  3 ᥪ㭤. ⮬  ᪨  ᬠਢ   ᥪ㭤 80 000 ࠭ 筮 ASCII-⥪. 㬠, ஢    ᫠. ᭮ ⮪ ᪮  - ⥣㥬  ⮢.  饥 ६  ࠡ  ᮧ ⥣ࠫ쭮  ᪮ .  㤥 뢠 High Performance Optoelectronic Communication - HPOC. ⭠   㦥 ᮧ.
        ᯮ짮 室   ⨪쭮 ᯮ묨 묨 .   ᮥ   筮 ⨪, ᭠饭 栬 ४祭,  ᭮ ࠪ樮 ᪨ ⮢. 室 ⥬ 㤥    ⮤,  㤥 ᮢ饭  室 楩.  㫥 ᯮ 孮 CMOS, Bi-CMOS, GaAs, ᪨ ᮥ ࣠  ᯮ짮 ᢮ ࠭ ᢥ⮢ 窮.  ⮣ 砥 嬥ୠ .  ᮧ ⭠ ⥬.  뢠 ᪮ 1015 権  ᥪ㭤, 祬 <蠥> ࣨ ᥣ 1 䄦  ४祭 (ࠢ  DOC-II - ⠬ 7 䄦).   ᠥ ,   뭥譨 ᪨ ⥬  ⮬ ந뢠 -   ॢ蠥 ᯮ㥬 ᥩ 稯. 筮,  ࠧ஢   㯥મ஢ ⨤  ,  ᪨  㤥  ࠧ஢ (᫨   㤥  襥 ६).
   

   

    

     EnLight256
    

    ᪮ ⮫쪮  ଠ   ᮧ ᪨ ᪨ ,   㯨,   ⮫쪮 ᬮ    ᪠: <   ࠡ⠥!>,    ᥩ  ਬ.  㦥 뫮 ᪠,   뢠 EnLight 256 (. 3)  ᮧ  ଠ Lenslet. EnLigth 256 -   ᪨ DSP (Digital Signal Processor), ॢ室騩   ࠧ 訥 ஭ DSP. - ᫨ 㦥  ।쭮 ,  EnLight 256 -  ਤ ᪨  -      ᪨,  ᮤন ८ࠧ⥫.   ᥣ譨   ᮧ ᪨    ⮡ 祭 ᫮,  祭 ண.  ⮬  ⭮,   㤥 ࠡ.    塞 ⮫쪮  (  ⠫쭮 ⠥ ⠪  - ᪨)  砥 ஬  ந⥫쭮.
     ⮣  - ᪮,  室  室 ଠ ।⠢  ஭ .  ⮨  256 VCSEL-஢, ࠭⢥  ᢥ,    ਥ. ந⥫쭮  ⠢ 8 ਫ 権  ᥪ㭤:   ⠪ (8 )  㬭 256-    256x 256.
    

    
    
. 3.  enlight 256

    ਬ  孮 Lenslet.  孮,   㦥 , ᯮ ᪮ ,  室  室 ଠ樨 ।⠢  ஭ .  ࣠  ᯮ짮 襥  ᪮  ᪮ ஢. ᪠  VMM (Vector-Matrix Multiplication)-   -   ଠ  ᢥ, ⥬ ந 室 ८ࠧ ⮩ ଠ樨 (᫨⥫ 樨), ࠢ ᢥ १ ணࠬ㥬 ७ ⨪ (. 4). ,    室, 頥 ⢮ 稪  ८ࠧ ⭮  ᪨ ᨣ.
    VMM ⮨   ᭮ ⮢:
    N ७ ஢,  ।⠢ , 騩  N ⮢,   -  8 ;
    ࠭⢥  Multiple Quantum Well (MQW), 饣  Nx N ᥫ ஢, ࠧ饭   稯 (. 5);
    鸞  N ⥪஢ ᢥ,  ⥣஢  ᨢ -ᢥ⮢ ८ࠧ (Analog to Digital Converters, ADC). ⥪ ⠭ ⠪, ⮡     . 뢮 ⮫ ⥪ -  -१.
    

      室  ஥  ⮫ .    ஥   ⥪   १ (뢮).
    

    
    
. 4. ਭ樯 ࠡ  VMM

     ࠧ६,    ணࠬ. ணࠬ஢ ᪮ ஢ ᨣ쭮  (Optical Digital Signal Processing Engine, ODSPE) 砥   祭,  ࠭  ࠭⢥  (Spatial Light Modulator, SLM). 㧪 ਫ (   ਫ) 筠    ࠭⢥ .    ᠬ,    ந室. , ࠭⢥   ⠢  ⤥ த, ⠪   祣  蠥 (୮, ஬ ⢨ 㦭 ।), ⮡ ᮧ  ᢮ ᪨ .   뢠 Ablaze,       ᠩ  Lenslet.
    

    
    
. 5. ࠭⢥  Multiple Quantum Well

     ᥩ ᯮ EnLight 256?   ᮬ,    ᯮ,   ᠬ   ⠪. ᭮   ਬ -   ஬諥  ࠡ⪠   ॠ쭮 ६;   ॡ ᮪ ந⥫쭮. ।⠢,  㤥, ᫨  ᫥ 㣫 ⪫ ࠪ   <㬠>?
   

   

    

      ⠫ 
    

    ⮣  2007   IBM ,  ७ ᪠ ᪨  ᥣ १  . , १   ( १ ᥬ - ᭠砫 ᪨   祭 ண)  ⮫     㤥  騩 㯥મ ( 뭥譨 ઠ).
    

     ᠭ ਫ 뫨 ᯮ짮 ਠ ᠩ⮢: www.lenslet.com; http://dims.karelia.ru/~avip/op/in.htm (ᥩ 뫪 㯭,   ᠩ  ᪠ 娢   ᠩ http://dkws.org.ua/a/etc/op.rar). ᫨  ᮢ ।⢥ 䨧 ᪨ ᮢ, 易⥫쭮   ன ᠩ.  ᠩ  Lenslet, ஬ ४ ଠ樨  ⪨ ࠪ ⨪,   祣 ᭮,   ࠭窥 <᪨ > (ன URL)    -  䨧᪨ ᭮  ⥬᪨   ᠬ ⮢ ᪮ .
   

  

  

   

    ਫ 2
    ⠭ Windows
   

   
   

       ਤ ᠬ ⠭ Windows   ᢮ ,    襣 㣠.   ࠡ ணࠬ, ᡮ ᠬ Windows,    ⠭ 樮 ⥬    -  ᭮ 稭 ⠭ (⠭) Windows.  㤥     Windows,   <>. , ᫨ ⭮,  Windows XP 쭮 ⠡쭠,  ᫨ ᮡ  ࠢ ᭮ (   ),   ⠭ Windows XP  தঠ 쭮 .
   ⠪,    ,   㦭 ⠭ 樮 ⥬  ਡ⨢   Windows. 筮  ⮣ ᪠  㧨.  ०   ᤥ ਢ CD/DVD 㧮 ன⢮.  ⮣ १㧨   ⥫쭮 ᫥  ᮮ饭ﬨ,   뢮  ࠭  㧪.  ⮫쪮 㢨 ᮮ饭
   Press DEL to enter SETUP,
    DEL (   㦭   DEL,  F2).    setup - ணࠬ ன .    ᤥ ਢ CD/DVD 㧮 ன⢮.   Boot Sequence  .  ⢥ ࢮ ன⢠   ⠭ CD/DVD (. 6).
   ᫥ ⮣  F10  ࠭   室  ணࠬ ன.
    㧨   ⪮ ᪠,   -᪠  Windows,  㦭 ⠢ ६. ᫨   IDE-,    । ६ ᫠,  ணࠬ ⠭ 㧨  室.
    ᫨   SATA-,  ⥫쭮 ⠩ ᮮ饭    ࠭.  ⮫쪮 㢨 ᮮ饭
    F6, ᫨ ॡ ⠭ ᮡ ࠩ SCSI  RAID,
    F6  ⠢ ᪥  ࠩ஬  ᪮ (. 7). ⠭ ࠩ ⪮ ᪠ 室, ⮡ Windows 㢨     SATA   ᬮ ⠭   Windows. ᫨      IDE-,  SATA-,    ⠭ Windows  IDE-,  ࠩ  SATA-᪠ ᥣ  ⠭ ᫥ ⠭ Windows.
   

   
   
. 6. CD/DVD - ࢮ 㧮筮 ன⢮

   
   
. 7. 饭 ணࠬ ⠭

   ᫨ ⪨  ,  ணࠬ ⠭ । ࠧ . ᫨  ⪨  㦥 ࠧ祭,   㤥 ।  ࠧ  ⠭ Windows.   ,   ⠭ Windows 㦭   1,2  ᢮ . ᫨      ᪥ :,  ਤ   㣮 ࠧ (Windows XP  ⠭  ࠧ, ⫨  C:),  ଠ஢  : ( १      ).
   ।,  ⪨  . ணࠬ ⠭ ।     ᮧ  ࠧ (. 8).
    ࠧ ࠧ (. 9).  ᪠ :  墠 10-20  - ⮣ 筮  ⠭ Windows  ਪ ணࠬ.
   

   
   
. 8. ⠭ windows   ⪨  Windows X P Professional

   
   
. 9.   ࠧ

    ⠫ ࠧ   ᢮ ᬮ७. ,   FAT32 ᨬ ࠧ ࠧ ࠢ 32  (. ਫ 1), ⮬, ᫨  ᮧ ࠧ 襣 ࠧ,  ਤ ଠ஢  NTFS.
   ᫥ ᮧ ࠧ ணࠬ ⠭ ।  ࠧ,   ᫥ ⠭ 樮 ⥬ (. 10). 롥 ࠧ   Enter.
   

   
   
. 10. 롮 ࠧ  ⠭ Windows

   ⥬ Windows । ଠ஢ ࠭ ࠧ:  㦭  䠩 ⥬ (. 11). ᫨ ࠧ ࠧ  32 ,  㦭  NTFS. ᪮   , 㦭  ,   ஥ ଠ஢.
   

   
   
. 11. 롮 䠩 ⥬

     ᫮  ⠡⪠? ᫨ ᫮,  ᠬ ६ ⪨   ᯨ -   ଠ஢, ᮡ ᫨ 让 ࠧ ࠧ, ॡ 쭮  ६ (. 12).
   

   
   
. 12. ଠ஢.     砩!

   
   
. 13. ஢ 䠩

   ᫥ ଠ஢ ࠧ 筥 ஢ 䠩 (. 13).   ⮦  , ⮬ ਤ  .
     ,   䠩,   - ᪠.  ⮫쪮  ᮧ ᪮쪮 ࠧ,  Windows ଠ஢ ⮫쪮  - ,   ࠫ  ⠭ . ⮬ ᫥ ⠭ Windows  㦭   ଠ஢ ⠫ ࠧ!
   ᫥ ஢ 䠩 Windows ⮬᪨ १㧨 . ⮡    㧨  ⠭筮 ᪠,   SETUP  롥 㧪  ⪮ ᪠.
   筥 ன ⠯ ⠭ (. 14).      ,  Windows ४ ᠬ ᥡ. ᮡ  ࠢ ⥪  .
   

   
   
. 14. ᫥ ࢮ १㧪

    ⥯ ᠬ ᭮. 㦭  ਩  XP.     , ࠢ? ⥬  㤥 ।  ᢮ .  (. 15). ᫥ 室     ஫  (஫ 㦭 , . . 16).
   

   ᫥ ⮣ 㦭   ࠡ祩 㯯, 童 ன   . ᫨   譨 ,  祭  쭮 ,   ,  㣮, ਬ MSHOME.
   ⥬   ᫠ ४묨 ᮮ饭ﬨ: ࢠ  ⠭  ࠢ .  १ ⭠-  㤥 १㦥. ᪨ Windows 㦥 ⠭. ⠫ ⮫쪮 ⠭ ࠩ ன.
   

   
   
. 15.   짮⥫

   
   
. 16.     ஫ 

   ,  Windows ।  ᤥ  ࢮ ᪥? ࠢ쭮 -   ୥  ॣ஢  Windows.    ய (. 17).  ᥩ   ⮣ -  ࠩ ⠭.
   

   
   
. 17. Windows ⠥ ॣ஢   ᠩ Microsoft

   
    ! ࠧ ᫥ ⠭ Windows     ६.    祬. ⠭ Windows   . ᫥ ⠭  । ⨢஢ ᥡ,   蠣 ய⨫ -  㦭   ந,   ⨢樨   .    ⨫,   ⠭ ࠢ쭠 - 2004 . 祣  ॢ,  , ⠭ ࠩ   १㦠 . ᫥ ⠭ Windows  ࠤ. ,   㦭 ⨢஢  אַ ᥩ,  㤠. ⭮,   祣  ⠢,  ⨢஢ .  ஡  ⮬,    ᯥ ந ୥. 諮   Microsoft ( Windows,  롨ࠥ ᯮᮡ ⨢樨, ᮮ頥 訥 業 Microsoft)  ⨢஢   ⥫䮭. 頢  ⮮⢥稪 ,  ⠪  ⨢஢.  । ᭠砫  ⨢஢,  ⮬  , ᫨  㤥 㦭.
   
   ᫥ ⮣ 㦭 ᮧ    짮⥫,   ࠡ  ஬.  ᮧ     - ᮡ⢥ (. 18).
   

   
   
. 18.   ᥩ 짮⥫

   Windows ⠭ (. 19)!
   

   
   
. 19. Windows ⠭

     ⥯? ⠢   ࠩࠬ  ਭ᪮   ⠭ . 筮  ⮬  ⠭ ࠩ 㪮, ⥢    ⥫ ࠩ.
     ⠭ ࠩ஢ ॡ १㧪 Windows ( ,   ).  祣  .
   ᫥ ⠭ ࠩ஢ ਭ᪮  㦭 ⠭ ࠩ  .  ᫥ ⮣  १㧪.
   ᫥ ⠭ ࠩ஢ 㦭 ⠭ ࠧ襭 .  ⮣ 饫  ࠡ祬 ⮫ ࠢ  , 롥  ⢠, ३   ࠬ  ⠭ 㦭 ࠧ襭 (. 20).
   

   ⥬  㯨  ⠭ ࠩ஢ ⠫ ன: , ਭ, ᪠  ..
   

   
   
.  20. ⠭ ࠧ襭 

     ଠ஢ ⠫ ࠧ!  ⮣ ன   , 饫  窥 ࠧ,  㦭 ଠ஢ (筮 㦭 ଠ஢  ࠧ, ஬ :),  롥  ଠ஢. 롥 䠩 ⥬ (᫨ ࠧ  32 ,  㦭  NTFS)    K (. 21).
   

   
   
. 21. ଠ஢

  

  

   

    ਫ 3
      ७
   

   

    

    
    

    쭮     ⥩, ਬ প  ன, 室  ਭ .   ᥣ  ਭ᪮  ࠢ.   ਫ  ਬ   ७,   প ࠧ 䥩ᮢ  孮   ਭ᪮ . ,  । ⠭  ७ 㦭 몫 ⠭ . USB-ன⢠ ७    ⥬  몫祭 ⠭.
   

   

    

     প SCSI
    

     প 䥩 SCSI, ᯥ稢饣 ஬ ᪮ ।  (筮, ⮬ 㦭 㤥 㯨 SCSI-ன-⢠ - ⪨ ᪨, ᪠),  ⥬ ⠭ SCSI- (. 22). SCSI-஫  Adaptec  ਬ୮  300 ஢.   ⮢  ⮬,   SCSI-ன⢠   ᪮쪮 ࠧ ஦ ᢮ ᮡ쥢,   㣨 䥩ᠬ.
    

    
    
. 22. SCSI-

   

   

    

     প SATA
    

      ᮡ    ᭠饭 SATA-஫஬,   ६  饥 設⢮  ⪨ ᪮ ᪠   䥩ᮬ SATA.  ᯥ  ਭ  ᢮  (   প SATA)-  ⠭ SATA-஫ (⮦ 믮   PCI- ७, . 23).  ୨    40  530 ஢. ᫨   㦭 祣 ᮡ,   墠 筮 ஫  40 ஢ -  襢  㤮  ਭ᪮ . ,   㦭,-  ⠭ ஫  ᫮ ७     SATA-᪨.
    

    
    
. 23. SATA-஫

   

   

    

     প Bluetooth
    

    孮 Bluetooth ᯮ  ஢ ।  ( ᯮ짮 ࠤᨣ)  訥 ﭨ.  ᮢ६  ன⢠ ( ⥫䮭, ଠ , 㪨) ন Bluetooth,  Bluetooth-      樮 .   প Blue tooth 筮 㯨 USB- (. 24).     10-15 ஢,    ⠭ 筮 㤥  ⠢ ன⢮  USB- -     뢠  ⥬ !
    

    
    
. 24. USB- Bluetooth

   

   

    

     প USB 2.0
    

      (㯫 ᪮쪮  )  ন USB 2.0, ᯥ稢 ।   ᪮ 480 /.  ᮪᪮ USB-ன⢠ ᯮ  USB 2.0. ⮡  প USB 2.0   , 筮 ⠭ PCI- ७ (. 25).  ୨樨 - ᥣ 10 ஢.
    

    
    
. 25. ஫  প USB 2.0

   

   

    

     প Fire Wire 400/800 (IEEE-1394a/IEEE-1394b)
    

     ᯥ 㯠 । !     USB 2.0, ᪮॥ ᥣ,   প FireWire (IEEE-1394).  㯨 ஢  ७ - USB2.0/IEEE-1394 (. 26). 筮  ⠪   2-3  USB    IEEE-1394.  㯪 ஫  ᫥, ⮡ ন 䥩 IEEE-1394b (FireWire 800), ᯥ稢騩 ᪮ ।  800 /, ⥬    䥩  ᮢ⨬  FireWire 400 (. 27). 祣 㯠 ࠫ쭮 ॢ襥 <>! ⮨ ୨樨 - ਬ୮ 25-30 ஢.
    

     ୨樨 㪮  PC-, 騥 প IEEE-1394. ਬୠ ⮨ ⠪  - 18-20 ஢.
    

    
    
. 26. ஢ ஫  প USB 2.0/IEEE-1394

    
    
. 27. PC-  প IEEE-1394

     ⠪  ஢ PC-, 騥   ॢ訩  প USB 2.0  IEEE-1394 (. 28). ⮪ ⠪   ⮬,    㤥 ᥣ   USB    IEEE-1394.  㣮 ஭, ⠪   PC-᫮ 襣 㪠.
    

    
    

    . 28. ஢ PC-  প USB2.0/IEEE
   

   

    

     প IDE (ATA)
    

     㯨 ᮢ६ ,  ਭ᪮  ண   IDE-஫,  ⥯  㤠  ७쪨 ATA-,   﫨  ண ?      ᥣ  IDE-஫,   㦭   IDE-ன⢠ (  㦭  IDE-஫)?   IDE-஫   PCI-, . 29 (ᥣ 20 ஢!).
    

    
    
. 29. ஢ IDE/SATA-஫

      諨  த IDE-஫? ,  ,  㤥   ᯥ樠 , 騩  IDE-    USB. 㦭 ⠭ IDE-   ,  筮,    ⠭, ⥬  ⪨    ᯥ樠쭮  (. 30)  USB-.   襭   ⪠:
     ਤ   譥 USB-, ⮬  㤥   ⥬ .   㤥 ⭮ ⮫쪮 ᧠, ⮬ ᮡ 譨  ⥬   ;
    ᪮  㤥   ࠢ  ਢ  ਠ⮬ - ⤥ IDE-஫஬,   㤥 ࠡ.
    

     USB-஫   ᮢ⨬  USB 2.0.
    

    
    
. 30.  IDE-USB

   

   

    

     ५ ⥣஢ 㪮 
    

      -  㯨  㪮 , 믮   PCI- ७.    㣮 -  ᮢ६ ਭ᪨ ,  ࠢ,  PCI-᫮⮢ - 1  2 (᪮ 㦥  ᯮ  ᮢ६ 設 PCI-Ex),   㦥    㣨 ⠬,  ,  , ⠭, ⠢  ਫ. ᫨   㪮   設 PCI-Ex - 㯠. ᫨ ⠪          ᫮ ७ - 㯨 USB-㪮 . ,   ⠪ (. 31). ⢮ 砭, 筮,   ,  ⥬    ࠡ⠥,    㦭 몫뢠 70-120 ஢   ਭ . USB-<㪮> ⮨ ᥣ 15 ஢.
    

    
    
. 31. 㪮 , 騩  USB

   

   

    

     PC-  筮 
    

    ।,     - ᮡ PC-  襣 㪠,  ன  USB/PCI-,   㦭    筮 ,    .   㯨 ᯥ樠 , 騩  PC-  筮 樮୮  (. 32).
    

    
    
. 32.   祭 PC-  樮୮ 

    ࠦ  . 32  㤮 ⥬,    ⠢ PC- 㤥 室    ⥬ ,  蠥,    ᪮쪮 PC-  ⥬  (. 33).
    

    
    
. 33.  祭 PC-

   

   

    

     ࠫ  ᫥⥫ 
    

      ᮢ६   ࠫ  ᫥⥫ . 㦭 ⬥,  ந⥫ ࠭ ᪫稫   -    筮  ண <>, ஥ 砥  ⨬ ⠬. ᫨  㦥 ࠫ ,   㯨 PCI- ७, ᮤঠ LPT- (. 34). 筠   ᫥⥫쭮  筮 ᮤন  9-⠪ COM- (. 35).    15-25 ஢. ஢ LPT/COM- ७,  ᮦ,  砫. ,  -  .
    

    ,  ,   ᯮ짮 ⠪ ,  ᯮ짮 USB-室, ⮡   ᫮ ७.     <>. 筮 ஥ <>, ஥ 㤥   LPT/COM-⠬, ᯮ    묨 ணࠬ,  祣  ॢ  USB,  ० 樨 LPT/COM-  USB  ᥣ ࠡ⠥ ⠪,    ⮣ ⥫.
    

    
    
. 34.   প ࠫ쭮 

    
    
. 35.   প ᫥⥫ ⮢

   

   

    

     ५ ⥣஢ ⥢ 
    

    ⥢    ᥣ 뫨 ⥣஢묨. ࢮ砫쭮 ⥢  뫨 믮   PCI/ISA- ७ (ISA -  設,   ᯮ). ᫨ ᣮ५ ⥣஢ ⥢ ,  ⠭ ⥢ PCI-.  , ਬ,  Realtek ⮨ ᥣ 5 ஢. ᫨  PCI-᫮ 㦥 , ⮣  㯨 ⥢ USB- (. 36).
    

    
    
. 36. ⥢ USB-

   

  

  

   

    ਫ 4
    室  ஬
   

   

   
   
ࠢ 室  ஬

   ⮡  諠    祭/몫祭  ,    짮.  ᢮⢠  ( ࠢ, ࠭) 㦭 ⠭ ࠬ ࣮࠭. 筮 ᫥ 15   㦭 ॢ   ० ,  १  - 몫.  몫祭 ⠭  ⮦ ⮬᪨ 몫, ⮬  㦭 몫   ⠭.    頥 ,   ⠭    (筮  梥⮬  ).
     CRT-  ⭮ 룮࠭ . ⮡  ।, 㦭 ᯮ짮 ࠭⥫ ࠭ -  ﭭ ⠢  ᥫ ,  ⮬ 룮࠭  ᪫砥.
   ୮ ࠩ  ᯥ樠쭮 ᠫ⪮.  뢠 ⠪  ᠬ  ,   ⮫쪮 ࠭.  -  ஢!
   CRT- 㦭 ६  ६ ࠧ稢. 筮 ࠧ  . 㭪  ࠧ稢    . ᫨  ⠪ ,     ,  㦭  㪮⢮  ⮬ . 筮 㭪 ࠧ稢 ⨢ ⨥ ।   権    .
   ,  祭  ଠ쭠 ⨫ .    㤥 ॣॢ    ﭥ.
  

  

   

    ਫ 5
    孮 Trusted Platform Module
   

   

    

    
    

    ﭭ 饥 ⢮ <ࢥ>, ᮢ     ᮢ६ 樮 ⥬  ⥢ ࢨ ⠢ -ᯥ樠⮢ ࠧࠡ뢠     ।⢠ ଠ樮 ᭮.  ᯮ짮 २⢥ ணࠬ 襭 - ⭮-ணࠬ 뫨 㯭   ᥬ.    孮 TPM (Trusted Platform Module)  襭 諨    ⠫ 㯭 .  ⮬ ਫ  ਬ  ⮬,  ⠪ TPM  祬   ᯮ짮  孮  ।⨨.
   

   

    

      ⠪ TPM
    

    TPM ।⠢ ᮡ ப஫, ।祭  ॠ樨 ᭮ 㭪権  ᯥ祭 ᭮  ᯮ짮 祩 ஢.  TPM ⠭  ਭ᪮    ⢫ ⢨  ⠫묨 ⠬ ⥬ १ ⥬ 設.
    楯 <塞 ଥ 㫥> ( ⠪ ॢ  ᪨  ॢ TPM) ਭ  Trusted Computing Group (TCG),    2004 .
     孮 TPM    2004 ,  ࠭.  1999   ᮧ  塞   (Trusted Computing Platform Alliance, TCPA).    室 訥 ࠧࠡ稪 ⭮  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 - IBM, HP, Microsoft  . ᬮ   ⭨, ⥫쭮      , ࠪ  㪥:  < >  ᥡ ( 童   ࠢ ⬥ 襭, ਭ⮥ 㣨 童), ⮬ TPM ࠧ 쭮 ᯥ譮.
     2004   TCPA  ८ࠧ   TrustedComputingGroup.  ⮩ ࣠樨 뫠 㣮.  襭  ਭ ⮫쪮 ࠭  ( 뢠 ஬ࠬ - promoters).  ﬨ ᥩ  Intel, HP, IBM, AMD, Seagate, Sony, Sun, Microsoft  Verisign. ⠫  (  )  ࠢ  ⢮  ࠧࠡ⪥ ୮ ᯥ䨪権     ࠭    ࠧࠡ⪠.
    ᭮ १⮬ ⥫쭮 TCPA/TCG  <塞 ଥ >,  ࠭ 뢠 <稯 > (Fritz Chip).      ਪ᪮ ᥭ   (Fritz Hollings), ⭮ ᢮ প ⥬  ᪨ ࠢ  ஢ ଠ (Digital Rights Management, DRM).
   

   

    

      TPM
    

    ᭮  TPM -  ᮧ ᭮ ,  ஬ ஢     裡,  ⠪ ⭮  ணࠬ ᯥ祭.  ⮩ 裡 ࠧ㬥    ⥢ ᮥ,    ⢨  ⤥묨 ﬨ ⥬ (ਬ, ).
     TPM  ᯮ짮   ஢ન 楫⭮  ⢠ .      ⮫쪮 ਧ- 짮⥫,  ⮬  ᯥ稢 ᭮ । ᠬ ଠ樨. ஢ઠ 楫⭮ ᯥ  ⥬  ᮢ, <ࢥ>  㣨 ணࠬ,    㢥 짮⥫.
     ࠧࠡ⪥ TPM  ⠢  ᮧ  ⮫쪮  ।࠭ ᮭ ஢  㪮  ᮢ -  孮  ᯮ짮  ᯥ祭 ᭮  ⥫䮭, , ன , ᪮ ⥫.     ਬ ன⢠ ᪮ 䨪樨.
    ⮩ ⥢ ᮥ  ⤥쭮 ࠧ TCG - Trusted Network Connect (TNC).   㤥 ᬠਢ  ⥫쭮 TNC,  ࠭稬 ⮫쪮 TPM.
    
<>  ⥬⨪

    筮 ।,  ᠬ 稯 TPM  ਭ᪮  祣  蠥. 㦭 প  ஭ ⠫쭮 <>  ⥬⨪ - ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
    ਬ,   ⠭ ⪨   প TPM (. 37).  ⪨ ᪨ 㦥  ᪠ Seagate (Momentus 5400 FDE.2).[18]  Seagate -    ⢥ ந⥫ ஢  㭪樥 ஢. 㣨 ந⥫, ਬ Hitachi, ⠪ ᪠ <ਯ⮣᪨ ⥫>.   롮 <>    (  㣨 ந⥫ ⭮  ணࠬ ᯥ祭  প TPM   ᠩ www.tonymcfadden.net).
    

    
    
. 37. ⪨  Seagate Momentus 5400 FDE.2

     ᠥ , 孮 TPM ন 設⢮ ᮢ६ 樮 ⥬ - Windows Vista, Microsoft Windows Server 2003 SP1, Microsoft Windows XP SP2, Windows XP Professional x64, SUSE Linux (稭  ᨨ 9.2)  Enterprise Linux (稭  ᨨ 3 update 3).
   

   

    

      ࠡ⠥ TPM
    

     㦥 ⬥砫,  TPM ॠ   稯  ਭ᪮ .  TPM ⥣   㧪   ஢  ⥬   ⬠ SHA1 (Secure Hash Algorithm),    ᭮ ଠ樨    ,   (, ⪮ ᪠, ), ⠪  ணࠬ ().
      㧪  稯 ஢ ﭨ ⥬,    饭 ⮫쪮  ஢७ ० (authorized condition),     砥 㦥 ࠢ쭮 祭 .
   

   

    

     ன TPM  Windows
    

     ᫥饬 㪮⢥ 뢠 ᯮ짮 㦡 TPM  Windows Vista:
    http://www.oszone.net/display.php?id=4903.
     Windows Vista  Windows Server 2008 ਬ 孮 ஢ ᪮ BitLocker,  ᭮ 易  塞묨 ﬨ (. 38).  ன BitLocker  Windows Server 2008  Vista (. 39, 40)   :
    http://www.securitylab.ru/contest/300318.php; http://www.oszone.net/4934/VistaBitLocker.
    

    
    
. 38.  BitLocker

    
    
. 39. ஢ BitLocker 몫祭:  TPM  ⠭  몫祭 ( BIOS)

    
    
. 40. 奬 ⢨ Full Volume Encryption  TPM  Windows

   

   

    

     ⮢ ⥬  প TPM
    

    ⮢ TPM- 㦥    ᢮ த:  㪨, ⠪  ⮫ . 筮 ⠪ ⥬ ᪠ 묨 ந⥫ﬨ த HP, ⮬  業   ᫥ 襭 ( < >).
    騬   ४ 㯨 <>  প TPM  ᮡ   ᠬ⥫쭮. 室 ਭ᪨  ᪠  ந⥫ﬨ, ਬ ASUS (M2N32-SLI Premium), MSI (Q35MDO)   (. 41).
    

    
    

    . 41. ਭ᪠  ASUS M2N32-SLI Premium ( প TPM)
   

   

    

     祬 㦭 TPM
    

    -, TPM -  襭 饩 ᭮ ⥬  ⥫쭠, ॠ  ⭮ ஢   ᮢ, <ﭮ>  祩 ୮ .   ᭮, ᮡ  ।⨨,   ,   ⮨.
    -, TPM -  ஢   ⪮ ᪥. TPM   ஬  ᭮  ந⥫쭮.
    ᪮ ஢ ⢫  ⭮ ஢,  ࠪ᪨  ࠦ  ந⥫쭮.
    -,   TPM     ஫, ᯮ짮   ⯥⮪  짮⥫. , 쭮 䥪⨢ 襭.   ⥬     䠭᪨ 䨫쬠,  ᥣ -  㦥 ॠ쭮.
   

   

    

     TPM  
    

     ,  TPM  㭨ᠫ쭮 ।⢮       . 訩 ⨢  ࠭   ⬥. TPM ࠧࠡ뢠    ᮢ ⢠ ⮢:    짮⥫ ᪠ 業 .  ⮩ 窨 ७   ᭮, TPM -    , 뢠 ⢮ 業 ணࠬ   .  㤥 ᬮ ࠢ   - ᪮  祭 .
      㦭 뢠  祫᪮ 䠪.   ७ ᮮ ஫  ᢮ ⥬    -  ⮩ 㬠,  ਪ  ,   ⠭ 祭 ⮩ ஫,  ᫮ .  ⮩ 樨 TPM 筮  .    室 ,   ⥬ ஫ 㯠,   - 㣠 .
   

  

  

   

    ਫ 6
      祭
   

   

   
   
 祭

      ࠧ 蠫  짮⥫, ࠡ  ஬,    ,   ,  ⠫.  ᭮,   ᯨ뢠    祭 .   ୥ ࠢ쭮.
   ⠥,  CRT- 뢠  㡭 ﭨ  祫, 祬 LCD, ⮬ ᥩ ਬ   ⠪ .
   ᯮ 䨧.  ,  뢠   祭: -祭, -祭  -祭.    ୥ ⥩, ᠭ - <஬>,    筨    祭.  ।, ᪠,    ⠪!
   -祭 -  ⮪ 拉 -4.  ஭-祢 㡪   , ⮬      -.  㣮 ஭,  ᫨     筨 ⠪ 祭,  祣 譮     ந諮 -  ᠬ ᫠   祭.  : 筮 -祭 -  ᫥⢨ ⥪ 拉 ॠ権. ⭮,   -   拉 ॠ (    ⮨ 100-150 ஢!), ⮬ -      .
   室  -祭.  祭 -  ⮪ ஭.  -  ஭, ⮬    筨  祭. ஭  ஭-祢 㡪 ࠧ  25  (஭)-  ,  祭 ,   ࠪ⨪    짮⥫ 室  ⮫⮥ ⥪ (⮫騭 ⥪  -  1), ஥   ८   ஭. ஭ 㤠  ,    ⮣ ந室 ମ ஭.  ࣨ ।  (     ᢥ),   室  ⠪ 뢠 ମ 祭, 饥  ମ ஭   ஭ 窨  ⮬.  ମ 祭 -  0  25 ; 25  ᮮ⢥  ७⣥.    , 㢨 ᫮ <७⣥>?   뢠,   ᫮ <>.  ࠭ <> - 100 ,    ᨬ 25  (筮 ). ࣨ 筮 ७⣥ -  150 .   ᯮ ᮡ   祬.
   ⠫ । -祭.  ⮬ 砥 ࣨ ⮢ ⨣ ⪮ ஭.  ࣨ   ⮫쪮  砥 拉୮ ᯠ ( 室  ࠧ묨 ࣥ᪨ ஢ﬨ 拉୮ )   ମ 殮  न஢ 襭 栬  ࣨ  ⪨ ஭. ᭮,  拉 ॠ権   ,   殮    ⮦, ⮬    筨 -祭.
   ⠪,   ⮫쪮 筨 -祭.   ஭, ࣨ  祭  - ᨬ 25 ,   ࠢ  ࣨ ७⣥ -  150 .  㣮 ஭, ७⣥  室 室 - ࠧ   (    ࠧ -  ),    ஬  짮⥫ 室 ஢   ࠡ祣 ,   -  ᠬ ࠡ稩   ନ஢, ⮬ 8-12 ᮢ    ஬ ᯥ祭.  ந⥫ ஢ 竨  䠪. । ⥪ ஭-祢 㡪 ᮤন ᢨ  㣨 殮 ⠫, 䥪⨢ ন騥 祭.  ⮣  ᫠ -祭, ন ⮫ ⥪   ᢨ. 砥,  祭   த 䮭 ஢, ⮬ ᠬ 祭    稭 - .
    ⠪  筨 ஬⭮ 祭 ().  ஬⭮ 祭 ᪠  ૮ ,   ᧠ . ⮬    । ஢, ⮫쪮 ᫨ 짮⥫   ᨤ    , ᫮   . 筮 짮⥫ ᨤ  ﭨ    , ⮬ ᯮ   祬.
   
稭  

     : ᫨  ⠪ ।,  祬 짮⥫    ,   ,  ⠫  襭 ७?    ,     饩 ⠫  ᪠ ᫥饥: ࠡ稩   짮⥫ ࣠ ࠢ쭮.  ⢥    , 祬 䨧᪨, ⮬ 㦭    ࠡ.   让  (5-10 ) १   ࠡ  ஬. ७,    ࠡ祣   㤥   ,    , ᪮  ⨢ ᨬ⮬ 맢 ७殮.
     ᠥ 襭 ७,   ⮬  ࠢ쭠 ࣠ ࠡ祣 .  祫᪨ ࣠ 㠫. -    ࠡ  ஬,     㤥  浪  ஢쥬,  -  ࠡ ,    ᨫ쭮  ७. ᫨  ,  ७ 訫,     - ஬   樨 ᭮.
   
࣠ ࠡ祣 

    ਬ  ࠢ쭮 ࣠樨 襣 ࠡ祣 .
   筥  ﭨ  .      50.   - 50-70.   ࠭     ஢ .  㦭 ᬮ   ᢥ   ᭨  - ⨬   .
           - ࠦ - 筨 ᢥ (, , ᮫筮 ᢥ). ᫨  ,  ।  ⠪, ⮡   뫮. ᫨ ।   砥, ⮣ 㯨 ᮮࠧ ,   ᢥ  : ப ஭    ,  㧪 - ࠢ  .    ᢥ⪨ . ,   ।   ᢮ த,  㦭 ⮫쪮 뢠.
   ᫨  ⠭  䮭 ,   ᨫ쭮  , ⮬   ⠢  㣮 .  ⥫쭮 ࠡ  ᢥ饭, ਬ   몫祭 ᢥ⮬. ᫨ 室 ࠡ ,   ᢥ, ⮫쪮 ࠩ, ⮡   ࠦ  .
     筨 ᢥ, ᯮ㥬  饭.     ⥭,   , 祬   ᢥ. ᫥      ᢥ,  ᨫ쭮 .    ᢥ (50 ) 뢠   ,  १ 祣 ᨫ쭮  .   ⠢   ᢥ ᢥ ஢. 㦭, ⮡  ⠫  筨 ﭭ ⮪, 筮,   ८ࠧ⥫ ६ ⮪  ﭭ.
     ᮫筮 ᢥ       .
   ஬ ஫  ᠭ 祫  ᮡ⢥ । ,  ஬ ᨤ 짮⥫. ᫨    ᢮ ᯨ, 㦭  ⠡  㯨 ୮ ᫮.      ⠪ ᫠ ண. ,  㤥 㯠, 뢠 ᫮  ⭨ -  ⮨ ᥣ  10-15 ஢ ஦,  㤮.
   
⠭ 祭 ஢

    㬥襭 ஢ 祭 뫨 ࠧࠡ⠭ ࠧ ⠭.   1987   ࠧࠡ⠭ ⠭ MPR I.  1990   ਭ ⠭ MPR II.   ᠬ ॢ ⠭,  ᮮ⢥  ॢ .
   ६  ᮮ⢥ ⠭ TCO,  ⥫쭮  MPR.  ᪮쪮 ᨩ TCO: TCO-92, TCO-95, TCO-99, TCO-01, TCO-03, TCO-04, TCO-05, TCO-06 (  ᪠).
  

  

   

    ਫ 7
      ନ
   

   

    

    
    

   

   

    

     A
    

    abend (abnormal end)- ਩ 襭 ࠡ ணࠬ, 襭 ࠡ ணࠬ  訡, ᨭ ⮣ ନ - crash
    AC(accumulator)- 
    AC(alternating Current)- ६ ⮪
    accept - ᮣ, ਭ
    active - ⨢, 㭪樮騩
    Active Directory - 㦡 ⠫ Microsoft,  ,  ᮤন ᢥ  , , 짮⥫    
    access - 
    authorized access - ਧ஢, ᠭ樮஢ 
    direct access - אַ ; . DMA
    random access - ந 
    unauthorized access - ᠭ樮஢ ,  짮⥫  ꥪ  ᫮,  ᭠砫   饭
    ACCESS - ⥬ ࠢ    Microsoft
    access controllist (acl)- ᯨ᮪ ஫ 㯠; ᮤন ᢥ  ⮬,      ⥬     
    access denied -  饭
    access server - ࢥ 㯠; ।⠢ ࠡ稬 ⠭   , 筮  ୥
    access time - ६ 㯠  ꥪ (䠩, ⠫  ..)
    access type - ⨯ 㯠:  (full access  read/write access)   ० <⮫쪮 ⥭> (read-only access)
    ACPI (advanced configuration and power interface)- 䥩 ࠢ ⠭ 
    action - ⢨
    actionbar -  ⢨
    activate - ⨢஢
    active - ⨢
    ActiveX - 孮, ࠧࠡ⠭ microsoft. 宦  孮 com,   ।⢠  ࠡ  ୥.  㦠   짮⥫ ਫ   室   ࠡ 
    ActiveX control -  ࠢ ActiveX, 讥 ਫ, ஥ ࠨ  -࠭  㣮 ਫ, ন饥 孮 ActiveX  OLE
    ADC (analog digital converter)- -஢ ८ࠧ⥫, 
    add - 
    add new hardware - ⠭  㤮
    add printer - ⠭  ਭ
    add arow -  ப
    add-on - , 筮   㫥,  - ᭮ ணࠬ;   㭪樨  ணࠬ
    address - .  祭 㯠  - ꥪ (祩   ஭ , ) ⥬    ⮣ ꥪ.     ᨬ묨 (URL,  ஭   ..), ⠪  ᫮묨 (IP-)
    ADO (activex data objects)- ꥪ , ᭮  activex.
    Adobe Acrobat - ணࠬ, ࠧࠡ⠭ ମ Adobe Systems.  ᮧ  ᬠਢ 㬥 ଠ PDF,    룫拉    ࠧ 樮 ⥬ (DOS, UNIX, Macintosh, Windows). ணࠬ Adobe Acrobat - ⭠,   ᯫ⭠ ணࠬ Adobe Acrobat Reader,   ⮫쪮 ᬠਢ PDF-䠩,     ᮧ
    ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line)- ᨬ筠 ஢ ᪠ ,  ᫥ ६ ᠬ  ᯮᮡ 祭  ୥.  ।    ﭨ -  1,5  6 /,  筮 ஢ ࠭稢 ᪮  128-512 /
    AGP (accelerated graphics port)- ᪮⭮ ᪨ .  設 AGP . ⥪ 横; 饥 ६  ⨢  設 PCI-Ex
    AIX - 짮⥫᪠ 樮 ⥬, ࠧࠡ⠭  IBM
    alert - ॢ, 筮 砥 - ᪮ ᮮ饭
    alias - ᥢ (ਬ,   ⠭ ᥢ webmaster@firma.ru  騪 denis@firma.ru,  १    webmaster@firma.ru 㤥 ࠢ  騪 denis@firma.ru)
    Are you sure? -   ࠦ: < 㢥७?>. 筮 뢮 । ᮬ  믮 ᪨ ⢨, ਬ  㤠 䠩
    already - 㦥
    already connected - ᮥ 㦥 ⠭
    already exists - 㦥 
    fileal ready exists - 䠩 㦥 
    already installed - 㦥 ⠭
    Alta Vista - ᪮ 設 ( http://www.altavista.com/)
    analog -  (஢ - digital)
    analyzer - 
    anonymous ftp -  FTP,   ஬    騩.  ⢥  㦭 㪠 anonymous,   ⢥ ஫ - ᢮  e-mail
    ANSI (american National Standards Institute)- ਪ᪨   ⠭⨧樨, 騩 孮᪨ ⠭⠬  
    AOL (america Online)- ୠ ࠪ⨢ 㦡  饭 (  ⮫쪮). ஡    㧭  ᠩ: http://www.aol.com/
    API (application programming interface)- 䥩 ਪ ணࠬ஢. ন  㭪権,  ணࠬ  ᯮ짮  ᠭ ணࠬ,   ࠧࠡ뢠 ᮡ⢥  㭪樨
    APM (advanced Power Management)- ⥬ 襭 ࠢ ⠭. ࠡ⪠  Intel, 筮 ᯮ  㪠
    Apple Computer - , ࠧࠡ⠢  Apple Macintosh, ᫠騥 ᢮ ᪨ ﬨ
    application - ਫ, ਪ ணࠬ
    archive - 娢
    archive file - 娢 䠩
    architecture- ⥪
    ARPA(advanced Research Projects Agency)- ⢮ । ᫥⥫᪨ ࠡ, ਭ  ஭ .   ⮬ ⢥ த  ARPAnet,  ⠫ ⨯  Internet
    ASCII (american standard code for information interchange)- ਪ᪨ ⠭    ଠ樥
    assert - ⢥ত
    assertion - ⢥ত
    assign - ᢠ
    assignment - ᢠ
    assistant - 魨;    ன⢮-魨, ਬ 
    associate - 樨஢
    assurance - ࠭
    asterisk - 窠 (*), 
    asymmetrical - ᨬ. 筮 ࠧ㬥 ᨬ筠 ।   ࠧ묨 ᪮ﬨ   ࠢ
    AT (advanced Technology) - AT-, ᫥饥  ᫥ XT ( IBM)
    ATA (advanced Technology Attachment)- 䥩  祭 ⪨ ᪮  AT-ᮢ⨬ ࠬ
    ATM (adobe type manager)- ᯥ ⮢  windows   ADOBE
    attachment - , .. 䠩,   ਪ९    ஭ 
    attack - ⠪, ⪠ 뢥 ⥬     ⪠ ᠭ樮஢ 㯠
    ATX (at extended) - AT-  ७ ࠢ ⠭
    authentication - ⥭䨪, 楤 ஢ન  
    AVI (audio/video interleave format)- ଠ 䠩, ᮤঠ饣 㤨/. ଠ ᪠ ᯮ짮   ᦠ ଠ樨; ࠧࠡ⠭ Microsoft
   

   

    

     B
    

    back - 
    backcover - ⭠ ஭ 
    back out - ⬥
    background - 䮭
    background job - 䮭 
    Back Space -   (ᯮ  襩 Enter)
    backup - १ࢭ , ᮧ १ࢭ 
    backward compatible - ⭮ ᮢ⨬.    ⭠ ᮢ⨬ ணࠬ: ਬ, Word 2003 ন 㬥 Word 95, ..  ⭮ ᮢ⨬
    bad - 宩
    bad sector( bad block) - ᡮ ᥪ, .. ᯮ祭 ᥪ ⪮ ᪠.  ࠢ,  㤠 ଠ , ⮬    㤥 . ணࠬ ஢ન ᪮  ᡮ ᥪ  ⮣, ⮡ ⥬  믮﫠   .
    basic configuration -  䨣, .. 쭠 䨣 ,  ன   ࠡ. ⥫ ன⢠, ਬ ⥢  㪮 ,  室   䨣, ⮬   ᯮᮡ ࠡ   
    batch -  䠩, ᮤঠ騩 ,   믮   cmd.exe
    BBS (bulletin board system)- ஭ ᪠ 
    BDC (backup Domain Controller)- १ࢭ ஫ .        ஫  - ࢨ (PDC)  १ࢭ,  㤥 ᯮ짮, ᫨ ࢨ 멤  
    beep - 㪮 ᨣ
    benchmarking - ஢ (筮    ஢ ந⥫쭮 )
    beta ( beta version) - ஡  ணࠬ
    binary- 
    binary code -   (, 騩  0  1)
    BIOS (Basic Input Output System)-  ⥬ /뢮
    bitrate - ᪮ ⮢ ⮪ 
    blank - ஡; ⮩
    blue screen - <㡮 ࠭ ᬥ>: ᮮ饭  ᪨ 訡 Windows 뢮  ࠭   䮭
    BMP (Bit MaP)- ଠ ᪨ 䠩, ࠧࠡ⠭ microsoft. ଠ  ন ᦠ, ⮬ 㭪  ⮬ ଠ  ஬ (  ᪮ ࠭⢠)
    body - ᭮  㬥  ᮮ饭 ஭  (⥫ 㬥)
    boot - 砫쭠 㧪 
    boot area - 㧮筠 
    boot disk (boot able disk) - 㧮  - ,  ண  㧨
    boot record - 㧮筠 
    boot sector - 㧮 ᥪ. 筮   ᥪ  㫥 ஦ ᪥   ᥪ ⪮ ᪠,   १ࢨ஢  ணࠬ-稪 
    BPI (Bit Per Inch)- ⭮  (⮢  )
    BPP (Bits Per Pixel)- ⮢  ᥫ
    BPS (Bit Per Second)- ᪮ ।  (⮢  ᥪ㭤)
    buffer - , ६ ࠭ ଠ樨
    bug - 訡  ணࠬ (<>, <>)
    button - 
    byte - ,  ଠ樨: 1  = 8 ⮢ = 1 ᨬ
   

   

    

     C
    

    C/C++/C# -  모 ணࠬ஢.  c  ࠧࠡ⠭  砫 1970-  ୨  祬     ⠥   ᠬ  몮 ணࠬ஢
    cable - 
    cache - . 祭  ୠ , 室 <> ᭮   ॣࠬ . ᯮ  ६ ࠭  ᯮ㥬   ண 㯠  
    disk cache - ᪮ ,  ,  ᯮ  ࠭  ᪠,    ⢫﫮 饭.  㦭   襬 ⪮ ᪠. , 祬    ⪮ ᪠, ⥬ ॥  ࠡ⠥
    call back -  .    ஢, ᮮ頥  짮⥫  ஫. ᫨  짮⥫  ஫ ࠢ, ࢥ ࠧ뢠   १ 짮⥫.  ⮣ 짮⥫   ⥫䮭 ६
    calculate - 
    calculator - 
    call - ; 
    cancel - ⬥
    capacity - ꥬ, 筮    ꥬ ⥫ 
    CD (Compact Disk)- -
    CD changer - ன⢮  ᬥ -᪮
    CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable)- -  .      ࠧ  ⥬ 뢠  <> ᪠,  㤥 ᢮ 
    CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)- -, ।祭 ⮫쪮  ⥭ (뢠   ),  ⠪ ன⢮  ⥭ -᪮
    CD-RW (CD Rewritable)- -  ⭮ १뢠,      
    CDSL (Consumer Digital Subscriber Line)- 뤥 ஢ .      ࠢ (ਥ/।)  ⨣ 1 /. . ADSL
    Celeron -   Intel. ࢮ砫쭮 ஢   襢  pentium,  ⮬ ⠫ 業 ஬, ⠭   ᮢ६ . ஡   Intel . ⥪ 横
    Celeron D -  ᮢ襭⢮   Celeron,    ⥬ 設 - 533  ⨢ 400  ( Celeron)
    Celeron M -   Celeron   ࣮ ॡ, ⠭  㪠
    cell - 祩 (ਬ, 祩 ஭ ⠡)
    cellular - ⮢ (   ⮢ ⥫䮭  ⮢ 孮 裡)
    change directory -  ⠫
    channel - 
    chip - 稯, 奬
    chipset - 稯
    clean - 
    clock - 
    close - 뢠
    close a file -  䠩
    close all -   (䠩, )
    color - 梥
    color management - ࠢ 梥⮬
    color palette -  梥⮢
    color separation - ⤥ 梥⮢
    color setting - ⠭ 梥⮢
    color table - ⠡ 梥⮢
    COM (Component Object Model)-   ꥪ⮢ ( Microsoft). ᯮ  ७ ꥪ⮢  㣨 ணࠬ: ਬ,    ணࠬ      ணࠬ Word.    ᮡ⢥ Word.  COM ᯮ  孮 DCOM  ActiveX
    comma - 
    command - , 
    computer - 
    battery-powered computer -   ⠭  ⮭ २ (ਬ, )
    mains-powered computer -    ⠭ (  ய⠭)
    pocket computer - <ଠ> , 
    confirmation - ⢥ত
    connection - ᮥ, 祭
    control - ࠢ;  ࠢ (, ४⥫  ..)
    controller - ஫, ன⢮ ࠢ 㣨 ன ⢠, ᢮饥  ⮩ 㭪樨 
    cooler - ⨫
    coprocessor - ᮯ, ⥫ , ᯮ騩  ᪮७ । 権, ਬ ⥬᪨
    copy - , ஢
    copy all - ஢ 
    CPI (Character Per Inch)- ᨬ  , ⭮  ᨬ  ப
    CPS (Character Per Second)- ᨬ  ᥪ㭤, ᪮ 
    CPU(Central Processing Unit)- 業ࠫ , <> 
    Ctrl+Alt+De l -   ᯮ  १㧪  (  )  맮 ᯥ  ( Windows)
   

   

    

     D
    

    danger - ᭮
    dark - ⥬
    data - 
    data array - ᨢ 
    data corruption - ० 
    data compression - ᦠ⨥ 
    data protection -  
    datar ecord -  
    database-  
    database integrity - 楫⭮  
    database maintenance - 㦨  
    database management - ࠢ  
    date -  date format - ଠ , ਬ //
    DCOM (Distributed COM)- ।  com. 宦  com,     ꥪ⠬,  䨧᪨ ᯮ  ࠧ 
    DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate-Synchronous DRAM)- ᨭ஭ dram   ᪮ । . DDR-  ⠭    , ⠪   㪠.  ᯮ ᮪饭  - SDRAM II
    dead - <>, ਫ  ன⢮,  ⢥饥   ⥬
    debug - ⫠,  ᪠  (. bug)  ணࠬ
    debugger - ணࠬ, ᯮ  ⫠
    decimal - 筮 ᫮
    design - 
    designer - 
    device - ன⢮
    devicedriver - ࠩ ன⢠ - ணࠬ, 室  <祭> 樮 ⥬ ࠡ  ன⢮
    DHCP (dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)- ⮪ ᪮ 䨣஢ 㧫. ⮬᪨ 砥 ࠬ  IP-  㣨 ⥢ ࠬ ( ,  DNS-ࢥ஢)  .. 祭 㤮, ᪮  㦭 ந ⮫쪮   - DHCP-ࢥ,  ⮬ 㤥 ⮬᪨ ࠨ  ⠫  
    dial-up - 맮    㥬 () ᮥ
    digital - ஢
    digital camera - ஢  (⮠)
    digital line - ஢ .   ⮩  ।  ஢ ,  ॡ -஢  - ८ࠧ. ஢  蠥 ᪮ ।    
    direct - אַ, ।⢥
    direct access - אַ 
    direct connection - אַ ᮥ (. DCC)
    DirectX -  㬥⮢  ࠡ  䨪  , ᯮ  ᮧ   㣨 ⨬ਫ; ࠧࠡ⠭ Microsoft
    direction - ࠢ
    disc, disk - , ⥫ 
    Disk Operating System (DOS) - ᪮ 樮 ⥬ ()
    DDL (Dynamic Link Library)- ⥪ ᪨ 痢. ন 㭪樨,   ᯮ짮 㣨 ணࠬ
    DMA (Direct Memory Access)- אַ   ⨢    ,   ᭨ 㧪  ᫥
    DNS (Domain Name System)- ⥬  . DNS-ࢥ ᯮ  ८ࠧ IP-ᮢ  ᨬ   ⭮
    domain - ,  
    double - , 
    doubleclick -  饫箪
    DPI (Dots Per Inch)- 祪  ,  dpi  ࠧ襭 ᪠஢  ⭮ 
    draft - ୮
    draft mode - ୮ ० ()
    DV(digital video)- ஢ 
    DVD(digital Versatile Disc)- ஢ 㭨ᠫ .  1999   ॢ ஢뢠  Digital Video Disc, ⮬  DVD-᪨ ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮   .  1999  뫮 ਭ 襭     ᮮ⢥饥 ⢨⥫쭮, ᪮  DVD-᪨  뫮 뢠 㦥  ଠ
    DVD-Audio - DVD-, ᯮ騩 ⮫쪮   㤨
    DVD-R (DVD ram)-  ⭮ .   CD-R, ⠪    ⮫쪮  ࠧ
    DVD-RW - DVD- ⭮ 
    DVD-Video - DVD-   . 㦭 ⬥,  DVD ࢮ砫쭮   ࠧࠡ⠭    -   㤠, ᪮   ᯥ稢 㦭 ⢠, ஢    頫   ᠭ樮஢ ஢
    dynamic - ᪨, 騩
   

   

    

     E
    

    edit - ।஢
    editbox -  ।஢
    editor - । - ணࠬ  ।஢
    EDO (Extended Data Output)- ⨯ , ।騩 DRAM   ᮢ⨬  
    EIDE (Enhanced IDE) - <७>  䥩 IDE, ᯮ㥬  祭 ⪨ ᪮.  ᪮   ࠧ , 祬 ᪮ 筮 IDE
    empty - ⮩
    emulation - 
    emulationmode - ० 樨,  ஬ ணࠬ 㫨 ࠡ ன⢠  㣮 ணࠬ
    emulator - , 筮 ணࠬ ।⢠, 室  樨
    enable - 
    enabled - 祭
    encoder - ணࠬ-஢騪
    encoding - ஢
    end - 
    enter - ;  Enter
    EOF (Tnd Of File)-  䠩
    error - 訡
    CRC error - 訡 CRC. ஫쭠 㬬,  筮  娢   娢஢  ࠧ娢஢. ᫨  ࠧ娢஢ ᫥ CRC  ᮢ  CRC  娢,  ⠥,  娢 ०
    error correction - ४ 訡
    error detection - 㦥 訡
    Ethernet - ⠭   .   ᠬ   孮  ஥ 쭮 . ᯥ稢 ।   ᪮ 10 /,   䨪樨 FastEthernet  GigabitEthernet -  100  1000 / ᮮ⢥⢥
    executable - ᯮ
    execute - 믮 (, ணࠬ)
    execution - 믮
    exists - ⢮ (ਬ, file exist - 䠩 )
    exit - 室
    explorer - ஢
    export - ᯮ
   

   

    

     F
    

    facsimile,fax - 䠪 - ன⢮  ஭ । 㬥⮢
    factory setting - ᪨ ࠬ (  ன  )
    fail - ⪠, 室  
    failure - ࠢ
    fast - 
    Fast Ethernet - ⠭ 쭮 , ᪮ ।   100 /
    fatal error - ⠫쭠 訡 - த 쭥 ࠡ ணࠬ 
    fault - 訡, ⪠, ᡮ
    fax/modem - 䠪-, ..   㭪樥 ਥ  ࠢ 䠪.  ⮢ 䠪ᨬ쭮 㬥 ᯮ ᯥ樠쭮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭
    feed - 
    feed back- ⭠ 
    file - 䠩
    file access -   䠩
    file not found - 䠩  
    file size - ࠧ 䠩
    file system - 䠩 ⥬,  樮 ⥬,   ⢥砥  ࠡ  䠩
    filter - 䨫, 뢠  ଠ樨  ⮡ࠦ ⮫쪮 ,  㦭  짮⥫
    find - ᪠
    firewall - ࠭, 頥   ⤥   ᠭ樮஢ 㯠
    flash- -, ࠭    ⢨ ⠭
    floppy disc -  , ᪥
    foreground color - 梥 । 
    foreign format - <㦮>, ন ଠ 䠩
    formula - 㫠
    FPM (Frames Per Second)- ஢  ᥪ㭤, .. ᪮  ஢
    frame - ; ३ -  ࠦ  
    frame rate - ᪮,  ன 뢮 ;   fps - frame per second (஢  ᥪ㭤)
    freeware - ணࠬ,  ࠭ ᯫ⭮
    FTP(File Transfer Protocol)- ⮪ । 䠩
    ftp - ணࠬ ftp-
    full - 
    full screen -  ࠭; ࠦ, ࠧ⮥   ࠭
    function - 㭪
   

   

    

     G
    

    gallery - 
    gateway - ; ன⢮, ।⠢饥   㣮 , ਬ  ୥.    믮 , ᫨   ⠭ ᯥ樠쭮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭
    GBPS (GigaBits Per Second)- ⮢  ᥪ㭤
    general - 騩, 
    general failure -  訡
    general memory -  
    general purpose - 饣 祭
    GDI (Graphic Device Interface)- 䥩 ᪮ ன⢠
    gigabit - ; 1 = 1024 
    gigabyte - ; 1 = 1024 
    Gigabit Ethernet - ࠧ 孮 Ethernet; ᪮ ।  - 1000 /
    GPS (Global Position System)- 쭠 樮 ⭨ ⥬,  । ⮭宦  ꥪ   . ꥪ   ᭠饭 GPS-।稪
    graphics - 䨪
    graphics adapter - 
    graphics editor- ᪨ ।
    graphics mode- ᪨ ०
    GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)- 쭠 ⥬ 쭮 裡.  ᠬ ୮ ⥬ 쭮 裡.   1991 ,  㦥   1997  ⠫ ⠭⮬ ⮢ 裡   祬 100 ࠭ ய  
    GUI (Graphic User Interface)- ᪨ 䥩 짮⥫. ⮨ ⬥,  ࠧࠡ稪 ࢮ ᪮ 䥩 ⠫  Apple.  ⮫쪮 ⮬ Microsoft < ⢮>   ᢮ 樮 窨 - Windows
   

   

    

     H
    

    hacker - ᯥ樠, ⫨筮 騩 몠 ணࠬ஢  ࠧ騩  ᮡ ⭮ ᯥ祭, ⥩  .  㦭 ,  ⠪  ⮫쪮     ⥩. , 堪 ᮧ   ଠ樮 孮,  ⢮,   ࠧ.     ४ - cracker, ⠪   㦭    ନ
    handler - ࠡ稪 ᮡ; ࠩ
    hang-up - ᠭ: ﭨ,    ணࠬ  ⢥   짮⥫  ⥬
    hard disk drive (hdd)- ⪨ , 
    hard ware -  ।⢠
    hard ware error - ⭠ 訡
    header -  (㬥  ..)
    height - 
    here - 
    hide - 뢠
    hidden - 
    hidden file -  䠩.  ⠪ 䠩 ⠭ ਡ <>,   㬮砭   ⮡ࠦ  䠩 
    highlighting - 뤥; ᢥ⪠
    hint - ᪠
    history - ।; ᯨ᮪   URL,   짮⥫
    host - 㧥 ; , ࠡ騩  
    HPGL (hewlett-packard Graphics Language)-  ᠭ 䨪 Hewlett-Packard
    HTML (Hyper-Text Markup Language)- ⥪⮢  ᠭ ࠭, ᯮ  ᮧ -࠭
    HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)- ⮪ । ⥪⮢ ଠ樨.    ⮣ ⮪ । -࠭
    hub - 業. ᯮ  ꥤ ஢  Ethernet-.  ᥩ   ᯮ  (. switch)
    hyperlink - ⥪⮢ 뫪
   

   

    

     I
    

    IBM (International Business Machines Corporation)- ௮ <-->.   ᠬ 㯭 ந⥫ ஢  ਩ ன
    IBMPC - ᮭ  ந⢠ IBM.  IBM PC   1981     Intel 8088  ⮩ ᥣ 5   16  ⨢ 
    IBMPCAT -   IBM  ஬ Intel 80286
    IBMPCPS/2 -   ibm  ஬ Intel 80386
    IBM-compatible - , ᮢ⨬   IBM
    icon - ⮣ࠬ
    ICQ (i seek you)- ୠ ணࠬ  饭  ॠ쭮 ६
    IDE (integrated device electronics)- ஥ 䥩 ன⢠. . ⠪ EIDE, ATA
    identifier - 䨪
    idle - ⮩
    idle time - ६ 
    ignore - ஢, ய᪠
    illegal - ४, ࠢ, 
    illustration - 
    image - ࠦ; ࠧ
    back ground image - 䮭 ࠦ
    IMHO (In My Humble Opinion) - <  ஬ >, ਭ⮥  饭  ୥ ᮪饭
    import - 
    in-built - ஥
    inch - , 1  = 25,4  (2,54)
    incompatible - ᮢ⨬  祬-
    informatics - ଠ⨪
    information - ଠ; 
    IP-address -    ୥. 룫廊 ⠪: N.N.N.N,  N - ᫮
   

   

    

     J
    

    jam -  (㬠  ਭ)
    Java -  ணࠬ஢, ࠧࠡ⠭  Sun Microsystems,  ᮧ । -ਫ
    jewel box - ஡  ࠭ -᪮
    join - ꥤ, ᮥ
    journal file - 䠩 ⮪,   뢠 ᢥ  ࠡ ⥬
    JPEG (Goint Photographic Experts Group)- ꥤ 㯯 ᯥ⮢  ⮣, ࠧࠡ⠢  ଠ JPEG
    jumper - , ४⥫, ६窠. 筮 ᯮ  롮 ० ࠡ ன⢠, ᫨ ० ࠡ   ணࠬ
    justify - ஢  ਭ
   

   

    

     K
    

    Kbyte - , 1  = 1024 
    keep - ࠭
    key - , ; 
    key combinations - 樨 
    keyboard - 
    keyword - 祢 ᫮
    Kilobit - , 1 k = 1024 ⠬
    kilobyte - . Kbyte
   

   

    

     L
    

    L1 (Level One) cache - - ࢮ ஢, 室   
    L2 (Level Two) cache - - ண ஢.  ᮢ६   ,  <㧥 ᯮ> ᯮ  ਭ᪮ 
    LAN (Local Area Network) - 쭠 
    language - 
    last - ᫥, 
    layer - ஢; ᫮ ( 䨪)
    LBA (Logical Block Addressing)- ᪠  
    level - ஢
    life time - ६ 
    limited - ࠭祭
    line - ;  裡
    list - ᯨ᮪
    load - 㦠
    loadfile - 㧨 䠩
    loadfrom - 㧨 
    loader - 稪, ᯮ  㧪 樮 ⥬
    lock - , ஢, 䨪஢
    logo - ⨯
   

   

    

     M
    

    MAC-address - mac-,   ன⢠.    ன⢠,     ⥢ ன  묨 MAC-ᠬ
    mail - ஭ 
    mail server - ⮢ ࢥ
    main tenance - 孨᪮ 㦨
    map - 
    marked - ⬥祭
    matrix printer -  ਭ (⠥   ⨪쭮  )
    MBPS (MegaBit Per Second)-   ᥪ㭤 (/c) (᪮ । )
    medium - ⥫ 
    megabit - , 1  = 1024 
    memory - 
    Random Access Memory (RAM) -   ந 㯮; ⢥  - , ᭮ 饥 ன⢮
    microprocessor - ய (ᥩ   , ⮬ 筮   - )
    missing - ⢮
    missing file - 騩 䠩
    MMX (Multi Media eXtension)- 孮 (Intel), ।祭  ᪮७ ࠡ⪨ ⨬
    modem - , /, ᯮ騩  ।   ⥫䮭 
    MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)-  ଠ.  ࠭ ᠬ ᫥   MPEG-4. ᯥ稢 䥪⨢ ᦠ⨥    ⢠
    My briefcase - < 䥫>, ணࠬ  ᨭ஭樨 㬥⮢  樮  ७ ࠬ
   

   

    

     N
    

    name -  natural language - ⢥ 
    need - 㦤
    negative - ⨢
    NetBEUI (NetBios Extended User Interface)- ⥢ ⮪, ࠧࠡ⠭  IBM
    NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)- ⥢  ⥬ /뢮. ࠡ⪠ IBM
    network - 
    network address- ⥢ . . ⠪ MAC-address, IP-address
    network card - ⥢ , ᯮ  祭   
    networkdisk - ⥢ . , ᯮ    ஢ ,  㯭  饣 ᯮ짮
    new file -  䠩
    NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)- ⥢ ⮪ । ⥩
    No files fond - 䠩  
    No paper -  㬠
    notebook - , ⨢ 
    number - , 
    number of copies - ᫮ 
    numeric keyboard - ஢ 
   

   

    

     O
    

    object - ꥪ
    OCX (OLE custom control, ActiveX control)-  ࠢ OLE. OCX-ꥪ  ࠨ  -࠭  ணࠬ, ন騥 孮 OLE
    offline - ⮭ (筮 ⠪   ,      祭  ୥)
    offset - ᤢ, ᬥ饭
    OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)- 孮 ࠨ  뢠 ꥪ⮢ (Microsoft)
    on/off - 祭/몫祭
    online - 祭 (筮 ⠪   ,     祭  ୥)
    open - 뢠, 
    open all -  
    ope nas -  
    operating system - 樮 ⥬
    optical disc - ᪨ .  ᪨ ⥫  뢠   
    options - ࠬ
    orientation - ਥ (筮    ਥ樨 㬠)
    out of memory - 筮 
    out ofpaper -  㬠
    output- 뢮
    owner- 
   

   

    

     P
    

    pack - 㯠뢠
    package - ; ᮢ㯭 ணࠬ  室 䠩
    page - ࠭
    page orientation - ਥ ࠭ (  졮)
    paint - ᮢ, 
    panel - 
    paper - 㬠
    paper feed -  㬠
    paperj am - ⨥ 㬠
    paper out -  㬠 ( ਭ)
    parallel port - ࠫ .   ⮬  砫 ਭ, ᥩ 筮 ਭ   USB
    password - ஫
    paste - ⠢ (筮    ⠢ ଠ樨   )
    patch - <>, ࠢ   ணࠬ
    path - , 
    path not found -   
    PC (Personal Computer)- ᮭ , 
    PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)- ᮢ६ 쭠 設 (Intel)
    PCI-Ex (PCI Express)-  த  PCI, २  ᯮ  祭 
    PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) - 1. 㭠த 樠 ந⥫    . 2. ⠭    ⨢ ஢
    PDF (Portable Pocument Format)- ଠ 䠩, ࠧࠡ⠭  Adobe. . Adobe Acrobat
    per page -   ࠭
    percent - 業
    performance - ந⥫쭮, த⢨
    peripheral - ਩
    Photo CD - ⠭ ࠭   CD; ࠧࠡ⠭  Kodak
    pixel - ᥫ - 訩  ࠦ
    plaintext - ⮩,  ⥪  ଠ஢
    play - ந
    player - ந뢠⥫ (㤨  )
    plug-and-play (PnP,P&P) - 孮 <⠢--ࠡ⠩> (Microsoft & Intel). 砥 ன ன, ⠭  .  ⠭ ன⢠ 㦭 ⮫쪮  䨧᪨   ⠭ ࠩ.  ⠫쭮   ᤥ 
    PnP - . plug-and-play
    POP (post office protocol)- ⮪, ᯮ騩  ਥ . . ⠪ SMTP
    Portable Network Graphics (PNG)- ⨢ ⥢ 䨪.  ᪨ ଠ,  ᯮ  ୥. ⫨筮 ⢮  쪨 ࠧ 䠩
    PPP (point-to-point protocol)- ⮪ <窠-窠>. 筮 ᯮ  祭  ୥
    Press any key -   
    Press any key to continue -     த
    primary - ᭮, ࢨ
    primary disk - ࢨ 
    printer - ਭ
    jet printer - 㩭 ਭ
    laser printer -  ਭ
    LQ printer - ᮪⢥  ਭ
    matrix printer -  ਭ
    priority - ਮ
    private -  (  ꥪ ࠭祭 । 㯯 )
    process - , ணࠬ
    profile - 䠩, 䨣
    program - ணࠬ (᫥⥫쭮 ⢨,   믮 )
    project - ஥
    protection - , ⢨  ।饭 ᠭ樮 ஢ 㯠
    provider - ஢ - ࣠, ।⠢   ୥
    public - 㡫
    public access - 㡫  ( )
   

   

    

     Q
    

    QoS (Quality of Service)- ⢮ 㦨  . ࢨ ய᪭ ᯮᮡ,   짮⥫  ௨஢  ᥡ  
    question - 
    query - 
    Quick Time - ଠ ⨬䠩, ࠧࠡ⪠  Apple
    quit - 室, 襭 ࠡ
   

   

    

     R
    

    RAM (Random Access Memory)- ⨢ 
    random - 砩, ந
    random access - ந 
    RDRAM (rambus dram)- ⨯  DRAM, ࠧࠡ⪠  RambusInc
    read - , 뢠
    readonly - ⮫쪮 ⥭
    ready - ⮢
    reboot - १㧪
    recording -  ଠ樨
    recovery - ⠭,  (筮 ᫥ ᡮ)
    recyclebin - ২
    register - ॣ ᨬ
    registry - ॥, 筮    ⥬ ॥ Windows -  , ᮤঠ ଠ  ன ਫ
    reload - १㧪
    remoteaccess - 㤠 
    remove - 㤠, ६
    report - 
    reset - , १㧪
    root - ७
    root directory - ୥ ⠫
    rule - ࠢ
    run- 믮, 믮
   

   

    

     S
    

    safe - , 
    save - ࠭
    savea copy - ࠭ 
    Save as:- ࠭ 
    scanner - ᪠
    screen - ࠭
    screen saver - ணࠬ-⠢
    scrolling - ப⪠
    secondary - , ⥯
    security - ᭮
    Serial ATA - ᮢ६ 䥩  祭 ⪨ ᪮, ᯥ稢  ᪮ । 
    setup - ⠭. ணࠬ ⠭ ணࠬ 筮 뢠 setup.exe
    shareware - ᫮-ᯫ⭮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭. ணࠬ  ᯫ⭮ ᪠,  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 । ६,  ⢨ ண 㦭 㤥 㯨   㤠  
    size - ࠧ
    S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring Analysis and Reporting T echnology)- 孮,   ଠ   ᡮ  ࠡ 㤮. ਬ,   <᫨>, ᪮쪮  ⠫  ᡮ 襣 ⪮ ᪠
    SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)- ⮩ ⮪ । (ࠢ) . . ⠪ POP
    software - ணࠬ ᯥ祭
    sort - ஢
    sort by - ஢ 
    spell - ࠢᠭ
    spell checker - ணࠬ ஢ન ࠢᠭ
    step - 蠣
    subdirectory - ⠫
    submit - ࠢ
    SVGA (Super VGA)- ᪨ ०, ন騩 ࠧ襭 800x 600, 1024x 768  
    swap -  窨, 䠩 窨; 窠 -  㧪 ࠭   ⪨    㧪  室
    switch - ,  ᮢ襭 ன⢮, 祬 業 (hub).  ᯮ  ꥤ ஢   Ethernet
    system - ⥬
   

   

    

     T
    

    table - ⠡
    tag - ⥣, ਧ
    task - 
    task manager - ᯥ 
    TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)- ⮪ ࠢ ।祩
    TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)- ⮪ ࠢ ।祩/୥-⮪.   ᭮ ୥
    text - ⥪
    texteditor - ⥪⮢ ।
    TFT (Thin Film Transistor)- ⮭ ࠭
    TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)- ଠ ᪮ 䠩,  ᯮ  ⨯
    time out - ⠩-
    time zone - ᮢ 
    toner - ⮭ (騩 讪  ਤ ୮ ਭ )
    tool - 㬥
    touchs creen - ᥭ ࠭, ᯮ  ⨢   
    translation - ॢ, ࠭; 뫪, ஢
    tree - ॢ
    troubleshooting - ࠢ
    True Type - 孮  ⮢
    turn on - 
    turn off - 몫
    type - ⨯; 
    type of file - ⨯ 䠩
   

   

    

     U
    

    unauthorized - ᠭ樮஢
    underline - ન
    undo - ⬥ ।饥 ⢨; ⬥, ⪠
    unload - 㦠, ࠧ㦠, ᭨
    USB (Universal Serial Bus)- 㭨ᠫ쭠 ᫥⥫쭠 設. 祭 ୠ, ᪮  USB  ࠪ᪨  ਩ ன⢠
    user - 짮⥫ 
    userprofile - 䨫 짮⥫, ࠭ ன 짮⥫   㬥
   

   

    

     V
    

    VBScript -  ணࠬ஢, ᯮ  ࠨ  HTML ࠪ⨢ ⮢ ࠢ
    VGA (Video Graphics Array)- ᪨ ०, ন騩 ࠧ襭 640x 480  16 梥
    violation - 襭
    virtual disk - 㠫 
    virus - , ।᭠ ணࠬ, ᯮᮡ  ᠬࠧ
    vulnerability- 梨
   

   

    

     W
    

    wait - , 
    wait time - ६ 
    web - , . WWW
    webbrowser - -㧥, ணࠬ  ᬮ -࠭
    word - ᫮
    word count -  ᫮
    WWW (Word Wide Web)- ᥬୠ ⨭, ⥬ । ⥪ (⥪  뫪)  ୥
    WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) - < ,   >.     ᮮ⢥⢨ ࠦ  ࠭ ⮬,     㬥
    WYSIWYS (What You See Is What You See) - < ,   >, 㠫쭮 ᮮ⢥⢨
   

   

    

     X
    

    XGA (eXtended Graphics Adapter)- ᪨ ०,  騩 ࠧ襭 1024x 768  
    XML (eXtensible Markup Language)- 塞  ࠧ⪨
   

   

    

     Y
    

    Yahoo! - ଠ樮-᪮ ⥬ (᪮ 設).  - www.yahoo.com
   

   

    

     Z
    

    ZIP (Zigzag In-line Package)-  ⥣ࠫ쭮 奬  ஭ ࠧ ᯮ 뢮
    Zip - ⮤ ᦠ 䠩
    zoom - ⠡
    zoom in - 㢥祭 ⠡ ࠦ
    zoom out - 㬥襭 ⠡ ࠦ
   

  

 
  

   ਬ砭
  

  

   

    1
   

   ० 祬 㯨  ⥭ ⮩ , ⮨    ७ ଠ樨.   ७ ଠ樨 -   .   ᮤঠ    祭 -  0,  1. ᥬ ⮢ ନ . ⮣ ⢠ ⮢ 筮, ⮡     祪 ஢ 1 ᨬ.      頥 1 ᨬ ଠ樨 - 㪢,   .. 1024  -    (),  1024  -  1  (). 1024  -  1  (),  1024  -  1 ࠡ ().
    :  1024,   1000. 祬 뫮 ࠭ 祭 1024? ⮬    ᯮ 筠 ⥬ ᫥ ( ⮫쪮 2 祭 - 0  1), 2  10- ⥯ -    1024.
    ᥣ,    㪢 <>  㪠  ७ ଠ樨 砥 <>,  쪠 - <>. ਬ, 528  -  528 , ᫨ ॢ  稭   ( ࠧ  8),   66 ⮢ (66 ).
  

  

   

    2
   

   ਭ᪨   ᭮ 稯⮢ Intel  ந  ⮫쪮  Intel.
  

  

   

    3
   

   ᫨  稫 প AGP 8x,    砥,    㤥 ࠡ  ० 8x. 짮⥫ 稯 VIA 㦭 ⠭ ࠩ 4-in-1,  ⠢   ਭ᪮ ⮩.   ४ ⠭ ⮫쪮  ࠩ   -  㦭 ⠭ IDE-ࠩ. 뫮 祭,  ᫥  ⠭ ⥬ ࠡ⠥ ⠡쭮.
  

  

   

    4
   

     ᮢ६   ᥣ  IDE-ࠧꥬ - ࢨ (IDE0).
  

  

   

    5
   

    ( ᢥ஦ - overburn)  뢠   120- ,    Lead-Out ࠪ᪨  ( ,  祭 쪠). ஦      ⥫쭮 ᪮쪮 ⮢ ,    ந 設⢮ ணࠬ   CD-᪮,  ᯮ짮  ﭭ  ४.   ४ ᯮ짮 ᢥ஦    ଠ樨. ஦  ᯮ짮    祭  ଠ樨, ਬ 䨫쬮,  䠩  䨫쬮   頥  CD ( 墠⠥ ᪮쪮 ⮢),  ࠧ 䨫   ᪠        ६.
  

  

   

    6
   

           ,  ᮢᥬ ,  ᭠饭 ᪮  .
  

  

   

    7
   

    , ᫨   㦥  ᫥⥫쭮/ࠫ쭮 ,    㦥?  㦭 㯨 ᯥ樠  USB/COM  USB/LPT, 騥  ॢ訥 ன⢠  ᮢ६ .    ⭮⥫쭮  ண -  । 30-40 ஢.
  

  

   

    8
   

    ࠧ६, 祬 ਩ ன⢠  㦭 ᮪ ᪮ । . 쬥   ਭ,   㤥 Samsung ML-2570.     ࠬ: ꥬ  ਭ  ᪮ . ꥬ  - 32 ,  ᪮  - 24 ࠭  .  ।   USB ⠢ 60 /,    ਭ    ᥪ㭤.  ।   IEEE-1394b - 100 /.  ਭ, 筮,  ॥,   짮⥫  ࠧ,  ᪮쪮 ६  ந -  0,5 ᥪ㭤   0,3 ᥪ㭤.   ࠧ  業 - USB-ன⢠  襢! 祬   㢥 ꥬ  ਭ?  ⮬    ⠪  ᯥ !  ᫨ 32  -   ᠬ 24 ࠭ (ਬ,  ⠥ 㬥  ⨭),  32    ਭ  ᥪ㭤,     .   ६  ਭ   ᫥  ଠ樨 -  32 . , 筮, 㢥 ࠧ  ਭ, ᪠,  1 ,   ⮬  室, ⮬    ⮣ ਭ ॥  ⠭.    32     ᥣ,   㦥  1 . 室, 業 ⠭ ஦, ⮬   ,  ᯮ짮       㤥!
  

  

   

    9
   

   ⠭ 1x  2x ⭮  ᯥ䨪樨 AGP 1.0,  ⠭ 4x  8x -  ᯥ䨪 2.0  3.0 ᮮ⢥⢥.
  

  

   

    10
   

   㪢쭮    ஡   ⮩. 砫  ⠫ -   ࠡ  嬥묨 ਫﬨ ( ⮬ ᫥   ),  ⮬   ᪠  .   ᭨ ࠭ (.11.7), 祬 ,    .  ࠩ  DirectX   祬  ਢ. ⠭ Windows ⮦  뫮 ᫠, ᪮  <稫>   Linux. 㬠  ,   直 砩 ࠧࠫ .  ᠬ  ,   ⠬ ⥫ 㢨.  ,   㢨,  㤨.  ᫮ AGP Pro  饫,   <ਢ> 﫠  ᫮. ஡ 訫 祭  ୮ ⠭ .
  

  

   

    11
   

    ⤥ (   ७) 㪮    ⥫ ࠧꥬ,  祭   㧭  㪮⢥  㪮 . ਬ,   ࠧꥬ ஢ 室 (Digital Out)  ࠧꥬ  祭 㤨⥬ 5: 1 (5-쭠 ⥬).
  

  

   

    12
   

    ஥ 㪮  ⮦  ࠧꥬ  祭 CD-ROM.  室  ਭ᪮  ( ,   㧭  㪮⢥  ਭ᪮ ).
  

  

   

    13
   

     ਭ᪨ , ਬ  ஢ Pentium IV,      ᯥ樠쭠 ࠬ, ।祭  ⠭ ⨫ ( ⮩,  ࠦ  .16.2).   .   ࠬ   砣 ( 砣 䨪樨 ).  䨪樨 ⨫  㦭   ⨢ ஭ (.16.5).   ஡ ଠ  ⠭ ⨫  ᬮ   㪮⢥  ਭ᪮  -  ந⥫  㬠 - ᮡ ᯮᮡ ९ ⨫ (   )?
  

  

   

    14
   

    ⠭   㦭 ਫ  ᨫ. ᫨ ,   < >, ⭥ ᥣ,  ⠥ ⠭ ন  . ᫨ ਫ ⥫ ᨫ,   ᫮ ᠬ    ᫮  ਭ᪮ .
  

  

   

    15
   

    ⮬,   ன , 뫮 ᠭ   6,   ⮬,  ⠭ Windows, ⠩  ਫ 2. ⥫쭮 ⠩   㣮  !
  

  

   

    16
   

   EROM ୨ ⠪:   ᪮ ⢥⪨ 㦭 ⭮  奬 BIOS  ਭ᪮   ⠢  饥 ன⢮ (  誮   䨮⮢ ). 饥 ன⢮ ,  奬 㤥 .  砥  䨮⮢  㦭   10  40  -  ᨬ  魮 . ⥬ 奬 ⠢  ணࠬ, 祭  .   ᯥ樠쭮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 BIOS ࠢ  ணࠬ,  뢠   奬.
  

  

   

    17
   

   ᫨   (    砥  ࠧ),  ⭮,   ᡮથ 뫨 ᮥ  ⠭   ᠬ   ࠡ⠥.   砥.   ᫨   뫮 ଠ쭮,      㦭. ,  ᫨  諠  ,     . ᫥,   ⠪⠬ 室 ஢   祭 ⠭.    ⠪⮢ ६   ⠪ ⢥⪮  ⬠ᮢ 窮.  㤥 饭.
  

  

   

    18
   

   2,5- ⪨  Momentus 5400 FDE.2 (full disk encryption)  Seagate ⠢  ⠢ 㪮 ASI C8015+ (⮨ 㪠 ਬ୮ 2100 ஢).   ஥ ⥬ ᪮ ஢   ᪮७  প TPM. ஬ ⮣,  ⠢ 㪠 祭 ⥬ 뢠 ⯥⪮ 楢,    ਬ୮  20% ஦ 筮 㪠  ⠪  䨣樥.  ⪮ ᪠ Momentus   80, 100, 120  160 . ᯮ 䥩 SATA 3 /.
    ᮡ Momentus FDE.2 砥  ஢/஢ 뢠  뢠 ଠ樨   ⬠ AES  128- 箬  ஢ யணࠬ ᯥ祭 (firmware) DriveTrust. ஢  ந ᮫⭮ ஧筮,   ⭮  짮⥫.  ⮬ (஢)  ଠ ।⠢ ⮫쪮  ਫ.  ⪮ ᪥  ࠭ ⮫쪮  ஢ .
   筮  ணࠬ ஢ ⢥ ᭨ ந⥫쭮 ⥬ ( ࠡ⠫  PGPDisk,  ,  祬  ).  ᪮  砥  Momentus FDE.2 ஢ ⢫  ⭮ ஢,   㢥稢 㧪 業ࠫ쭮  ᥣ  ᪮쪮 業⮢.
    㧪 TPM-⥬ 짮⥫   ᢮ ஫. ஫ 㦥  ⮫쪮  த 㧪,    ஢ .  ⮦  뫮 ⠭ ஫  SETUP,  ண  㧪 樮 ⥬.    뫮  ⪨      㣮 . ᫨  ਬ﫨 - ਯ⮣᪨ ।⢠,  뢠 ଠ樨  ⪮ ᪠  ।⠢﫮 ஡.  砥  TPM,  ᫨  ᭨ HDD     㣮 ,   ᬮ  ଠ, ᪮  ஢,     ஫   ஢.
     , ᫨ 짮⥫  ஫?   ਬ  ஫.  ᫨   ஫ (     ), ⮣:
   ஬ ⮣, ।ᬮ७ 㭪 crypto-erase,  ।祭  㭨⮦    ⪮ ᪠.   室  ᯨᠭ    ।  㣮 짮⥫.
  

 


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